This document provides an introduction and overview of basic electricity concepts. It begins by outlining the objectives of electricity training, which include understanding Ohm's law and the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. It then defines key terms like voltage, current, resistance, capacitors and inductors. The document explains concepts such as conventional current flow, electron flow, and the differences between series and parallel circuits. It also introduces Ohm's law and how to calculate power in DC and AC circuits.
This is an introductory lecture on electrical services in buildings. This module deals with basic terminologies and formulae covered in school level physics. This is a brief recapitulation.
The research is about (power in oil rig ) after a short description in a basic of electricity and OHM's law , we explained about power in general . at last we searched about the type of power in oil rig we descript (Electric & Mechanical Drilling Rig , Mechanical Drilling Rigs Advantages and Disadvantages , Electric Drilling Rig , Electric Drilling Rig Advantage , DC (SCR) Drilling Rig , AC (VFD) Drilling Rig , AC versus DC Drilling Rig , AC Drilling Rig Advantages , Size according to depth , Typical power range )
This is an introductory lecture on electrical services in buildings. This module deals with basic terminologies and formulae covered in school level physics. This is a brief recapitulation.
The research is about (power in oil rig ) after a short description in a basic of electricity and OHM's law , we explained about power in general . at last we searched about the type of power in oil rig we descript (Electric & Mechanical Drilling Rig , Mechanical Drilling Rigs Advantages and Disadvantages , Electric Drilling Rig , Electric Drilling Rig Advantage , DC (SCR) Drilling Rig , AC (VFD) Drilling Rig , AC versus DC Drilling Rig , AC Drilling Rig Advantages , Size according to depth , Typical power range )
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. OBJECTIVES
To be able to identify and implement. Theory of Ohms Law.
Define electrical terms.
To be able to describe the interrelationship between voltage,
current and resistance in electrical circuits.
To be able to identify digital multimeter features and its
capabilities.
To be able to correctly use the digital multimeter and understand
your findings when taking electrical measurements,in normal and
fault finding situations
3. Basics of electricity
Types of energy-
- Electrical energy
- Heat energy
- Atomic energy
- Mechanical energy
- One form of energy can be converted into another
OIL - Heat , Water - Steam , Turbine - Mechanical energy
Generator - Electrical energy
4. What is Electricity
What is Electricity
Matter
Molecule
Atom
ALL FORMS OF MATTER ARE
MADE UP OF MOLECULES
IN TURN THESE
MOLECULES ARE MADE UP
OF ATOMS
ATOMS ARE MADE UP
OF PROTONS
,NEUTRONS AND
ELECTRONS.
ELECTRONS MAINTAIN A
NEGATIVE POLARITY- ve
PROTONS MAINTAIN A
POSITIVE POLARITY +ve
NEUTRONS DO NOT
HAVE ANY POLARITY
(are neutral)
The centre of the atom is called the Nucleus
and contains Neutrons and protons.
ELECTRONS IN ORBIT
PROTONS WITHIN NUCLEUS
NEUTRONS WITHIN NUCLEUS
5. ELECTRONS IN ORBIT
NUCLEUS
What is Electricity
What is Electricity
Three factor determine whether or not the Atom is a good or bad
CONDUCTOR
CONDUCTOR
(1) The number of electrons in the outer orbit.
2) The distance of the outer orbit from the Nucleus of the Atom.
(3) The density of the atoms within the element.
Rules
Rules
If the Atom has only one orbit,maximum number of electrons on orbit is two.
If Atom has more than one orbit maximum number of electrons on outer orbit is eight.
Gold, Silver and Copper have only one electron on their outer orbit Mercury has two,
Aluminium has three and remember Carbon has four.
6. ELECTRONS IN ORBIT
PROTONS IN NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
COPPER ATOM ( good Conductor)
29 protons 29 electrons.
But only one loose electron On The outer orbit
CARBON ATOM
CARBON ATOM. 4 ELECTRONS ON THE OUTER ORBIT
(semi conductor)
What is Electricity
What is Electricity
7. LIKE CHARGES REPEL EACH OTHER
LIKE CHARGES REPEL EACH OTHER
What is Electricity
What is Electricity
An excess of electrons creates a negative charge.
The absence of electrons creates a positive charge
OPPOSITE CHARGES WILL ATTRACT EACH OTHER
OPPOSITE CHARGES WILL ATTRACT EACH OTHER
Normally an enormous number of Electrons flow.The basic unit of electric charge is the coulomb.
ONE COLOUMB EQUALS 6.25 X 10
ONE COLOUMB EQUALS 6.25 X 1018
18
ELECTRONS,or 6,250,000,000,000,000,0000
ELECTRONS,or 6,250,000,000,000,000,0000
ELECTRONS IN ORBIT PROTONS IN NUCLEUS
10. Basics of electricity
Electricity-
- There are variety of methods for producing electricity
- Through chemical reaction in a battery.
