Cell culture is the process of growing cells under controlled conditions outside of their natural environment. Some key developments in cell culture technology include the use of antibiotics to prevent contamination, trypsin to detach adherent cells for subculturing, and chemically defined culture media. Cell culture is used for a variety of purposes like studying cell biology, testing drug toxicity, cancer research, virology, genetic engineering, and gene therapy. Proper aseptic techniques and safety precautions must be followed when working with cell cultures.
PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELLSANKUR SHARMA
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells and have capacity to differentiate into all type of cells arising from 3 different germ layers i.e., ecto-, meso- and endoderm. In this presentation brief information is given about different methods for production of embryonic stem cells and their maintenance
This presentation will help you to understand the growth of cells and their maintenance in the culture medium. The medium components play a major role in the survival and function of cells. The growth curve help to understand the growth pattern of specific cells along with characteristics.
Cytoskeleton - microtubules ,microfilaments and intermediate filamentsBIOTECH SIMPLIFIED
The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement. There is no single cytoskeletal component. Rather, several different components work together to form the cytoskeleton.
Organ culture is defined as the description and development in vitro of any organ or in the portion of organs where many tissue constituents like Parenchyma and Stroma, and there structural correlation and function are protected in culture. For what the explanted tissue narrowly look like its parent tissue in vitro.
Purpose of a LIMS is to improve lab efficiency and accuracy by reducing manual operations. A LIMS system will perform a range of core functions. These include - Workflow management,
Record keeping, Inventory management, Reporting.
There will be differences between various LIMS systems, such as mobile-access, customization options and the level of technical support provided.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELLSANKUR SHARMA
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells and have capacity to differentiate into all type of cells arising from 3 different germ layers i.e., ecto-, meso- and endoderm. In this presentation brief information is given about different methods for production of embryonic stem cells and their maintenance
This presentation will help you to understand the growth of cells and their maintenance in the culture medium. The medium components play a major role in the survival and function of cells. The growth curve help to understand the growth pattern of specific cells along with characteristics.
Cytoskeleton - microtubules ,microfilaments and intermediate filamentsBIOTECH SIMPLIFIED
The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement. There is no single cytoskeletal component. Rather, several different components work together to form the cytoskeleton.
Organ culture is defined as the description and development in vitro of any organ or in the portion of organs where many tissue constituents like Parenchyma and Stroma, and there structural correlation and function are protected in culture. For what the explanted tissue narrowly look like its parent tissue in vitro.
Purpose of a LIMS is to improve lab efficiency and accuracy by reducing manual operations. A LIMS system will perform a range of core functions. These include - Workflow management,
Record keeping, Inventory management, Reporting.
There will be differences between various LIMS systems, such as mobile-access, customization options and the level of technical support provided.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Introduction
• Cell culture is the process by which prokaryotic,
eukaryotic or plant cells are grown under
controlled conditions. But in practice it refers to
the culturing of cells derived from animal cells.
• Cell culture was first successfully undertaken by
Ross Harrison in 1907
• Roux in 1885 for the first time maintained
embryonic chick cells in a cell culture
3. Major development’s in cell culture
technology
• First development was the use of antibiotics
which inhibits the growth of contaminants.
• Second was the use of trypsin to remove
adherent cells to subculture further from the
culture vessel
• Third was the use of chemically defined
culture medium.
4. Why is cell culture used for?
Areas where cell culture technology is currently
playing a major role.
• Model systems for
Studying basic cell biology, interactions between disease causing
agents and cells, effects of drugs on cells, process and triggering of
aging & nutritional studies
• Toxicity testing
Study the effects of new drugs
• Cancer research
Study the function of various chemicals, virus & radiation to convert
normal cultured cells to cancerous cells
5. Contd….
• Virology
Cultivation of virus for vaccine production, also
used to study there infectious cycle.
• Genetic Engineering
Production of commercial proteins, large scale
production of viruses for use in vaccine production
e.g. polio, rabies, chicken pox, hepatitis B & measles
• Gene therapy
Cells having a functional gene can be replaced to cells
which are having non-functional gene
6. Tissue culture
• In vitro cultivation of organs, tissues & cells at defined
temperature using an incubator & supplemented with a
medium containing cell nutrients & growth factors is
collectively known as tissue culture
• Different types of cell grown in culture includes
connective tissue elements such as fibroblasts, skeletal
tissue, cardiac, epithelial tissue (liver, breast, skin, kidney)
and many different types of tumor cells.
7. Primary culture
• Cells when surgically or enzymatically removed from an
organism and placed in suitable culture environment will
attach and grow are called as primary culture
• Primary cells have a finite life span
• Primary culture contains a very heterogeneous population of
cells
• Sub culturing of primary cells leads to the generation of cell
lines
• Cell lines have limited life span, they passage several times
before they become senescent
• Lineage of cells originating from the primary culture is
called a cell strain
8. Finite and Continuous cell lines
• Finite cell lines - The cell lines which have a limited life
span and go through a limited number of cell generations
(usually 20-80 population doublings) are known as finite
cell lines. These cell lines exhibit the property of contact
inhibition, density limitation and anchorage dependence.
