International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
MITIGATION OF UNBALANCED FAULTS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING FD-STATCOM WITH ...Suganthi Thangaraj
Power quality is certainly a major concern in the present era. This paper proposes a flexible D-STATCOM with a new controller scheme. And it supplies power to sensitive loads under Islanding conditions. This paper introduces the performance of FD-STATCOM system to mitigate power quality problems under all types of system related disturbances such as L-L &DLG faults. A 12 pulse IGBT based D-STATCOM is designed using MATLAB. Here the super capacitor is used as the storage device. The realibility of the control scheme in the system response to the voltage disturbances caused by LL&DLG faults and Islanded operating conditions are obviously proved in the simulation results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power quality enhancement by improving voltage stability using dstatcomeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
MITIGATION OF UNBALANCED FAULTS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING FD-STATCOM WITH ...Suganthi Thangaraj
Power quality is certainly a major concern in the present era. This paper proposes a flexible D-STATCOM with a new controller scheme. And it supplies power to sensitive loads under Islanding conditions. This paper introduces the performance of FD-STATCOM system to mitigate power quality problems under all types of system related disturbances such as L-L &DLG faults. A 12 pulse IGBT based D-STATCOM is designed using MATLAB. Here the super capacitor is used as the storage device. The realibility of the control scheme in the system response to the voltage disturbances caused by LL&DLG faults and Islanded operating conditions are obviously proved in the simulation results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power quality enhancement by improving voltage stability using dstatcomeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTAT...ijtsrd
As demand for electricity has risen exponentially, power production and transmission are affected by scarce energy, environmental constraints and other losses. Soft computing methods to fix the sag, swell and disruption of the supply voltage in the distributed device. At present, a broad variety of highly versatile controls that leverage on newly available power electronics components are evolving for custom power applications. Control electronic equipment intended to improve the stability and efficiency of electricity flows in low voltage distribution networks. The control algorithm is used to derive the fundamental weighted value of the active and reactive power components. Using a digital signal processor, DSTATCOM is built and its output as a DSTATCOM is found to be satisfactory for different types of loads. Amit Radhakrishna Parhad | Pramod Kumar Rathore "A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM (Neural Network Approach)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42403.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/electrical-engineering/42403/a-review-on-optimization-techniques-for-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-neural-network-approach/amit-radhakrishna-parhad
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization Technique for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM Neural Ne...ijtsrd
As the power demand has been increasing rapidly, power generation and transmission are being affected due to limited resources, environmental restrictions and other losses. soft computing the techniques of correcting the supply voltage sag, swell and interruption in a distributed system. At present, a wide range of very flexible controllers, which capitalize on newly available power electronics components, are emerging for custom power applications. Power electronic based equipment aimed at enhancing the reliability and quality of power flows in low voltage distribution networks. A control algorithm is used for the extraction of the fundamental weighted value of active and reactive power components. Using digital signal processor the DSTATCOM is developed and its performance of DSTATCOM is found to be satisfactory for various types of loads. Hareram Mishra | Manju Gupta | Dr. Anuprita Mishra "Optimization Technique for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM (Neural Network Approach) – A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45219.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45219/optimization-technique-for-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-neural-network-approach- – -a-review/hareram-mishra
Impact of Positive Sequence Admittance and Negative Sequence Conductance of D...ijtsrd
Voltage fluctuations resulting from variable output power of renewable energy sources are strictly challenging power quality in distributed-generation systems. This paper presents a control method for distributed static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) to alleviate variation of both positive- and negative-sequence voltages. The D-STATCOM simultaneously operates as fundamental positive-sequence admittance and fundamental negative-sequence conductance to restore the positive sequence voltage to the nominal value as well as reduce the negative-sequence voltage to an allowable level. Both admittance and conductance are dynamically tuned to improve voltage regulation performances in response to load changes and power variation of renewable sources. A proportional“resonant current regulator with selectively harmonic compensation is realized to control the fundamental current of the D-STATCOM as well as reduce the harmonic current, which could be an advantage in practical applications due to high voltage distortion in low-voltage micro grids. Voltage-regulation performances are discussed for different D-STATCOM locations as well as different D-STATCOM currents. Computer simulations and laboratory tests validate effectiveness. CH. Venkata Krishna | N. S. Kalyan Chakravarthi"Impact of Positive Sequence Admittance and Negative Sequence Conductance of D-Statcom to Compensate Variations in Voltage Levels in Distributed Generation Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5919.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/5919/impact-of-positive-sequence-admittance-and-negative-sequence-conductance-of-d-statcom-to-compensate-variations-in-voltage-levels-in-distributed-generation-systems/ch-venkata-krishna
Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTSs) and voltage-source converters, with smart dynamic controllers, are emerging as a stabilization and power filtering equipment to improve the power quality. Also, distributed FACTSs play an important role in improving the power factor, energy utilization, enhancing the power quality, and ensuring efficient energy utilization and energy management in grids. This paper presents a literature survey of FACTS technology tools and applications for power quality and efficient utilization of electric system. There are some drawbacks of FACTS devices. These drawbacks can be fulfilled by using new compound, scalable, light weighted and cost effective devices that are distributed-FACTS (D-FACTS). D-FACTS controllers are distributed version of conventional lumped FACTS controllers and their cost is low due to lower ratings of component and reliability also increases due to redundancy of devices. The Enhanced Power Flow Controller (EPFC) is a D-FACTS controller which is distributed version of thyristor controlled series controller. DPFC controllers are used in series at small distance gap at every 5-10 km distance with transmission line to control the power flow. This paper discusses extensive review of the DPFC controller and its application in modern power system era. Zeba Akram"A comprehensive review on D-FACTS devices" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11649.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11649/a-comprehensive-review-on-d-facts-devices/zeba-akram
Modeling Analysis& Solution of Power Quality Problems Using DVR & DSTATCOMijsrd.com
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure or a disoperation of end use equipment. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads, and critical commercial operations all suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial loss per incident based on process down-time, lost production, idle work forces, and other factors. With the restructuring of Power Systems and with shifting trend towards Distributed and Dispersed Generation, the issue of Power Quality is going to take newer dimensions. The aim therefore, in this work, is to identify the prominent concerns in the area and thereby to recommend measures that can enhance the quality of the power, keeping in mind their economic viability and technical repercussions. In this paper electromagnetic transient studies are presented for the following two custom power controllers: the distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), and the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). Comprehensive results are presented to assess the performance of each device as a potential custom power solution.