- For large amount of electricity electromagnetic
generators are used.
11. Current -
- Flow of electron.
- Conventional current is in opposite direction.
- High voltage to low voltage.
- Unit of current is ampere.
- Current is measured by ammeter, Connected in
series.
- Polarity in DC
6
Basics of electricity-
12. Basics of electricity-
Potential - Ability to do work
Voltage - Potential difference.(work done in moving a unit +ve charge
from a point of lower to higher potential).
- Unit of voltage is volt (v).
- Measured by voltmeter,connected across source.
- Sources can be Battery,DC generator,alternator etc.
- Can be AC or DC.
- Polarity in DC
- Equivalent to two water tanks,connected by pipe water
flows.
13. VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
VOLTAGE = ELECTRICAL PRESSURE
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY
VOLTAGE
Voltage provides the electrical pressure or force that enables the current or electrons to flow.
Voltage is the difference in electrical pressure between two points in a circuit .
Voltage is measured in units called volts . The symbol for Voltage is E and the symbol for volt is
14. Basics of electricity
Resistance -
- Opposes flow of current.
- Unit is ohms.
- Measured by ohm meter connected across it.
- Depends upon type of material, area & length.
- Produces heat when current flows through it.
- Fixed and variable resistor (potentiometer).
10
15. Amps
electrons
RESISTANCE (OHMS).
Resistance is a restriction to current flow.
Increasing resistance will reduce flow of current.
Electrical resistance is measured in units called ohms, they are
abbreviated by the letter R, and the symbol is Ω ( omega).
RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY
16. Basics of electricity
Inductor -
- Coil of wire.
- Opposes change in current.
- Used to create magnetic field for rotation.
- Unit is henry.
- Open and short inductor.
17. Basics of electricity
Capacitor -
- Two metal plates separated by a DI-electric (Max volts/mm which a
medium can withstand without breakdown).
- Gets charged when voltage is applied.
- Unit of capacitance is farad.
- Capacitor in series 1/C=1/C1+1/C2 & in parallel C= C1+C2.
- C = Q / V
- Practical unitsMicro and Pico farad.
18. Basics of electricity
Insulators and Conductors -
Conductors -
- Materials that have a low resistance to current flow
are classified as conductors.
- Copper and aluminium wires are conductors.
- Conductors are used in electrical circuits to connect
components to one another.
- Conductors are wrapped in insulators to isolate from
one another.
Insulators -
- Materials that have a high resistance to current flow
are classified as Insulators.
- Glass, rubber & dry air are insulators
13
19. Basics of electricity
Ohm’s law - Relation between three quantities learnt
V= I x R
I = V/ R
R = V / I
Where R = Resistance of circuit, in ohms.
V = Applied voltage, in volts.
I = Current, in amperes.
20. E
E
I
I R
R
E
E
I
I R
E
E E
I R
R I
I R
R
OHMS LAW
Ohms Law Pie Chart Resistance = Voltage over Current
Current = Voltage over Resistance voltage = Current times Resistance
21. Basics of electricity-
DC power -
- Power consumed in industry is almost A.C.
- Power in DC circuit is P = V x I =I x R x I
- Different types of load have different effect on
power source.
- Unit of mechanical power is horsepower.
- 1 hp = 0.746 kilowatts.
- Measured by wattmeter.
22. APPLICATION OF THE POWER FORMULA.
To find the power consumed by the resistor , the total current
(I t) has to be found first.
It = VaR1
It = 10 volts 10 ohms
It = 1 AMP.
The power used by the resistor can then be found by :
DC POWER
P
V I
+
-
Va=10V
Ω
R1
P = I
P = It
t x V
x Vt
t
P = 1 amp x 10 volts
P = 1 amp x 10 volts
P = 10 Watts
P = 10 Watts
23. The unit of power in mechanical system is the
HORSE POWER (hp).
One horsepower is equal to 0.746 kilowatts (KW).
TO CONVERT HORSE-POWER TO KILOWATTS.
multiply horsepower times 0.746 KW.
EXAMPLE.
P = Horsepower x 0.746 Kw
P = Horsepower x 0.746 Kw
P = 50 Horsepower x 0.746 Kw
P = 50 Horsepower x 0.746 Kw
P = 37.3 Kw
P = 37.3 Kw
Therefore a 50 Hp motor will consume 37.3 Kw of power
Therefore a 50 Hp motor will consume 37.3 Kw of power
P
DC POWER
24. Basics of electricity
AC Power-
- Alternating quantity is one which periodically passes through
a definite cycle of changes.
- In AC RMS values are used .
- AC power is consumed by different types of load such as
inductive , resistive & capacitive.
- AC power is given by P= V x I x CosO
- Symbol for AC source.
