In this letter, we describe a convergence of batch gradient method with a penalty condition term for a
narration feed forward neural network called pi-sigma neural network, which employ product cells as the
output units to inexplicit amalgamate the capabilities of higher-order neural networks while using a
minimal number of weights and processing units. As a rule, the penalty term is condition proportional to
the norm of the weights. The monotonicity of the error function with the penalty condition term in the
training iteration is firstly proved and the weight sequence is uniformly bounded. The algorithm is applied
to carry out for 4-dimensional parity problem and Gabor function problem to support our theoretical
findings.
This document describes a new method for training Gaussian mixture classifiers for hyperspectral image classification. The method uses dynamic pruning, splitting, and merging of Gaussian mixture kernels to automatically determine the appropriate number of components during training. This "structural learning" approach is employed to model and classify hyperspectral imagery data. Experimental results on AVIRIS hyperspectral data sets suggest this approach is a potential alternative to traditional Gaussian mixture modeling and classification using expectation-maximization.
Numerical solution of fuzzy differential equations by Milne’s predictor-corre...mathsjournal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using Milne's predictor-corrector method to solve the dependency problem in fuzzy computations when numerically solving fuzzy differential equations (FDEs). The paper first provides background on fuzzy sets, fuzzy numbers, fuzzy processes, and fuzzy initial value problems (FIVPs). It then describes Milne's predictor-corrector method and illustrates how it can be applied to solve some example FIVPs. The goal is to address issues that arise from dependencies in fuzzy computations by using this numerical method to find solutions to FDEs.
Machine learning in science and industry — day 2arogozhnikov
- decision trees
- random forest
- Boosting: adaboost
- reweighting with boosting
- gradient boosting
- learning to rank with gradient boosting
- multiclass classification
- trigger in LHCb
- boosting to uniformity and flatness loss
- particle identification
This document discusses using repeated simulations of a crisp neural network to obtain quasi-fuzzy weight sets (QFWS) that can be used to initialize fuzzy neural networks. The key points are:
1) A crisp neural network is repeatedly trained on input-output data to model an unknown function. The connection weights change with each simulation.
2) Recording the weights from multiple simulations produces quasi-fuzzy weight sets, where each weight is a fuzzy set rather than a single value.
3) These QFWS can provide initial solutions for training type-I fuzzy neural networks with reduced computational complexity compared to random initialization.
4) The QFWS follow fuzzy arithmetic and allow both numerical and linguistic data to
Investigation on the Pattern Synthesis of Subarray Weights for Low EMI Applic...IOSRJECE
In modern radar applications, it is frequently required to produce sum and difference patterns sequentially. The sum pattern amplitude coefficients are obtained by using Dolph-Chebyshev synthesis method where as the difference pattern excitation coefficients will be optimized in this present work. For this purpose optimal group weights will be introduced to the different array elements to obtain any type of beam depending on the application. Optimization of excitation to the array elements is the main objective so in this process a subarray configuration is adopted. However, Differential Evolution Algorithm is applied for optimization method. The proposed method is reliable and accurate. It is superior to other methods in terms of convergence speed and robustness. Numerical and simulation results are presented.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the textbook "Introductory Mathematical Analysis" which covers topics related to lines, parabolas, and systems of equations. The chapter objectives are to develop concepts of slope, demand/supply curves, quadratic functions, and solving systems of linear and nonlinear equations. Examples are provided for finding equations of lines from points, graphing linear and quadratic functions, and applying systems of equations to equilibrium points and break-even analysis. Key concepts explained include slope, forms of linear equations, parallel/perpendicular lines, demand/supply curves, and solving systems using elimination or substitution.
This document summarizes Chapter 9 from a textbook on introductory mathematical analysis. Section 9.1 discusses discrete random variables and expected value. Section 9.2 covers the binomial distribution and how it relates to the binomial theorem. Section 9.3 introduces Markov chains and their associated transition matrices. Examples are provided for each topic to illustrate key concepts like calculating expected values, applying the binomial distribution formula, and determining probabilities using Markov chains.
This document describes a new method for training Gaussian mixture classifiers for hyperspectral image classification. The method uses dynamic pruning, splitting, and merging of Gaussian mixture kernels to automatically determine the appropriate number of components during training. This "structural learning" approach is employed to model and classify hyperspectral imagery data. Experimental results on AVIRIS hyperspectral data sets suggest this approach is a potential alternative to traditional Gaussian mixture modeling and classification using expectation-maximization.
Numerical solution of fuzzy differential equations by Milne’s predictor-corre...mathsjournal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using Milne's predictor-corrector method to solve the dependency problem in fuzzy computations when numerically solving fuzzy differential equations (FDEs). The paper first provides background on fuzzy sets, fuzzy numbers, fuzzy processes, and fuzzy initial value problems (FIVPs). It then describes Milne's predictor-corrector method and illustrates how it can be applied to solve some example FIVPs. The goal is to address issues that arise from dependencies in fuzzy computations by using this numerical method to find solutions to FDEs.
Machine learning in science and industry — day 2arogozhnikov
- decision trees
- random forest
- Boosting: adaboost
- reweighting with boosting
- gradient boosting
- learning to rank with gradient boosting
- multiclass classification
- trigger in LHCb
- boosting to uniformity and flatness loss
- particle identification
This document discusses using repeated simulations of a crisp neural network to obtain quasi-fuzzy weight sets (QFWS) that can be used to initialize fuzzy neural networks. The key points are:
1) A crisp neural network is repeatedly trained on input-output data to model an unknown function. The connection weights change with each simulation.
2) Recording the weights from multiple simulations produces quasi-fuzzy weight sets, where each weight is a fuzzy set rather than a single value.
3) These QFWS can provide initial solutions for training type-I fuzzy neural networks with reduced computational complexity compared to random initialization.
4) The QFWS follow fuzzy arithmetic and allow both numerical and linguistic data to
Investigation on the Pattern Synthesis of Subarray Weights for Low EMI Applic...IOSRJECE
In modern radar applications, it is frequently required to produce sum and difference patterns sequentially. The sum pattern amplitude coefficients are obtained by using Dolph-Chebyshev synthesis method where as the difference pattern excitation coefficients will be optimized in this present work. For this purpose optimal group weights will be introduced to the different array elements to obtain any type of beam depending on the application. Optimization of excitation to the array elements is the main objective so in this process a subarray configuration is adopted. However, Differential Evolution Algorithm is applied for optimization method. The proposed method is reliable and accurate. It is superior to other methods in terms of convergence speed and robustness. Numerical and simulation results are presented.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the textbook "Introductory Mathematical Analysis" which covers topics related to lines, parabolas, and systems of equations. The chapter objectives are to develop concepts of slope, demand/supply curves, quadratic functions, and solving systems of linear and nonlinear equations. Examples are provided for finding equations of lines from points, graphing linear and quadratic functions, and applying systems of equations to equilibrium points and break-even analysis. Key concepts explained include slope, forms of linear equations, parallel/perpendicular lines, demand/supply curves, and solving systems using elimination or substitution.
