This document discusses gears and gear trains. It defines gears as components that transmit rotational force from one shaft to another. The main types of gears discussed are spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, worm gears, and planetary/epicyclic gears. Gear terminology like pitch circle, diametral pitch, and module are also defined. Gear trains can be simple, compound, or planetary and are used to reduce speed and increase torque. Planetary gear trains provide high gear ratios and are commonly used in automatic transmissions.
Definition, Use, Types of beariings, Types of Journal bearing, Materials for journal bearing, Failures of journal bearing, Design terms for journal bearing, Types of roller contact bearing, applications of roller contact bearing, Designation of roller contact bearing, Design terms for roller contact bearing, comparison between journal and roller bearings, characteristics of bearings, selection procedure of bearings
Definition, Use, Types of beariings, Types of Journal bearing, Materials for journal bearing, Failures of journal bearing, Design terms for journal bearing, Types of roller contact bearing, applications of roller contact bearing, Designation of roller contact bearing, Design terms for roller contact bearing, comparison between journal and roller bearings, characteristics of bearings, selection procedure of bearings
Car wheels spin at different speeds, especially when turning. It is known that each wheel travels a different distance through the turn, and that the inside wheels travel a shorter distance than the outside wheels. Since speed is equal to the distance traveled divided by the time it takes to go that distance, the wheels that travel a shorter distance travel at a lower speed. Also note that the front wheels travel a different distance than the rear wheels.
Design of two stage planetary gear train for high reduction ratioeSAT Journals
Abstract Planetary Gear Trains are extensively used for the power transmission and are the most critical component. Planetary gearboxes are used frequently to match the inertias, lower the motor speed, boost the torque, and at the same time provide a sturdy mechanical interface for pulleys, cams, drums and other mechanical components. This paper presents the advantages of planetary gear systems over other, consideration to be given while determining the reduction ratios of gear box, minimum and maximum reductions per stage of planetary gear pairs. Also the case study to determine the reduction ratio of two stage gear box is discussed. The comparison of planetary gear system over helical gears systems is done on the basis of volume, weight and torque density Keywords: Planetary Gears, Gear train, IS 4460, Torque density.
A brief description on types of gear trains used in various day to day machines to operate them. Just to give a brief idea to the audience about these gear trains.
References:-
1. Theory of Machines by R.S.Khurmi and J.K.Gupta
Gears in Kinematics of Machine(KOM) subjectHiren Panchal
3rd Semester In mechanical Engineering,
Gears in kinematics of Machine,
It is very simple topic to Understand and it is very much easy to remember during your Viva exams.
Law of toothed gearing – Involutes and cycloidal tooth profiles –Spur Gear terminology and
definitions –Gear tooth action – contact ratio – Interference and undercutting. Helical, Bevel, Worm, Rack and Pinion gears
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
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• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. • CONTENTS
• POWER TRANSMISSION
• GEAR
• TYPES OF GEARS
• NOMENCLATURE
• APPLICATIONS OF GEARS
• VELOCITY RATIO
• GEAR TRAINS
• EXAMPLE PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS
GEAR
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 2
3. GEAR…..
• Power transmission is the movement of energy
from its place of generation to a location where
it is applied to performing useful work
• A gear is a component within a transmission
device that transmits rotational force to another
gear or device
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 3
4. TYPES OF GEARS
1. According to the position of axes of the
shafts.
a. Parallel
1.Spur Gear
2.Helical Gear
3.Rack and Pinion
b. Intersecting
Bevel Gear
c. Non-intersecting and Non-parallel
worm and worm gears
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 4
5. SPUR GEAR
• Teeth is parallel to axis
of rotation
• Transmit power from
one shaft to another
parallel shaft
• Used in Electric
screwdriver, oscillating
sprinkler, windup alarm
clock, washing machine
and clothes dryer
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 5
7. Helical Gear
• The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle
to the face of the gear
• This gradual engagement makes helical gears
operate much more smoothly and quietly than
spur gears
• One interesting thing about helical gears is
that if the angles of the gear teeth are correct,
they can be mounted on perpendicular shafts,
adjusting the rotation angle by 90 degrees
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 7
9. Herringbone gears
• To avoid axial thrust, two
helical gears of opposite
hand can be mounted side
by side, to cancel resulting
thrust forces
• Herringbone gears are
mostly used on heavy
machinery.
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 9
10. Rack and pinion
• Rack and pinion gears
are used to convert
rotation (From the
pinion) into linear
motion (of the rack)
• A perfect example of this
is the steering system on
many cars
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 10
11. Bevel gears
• Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaft's
rotation needs to be changed
• They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90
degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other
angles as well
• The teeth on bevel gears can be straight, spiral or
hypoid
• locomotives, marine applications, automobiles,
printing presses, cooling towers, power plants, steel
plants, railway track inspection machines, etc.