- AC power is measured by Wattmeter.
- Unit of power is Watts.
18
25. THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOW SOME COMMON ELECTRICAL TERMS
THEIR ABRIVIATION, UNITS OF MEASURE, SYMBOL
AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS.
Term Abbreviation Unit Symbol Measuring Tool
Current I Ampere A Ammeter
Voltage E Volt V Voltmeter
Resistance R Ohm Ohmmeter
Power P Watt W Wattmeter
ELECTRICAL TERM
26. Basics of electricity
Series circuit -
- One path for current flow.
- Can have more than one load (e.g. resistance).
- Total load is sum of individual loads.
- Some voltage loss takes place across each load
and is called as voltage drop.
- Sum of voltage drops across each load is equal
to applied voltage.
- Current through each load is same.
- Open and short.
- Example - Chain of small bulbs.
20
27. OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT
R2
R3
R1
SHORT CIRCUITS occur when current does not go through its
intended path.This usually happens in circuits that have
improper wiring or defective electrical components.
In the diagram we have a series circuit in which R2&R3 are“shorted
out” to the source voltage.
R2 and R3look like a wire and the total resistance of the circuit
limited to R1.
More current will flow because the total resistance is less.
current flows through the short.
no current flows through R2 or R3
current takes path of least
resistance.
28. OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUITS
+
R1
R2
R3
If a short occurs in a parallel circuit , most of the source current
will flow through the short because the current takes the path
of
least resistance
Most current will flows through short .
no current will flow through R2 or R3
29. CAN JUST FEEL IT
CAN JUST FEEL IT
DEATH
DEATH
IT TINGLES
IT TINGLES
OUCH !
OUCH !
DIFFICULT
DIFFICULT
BREATHING
BREATHING
SEVERE BURNS
SEVERE BURNS
AMPERES
1.0 6 AMPS TO
6 AMPS TO
SOLENOID
SOLENOID
0.2
200 mA
0.01
100 mA
0.001
1 mA
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY
30. DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION.
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION.
Measures Electrical Characteristics.
Measures Multiple Types Of Electrical Characteristics with a
single device.
Functions as a Ohmmeter,Ammeter and Voltmeter.
Includes an AC, as well as DC Voltage range.
Provides a Display “ Screen “.
Includes option for an analog format.
The accuracy of the fluke meter is specified as
of the reading + ( number of least significant digits.)
EG. Voltage dc
31. ROTARY SWITCH.
To turn the meter on , turn the rotary switch from the OFF position .
The meter performs a selftest , then starts taking readings.
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION
32. VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
Ranges
0 to1000 Volts dc
0 to 750 Volts ac
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION
Measure in parallel across
item to be measured
33. DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION
RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Measure in parallel across
item to be measured
Ranges
320.0 ohms
thro
32.00 Mohms.
35. Range
2 Volts dc.
Continuity test.
Bleep while
resistance is below
150 ohms
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION
DIODE TEST
Measure in parallel across
item to be measured
36. An electrical circuit can be compared to a simple hydraulic circuit.
Battery
Pump
Ammeter Motor
Voltage drop (volts)
Flow meter
Pressure drop (bar)
Source of pressure Flow rate Resistance to flow
Pump
Amperes
Liters / Min
The Electrical Circuit
37. Basics of electricity-
Types of loads - (Resistor,inductor& capacitor)
Resistive load -
- In DC circuit (fig) the voltage and current waveforms
are straight lines because voltage is constant.
- In AC circuit with pure resistance,voltage and current
are always in phase.
- Power consumed in DC circuit is constant as
voltage and current are constant.
- An AC ckt. that has only resistance produces a
positive power curve.
38. Basics of electricity-
Types of loads - (Resistor,inductor& capacitor)
Resistive load -
- In DC circuit (fig) the voltage and current waveforms
are straight lines because voltage is constant.
- In AC circuit with pure resistance,voltage and current
are always in phase.
- Power consumed in DC circuit is constant as
voltage and current are constant.
- An AC ckt. that has only resistance produces a
positive power curve.
39. Basics of electricity
Inductive load -
- An inductor is a coil of wire. A common inductive
load is an electric motor.
- Current lag behind voltage by 900
since voltage
is max at 900
while current is zero.
- Produce both positive and negative power. These
powers are equal in amplitude so their sum will
equal to zero.
- The inductor does not use real power still generator
supply it with voltage and current .
- So efficiency is lowered.
37
40. Basics of electricity
Capacitive load-
- A capacitor opposes change in voltage.
- Current lead voltage by 900
since voltage across it
is zero and the current is maximum.
- Produce both positive and negative power. These
powers are equal in amplitude so their sum will
equal to zero.
- The capacitor does not use real power still generator
supply it with voltage and current .
- So efficiency is lowered. 39