This document summarizes Chapter 9 from a textbook on introductory mathematical analysis. Section 9.1 discusses discrete random variables and expected value. Section 9.2 covers the binomial distribution and how it relates to the binomial theorem. Section 9.3 introduces Markov chains and their associated transition matrices. Examples are provided for each topic to illustrate key concepts like calculating expected values, applying the binomial distribution formula, and determining probabilities using Markov chains.
This chapter discusses additional topics in differentiation including:
- Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions
- Elasticity of demand
- Implicit differentiation
- Logarithmic differentiation
- Newton's method for approximating roots
- Finding higher-order derivatives directly and implicitly.
Examples are provided for each topic to illustrate the differentiation techniques.
This document is a chapter from an introductory mathematical analysis textbook. It covers curve sketching, including how to find relative and absolute extrema, determine concavity, use the second derivative test, identify asymptotes, and apply concepts of maxima and minima. The chapter contains learning objectives, an outline of topics, examples of applying techniques to sketch curves and solve optimization problems, and instructional content to introduce these curve sketching concepts.
This chapter discusses multivariable calculus topics including functions of several variables, partial derivatives, applications of partial derivatives, implicit partial differentiation, higher-order partial derivatives, the chain rule, and finding maxima and minima for functions of two variables. It provides examples of computing partial derivatives, finding marginal costs and productivity, implicit partial differentiation, and using the chain rule. The objectives are to develop concepts and techniques for multivariable calculus including computing derivatives of functions with multiple variables.
Application of Graphic LASSO in Portfolio Optimization_Yixuan Chen & Mengxi J...Mengxi Jiang
- The document describes using graphical lasso to estimate the precision matrix of stock returns and apply portfolio optimization.
- Graphical lasso estimates the precision matrix instead of the covariance matrix to allow for sparsity. This makes the estimation more efficient for large datasets.
- The study uses 8 different models to simulate stock return data and compares the performance of graphical lasso, sample covariance, and shrinkage estimators on portfolio optimization of in-sample and out-of-sample test data. Graphical lasso performed best on out-of-sample test data, showing it can generate portfolios that generalize well.
The document provides an overview of fuzzy logic concepts including types of fuzzy systems, membership functions, fuzzy inference, fuzzification and defuzzification methods. It discusses knowledge-based and rule-based fuzzy systems, types of membership functions like triangular, trapezoidal and Gaussian. Examples of fuzzy logic applications in autonomous driving cars and methods for defuzzification like weighted average, centroid, max-membership and centre of sums are also summarized.
This chapter discusses integration, including defining indefinite integrals, evaluating definite integrals, and techniques for integration. The key topics covered include:
- Defining antiderivatives and indefinite integrals, and using properties like linearity to evaluate integrals.
- Applying integration to solve problems involving rates of change, such as calculating total cost from a marginal cost function.
- Evaluating definite integrals to find the area under a curve over a specified interval.
- Covering techniques for integrating common functions like polynomials, exponentials, and logarithms using rules like power, substitution and integration by parts.
In conventional transportation problem (TP), supplies, demands and costs are always certain. This paper develops an approach to solve the unbalanced transportation problem where as all the parameters are not in deterministic numbers but imprecise ones. Here, all the parameters of the TP are considered to the triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (TIFNs). The existing ranking procedure of Varghese and Kuriakose is used to transform the unbalanced intuitionistic fuzzy transportation problem (UIFTP) into a crisp one so that the conventional method may be applied to solve the TP. The occupied cells of unbalanced crisp TP that we obtained are as same as the occupied cells of UIFTP.
On the basis of this idea the solution procedure is differs from unbalanced crisp TP to UIFTP in allocation step only. Therefore, the new method and new multiplication operation on triangular intuitionistic fuzzy number (TIFN) is proposed to find the optimal solution in terms of TIFN. The main advantage of this method is computationally very simple, easy to understand and also the optimum objective value obtained by our method is physically meaningful.
The document discusses functions and graphs in chapter 2 of an introductory mathematical analysis textbook. It introduces key concepts such as functions, domains, ranges, combinations of functions, inverse functions, and graphs in rectangular coordinates. It provides examples of determining equality of functions, finding function values, combining functions, and finding inverses. It also discusses special functions, graphs, symmetry, and intercepts. The chapter aims to define functions and domains, introduce different types of functions and their operations, and familiarize students with graphing equations and basic function shapes.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 6 from an introductory mathematical analysis textbook. The chapter covers matrix algebra, including:
- Concepts of matrices, matrix size, and special types of matrices
- Operations of matrix addition, scalar multiplication, and subtraction
- Matrix multiplication and how it relates to the sizes of matrices
- Using matrix operations to represent and solve systems of linear equations
- Applications of matrices including analyzing production sectors of an economy and modeling costs
This chapter discusses various methods of integration including integration by parts, integration by partial fractions, and integration using tables of integrals. It also covers applications of integration such as finding the average value of a function, solving differential equations using separation of variables, and modeling population growth with logistic functions. Examples are provided to illustrate how to use these various integration methods and applications to evaluate definite and indefinite integrals.
. An introduction to machine learning and probabilistic ...butest
This document provides an overview and introduction to machine learning and probabilistic graphical models. It discusses key topics such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning, graphical models, inference, and structure learning. The document covers techniques like decision trees, neural networks, clustering, dimensionality reduction, Bayesian networks, and learning the structure of probabilistic graphical models.
Kernal based speaker specific feature extraction and its applications in iTau...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes kernel-based speaker recognition techniques for an automatic speaker recognition system (ASR) in iTaukei cross-language speech recognition. It discusses kernel principal component analysis (KPCA), kernel independent component analysis (KICA), and kernel linear discriminant analysis (KLDA) for nonlinear speaker-specific feature extraction to improve ASR classification rates. Evaluation of the ASR system using these techniques on a Japanese language corpus and self-recorded iTaukei corpus showed that KLDA achieved the best performance, with an equal error rate improvement of up to 8.51% compared to KPCA and KICA.
