This document discusses the morphology and physiology of bacteria. It covers bacterial structure including the cell wall, capsule, flagella, and fimbria. It also addresses the various shapes of bacteria and describes the requirements for bacterial growth, including nutritional, environmental, and temperature needs. Microscopy techniques for visualization of bacteria are also presented.

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Lecture No -Topic
• Specific Learning outcome
At the end of the class the student will be able to
describe the morphology of a bacteria and explain
the physiological needs of the bacteria

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Morphology & Physiology of bacteria

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Disclaimer
• Some of the contents of this subject has been
sourced from web sources and books
• REFERENCES
- Textbook of Microbiology. Ananthnarayan &
Paniker. 9th edition
- www.google.com
The Content is only for educational purpose

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Intended learning Objectives
• Differentiate between prokaryote & eukaryote
• Enumerate the types microscope and explain the
principle of working of each of them
• Describe the various shapes of bacteria
• Describe the structures present in bacterial cell

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CONTENTS
• Bacterial structure
• Microscope
• Bacterial anatomy
– Cell wall
– Capsule
– Flagella
– Fimbria
– Spore
• Requirements for growth
• Growth curve

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Taxonomy
• Kingdom PROTISTA
• Higher Prostist – Eukaryotes
– Algae except blue green algae
– Protozoa
– Fungi
– Slime moulds
• Lower Protist – Prokaryotes
– Bacteria
– Blue green algae

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Differences
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
• No nuclear membrane,
nucleolus,
Deoxyribonucleoprotein
• One chromosome
• Binary division
• No mitochondria, golgi
apparatus, ER, lysosomes
• Contains muramic acid &
diaminopimelic acid
• Nuclear membrane present
with nucleolus & DNA protein
• Many chromosomes
• Mitosis
• Cytoplasmic components
present
• Contains sterols in cell
membrane

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Microscopy
• Simple microscope
• Compound bright field microscope
• Phase contrast microscope
• Dark ground microscope
• Interference microscope
• Fluorescent microscope
• Electron microscope

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Visualization of bacteria
• Wet mount
• Stained films
– Vital stains
– Supra vital stains
• Gram’s stain
• Z – N stain
• Albert stain

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Types of bacteria
• Typical bacteria
– Cocci
– Bacilli
• Actinomycetes
• Spirochaetes
• Mycoplasma
• Ricketsia / chlamydia

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Bacterial anatomy

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Bacterial cell wall

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Importance & deficient forms
• Rigidity
• Osmotic stability
• Defient forms
– Protoplasts
– Spheroplasts
– L- forms

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Capsule
• Definition
• Functions
– Protective covering
– Enhances virulence
• Organisms
• Demonstration

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Flagella
• Definition
• Parts
– Basal body
– Hook
– Filament
• Types
– Monotrichous
– Amphitrichous
– Lophotrichous
– Peritrichous
• Demonstration

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Fimbriae
• Definition
• Types
• Functions
• Demonstration
• Eg

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Bacterial spore
• Definition
• Parts
• Sporulation vs Germination
• Function
• Demonstration
• Position of spores
– Terminal
– Subterminal
– Central

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Growth requirements
• Nutritional requirements
– Essential elements
• Source of carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
– Mineral sources
– Organic growth factors

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Environmental requirements
– Water
– Oxygen
– Carbon di oxide
– Temperature
– pH
– Light
– Osmotic pressure
– Symbiosis vs Antagonism

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Bacterial growth & division
• Binary fission
• Generation time
• Colony
• Bacterial counts
– Total count
– Viable count
• Cycle

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Summary
• There are 2 basic shapes of bacteria
• Cell wall, fimbria, flagella & capsule help in
virulence of the bacteria
• Spore is form of survival instinct for the bacteria
• Growth requirements are simple