A Voltage Controlled Dstatcom for Power Quality Improvementiosrjce
Due to increasing complexity in the power system, voltage sag is becoming one of the most significant
power quality problems. Voltage sag is a short reduction voltage from nominal voltage, occurs in a short time.
If the voltage sags exceed two to three cycles, then manufacturing systems making use of sensitive electronic
equipments are likely to be affected leading to major problems. It ultimately leads to wastage of resources (both
material and human) as well as financial losses. This is possible only by ensuring that uninterrupted flow of
power is maintained at proper voltage levels. This project tends look at the solving the sag problems by using
custom power devices such as Distribution Static compensator (D-STATCOM).Proposed scheme follows a new
algorithm to generate reference voltage for a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) operating in
voltage-control mode. The proposed scheme ensures that unity power factor (UPF) is achieved at the load
terminal during nominal operation, which is not possible in the traditional method. Also, the compensator
injects lower currents therefore, reduces losses in the feeder and voltage-source inverter. Further, a saving in
the rating of DSTATCOM is achieved which increases its capacity to mitigate voltage sag. Nearly UPF is
maintained, while regulating voltage at the load terminal, during load change. The state-space model of
DSTATCOM is incorporated with the deadbeat predictive controller for fast load voltage regulation during
voltage disturbances. With these features, this scheme allows DSTATCOM to tackle power-quality issues by
providing power factor correction, harmonic elimination, load balancing, and voltage regulation based on the
load requirement.
Mitigation of Fault in the Distribution System by using Flexible Distributed ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Power Quality Improvement by UPQC based on Voltage Source ConvertersIJRST Journal
In modern power system consists of wide range of electrical, electronic and power electronic equipment in commercial and industrial applications. Since most of the electronic equipment’s are nonlinear in nature these will induce harmonics in the system, which affect the sensitive loads to be fed from the system. These problems are partially solved with the help of LC passive filters. However, this kind of filter cannot solve random variation in the load current wave form and voltage wave form. Active filters can resolve this problem. However, the cost of active filters is high. They are difficult to implement in large scale. Additionally, they also present lower efficiency than shunt passive filters. One of the many solutions is the use of a combined system of shunt and active series filters like Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) which aims at achieving a low cost under highly effective control. The UPQC device combines a shunt active filter together with a series active filter in a back-to-back configuration, to simultaneously compensate the supply voltage and the load current or to mitigate any type of voltage and current fluctuations and power factor correction in a power distribution network, such that improved power quality can be made available at the point of common coupling. The control strategies are modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The performance is also observed under influence of utility side disturbances such as harmonics and voltage sags. The simulation results are compared without and with UPQC for the verification of results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTAT...ijtsrd
As demand for electricity has risen exponentially, power production and transmission are affected by scarce energy, environmental constraints and other losses. Soft computing methods to fix the sag, swell and disruption of the supply voltage in the distributed device. At present, a broad variety of highly versatile controls that leverage on newly available power electronics components are evolving for custom power applications. Control electronic equipment intended to improve the stability and efficiency of electricity flows in low voltage distribution networks. The control algorithm is used to derive the fundamental weighted value of the active and reactive power components. Using a digital signal processor, DSTATCOM is built and its output as a DSTATCOM is found to be satisfactory for different types of loads. Amit Radhakrishna Parhad | Pramod Kumar Rathore "A Review on Optimization Techniques for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM (Neural Network Approach)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42403.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/electrical-engineering/42403/a-review-on-optimization-techniques-for-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-neural-network-approach/amit-radhakrishna-parhad
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization Technique for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM Neural Ne...ijtsrd
As the power demand has been increasing rapidly, power generation and transmission are being affected due to limited resources, environmental restrictions and other losses. soft computing the techniques of correcting the supply voltage sag, swell and interruption in a distributed system. At present, a wide range of very flexible controllers, which capitalize on newly available power electronics components, are emerging for custom power applications. Power electronic based equipment aimed at enhancing the reliability and quality of power flows in low voltage distribution networks. A control algorithm is used for the extraction of the fundamental weighted value of active and reactive power components. Using digital signal processor the DSTATCOM is developed and its performance of DSTATCOM is found to be satisfactory for various types of loads. Hareram Mishra | Manju Gupta | Dr. Anuprita Mishra "Optimization Technique for Power Quality Improvement using DSTATCOM (Neural Network Approach) – A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45219.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45219/optimization-technique-for-power-quality-improvement-using-dstatcom-neural-network-approach- – -a-review/hareram-mishra
Impact of Positive Sequence Admittance and Negative Sequence Conductance of D...ijtsrd
Voltage fluctuations resulting from variable output power of renewable energy sources are strictly challenging power quality in distributed-generation systems. This paper presents a control method for distributed static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) to alleviate variation of both positive- and negative-sequence voltages. The D-STATCOM simultaneously operates as fundamental positive-sequence admittance and fundamental negative-sequence conductance to restore the positive sequence voltage to the nominal value as well as reduce the negative-sequence voltage to an allowable level. Both admittance and conductance are dynamically tuned to improve voltage regulation performances in response to load changes and power variation of renewable sources. A proportional“resonant current regulator with selectively harmonic compensation is realized to control the fundamental current of the D-STATCOM as well as reduce the harmonic current, which could be an advantage in practical applications due to high voltage distortion in low-voltage micro grids. Voltage-regulation performances are discussed for different D-STATCOM locations as well as different D-STATCOM currents. Computer simulations and laboratory tests validate effectiveness. CH. Venkata Krishna | N. S. Kalyan Chakravarthi"Impact of Positive Sequence Admittance and Negative Sequence Conductance of D-Statcom to Compensate Variations in Voltage Levels in Distributed Generation Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5919.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/5919/impact-of-positive-sequence-admittance-and-negative-sequence-conductance-of-d-statcom-to-compensate-variations-in-voltage-levels-in-distributed-generation-systems/ch-venkata-krishna
Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTSs) and voltage-source converters, with smart dynamic controllers, are emerging as a stabilization and power filtering equipment to improve the power quality. Also, distributed FACTSs play an important role in improving the power factor, energy utilization, enhancing the power quality, and ensuring efficient energy utilization and energy management in grids. This paper presents a literature survey of FACTS technology tools and applications for power quality and efficient utilization of electric system. There are some drawbacks of FACTS devices. These drawbacks can be fulfilled by using new compound, scalable, light weighted and cost effective devices that are distributed-FACTS (D-FACTS). D-FACTS controllers are distributed version of conventional lumped FACTS controllers and their cost is low due to lower ratings of component and reliability also increases due to redundancy of devices. The Enhanced Power Flow Controller (EPFC) is a D-FACTS controller which is distributed version of thyristor controlled series controller. DPFC controllers are used in series at small distance gap at every 5-10 km distance with transmission line to control the power flow. This paper discusses extensive review of the DPFC controller and its application in modern power system era. Zeba Akram"A comprehensive review on D-FACTS devices" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11649.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11649/a-comprehensive-review-on-d-facts-devices/zeba-akram
Modeling Analysis& Solution of Power Quality Problems Using DVR & DSTATCOMijsrd.com
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure or a disoperation of end use equipment. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads, and critical commercial operations all suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial loss per incident based on process down-time, lost production, idle work forces, and other factors. With the restructuring of Power Systems and with shifting trend towards Distributed and Dispersed Generation, the issue of Power Quality is going to take newer dimensions. The aim therefore, in this work, is to identify the prominent concerns in the area and thereby to recommend measures that can enhance the quality of the power, keeping in mind their economic viability and technical repercussions. In this paper electromagnetic transient studies are presented for the following two custom power controllers: the distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), and the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). Comprehensive results are presented to assess the performance of each device as a potential custom power solution.
A Voltage Controlled Dstatcom for Power Quality Improvementiosrjce
Due to increasing complexity in the power system, voltage sag is becoming one of the most significant
power quality problems. Voltage sag is a short reduction voltage from nominal voltage, occurs in a short time.
If the voltage sags exceed two to three cycles, then manufacturing systems making use of sensitive electronic
equipments are likely to be affected leading to major problems. It ultimately leads to wastage of resources (both
material and human) as well as financial losses. This is possible only by ensuring that uninterrupted flow of
power is maintained at proper voltage levels. This project tends look at the solving the sag problems by using
custom power devices such as Distribution Static compensator (D-STATCOM).Proposed scheme follows a new
algorithm to generate reference voltage for a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) operating in
voltage-control mode. The proposed scheme ensures that unity power factor (UPF) is achieved at the load
terminal during nominal operation, which is not possible in the traditional method. Also, the compensator
injects lower currents therefore, reduces losses in the feeder and voltage-source inverter. Further, a saving in
the rating of DSTATCOM is achieved which increases its capacity to mitigate voltage sag. Nearly UPF is
maintained, while regulating voltage at the load terminal, during load change. The state-space model of
DSTATCOM is incorporated with the deadbeat predictive controller for fast load voltage regulation during
voltage disturbances. With these features, this scheme allows DSTATCOM to tackle power-quality issues by
providing power factor correction, harmonic elimination, load balancing, and voltage regulation based on the
load requirement.
Mitigation of Fault in the Distribution System by using Flexible Distributed ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Power Quality Improvement by UPQC based on Voltage Source ConvertersIJRST Journal
In modern power system consists of wide range of electrical, electronic and power electronic equipment in commercial and industrial applications. Since most of the electronic equipment’s are nonlinear in nature these will induce harmonics in the system, which affect the sensitive loads to be fed from the system. These problems are partially solved with the help of LC passive filters. However, this kind of filter cannot solve random variation in the load current wave form and voltage wave form. Active filters can resolve this problem. However, the cost of active filters is high. They are difficult to implement in large scale. Additionally, they also present lower efficiency than shunt passive filters. One of the many solutions is the use of a combined system of shunt and active series filters like Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) which aims at achieving a low cost under highly effective control. The UPQC device combines a shunt active filter together with a series active filter in a back-to-back configuration, to simultaneously compensate the supply voltage and the load current or to mitigate any type of voltage and current fluctuations and power factor correction in a power distribution network, such that improved power quality can be made available at the point of common coupling. The control strategies are modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The performance is also observed under influence of utility side disturbances such as harmonics and voltage sags. The simulation results are compared without and with UPQC for the verification of results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power Quality Enhancement using DSTATCOM by Immune Feedback Control Algorithmijtsrd
This paper proposes an immune feedback control algorithm for a three phase distribution static compensator DSTATCOM to mitigate several power quality problems such as harmonics, reactive power, and load unbalancing at distribution level. This control algorithm proposed for DSTATCOM, is validated for maintaining power factor to unity, load balancing, and harmonics reduction of supply currents. In this application, the proposed control algorithm on a DSTATCOM is implemented for the compensation of nonlinear loads. The simulations were performed in the environment of MATLAB SIMULINK. P. Thirumala | K. Mahesh "Power Quality Enhancement using DSTATCOM by Immune Feedback Control Algorithm" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29812.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29812/power-quality-enhancement-using-dstatcom-by-immune-feedback-control-algorithm/p-thirumala
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
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Be4102404413
1. Ramesh Lakavath et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.404-413
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Design and Implementation of Flexible D-Statcom for Mitigating
Power Quality Problems and Improve the Distribution System
Performance
Ramesh Lakavath1, K.Kumaraswamy2, S.Sahithi3 and G.Naresh4
1
M.Tech, Scholar at Prasad Engineering college, Jangoan, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Assistant professor in EEE Department at Prasad Engineering college, Jangoan, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh,
India.