This chapter discusses differentiation, including:
- Defining the derivative using the limit definition of the slope of a tangent line.
- Basic differentiation rules for constants, polynomials, sums and differences.
- Interpreting the derivative as an instantaneous rate of change.
- Applying the product rule and quotient rule to differentiate products and quotients.
- Using differentiation to find equations of tangent lines, velocities, marginal costs, and other rates of change.
MARGINAL PERCEPTRON FOR NON-LINEAR AND MULTI CLASS CLASSIFICATION ijscai
Generalization error of classifier can be reduced by larger margin of separating hyperplane. The proposed classification algorithm implements margin in classical perceptron algorithm, to reduce generalized errors by maximizing margin of separating hyperplane. Algorithm uses the same updation rule with the perceptron, to converge in a finite number of updates to solutions, possessing any desirable fraction of the margin. This solution is again optimized to get maximum possible margin. The algorithm can process linear, non-linear and multi class problems. Experimental results place the proposed classifier equivalent to the support vector machine and even better in some cases. Some preliminary experimental results are briefly discussed.
This document provides an outline of Chapter 8 from the textbook "Introductory Mathematical Analysis" which covers introduction to probability and statistics. The chapter objectives are to develop basic counting principles, understand combinations and permutations, define sample spaces and events, and introduce probability, conditional probability, independent events, and Bayes' formula. The chapter is divided into sections that cover these topics, including examples applying concepts like the counting principle, permutations, combinations, sample spaces, events, and calculating probabilities.
This document summarizes Chapter 10 from a mathematics textbook. The chapter covers limits and continuity. It introduces limits, such as one-sided limits and limits at infinity. It defines continuity as a function being continuous at a point if the limit exists and is equal to the function value. Discontinuities can occur if a limit does not exist or is infinite. The chapter applies limits and continuity to solve inequalities involving polynomials and rational functions. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like evaluating limits, identifying discontinuities, and using continuity to solve nonlinear inequalities.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Inroduction to Perceptron and how it is used in Machine Learning and Artificial Neural Network.
This presentation is prepared by Zaid Al-husseini, as a lectur for third stage of undergraduate students in Softwrae department - faculity of IT - University of Babylon, Iraq.
It is publicly availabe for the beginners to learn in theory and mathmatically how the Perceptron is working.
Notice: the slides are not detailed. And need a teacher to explain them deeply.
Adaptive modified backpropagation algorithm based on differential errorsIJCSEA Journal
A new efficient modified back propagation algorithm with adaptive learning rate is proposed to increase the convergence speed and to minimize the error. The method eliminates initial fixing of learning rate through trial and error and replaces by adaptive learning rate. In each iteration, adaptive learning rate for output and hidden layer are determined by calculating differential linear and nonlinear errors of output layer and hidden layer separately. In this method, each layer has different learning rate in each iteration. The performance of the proposed algorithm is verified by the simulation results.
Black-box modeling of nonlinear system using evolutionary neural NARX modelIJECEIAES
Nonlinear systems with uncertainty and disturbance are very difficult to model using mathematic approach. Therefore, a black-box modeling approach without any prior knowledge is necessary. There are some modeling approaches have been used to develop a black box model such as fuzzy logic, neural network, and evolution algorithms. In this paper, an evolutionary neural network by combining a neural network and a modified differential evolution algorithm is applied to model a nonlinear system. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed modeling are tested on a piezoelectric actuator SISO system and an experimental quadruple tank MIMO system.
(研究会輪読) Weight Uncertainty in Neural NetworksMasahiro Suzuki
Bayes by Backprop is a method for introducing weight uncertainty into neural networks using variational Bayesian learning. It represents each weight as a probability distribution rather than a fixed value. This allows the model to better assess uncertainty. The paper proposes Bayes by Backprop, which uses a simple approximate learning algorithm similar to backpropagation to learn the distributions over weights. Experiments show it achieves good results on classification, regression, and contextual bandit problems, outperforming standard regularization methods by capturing weight uncertainty.
Disease Classification using ECG Signal Based on PCA Feature along with GA & ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a method for classifying ECG signals to detect cardiovascular diseases using principal component analysis (PCA), genetic algorithms, and artificial neural networks. PCA is used to extract features from ECG signals. A genetic algorithm is then used to select optimal features and train an artificial neural network classifier. The method is tested on datasets from Physionet.org to classify ECG signals as normal or indicating conditions like bradycardia or tachycardia with high accuracy. The goal is to develop an automated system for ECG analysis and heart disease diagnosis.
This chapter discusses additional topics in differentiation including:
- Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions
- Elasticity of demand
- Implicit differentiation
- Logarithmic differentiation
- Newton's method for approximating roots
- Finding higher-order derivatives directly and implicitly.
Examples are provided for each topic to illustrate the differentiation techniques.
This document is a chapter from an introductory mathematical analysis textbook. It covers curve sketching, including how to find relative and absolute extrema, determine concavity, use the second derivative test, identify asymptotes, and apply concepts of maxima and minima. The chapter contains learning objectives, an outline of topics, examples of applying techniques to sketch curves and solve optimization problems, and instructional content to introduce these curve sketching concepts.
This chapter discusses multivariable calculus topics including functions of several variables, partial derivatives, applications of partial derivatives, implicit partial differentiation, higher-order partial derivatives, the chain rule, and finding maxima and minima for functions of two variables. It provides examples of computing partial derivatives, finding marginal costs and productivity, implicit partial differentiation, and using the chain rule. The objectives are to develop concepts and techniques for multivariable calculus including computing derivatives of functions with multiple variables.
Application of Graphic LASSO in Portfolio Optimization_Yixuan Chen & Mengxi J...Mengxi Jiang
- The document describes using graphical lasso to estimate the precision matrix of stock returns and apply portfolio optimization.
- Graphical lasso estimates the precision matrix instead of the covariance matrix to allow for sparsity. This makes the estimation more efficient for large datasets.
- The study uses 8 different models to simulate stock return data and compares the performance of graphical lasso, sample covariance, and shrinkage estimators on portfolio optimization of in-sample and out-of-sample test data. Graphical lasso performed best on out-of-sample test data, showing it can generate portfolios that generalize well.
The document provides an overview of fuzzy logic concepts including types of fuzzy systems, membership functions, fuzzy inference, fuzzification and defuzzification methods. It discusses knowledge-based and rule-based fuzzy systems, types of membership functions like triangular, trapezoidal and Gaussian. Examples of fuzzy logic applications in autonomous driving cars and methods for defuzzification like weighted average, centroid, max-membership and centre of sums are also summarized.