The growth rate is slow and doubling time is around 24-96
hours.
• Continuous cell lines
• Most cell lines grow for a limited number of generations
after which they ceases
• Cell lines which either occur spontaneously or induced
virally or chemically transformed into Continous cell lines
9. Types of cells
On the basis of morphology (shape & appearance) or on
their functional characteristics. They are divided into three.
• Epithelial like-attached to a substrate and appears flattened
and polygonal in shape
• Lymphoblast like- cells do not attach remain in suspension
with a spherical shape
• Fibroblast like- cells attached to an substrate appears
elongated and bipolar
10. Culture media
• Choice of media depends on the type of cell being cultured
• Commonly used Medium are EMEM,DMEM etc.
• Media is supplemented with antibiotics viz. penicillin,
streptomycin etc.
• Prepared media is filtered and incubated at 4 C
11. Why sub culturing.?
• Once the available substrate surface is covered by
cells (a confluent culture) growth slows & ceases.
• Cells to be kept in healthy & in growing state have
to be sub-cultured or passaged
• It’s the passage of cells when they reach to 80-
90% confluency in flask/dishes/plates
• Enzyme such as trypsin, dipase, collagenase
breaks the cellular glue that attached the cells to
the surface
12. Culturing of cells
• Cell lines derived from normal tissues are considered as
anchorage-dependent grows only on a suitable substrate
e.g. tissue cells
• Suspension cells are anchorage-independent e.g. blood
cells
• Transformed cell lines either grows as monolayer or as
suspension
13. Adherent cells
• Cells which are anchorage dependent
• Cells are washed with PBS solution.
• Incubate the plate at 37 C for 1-2 mts
• Tap the vessel from the sides to dislodge the cells
• Add complete medium to dissociate and dislodge the cells
• with the help of pipette which are remained to be adherent
• Add complete medium depends on the subculture
• requirement either to 75 cm or 175 cm flask
14. Suspension cells
• Easier to passage as no need to detach them
• As the suspension cells reach to confluency
• Asceptically remove 1/3rd of medium
• Replaced with the same amount of pre-warmed medium
15. Freezing cells for storage
• Remove the growth medium, wash the cells by PBS and
remove the PBS by aspiration
• Dislodge the cells by trypsin-versene
• Dilute the cells with growth medium
• Transfer the cell suspension to a 15 ml conical tube,
centrifuge at 200g for 5 mts at RT and remove the growth
medium by aspiration
• Resuspend the cells in 1-2ml of freezing medium
• Transfer the cells to cryovials, incubate the cryovials at -80
C overnight
• Next day transfer the cryovials to Liquid nitrogen
16. Cell viability
• Cell viability is determined by staining the cells
with trypan blue
• As trypan blue dye is permeable to non-viable cells
or death cells whereas it is impermeable to this dye
• Stain the cells with trypan dye and load to
haemocytometer and calculate % of viable cells
- % of viable cells= Nu. of unstained cells x 100
total nu. of cells
17. Common cell lines
• MCF-7 breast cancer
• HL 60 Leukemia
• HEK-293 Human embryonic kidney
• HeLa Henrietta lacks
• Vero African green monkey kidney epithelial cells
• Cos-7 African green monkey kidney cells
• And others such as CHO from hamster, sf9 & sf21 from insect cells
18. Basic equipments used in cell culture
• Biological safety cabinet-Vertical are preferable
• Incubation facilities- Temperature of 25-30 C for insect &
37 C for mammalian cells, co2 2-5% & 95% air at 99%
relative humidity. To prevent cell death incubators set to
cut out at approx. 38.5 C
• Refrigerators- Liquid media kept at 4 C, enzymes (e.g.
trypsin) & media components (e.g. glutamine & serum) at -
20 C
• Microscope- An inverted microscope with 10x to 100x
magnification
• Tissue culture ware- Culture plastic ware treated by
polystyrene
19. Basic aseptic conditions
• If working on the bench use a Bunsen flame to heat the air
surrounding the Bunsen
• Swab all bottle tops & necks with 70% ethanol
• Flame all bottle necks & pipette by passing very quickly
through the hottest part of the flame
• Avoiding placing caps & pipettes down on the bench;
practice holding bottle tops with the little finger
• Work either left to right or vice versa, so that all material
goes to one side, once finished
• Clean up spills immediately & always leave the work place
neat & tidy
20. Safety aspect in cell culture
• Possibly keep cultures free of antibiotics in order to be able
to recognize the contamination
• Never use the same media bottle for different cell lines. If
caps are dropped or bottles touched unconditionally
touched, replace them with new ones
• Necks of glass bottles prefer heat at least for 60 secs at a
temperature of 200 C
• Switch on the laminar flow cabinet 20 mts prior to start
working
• Cell cultures which are frequently used should be
subcultered & stored as duplicate strains