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 11
13. WORM AND WORM GEAR
• Worm gears are used when large gear reductions are
needed. It is common for worm gears to have
reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or greater
• Many worm gears have an interesting property that
no other gear set has: the worm can easily turn the
gear, but the gear cannot turn the worm
• Worm gears are used widely in material handling
and transportation machinery, machine tools,
automobiles etc
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 13
16. NOMENCLATURE….
• Pitch surface: The surface of the imaginary rolling cylinder
(cone, etc.) that the toothed gear may be considered to replace.
• Pitch circle: A right section of the pitch surface.
• Addendum circle: A circle bounding the ends of the teeth, in a
right section of the gear.
• Root (or dedendum) circle: The circle bounding the spaces
between the teeth, in a right section of the gear.
• Addendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and
the addendum circle.
• Dedendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and
the root circle.
• Clearance: The difference between the dedendum of one gear
and the addendum of the mating gear.
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 16
17. NOMENCLATURE….
• Face of a tooth: That part of the tooth surface lying outside
the pitch surface.
• Flank of a tooth: The part of the tooth surface lying inside the
pitch surface.
• Circular thickness (also called the tooth thickness): The
thickness of the tooth measured on the pitch circle. It is the
length of an arc and not the length of a straight line.
• Tooth space: pitch diameter The distance between adjacent
teeth measured on the pitch circle.
• Backlash: The difference between the circle thickness of one
gear and the tooth space of the mating gear.
• Circular pitch (Pc) : The width of a tooth and a space,
measured on the pitch circle.
N
D
Pc
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 17
18. NOMENCLATURE….
• Diametral pitch (Pd): The number of teeth of a gear unit pitch
diameter. The diametral pitch is, by definition, the number of
teeth divided by the pitch diameter. That is,
Where
Pd = diametral pitch
N = number of teeth
D = pitch diameter
• Module (m): Pitch diameter divided by number of teeth. The
pitch diameter is usually specified in inches or millimeters; in
the former case the module is the inverse of diametral pitch.
m = D/N
D
N
Pd
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 18
19. VELOCITY RATIO OF GEAR
DRIVE
d = Diameter of the wheel
N =Speed of the wheel
ω = Angular speed
velocity ratio (n) =
2
1
1
2
1
2
d
d
N
N
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 19
20. GEAR TRAINS
• A gear train is two or more gear working
together by meshing their teeth and turning
each other in a system to generate power and
speed
• It reduces speed and increases torque
• Electric motors are used with the gear systems
to reduce the speed and increase the torque
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 20
21. Types of Gear Trains
• Simple gear train
• Compound gear train
• Planetary gear train
Simple Gear Train
• The most common of the gear train is the gear pair
connecting parallel shafts. The teeth of this type can
be spur, helical or herringbone.
• Only one gear may rotate about a single axis
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 21
23. Compound Gear Train
• For large velocities,
compound
arrangement is
preferred
• Two or more gears
may rotate about a
single axis
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 23
25. Planetary Gear Train…
• In this train, the blue gear has six times the diameter
of the yellow gear
• The size of the red gear is not important because it is
just there to reverse the direction of rotation
• In this gear system, the yellow gear (the sun) engages
all three red gears (the planets) simultaneously
• All three are attached to a plate (the planet carrier),
and they engage the inside of the blue gear (the ring)
instead of the outside.
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 25
26. Planetary Gear Train…
• Because there are three red gears instead of
one, this gear train is extremely rugged.
• planetary gear sets is that they can produce
different gear ratios depending on which gear
you use as the input, which gear you use as the
output, and which one you hold still.
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 26
27. Planetary Gear Train…
• They have higher gear ratios.
• They are popular for automatic transmissions
in automobiles.
• They are also used in bicycles for controlling
power of pedaling automatically or manually.
• They are also used for power train between
internal combustion engine and an electric
motor
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 27
28. Short Quetions
• What is power transmission?
• Why gear drives are called positively driven?
• What is backlash in gears?
• What are the types of gears available?
• What is gear train? Why gear trains are used?
• Why intermediate gear in simple gear train is called idler?
• What is the advantage of using helical gear over spur gear?
• List out the applications of gears
• Define the term ‘module’ in gear tooth
• What is herringbone gear?
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 28
29. Essay type questions
• With sketch explain various types of gears
• With sketch explain three types of gear trains
• With neat sketch explain the nomenclature of
spur gear
• Write the applications, advantages and
disadvantages of gear drives
Bhaumik Patel Mechanical Engineerng Dept. 29