This chapter discusses integration, including defining indefinite integrals, evaluating definite integrals, and techniques for integration. The key topics covered include:
- Defining antiderivatives and indefinite integrals, and using properties like linearity to evaluate integrals.
- Applying integration to solve problems involving rates of change, such as calculating total cost from a marginal cost function.
- Evaluating definite integrals to find the area under a curve over a specified interval.
- Covering techniques for integrating common functions like polynomials, exponentials, and logarithms using rules like power, substitution and integration by parts.
In conventional transportation problem (TP), supplies, demands and costs are always certain. This paper develops an approach to solve the unbalanced transportation problem where as all the parameters are not in deterministic numbers but imprecise ones. Here, all the parameters of the TP are considered to the triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (TIFNs). The existing ranking procedure of Varghese and Kuriakose is used to transform the unbalanced intuitionistic fuzzy transportation problem (UIFTP) into a crisp one so that the conventional method may be applied to solve the TP. The occupied cells of unbalanced crisp TP that we obtained are as same as the occupied cells of UIFTP.
On the basis of this idea the solution procedure is differs from unbalanced crisp TP to UIFTP in allocation step only. Therefore, the new method and new multiplication operation on triangular intuitionistic fuzzy number (TIFN) is proposed to find the optimal solution in terms of TIFN. The main advantage of this method is computationally very simple, easy to understand and also the optimum objective value obtained by our method is physically meaningful.
The document discusses functions and graphs in chapter 2 of an introductory mathematical analysis textbook. It introduces key concepts such as functions, domains, ranges, combinations of functions, inverse functions, and graphs in rectangular coordinates. It provides examples of determining equality of functions, finding function values, combining functions, and finding inverses. It also discusses special functions, graphs, symmetry, and intercepts. The chapter aims to define functions and domains, introduce different types of functions and their operations, and familiarize students with graphing equations and basic function shapes.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 6 from an introductory mathematical analysis textbook. The chapter covers matrix algebra, including:
- Concepts of matrices, matrix size, and special types of matrices
- Operations of matrix addition, scalar multiplication, and subtraction
- Matrix multiplication and how it relates to the sizes of matrices
- Using matrix operations to represent and solve systems of linear equations
- Applications of matrices including analyzing production sectors of an economy and modeling costs
This chapter discusses various methods of integration including integration by parts, integration by partial fractions, and integration using tables of integrals. It also covers applications of integration such as finding the average value of a function, solving differential equations using separation of variables, and modeling population growth with logistic functions. Examples are provided to illustrate how to use these various integration methods and applications to evaluate definite and indefinite integrals.
. An introduction to machine learning and probabilistic ...butest
This document provides an overview and introduction to machine learning and probabilistic graphical models. It discusses key topics such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning, graphical models, inference, and structure learning. The document covers techniques like decision trees, neural networks, clustering, dimensionality reduction, Bayesian networks, and learning the structure of probabilistic graphical models.
Kernal based speaker specific feature extraction and its applications in iTau...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes kernel-based speaker recognition techniques for an automatic speaker recognition system (ASR) in iTaukei cross-language speech recognition. It discusses kernel principal component analysis (KPCA), kernel independent component analysis (KICA), and kernel linear discriminant analysis (KLDA) for nonlinear speaker-specific feature extraction to improve ASR classification rates. Evaluation of the ASR system using these techniques on a Japanese language corpus and self-recorded iTaukei corpus showed that KLDA achieved the best performance, with an equal error rate improvement of up to 8.51% compared to KPCA and KICA.
This chapter discusses differentiation, including:
- Defining the derivative using the limit definition of the slope of a tangent line.
- Basic differentiation rules for constants, polynomials, sums and differences.
- Interpreting the derivative as an instantaneous rate of change.
- Applying the product rule and quotient rule to differentiate products and quotients.
- Using differentiation to find equations of tangent lines, velocities, marginal costs, and other rates of change.
MARGINAL PERCEPTRON FOR NON-LINEAR AND MULTI CLASS CLASSIFICATION ijscai
Generalization error of classifier can be reduced by larger margin of separating hyperplane. The proposed classification algorithm implements margin in classical perceptron algorithm, to reduce generalized errors by maximizing margin of separating hyperplane. Algorithm uses the same updation rule with the perceptron, to converge in a finite number of updates to solutions, possessing any desirable fraction of the margin. This solution is again optimized to get maximum possible margin. The algorithm can process linear, non-linear and multi class problems. Experimental results place the proposed classifier equivalent to the support vector machine and even better in some cases. Some preliminary experimental results are briefly discussed.
This document provides an outline of Chapter 8 from the textbook "Introductory Mathematical Analysis" which covers introduction to probability and statistics. The chapter objectives are to develop basic counting principles, understand combinations and permutations, define sample spaces and events, and introduce probability, conditional probability, independent events, and Bayes' formula. The chapter is divided into sections that cover these topics, including examples applying concepts like the counting principle, permutations, combinations, sample spaces, events, and calculating probabilities.
This document summarizes Chapter 10 from a mathematics textbook. The chapter covers limits and continuity. It introduces limits, such as one-sided limits and limits at infinity. It defines continuity as a function being continuous at a point if the limit exists and is equal to the function value. Discontinuities can occur if a limit does not exist or is infinite. The chapter applies limits and continuity to solve inequalities involving polynomials and rational functions. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like evaluating limits, identifying discontinuities, and using continuity to solve nonlinear inequalities.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Inroduction to Perceptron and how it is used in Machine Learning and Artificial Neural Network.
This presentation is prepared by Zaid Al-husseini, as a lectur for third stage of undergraduate students in Softwrae department - faculity of IT - University of Babylon, Iraq.
It is publicly availabe for the beginners to learn in theory and mathmatically how the Perceptron is working.
Notice: the slides are not detailed. And need a teacher to explain them deeply.
Adaptive modified backpropagation algorithm based on differential errorsIJCSEA Journal
A new efficient modified back propagation algorithm with adaptive learning rate is proposed to increase the convergence speed and to minimize the error. The method eliminates initial fixing of learning rate through trial and error and replaces by adaptive learning rate. In each iteration, adaptive learning rate for output and hidden layer are determined by calculating differential linear and nonlinear errors of output layer and hidden layer separately. In this method, each layer has different learning rate in each iteration. The performance of the proposed algorithm is verified by the simulation results.