3
Assistant professor in EEE Department at Prasad Engineering college, Jangoan, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh,
India.
4
Assistant professor in EEE Department at Prasad Engineering college, Jangoan, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh,
India.
2
Abstract
This paper gives a detailed information about flexible D-STATCOM, which is used to mitigate and reduces all
types of faults and operate as a Distributed Generation. When the main source is disconnected it supplies power
to sensitive loads and doesn‟t interrupt the supply power to the loads. Thus D-STATCOM operates same as a
flexible D-STATCOM and hence is known as Flexible D-STATCOM. The performance of Flexible DSTATCOM system is to mitigate power quality problems and improve distribution system performance under
all types of system related disturbances and system unbalanced faults, such as Line-to-Line and DLG faults
under islanding condition. 12-pulse D-STATCOM configuration is utilized with IGBT which is designed and is
used in determining the graphical representation of the D-STATCOM using the software PSCAD/EMTDC
electromagnetic transient simulation program. The reliability and robustness of the control schemes in the
system is determined by the voltage disturbances occurred by Line to line and double line to ground faults and
islanded operating condition are thus verified in the results obtained in simulation.
Index Terms— D-STATCOM Voltage Sags, Distribution System, Faults, Energy Storage Systems, Islanding
Condition.
I.
INTRODUCTION
The electrical utilities systems for
transmitting and distributing Powers are entering a
sudden period of change. Their operation is due to be
fine-tuned, to an unprecedented degree, by the
application of power electronics, microprocessors
and microelectronics in general and communications.
Between these technologies will make the
transmission and distribution of electricity more
reliable, more controllable and more efficient.
At present many transmission facilities
confront one or more limiting network parameters
plus the inability to direct power flow at will. The
distribution
static
synchronous
compensator
(DSTATCOM) is a facts controller, can be used
Various methods have been applied to mitigate
voltage sags. The conventional methods use capacitor
banks, new parallel feeders, and uninterruptible
power supplies (UPS). However, the power quality
problems are not completely solved due to
uncontrollable reactive power compensation and high
costs of new feeders and UPS. The D-STATCOM
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has emerged as a promising device to provide not
only for voltage sag mitigation but also for a host of
other power quality solutions such as voltage
stabilization, flicker suppression, power factor
correction, and harmonic control. D-STATCOM is a
shunt device that generates a balanced three-phase
voltage or current with ability to control the
magnitude and the phase angle. DG provides many
benefits, such as peak shaving, fuel switching,
improved power quality and reliability, increased
efficiency,
and
improved
environmental
performance. There is a high demand for utility DG
installations due to their advantages upgrading the
distribution infrastructure. Most DG units are
connected to the distribution system through a shunt
nonlinear link such as a VSI or a Current Source
Inverter (CSI).
There are many types of Distributed
Generation. Among them are wind, biogas, fuel cells
and solar cells. Generally, these sources are
connected to grid through inverters and their main
function is to deliver active power into the grid. The
to control the real power and reactive power
404 | P a g e
2. Ramesh Lakavath et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.404-413
independently. There are many methods for reducing
the faults, but due to losses in the system they are not
suitable for operating. Due to less efficiency and
losses occurring in the system other methods are not
preferable.
A flexible D-STATCOM system designed
to operate in two different modes. Initially, it can
mitigate voltage sags caused by LL and DLG faults.
Secondly, it can mitigate voltage sags caused by
three-phase open-circuit fault by opening the three
phases of a circuit-breaker and disconnecting the
main power source (islanding condition). Reactive
power compensation is an important issue in the
control of distribution systems. Reactive current
increases the distribution system losses, reduces the
system power factor, shrink the active power
capability and can cause large-amplitude variations in
the load-side voltage.
DGs are designed to supply active power or
both active and reactive power.
The new trends in power electronics
converters make the implementation of such multiple
functions feasible. A DG is islanded when it supplies
power to some loads while the main utility source is
disconnected. Islanding detection of DGs is
considered as one of the most important aspects when
interconnecting DGs to the distribution system. With
the increasing penetration and reliance of the
distribution systems on DGs, the new interface
control strategies are being proposed.
This paper proposes a flexible DSTATCOM system designed to operate in two
different modes. Initially, it can mitigate voltage sags
caused by LL and DLG faults. Secondly, it can
mitigate voltage sags caused by three-phase opencircuit fault by opening the three phases of a circuitbreaker and disconnecting the main power source
(islanding condition). Reactive power compensation
is an important issue in the control of distribution
systems. Reactive current increases the distribution
system losses, reduces the system power factor,
shrink the active power capability and can cause
large-amplitude variations in the load-side voltage.
Various methods have been applied to mitigate
voltage sags.
The conventional methods use capacitor
banks, new parallel feeders, and uninterruptible
power supplies (UPS).
The power quality problems are not
completely solved due to uncontrollable reactive
power compensation and high costs of new feeders
and UPS. The D-STATCOM has emerged as a
promising device to provide not only for voltage sag
mitigation but also for a host of other power quality
solutions such as voltage stabilization, flicker
suppression, power factor correction, and harmonic
control. D-STATCOM is a shunt device that
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www.ijera.com
generates a balanced three-phase voltage or current
with ability to control the magnitude and the phase
angle.
