This document defines and describes basic machine components including levers, gears, shafts, and wedges. It explains what each machine is, the principles by which it operates, and different types of each machine. Levers multiply force using a fulcrum. Gears transfer torque via toothed surfaces. Shafts transmit rotation between components. Wedges apply outward force from an inclined plane. The document outlines the definition, principle of operation, and various types for each machine.

1. In the name of ALLAH the Beneficent the Merciful

2. MACHINE

3. • The word "machine" is derived from the latin word “machina”
• The meaning is that of a device having parts that perform or assist in
performing any type of work

4. BASIC MACHINES
 LEVER
 GEARS
 SHAFT
 WEDGE

5. • A rigid object that is used with an appropriate fulcrum or pivot point
to multiply the mechanical force (effort) that can be applied to
another object or resistance force (load)
LEVER

6. • The force applied (at end points of the lever) is proportional to the ratio of
the length of the lever arm measured between the fulcrum (pivoting point)
and application point of the force applied at each end of the lever.
• Mathematically, this is expressed by M = Fd, where F is the force, d is the
perpendicular distance between the force and the fulcrum, and M is the
turning force known as the moment or torque
• Archimedes. "Give me a place to stand, and I shall move the earth with a
lever”
LEVER PRINCIPAL

7. LEVER TYPES
 Class 1: The fulcrum is located between the applied force
and the load, for example, a crowbar or a pair of scissors
or a seesaw.

8. LEVER TYPES
 Class 2: The load is situated between the fulcrum and the
force, for example, a wheelbarrow or a nutcracker

9. LEVER TYPES
 Class 3: The force is applied between the fulcrum and the
load, for example, a pair of tweezers or the
human mandible

10. • A gear or more correctly a "gear wheel" is a rotating machine part
having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part in
order to transmit torque
GEAR

11. • When two gears of unequal number of teeth are combined a
mechanical advantage is produced, with both the rotational speeds
and the torques of the two gears differing in a simple relationship .
• gear ratio (gr) = (number of teeth on output or driven gear)/(number
of teeth on input or driver gear
GEAR PRINCIPAL

12. GEAR TYPES
 INTERNAL GEARS

13. GEAR TYPES
 SPUR

14. GEAR TYPES
 RACK AND PINION

15. GEAR TYPES
 HELICAL

16. GEAR TYPES
 DOUBLE HELICAL

17. GEAR TYPES
 BEVEL

18. GEAR TYPES
 CROWN

19. GEAR TYPES
 WORM

20. GEAR TYPES
 WORM AND WHEEL

21. GEAR TYPES
 NON CIRCULAR

22. GEAR TYPES
 EPICYCLIC

23. GEAR TYPES
 SUN AND PLANET

24. GEAR TYPES
 CAGE GEAR

25. • A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft, or Cardan
shaft is a mechanical component for transmitting torque and
rotation .
• Usually used to connect other components of a drive train that
cannot be connected directly because of distance or the need to
allow for relative movement between them.
SHAFT

26. • Drive shafts are carriers of torque .
• They must therefore be strong enough to bear the stress, whilst
avoiding too much additional weight as that would in turn increase
their inertia.
SHAFT PRINCIPAL

27. SHAFT TYPES
 RIGID COUPLING

28. SHAFT TYPES
 FLEXIBLE COUPLING

29. SHAFT TYPES
 TORQUE LIMITING COUPLING

30. • A wedge is a simple machine shaped like an inclined plane.
• A wedge is an inclined plane that can either split, cut, tighten, or
hold items together
WEDGE

31. • An easy way to see how a wedge works is to think of it as an
inclined plane standing on its narrow end. A fairly weak force,
applied to the wide end of a wedge whose narrow end is being
pushed into something, will send a strong force pushing out at the
sides .
WEDGE PRINCIPAL

32. WEDGE TYPES
 SINGLE WEDGE

33. WEDGE TYPES
 DOUBLE WEDGE