Black-box modeling of nonlinear system using evolutionary neural NARX modelIJECEIAES
Nonlinear systems with uncertainty and disturbance are very difficult to model using mathematic approach. Therefore, a black-box modeling approach without any prior knowledge is necessary. There are some modeling approaches have been used to develop a black box model such as fuzzy logic, neural network, and evolution algorithms. In this paper, an evolutionary neural network by combining a neural network and a modified differential evolution algorithm is applied to model a nonlinear system. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed modeling are tested on a piezoelectric actuator SISO system and an experimental quadruple tank MIMO system.
(研究会輪読) Weight Uncertainty in Neural NetworksMasahiro Suzuki
Bayes by Backprop is a method for introducing weight uncertainty into neural networks using variational Bayesian learning. It represents each weight as a probability distribution rather than a fixed value. This allows the model to better assess uncertainty. The paper proposes Bayes by Backprop, which uses a simple approximate learning algorithm similar to backpropagation to learn the distributions over weights. Experiments show it achieves good results on classification, regression, and contextual bandit problems, outperforming standard regularization methods by capturing weight uncertainty.
Disease Classification using ECG Signal Based on PCA Feature along with GA & ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a method for classifying ECG signals to detect cardiovascular diseases using principal component analysis (PCA), genetic algorithms, and artificial neural networks. PCA is used to extract features from ECG signals. A genetic algorithm is then used to select optimal features and train an artificial neural network classifier. The method is tested on datasets from Physionet.org to classify ECG signals as normal or indicating conditions like bradycardia or tachycardia with high accuracy. The goal is to develop an automated system for ECG analysis and heart disease diagnosis.
Short Term Electrical Load Forecasting by Artificial Neural NetworkIJERA Editor
This paper presents an application of artificial neural networks for short-term times series electrical load
forecasting. An adaptive learning algorithm is derived from system stability to ensure the convergence of
training process. Historical data of hourly power load as well as hourly wind power generation are sourced from
European Open Power System Platform. The simulation demonstrates that errors steadily decrease in training
with the adaptive learning factor starting at different initial value and errors behave volatile with constant
learning factors with different values
An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a computational model inspired by the structure and functioning of the human brain's neural networks. It consists of interconnected nodes, often referred to as neurons or units, organized in layers. These layers typically include an input layer, one or more hidden layers, and an output layer.
Boundness of a neural network weights using the notion of a limit of a sequenceIJDKP
feed forward neural network with backpropagation le
arning algorithm is considered as a black box
learning classifier since there is no certain inter
pretation or anticipation of the behavior of a neur
al
network weights. The weights of a neural network ar
e considered as the learning tool of the classifier
, and
the learning task is performed by the repetition mo
dification of those weights. This modification is
performed using the delta rule which is mainly used
in the gradient descent technique. In this article
a
proof is provided that helps to understand and expl
ain the behavior of the weights in a feed forward n
eural
network with backpropagation learning algorithm. Al
so, it illustrates why a feed forward neural networ
k is
not always guaranteed to converge in a global minim
um. Moreover, the proof shows that the weights in t
he
neural network are upper bounded (i.e. they do not
approach infinity). Data Mining, Delta
1) The paper introduces the influence function for interpreting black-box machine learning models. The influence function traces a model's predictions back to the training data by examining how the model's parameters would change if a particular training point was removed or perturbed.
2) The influence function approximates this change in parameters by assuming a quadratic approximation to the empirical risk function around the learned parameters and taking a single Newton step. It shows the parameter change due to removing a point is approximated by the influence function.
3) The paper demonstrates how the influence function can be used to understand model behavior, find adversarial examples, debug issues, and correct errors, among other applications. It also proposes practical methods to compute the influence function for
Hybrid PSO-SA algorithm for training a Neural Network for ClassificationIJCSEA Journal
In this work, we propose a Hybrid particle swarm optimization-Simulated annealing algorithm and present a comparison with i) Simulated annealing algorithm and ii) Back propagation algorithm for training neural networks. These neural networks were then tested on a classification task. In particle swarm optimization behaviour of a particle is influenced by the experiential knowledge of the particle as well as socially exchanged information. Particle swarm optimization follows a parallel search strategy. In simulated annealing uphill moves are made in the search space in a stochastic fashion in addition to the downhill moves. Simulated annealing therefore has better scope of escaping local minima and reach a global minimum in the search space. Thus simulated annealing gives a selective randomness to the search. Back propagation algorithm uses gradient descent approach search for minimizing the error. Our goal of global minima in the task being done here is to come to lowest energy state, where energy state is being modelled as the sum of the squares of the error between the target and observed output values for all the training samples. We compared the performance of the neural networks of identical architectures trained by the i) Hybrid particle swarm optimization-simulated annealing, ii) Simulated annealing and iii) Back propagation algorithms respectively on a classification task and noted the results obtained. Neural network trained by Hybrid particle swarm optimization-simulated annealing has given better results compared to the neural networks trained by the Simulated annealing and Back propagation algorithms in the tests conducted by us.
This document discusses using an artificial neural network to forecast electricity demand. It describes preprocessing data, creating a feed-forward neural network model with input, hidden and output layers, and training the model using backpropagation and incremental training. The model is trained on 80% of the data and tested on the remaining 20%. Mean square error is used to evaluate accuracy on both the training and test sets, with a lower error on the test set indicating better generalization of the model to new data. The goal is to accurately forecast future electricity demand based on input variables like population, GDP, price indexes, and past consumption data.
Amnestic neural network for classificationlolokikipipi
1. The document presents an Amnesic Neural Network model for stock trend prediction that incorporates "forgetting" to address time variation in customer behavior data.
2. It applies the model to data on 900 stocks from 2001-2004 to classify price changes, training the network on 1000 records and testing it on 500.
3. The model achieved the highest classification accuracy of the test data with a forgetting coefficient of 0.1, outperforming a standard BP neural network model without forgetting.