Generally, the D-STATCOM configuration
consists of a typical 12-pulse inverter arrangement, a
dc energy storage device; a coupling transformer
connected in shunt with ac system, and associated
control circuits. The configurations that are more
sophisticated use multi-pulse and/or multilevel
configurations. The VSC converts the dc voltage
across the storage device into a set of three-phase ac
output voltages. These voltages are in phase and
coupled with the ac system of network through the
reactance of the coupling transformer. In this method,
Clark and Park transformations are not required.
They have been investigated voltage
sag/swell mitigation due to just load variation while
no balanced and unbalanced faults have been
investigated. In this paper, a new control method for
mitigating the load voltage sags caused by all types
of fault is proposed. To detect the proportional gain
of PI controller is based only on Trial and Error
Method. In this paper, the proportional gain of the PI
controller is fixed at a same value, for all types of
faults, by tuning the transformer reactance in a
suitable amount. Then the robustness and reliability
of the proposed method is more than the mentioned
methods.
In this method, the dc side topology of the
D-STATCOM is modified for mitigating voltage
distortions and the effects of system faults on the
sensitive loads are investigated and the control of
voltage sags are analysed and simulated.
II.
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
Power quality is certainly a major concern
in the present era; it becomes especially important
with the introduction of sophisticated devices. Many
problems are occurring in power quality, such as
Power Factor, Voltage flickering, Harmonic
Distortions, Voltage Transients, Voltage Sags or
Dips, Voltage Swells.
These are power quality problems in the distribution
system. To improve the power quality these may be
applied: Power factor correction, Transient voltage
surge suppression, Special line notch filtering, proper
earthing systems, Uninterruptable power supplies,
Harmonic filtering and control.
Power quality is certainly a major concern
in the present era, it becomes especially important
with the introduction of sophisticated devices, whose
performance is very sensitive to the quality of power
supply The electronic devices are very sensitive to
disturbances and thus industrial loads become less
tolerant to power quality problems such as voltage
dips, voltage swells, and harmonics.
405 | P a g e
3. Ramesh Lakavath et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.404-413
The main purpose of the coupling inductors
is to filter out the current harmonic components that
are generated mainly by the pulsating output voltage
of the power converters. The STATCOM is
connected to the power networks at a PCC, where the
voltage-quality problem is a concern. All required
voltages and currents are measured and are fed into
the controller to be compared with the commands. In
general, the VSC is represented by an ideal voltage
source associated with internal loss connected to the
AC power via coupling reactors. In principle, the
exchange of real power and reactive power between
the STATCOM and the power system can be
controlled by adjusting the amplitude and phase of
the converter output voltage. In the case of an ideal
lossless power converter, the output voltage of the
converter is controlled to be in phase with that of the
power system. In this case, there is no real power
circulated in the STATCOM; therefore, a real power
source is not needed. To operate the STATCOM in
capacitive mode or var generation, +Q, the
magnitude of the converter output voltage is
controlled to be greater than the voltage at the PCC.
In contrast, the magnitude of the output voltage of the
converter is controlled to be less than that of the
power system at the PCC on order to absorb reactive
power or to operate the STATCOM in inductive
mode, -Q. To regulate the capacitor voltage, a small
phase shift d is introduced between the converter
voltage and the power system voltage. A small lag of
the converter voltage with respect to the voltage at
the PCC causes real power to flow from the power
system to the STATCOM, while the real power is
transferred from the STATCOM to the power system
by controlling the converter voltage so that it leads
the voltage at the PCC.
Voltage dips are considered one of the most
severe disturbances to the industrial equipment
Electronic equipment‟s are very sensitive loads
against harmonics because their control depends on
either the peak value or the zero crossing of the
supplied voltage, which are all influenced by the
harmonic distortion. As one of the prominent power
quality problems, the origin, consequences and
mitigation techniques of voltage sag/swells and
interruptions problem. The techniques of correcting
the problems in a distribution system by strong
power electronics based devices called Dynamic
Voltage Restorer (DVR) and the Distribution Static
Compensator (D-STATCOM). Voltage from both
devices is connected into the system to correct the
problems. The performance of the DVR and the DSTATCOM is studied for the power quality problems
to be viewed.
Generally two types of VSC-based
compensators have been commonly used for
mitigation of the voltage sags and swells and
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www.ijera.com
regulating the load bus voltage. Those are shunt and
series devices which are DSTATCOM and DVR
respectively. The performance of the DSTATCOM
and the DVR used for the load bus voltage control
have been analyzed and compared when a nonlinear
load is connected across the load bus. Both of these
compensators are used under closed-loop voltagecontrol mode. The DSTATCOM and the DVR has
been obtained for the weak and strong ac supply
systems.
Thus the performance of FD-STATCOM
system is to mitigate power quality problems and
improve distribution system performance under
all types of system related disturbances and
system unbalanced faults, such as Line-to-Line
(LL) and Double Line to Ground (DLG) faults
and supplies power to sensitive loads under
islanding condition. The 12-pulse D-STATCOM
configuration with IGBT is designed and the
graphic based models of the D-STATCOM are
developed
using
the
PSCAD/EMTDC
electromagnetic transient simulation program.
The reliability and robustness of the control
schemes in the system response to the voltage
disturbances caused by LL and DLG faults and
islanded operating condition are obviously proved
in the simulation results.
III.
STRUCTURE OF FD-STATCOM:
The STATCOM is the solid-state-based
power converter version of the SVC. The concept of
the STATCOM was proposed by Gyugyi in 1976.
Operating as a shunt-connected SVC, its capacitive
or inductive output currents can be controlled
independently from its connected AC bus voltage.
There are different techniques used for
implementing and for mitigating faults are:
FD-STATCOM is operated by using Unified Power
Flow Controller (UPFC), Insulted Gate bipolar
transistor (IGBT), Super capacitor energy storage
system (SCESS) Step up and step down transformer
connected in Y-Y and Y-Δ connection.
Unified Power Flow Controller
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
consist from two parts, series and shunt, to manage
the flow of active power from one part to the other,
but FDG consist of one part only, because it has a
supply of the active power from DG system.. The
basic electronic block of the FD-STATCOM is the
voltage source inverter that converts an input dc
voltage into a three-phase output voltage at
fundamental frequency. These voltages are in phase
and coupled with the ac system through the reactance
of the coupling transformer. Suitable adjustment of
the phase and magnitude of the FD-STATCOM
output voltages allows effective control of active and
406 | P a g e
4. Ramesh Lakavath et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.404-413
reactive power exchanges between
STATCOM and the ac system.
the
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FD-
Schematic representation of the FD-STATCOM
A typical 12-pulse inverter arrangement
utilizing two transformers with their primaries
connected in series. The first transformer is in Y-Y
connection and the second transformer is in Y-Δ
connection. Each inverter operates as a 6-pulse
inverter, with the Y-Δ inverter being delayed by 30
degrees with respect to the Y-Y inverter. The IGBTs
of the proposed 12-pulse FD-STATCOM are
connected anti parallel with diodes for commutation
purposes and charging of the DC capacitor. This is to
give a 30 degrees phase shift between the pulses and
to reduce harmonics generated from the FDSTATCOM. The FDSTATCOM is connected in
shunt to the system.
The 12-pulse FD-STATCOM arrangement
The block diagram of the control scheme
designed for the FD-STATCOM is based only on
measurements of the voltage VRMS at the load point.
Control scheme designed for the FD-STATCOM
The block diagram of the control scheme
designed for the FD-STATCOM. It is based only on
measurements of the voltage VRMS at the load point.
The voltage error signal is obtained by comparing the
measured VRMS voltage with a reference voltage,
VRMS Ref. A PI controller processes the difference
between these two signals in order to obtain the
phase angle δ that is required to drive the error to
zero. The angle δ is used in the PWM generator as
the phase angle of the sinusoidal control signal. The
switching frequency used in the sinusoidal PWM
generator is fsw=1450 Hz and the modulation index
is Ma ≈ 1. The modulating angle δ is applied to the
PWM generators in phase A. The angles of phases B
and C are shifted 120 and 240 degrees, respectively.
IV.
OPERATION OF FD-STATCOM:
In order to mitigate voltage sags caused by
LL and DLG faults and to supply power to sensitive
load, a new method is proposed in which the FDSTATCOM and Super Capacitor Energy Storage
system (SCESS) are integrated. Different types of
faults may occur in distribution system, controller
system must be able to mitigate any types of voltage
sags. The integration and control of SCESS into a
FD-STATCOM is developed to mitigate such
problems, enhance power quality and improve
distribution system reliability. The new method
develops the control concepts of charging and
discharging the SCESS by DSTATCOM, and
validates the performance of an integrated
DSTATCOM SCESS for improving distribution
system performance under all types of system related
disturbances and system faults, such as LL and DLG
faults and under islanded operating condition. The
SCESS is explained as following:
SCESS:
Super capacitor is a new energy device
emerged in recent years. It is also known as doublelayer capacitor. The electrical double-layer capacitor
is a novel energy storage component. the super
capacitor does not have electrochemical reaction and
only have electric charges adsorption and desorption
when it is charged and discharged. It has many merits
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407 | P a g e
5. Ramesh Lakavath et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.404-413
such as high charge/discharge current, less
maintenance, long life and some other perfect
performance. At the same time, its small leakage
current enables it has long time of energy storage and
the efficiency could exceed 95%.
The structure of SCESS, Its circuit is mainly
composed of three parts:
(a) Rectifier Unit
(b) Energy Storage Unit
(c) Inverter Unit.
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and accurately compensating system active and
reactive power, so as to achieve the balance of power
energy and stability control. Determining the number
of energy storage module can save super capacitors,
and further reducing volume, quality and cost of the
energy storage unit. the FD-STATCOM supplies
reactive power to the system.
Rectifier unit adopts three phase full bridge
rectifier to charge super capacitor and supply dc
power energy to inverter unit.
Inverter unit adopts three phase voltage inverter
composed of IGBTs, it connects to power grid
via transformer.
When SCESS works normally, voltage at dc
side is converted into ac voltage with the same
frequency as power grid through IGBT inverter.
When only considering fundamental frequency,
SCESS can be equivalent to ac synchronizing voltage
source with controllable magnitude and phase.
Energy storage unit i.e. super capacitor energy
storage arrays are composed of many monolithic
super capacitors. If a large number of super
capacitors are placed in parallel, at the same time it
improves capacity of power electronics devices in
power conversion system thus it can be easily
composed of more large capacity SCESS, Thus the
operational reliability and control flexibility will not
be affected. Super capacitor is very easily
modularized, when required, and it is very
convenient in capacity expansion.
Distribution system with FD-STATCOM integrated
with SCESS and controller.
Inverter based solutions:
Inverter based solutions all have in common
that they are based on power electronic rectifiers,
converters or inverters to help the equipment to
withstand a voltage dip. Most of the solutions use
some kind of energy storage.
Uninterruptible Power Supply
The most common mitigation device is the
UPS. The reason is the low investment, simple
operation and control. It is usually connected
between the network and the equipment to protect,
but other configurations exist. The UPS is usually
made of a diode rectifier, a battery and a converter.
Other configurations with other energy sources than
batteries exist, but are not as common. The UPS is
used for rather limited power requirements since the
cost caused by the losses in the two converters and
the maintenance of the batteries are relatively high.
In industrial environments UPS are normally used to
protect control equipment and computers.
Structure of SCESS
SCESS based on DG connected to power
grid can be divided into three function blocks: super
capacitor arrays components stored energy, power
energy conversion system in energy transformation
and transmission, and an integrated control system.