Modeling of neural image compression using gradient decent technologytheijes
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1. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications (IJAIA), Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2016
DOI : 10.5121/ijaia.2016.7102 11
BATCH GRADIENT METHOD FOR TRAINING OF
PI-SIGMA NEURAL NETWORK WITH PENALTY
Kh. Sh. Mohamed1,2
, Yan Liu3
, Wei Wu1
, Habtamu Z. A1
1
School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024,
China
2
Mathematical Department, College of Sciences, Dalanj University, Dalanj, Sudan
3
School of Information Science and Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian
116034, China
ABSTRACT
In this letter, we describe a convergence of batch gradient method with a penalty condition term for a
narration feed forward neural network called pi-sigma neural network, which employ product cells as the
output units to inexplicit amalgamate the capabilities of higher-order neural networks while using a
minimal number of weights and processing units. As a rule, the penalty term is condition proportional to
the norm of the weights. The monotonicity of the error function with the penalty condition term in the
training iteration is firstly proved and the weight sequence is uniformly bounded. The algorithm is applied
to carry out for 4-dimensional parity problem and Gabor function problem to support our theoretical
findings.
KEYWORDS
Pi-sigma Neural Network, Batch Gradient Method, Penalty& Convergence
1. INTRODUCTION
Introduced another higher order feed forward polynomial neural network called the pi-sigma
neural network (PSN)[2], which is known to provide naturally more strongly mapping abilities
than traditional feed forward neural network. The neural networks consisting of the PSN modules
has been used effectively in pattern classification and approximation problems [1,7,10,13]. There
are two ways of training to updating weight: The first track, batch training, the weights are
updating after each training pattern is presented to the network in [9]. Second track, online
training, the weights updating immediately after each training sample is fed (see [3]). The penalty
condition term is oftentimes inserted into the network training algorithms has been vastly used so
as to amelioration the generalization performance, which refers to the capacity of a neural
network to give correct outputs for untrained data and to control the magnitude of the weights of
the network structure [5,6,12]. In the second track the online training weights updating become
very large and over-fitting resort to occur, by joining the penalty term into the error function
[4,8,11,14], which acts as a brute-force to drive dispensable weights to zero and to prevent the
weights from taking too large in the training process. The objective of this letter to prove the
strong and weak convergence main results which are based on network algorithm prove that the
weight sequence generated is uniformly bounded.
For related work we mention [15] where a sigma-pi-sigma network is considered. The pi-sigma
network considered in this paper has different structure as sigma-pi-sigma network and leads to
2. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications (IJAIA), Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2016
12
different theoretical analysis. But some techniques of proofs in [15] are also used here in this
paper.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The neural network structure and the batch gradient
method with penalty is described in the Section 2. In Section 3 the main convergence results are
presented. Simulation results are provided in Section 4. In Section 5 the proofs of the main results
are provided. Finally, some conclusions are drawn in Section 6.
2. BATCH GRADIENT METHOD WITH A PENALTY TERM
In this paper, we are concerned with a PSNs with the structure p-n-1, where p, n and 1 are the
dimensions of the input, hidden and output layers, respectively. Let ݓ = ൫ݓଵ, ݓଶ … , ݓ൯
்
∈
ℝሺ1 ≤ ݇ ≤ ݊ሻ the weight vectors connecting the input and summing units, and write ݓ =
ሺݓଵ
்
, ݓଶ
்
, … , ݓே
்ሻ ∈ ℝ
. Corresponding to the biases ݓ, with fixed value-1. The structure of
PSN is shown in Fig.1.
Figure 1. A pi-sigma network with p-n-1 structure
Assume g: ℝ → ℝ is a given activation function. In specially, for an input ݔ
∈ ℝ
, the output of
the pi-sigma network is
ݕ = g ൭ෑ൫ݓ ∙ ݔ
൯
ୀଵ
൱ ሺ1ሻ
The network keeping with a given set of training examples ൛ߦ
, ݕ
ൟୀ1
⊂ ℝ
× ℝ
, ܬ is the
numbers of training examples. The error function with a penalty is given by:
ܧሺݓሻ =
1
2
ቌሺ
− g ൭ෑ൫ݓ ∙ ݔ
൯
ୀଵ
൱ቍ
ଶ
ୀଵ
+ ߣ ‖ݓ‖ଶ
ୀଵ
= g ൭ෑ൫ݓ ∙ ݔ
൯
ୀଵ
൱
ୀଵ
+ ߣ ‖ݓ‖ଶ
ୀଵ
ሺ2ሻ
where ߣ > 0 is a penalty coefficient and g୨ሺtሻ =
1
2
ቀ
− gሺݐሻቁ
2
. The gradient of ܧሺݓሻ with
respect to ݓ is written as :
3. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications (IJAIA), Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2016
13
∇ܧሺݓሻ = g ൭ෑ൫ݓ ∙ ݔ
൯
ୀଵ
൱ ෑ൫ݓ ∙ ݔ
൯ݔ
+
ୀଵ
ஷ
2ߣݓ
ୀଵ
ሺ3ሻ
Then, the weights updating rule is
ݓ
ାଵ
= ݓ
− ∆ݓ
, ݉ = 0,1, …. ሺ4ሻ
∆ݓ
= −ߟ∇ܧሺݓ
ሻ
= g
′
൭ෑ൫ݓ
∙ ݔ
൯
ୀଵ
൱ ෑ൫ݓ
∙ ݔ
൯ݔ
+
ୀଵ
ஷ
2ߣݓ
ୀଵ
ሺ5ሻ
݉ denotes ݉th update and ߟ > 0 is the learning rate. In this paper, we suppose that ߟis a fixed
constant and ‖ ∙ ‖ denotes the Euclidean norm.
3. MAIN RESULTS
In this section we present some convergence theorems of the batch gradient method with penalty
(4). These proofs are given in next section. Some sufficient conditions for the convergence are as
follows:
(A1) |gሺݐሻ|, หg
′
ሺݐሻห , หg
′′
ሺݐሻห ≤ ݐ∀ ܥ ∈ ℝ, 1 ≤ ݆ ≤ .ܬ
(A2) ฮݔ
ฮ ≤ C, หݓ
∙ ݔ
ห ≤ ,ܥ ∀1 ≤ ݆ ≤ ,ܬ 1 ≤ ݇ ≤ ݊, ݅ = 0,1, …
(A3) ߟ and ߣ are chosen to satisfy the condition: 0 < ߟ <
ଵ
ఒା
(A4) There exists a closed bounded region such ሼݓሽ ⊂ , and the set = ሼܧ|ݓ௪ሺݓሻ = 0ሽ
contains only finite points.
Theorem 1 If Assumptions (A1) – (A3) are valid, let the error function is given by (2), and the
weight sequence ሼݓሽ be generated by the iteration algorithm (4) for an arbitrary initial value,
then we have
ሺ݅ሻܧሺݓାଵሻ ≤ ܧሺݓሻ, ݉ = 0,1,2, ….
ሺ݅݅ሻ There exists ܧ∗
≥ 0 such that lim→∞ ܧሺݓሻ = ܧ∗
.
ሺ݅݅݅ሻ lim
→∞
‖ܧሺݓሻ‖ = 0, , ݇ = 1,2, . . , ݊.
Furthermore, if Assumption (A4) is also valid, then we have the following strong convergence
ሺ݅ݒሻ There exists a point ݓ∗
∈ such that lim→∞ ݓ
= ݓ∗
The monotonicity and limit of the error function sequence ሼܧሺݓሻሽ are shown in Statements ሺ݅ሻ
and ሺ݅݅ሻ, respectively. Statements ሺ݅݅ሻ (ii) and ሺ݅݅݅ሻ indicate the convergence of ሼܧሺݓሻሽ,
referred to as weak convergence. The strong convergence of ሼݓሽ is described in Statement
ሺ݅ݒሻ.
4. SIMULATIONS RESULTS
To expound the convergence of batch gradient method for training pi-sigma neural network,
numerical example experiments are executed for 4-parity problem and regression problem.
4. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications (IJAIA), Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2016
14
4.1. Example 1: Parity Problem
Parity problem is a difficult classification problem. The famous XOR problem is completely the
two-parity problem. In this example, we use the four-parity problem to test the performance of
PSNs. The network is of three layers with the structure 5-4-1, and the logistic activation function
gሺݐሻ = 1/ሺ1 + ݁ି௧
ሻ is used for the hidden and output nodes. The initial weights are chosen in
[−0.5, 0.5] and the learning rate with different value ߟ = 0.05, 0.07 and 0.09 and the penalty
parameter ߣ = 0.0001. The maximum number of epoch 3000.
From Figures 2(a), (b) and 3(c) we observe that the error function and gradient of norm decrease
monotonically, respectively, and that both norm of the gradient error function approaches zero, as
depicted by the convergence Theorem 1. and from Figures Figure 3(d), (e) and (f), we can see the
that the valid function approximation.
4.2. Example 2: Function Regression Problem
In this section we test the performance of batch gradient with penalty for a multi-dimensional
Gabor function has the following form (see Figure. 5):
ܽሺ,ݔ ݕሻ =
1
2ߨሺ0.5ሻଶ
݁ݔ ቆ
ݔ2
+ ݕ2
2ሺ0.5ሻ2 ቇ ܿݏ൫2ߨሺݔ + ݕሻ൯.
In this example, 256 input points are selected from an evenly 16 × 16 grid on −0.5 ≤ ݔ ≤ 0.5
and −0.5 ≤ ݕ ≤ 0.5 and the 16 input points are randomly selected from the 256 points as training
patterns. The number of neurons for input, summation and product layer are p=3, N=6 and 1,
respectively. The parameters in this example take the values ߟ = 0.9, and ߣ = 0.0001. when the
number of training iteration epochs reaches 30000.
(a) (b)
(a)
Figure 2. Example 1: (a) Error function with penalty (b) Norm of gradient with penalty
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
10
2
Number of Iterations
errorfunction
η= 0.05, λ=0.0001
η= 0.07, λ=0.0001
η= 0.09, λ=0.0001
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Number of Iterations
NormofGradient
η= 0.05, λ=0.0001
η= 0.07, λ=0.0001
η= 0.09, λ=0.0001
5. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications (IJAIA), Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2016
15
(c) (d)
Figure 3. Example 2: (c) Error function with penalty (d) Gabor function
(e) (f)
Figure 3. The approximation: (e) training pattern results (f) test pattern results
5. PROOFS
To proof Theorem 1, First we present a important lemma which contribute to the our analysis,
which is basically the same as Theorem 14.1.5 in [16]. Their proof is thus omitted.
Lemma 1 Suppose that ℎ: ℝ
→ ℝ is continuous and differentiable on a compact set ܦෙ ⊂ ℝ
and that = ൛ࣴ ∈ ܦෙ|∇ℎሺࣴሻ = 0ൟ has only finite number of point. If a sequence ሼࣴሽୀଵ
∞
∈ ܦෙ
satisfies then lim→∞‖ࣴାଵ
− ࣴ‖ = 0, lim→∞‖∇ℎሺࣴሻ‖ = 0. Then there exists a point
ࣴ∗
∈ such that lim
→∞
ࣴ
= ࣴ∗
.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x 10
4
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
number of iterations
errorfunction η= 0.5, λ=0.0001
η= 0.7, λ=0.0001
η= 0.9, λ=0.0001
-0.5
0
0.5
-0.5
0
0.5
-0.5
0
0.5
1
-0.5
0
0.5
-0.5
0
0.5
-0.5
0
0.5
1
-0.5
0
0.5
-0.5
0
0.5
-0.5
0
0.5
1
6. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications (IJAIA), Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2016
16
Proof of Theorem 1 For sake of convenience, we show the notations
ߪ
= ‖∆ݓ
‖ଶ
ୀଵ
ሺ6ሻ
ݎ
,
= ∆
ݓ
ାଵ
− ∆
ݓ
ሺ7ሻ
Proof Applying Taylor’s formula to extend g൫∏ ሺݓ
ାଵ
∙ ݔ
ୀଵ ሻ൯ at ∏ ሺݓ
ାଵ
∙ ݔ
ୀଵ ሻ, we have
g ൭ෑሺݓ
ାଵ
∙ ݔ
ୀଵ
ሻ൱ = g ൭ෑሺݓ
∙ ݔ
ୀଵ
ሻ൱
+g
′
൭ෑሺݓ
∙ ݔ
ୀଵ
ሻ൱ ൮ෑሺݓ
∙ ݔ
ୀଵ
ஷ
ሻ൲
ୀଵ
൫ݓ
୫ାଵ
− ݓ
൯ݔ
+
1
2
g′′ሺݐଵሻ ൭ෑሺݓ
ାଵ
∙ ݔ
ୀଵ
ሻ − ෑሺݓ
∙ ݔ
ୀଵ
ሻ൱
ଶ
+
1
2
ۉ
ۇ ෑ ݐଶ
ୀଵ
ஷభ,మ ی
ۊ ൫ݓభ
୫ାଵ
− ݓభ
൯൫ݓమ
୫ାଵ
− ݓమ
൯൫ݔ
൯
ଶ
భ,మୀଵ
భஷమ
ሺ8ሻ
Where ݐଵ ∈ ℝ is on the line segment between ∏ ሺݓ
୫ାଵ
∙ ݔ
ୀଵ ሻ and ∏ ሺݓ
∙ ݔ
ୀଵ ሻ. After
dealing with (8) by accumulation g൫∏ ሺݓ
ାଵ
∙ ݔ
ୀଵ ሻ൯ for 1 ≤ ݆ ≤ ,ܬ we obtain from (2), (4)