SCESS stores energy in the form of electric field
energy using super capacitor arrays. At the lack of
energy emergency or when energy needed, the stored
energy is released through control system, rapidly
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Example of a standard UPS
An improvement of the UPS is the off-line
UPS. These units are often smaller and designed for
shorter interruptions. The UPS is normally not
connected to the load. Instead a power electronic
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switch controls the connection between the grid and
the load. The total time from sensing a voltage dips
and switch to the battery source is 2-4 ms in average.
As soon as the utility voltage returns, the UPS
switches load back and the batteries recharge.
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powerful solution. The main advantage with this
method is that a single DVR can be installed to
protect the whole plant (a few MVA) as well as
single loads. Because of the fast switches, usually
IGBT‟s, voltage compensation can be achieved in
less than half a cycle. Disadvantages are that it is
relatively expensive and it only mitigates voltage
dips from outside the site. The cost of a DVR mainly
depends on the power rating and the energy storage
capacity.
Example of an off-line UPS.
Voltage source converters (VSC):
A voltage-source converter is a power
electronic device, which can generate a sinusoidal
voltage with any required magnitude, frequency and
phase angle. Voltage source converters are widely
used in adjustable-speed drives, but can also be used
to mitigate voltage dips. The VSC is used to either
completely replace the voltage or to inject the
„missing voltage‟. The „missing voltage‟ is the
difference between the nominal voltage and the
actual.
The converter is normally based on some
kind of energy storage, which will supply the
converter with a DC voltage. The solid-state
electronics in the converter is then switched to get the
desired output voltage. Normally the VSC is not only
used for voltage dip mitigation, but also for other
power quality issues, e.g. flicker and harmonics.
Series Voltage Controller [Dynamic Voltage
Restorer, (DVR)]:
The series voltage controller is connected in
series with the protected load. Usually the connection
is made via a transformer, but configurations with
direct connection via power electronics also exist.
The resulting voltage at the load bus bar equals the
sum of the grid voltage and the injected voltage from
the DVR. The converter generates the reactive power
needed while the active power is taken from the
energy storage. The energy storage can be different
depending on the needs of compensating. The DVR
often has limitations on the depth and duration of the
voltage dip that it can compensate. Therefore right
sized has to be used in order to achieve the desired
protection. Batteries for longer but less severe
magnitude drops and super capacitors in between.
There are also other combinations and configurations
possible.
There are configurations, which can work
without any energy storage, and they inject a lagging
voltage with the load current. There are also different
approaches on what to inject to obtain the most
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Example of a standard configuration for a DVR.
Shunt Voltage Controller [Distribution Static
Compensator (DSTATCOM)]:
The shunt voltage controller is a voltage
source converter connected in parallel with the load
bus bar through a transformer or a reactor. The
difference between the DVR and the SVC is that
instead of injecting a voltage, the current through the
reactance is controlled. The shunt voltage controller
is normally used for power factor correction, voltage
flicker, active filtering, etc., rather than voltage
mitigation. For faults originated close to the SVC, on
the same voltage level or close to the load, the
impedance seen by the SVC will be very low. Since
the contribution to the bus bar voltage equals the
injected current multiplied by the impedance, a very
high reactive current will be drawn during such a
fault. Even if the SVC can be used for voltage dip
mitigation purpose, it is not the better alternative
compared to DVR.
Example of a standard configuration for a shunt
voltage controller.
Combination of a DVR and a SVC:
A development of the voltage source
converters is a combination of the DVR and the
SVC. By using them together, the SVC will during a
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7. Ramesh Lakavath et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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voltage dip use the remaining voltage to obtain the
required energy to the DVR by taking a current from
the power grid. The DVR will then inject the missing
voltage as described before thus compensating the
voltage dip. Using this configuration shown in
figure18, no energy storage is needed except for a
small capacitance to stabilize the DC-link. The main
disadvantage with the SVC and large currents during
faults still remains.
Combination of a DVR and SVC without energy
storage.
Energy storage:
The energy required during a disturbance
through voltage source converters; rectifiers,
inverters, UPS, can be stored electrically, kinetically,
chemically, or magnetically. These can be
implemented by capacitors, flywheels, batteries or
superconducting magnetic coils (SMES). The
development of new storage medium results in
increased capability of those devices.
Capacitors:
Capacitors can be used as energy storage to
produce active power. The amount of energy stored
on the capacitor is proportional to the square of the
voltage. To supply a constant dc-voltage there must
be a dc-dc converter to regulate the voltage, since the
capacitor voltage decreases when the capacitor is
discharged. Capacitors can normally be used up to a
few seconds ride-through, depending on the load.
Batteries:
Batteries have a higher energy density than
capacitors and supply power for a longer time than
capacitors, but at a slower rate. Batteries have a few
disadvantages compared to capacitors; they may
contain substances, which are not environmentally
friendly, a limited lifetime, and they require
maintenance to operate as intended.
V.
SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS
This section describes the PWM-based
control scheme with reference to the D-STATCOM.
The aim of the control scheme is to maintain constant
voltage magnitude at the point where a sensitive load
is connected, under system disturbances. The control
system only measures the r.m.s voltage at the load
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point, i.e., no reactive power measurements are
required. The VSC switching strategy is based on a
sinusoidal PWM technique which offers simplicity
and good response. Since custom power is a
relatively low-power application. PWM methods
offer a more flexible option than the fundamental
frequency switching (FFS) methods favored in
FACTS applications. Besides, high switching
frequencies can be used to improve on the efficiency
of the converter, without incurring significant
switching losses.
A three-phase alternator of 42.5 kVA, 50
Hz, 400V (L-L) rating feeds power to isolated
distribution system. The alternator is coupled to the
diesel engine with governor as prime mover. The
load considered on the system represents an
induction motor load. The synchronous machine
output voltage and frequency are used as feedback
inputs to a control system, which consists of the
diesel engine with governor as well as an excitation
system. The basic diagram of DSTATCOM
connected as shunt compensator. It consists of a
three-phase, current controlled voltage source
converter (CC-VSC) and an electrolytic DC
capacitor. The DC bus capacitor is used to provide a
self-supporting DC bus. The test system comprises a
230 kV transmission system. A balanced load is
connected to the 11 kV, secondary side of the
transformer. Brk. 1 is used to control the operation
period of the FD-STATCOM. A 12-pulse FDSTATCOM is connected to the tertiary winding by
closing Brk. 1 at 0.2 s, for maintaining load RMS
voltage at 1pu. A SCESS on the dc side provide the
FD STATCOM energy storage capabilities. The
simulations are carried out for both cases where the
FDSTATCOM is connected to or disconnected from
the system.