and Taylor’s formula, we have
ܧሺݓାଵሻ = g ൭ෑ൫ݓ
ାଵ
∙ ݔ
൯
ୀଵ
൱
ୀଵ
+ ߣ ฮݓ
ାଵ
ฮ
ଶ
ୀଵ
= ܧሺݓሻ −
1
ߟ
‖∆ݓ
‖ଶ
ୀଵ
+
ߣ
2
Cଶ
‖∆ݓ
‖ଶ
ୀଵ
+ ∆ଵ + ∆ଶ ሺ9ሻ
Where
∆ଵ=
1
2
g୨
′
൭ෑ൫ݓ
∙ ߦ
൯
ୀଵ
൱
ୀଵ
ۉ
ۇ ෑ ݐଶ
ୀଵ
ஷభ,మ ی
ۊ
భ,మୀଵ
భஷమ
൫∆ݓభ
୫
൯൫∆ݓమ
୫
൯൫ݔ
൯
ଶ
ሺ10ሻ
∆ଶ=
1
2
g′′ሺݐଵሻ
ୀଵ
൭ෑሺݓ
ାଵ
∙ ݔ
ୀଵ
ሻ − ෑሺݓ
∙ ݔ
ୀଵ
ሻ൱
ଶ
ሺ11ሻ
∆ଷ=
1
ߟ
ሺ∆ݓ
ሻ
ୀଵ
∙ ൫ݎ݇
݉,݆
൯
ୀଵ
ሺ12ሻ
It follows from (A1), (A2), (5) and Taylor’s formula to first and second orders, we obtain
|∆ଵ| ≤
1
2
ܥାଵ
ฮ∆ݓభ
ฮ ∙ ฮ∆ݓమ
ฮ
భ,మୀଵ
భஷమ
ୀଵ
8. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications (IJAIA), Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2016
18
Where Cହ = ሺܥ݊+1
ܥସ + ܥ݊+1
+ 2ߣሻ. Transfer (13), (16) and (17) into (9), there holds
ܧሺݓାଵሻ − ܧሺݓሻ ≤ − ൬
1
ߟ
−
ߣ
2
Cଶ
− Cଷ − Cହ −
1
2
CCସ
ଶ
൰ ‖∆ݓ
‖ଶ
ୀଵ
≤ − ൬
1
ߟ
− C൰ ‖∆ݓ
‖ଶ
ୀଵ
≤ 0 ሺ18ሻ
This completes the proof to report ሺ݅ሻof the Theorem 1.
Proof to ሺܑܑሻof the Theorem 1 From the conclusion ሺ݅ሻ, we know that the non-negative sequence
ሼܧሺݓሻሽ is monotone. But it also bounded below. Hence, there must exist ܧ∗
≥ 0 such that
lim→∞ ܧሺݓሻ = ܧ∗
. The proof to ሺ݅݅ሻis thus completed.
Proof to ሺ݅݅݅ሻ of the Theorem 1 It the follows from Assumption (A3) that ߚ > 0. Taking
ߚ =
ଵ
ఎ
− C and using (18), we get
ܧሺݓାଵሻ ≤ ܧሺݓሻ − ߚߩ
≤ ⋯ ≤ ܧሺݓሻ − ߚ ߩ
ୀଵ
Since ܧሺݓାଵሻ > 0, then we have
ߚ ߩ
ୀଵ
≤ ܧሺݓሻ < ∞.
Setting ݉ → ∞, we have
ߩ
∞
ୀଵ
≤
1
ߚ
ܧሺݓሻ < ∞.
Thus
lim
→∞
ߩ
= 0
It follows from (5) and Assumption (A1)
lim
→∞
‖∆ݓ
‖ = 0, ݇ = 1,2, … , ݊ ሺ19ሻ
This completes the proof.
Proof to ሺ࢜ሻ of the Theorem 1 Note that the error function ܧሺݓሻ defined in (2) is continuous
and differentiable. According to (16), Assumption (A4) and Lemma 1, we can easily get the
desired result, i.e ., there exists a point ݓ∗
∈ such that
lim
→∞
ሺݓሻ = ݓ∗
This completes the proof to ሺ݅ݒሻ.
6. CONCLUSION
Convergence results are decided for the batch gradient method with penalty for training pi-
sigma neural network (PSN). The penalty term is a condition proportional to the magnitude
of the weights. We prove under moderate conditions, if Assumptions (A1) - (A3) hold, then
9. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications (IJAIA), Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2016
19
that the weights of the networks are deterministically bounded in the learning process. With
the help of this conclusion, to point strongly purpose, if Assumption (A4) is also valid, then
we prove that the suggested algorithm converges with probability one to the set of zeroes of
the gradient of the error function in (2). Resemblance, the existing similar convergence
results require the boundedness of the weights as a precondition.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge to thank the anonymous referees for their valuable commentsand
suggestions on the revision of this paper.
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Authors
Kh. Sh. Mohamed received the M.S. degree from Jilin University, Changchun,
China, in applied mathematics in 2011. He works as a lecturer of mathematics at
College of Science Dalanj University, since 2011. Now he is working toward Ph.D.
degree in computational mathematics at Dalian University of Technology, Dalian,
China. His research interests include theoretical analysis and regularization methods
for neural networks
Yan Liu received the B.S. degree in computational mathematics from the Dalian
University of Technology in 2004. She is currently with the School of Information
Sciences and Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian,China. In2012 she
has obtained the Ph.D. degree in computational mathematics from Dalian University
of Technology. Her research interests include machine learning, fuzzy neural
networks and regularization theory.
Wei Wu received the Bachelor's and Master's degrees from Jilin University,
Changchun,China,in1974 and1981, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from Oxford
University, Oxford,U.K.,in1987.He is currently with the School of Mathematical
Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China. He has published four
books and 90 research papers. His current research interests include learning
methods of neural networks.
Habtamu Z.A received the bachelor degree from Wollega University, Ethiopia, in
mathematics education in 2009 and his Master’s degree in Mathematics education
from Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia in 2011. He worked as a lecturer of applied
mathematics at Assosa University, Ethiopia. Currently he is working toward Ph.D.
degree in Applied mathematics at Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
His research interests include numerical optimization methods and neural networks