The simulations of the FD-STATCOM in
fault condition are done using LL and DLG faults
and under islanded operating condition. In LL and
DLG faults the faulted phases are phases A and B
while in islanded operating condition, three
conductors open by Brk. 2 in 0.4 – 0.5 s. The
duration of the islanding condition are considered for
about 0.1 s and the LL and DLG faults are considered
for about 0.3 s. The faults are exerted at 0.4 s. The
total simulation time is 1.6 s. In this paper, the FDSTATCOM uses the proposed control method to
mitigate the load voltage sags due to all types of
faults. The simulations are done for all types of faults
introduced in the 11kV distribution systems as
follows:
Simulation results for Line-to-Line fault:
When the system operates without FDSTATCOM and under LL fault. In this case, the
voltage drops by almost 20% with respect to the
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8. Ramesh Lakavath et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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reference value. Int = 0.2 s, the FD-STATCOM is
connected to the distribution system. The voltage
drop of the sensitive load point is mitigated using the
proposed control method. The mitigated RMS
voltage using this new method a very effective
voltage regulation is provided the RMS voltage and
Vab (line voltage) at the load point in interval 0.4 0.7 s, respectively, for the case when the system
operates without FD-STATCOM and under LL fault.
The Vab frequency spectrums during mitigation of
voltage sag that is presented in percent. The THD in
percent for Vab in during mitigation of LL fault
occurrence is 0.034%. Because of a 12-pulse FDSTATCOM STATCOM is used in this paper, and
then the THD for Vab is very small.
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Compensated RMS Voltage under LL fault
Frequency Spectrum for Vab during mitigation of LL fault
Current waveforms at PCC without FD-STATCOM
Simulation results for Double Line to Ground
fault:
When the system operates without FDSTATCOM and unbalanced DLG fault is occurred.
The RMS voltage faces with 20% decrease with
respect to the reference voltage. It is observed that
the proposed method has correctly mitigated voltage
sag. The RMS voltage and line voltage Vab at the
load point, respectively, for the case when the system
operates without FD-STATCOM and unbalanced
DLG fault is occurred. The RMS voltage faces with
20% decrease with respect to the reference voltage.
The Vab frequency spectrums during mitigation of
voltage sag. The THD of Vab in during mitigation of
DLG fault occurrence is very suitable and 0.036%.
The RMS Voltage (VRMS) at PCC without FDSTATCOM
The RMS Voltage (VRMS) at PCC without FDSTATCOM
Vab at PCC Without FD-STATCOM
Vab Line Voltage at PCC without FD-STATCOM
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Compensated RMS Voltage by using D-STATCOM
Compensated RMS Voltage
Simulation results under islanded operating
condition:
The RMS voltage, line voltages and load
currents (versus kA) at the PCC, respectively, for the
case when the system operates without FDSTATCOM and under islanded operating condition
Mitigated Line Voltage Vab at the Load Point
VRMS at PCC without FD-STATCOM under
islanding condition
Frequency spectrum for Vab during mitigation of
DLG fault
Line Voltages at PCC without FD-STATCOM
Compensated line Current (KA) at the load point
Simulation Results under islanding condition:
Load Currents without FD-STATCOM in islanding
condition
RMS voltage without using D-STATCOM
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The mitigated RMS voltage, line voltages at
the load point and compensated load currents,
respectively, using the proposed method. It is
observed that the RMS load voltage is very close to
the reference value, i.e., 1pu and FD-STATCOM is
able to supply power to sensitive loads, correctly.
The Vab frequency spectrums during mitigation of
voltage sag caused by islanding condition.
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10. Ramesh Lakavath et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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FD-STATCOM and SCESS. This proposed control
scheme was tested under a wide range of operating
and it was observed that the proposed method is very
robust in every case. In addition, the regulated
VRMS voltage showed a reasonably smooth profile.
It was observed that the load voltage is very close to
the reference value, i.e., 1pu and the voltage sags are
completely minimized.
Compensated RMS voltage
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
Compensated line voltages at the load point
[4]
[5]
[6]
The mitigated load currents (in KA)
[7]
[8]
Frequency spectrum for Vab under islanding
operating condition
VI.
[9]
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
WORK
In System design document I have identified
the different type of modules in my project, and
illustrated different type of circuit diagrams for the
modules to describe about the Statcom devices. A
flexible D-STATCOM is proposed that could both
mitigate unbalanced faults and operate as a DG,
when it supplies power to sensitive loads while the
main utility source is disconnected. As a result, DSTATCOM operates same as a FDG and
consequently, it is called FD-STATCOM. In
addition, this project has proposed a new control
method for mitigating the voltage sags, caused by
unbalanced faults and islanding condition, at the
PCC. The proposed method is based on integrating
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[10]
H. Hatami, F. Shahnia, A. Pashaei, and S.H.
Hosseini, “Investigation on D-STATCOM
and DVR operation for voltage
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H. H. Zeineldin, E. F. El-Saadany, and M.
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William D. Stevenson
C. J. Gajanayake, D. M. Vilathgamuwa, P.
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problems,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 19,
no. 3, pp. 1384-1392, July 2004
L. S. Patil and Ms. A. G. Thosar,
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phase induction motor,” in Proc. IEEE
International Conference on Control,
Automation, Communication and Energy
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E. Babaei, A. Nazarloo, and S. H. Hosseini,
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