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3. SYNOPSIS
• Introduction
• Evolution
• Classification
• Indications & Criteria for functional Appliance
therapy
• Effects of functional appliances
• Principles of functional appliances
• Theories of craniofacial growth
• Mode of action of functional appliances
• Conclusion
• Reference
3
4. INTRODUCTION
Functional appliances are defined as loose fitting or passive
appliances which harness natural forces to the orofacial
musculature that are transmitted to the teeth and alveolar bone
through the medium of the appliances.
4
5. Loose removable appliances are those designed to alter the
neuromuscular environment of the orofacial region to improve
occlusal development and/or craniofacial skeletal growth.
Most loose removable appliances,
a) utilize muscle forces to effect dental and bony changes,
b) disarticulate the teeth,
c) encourage new mandibular position,
d) require a tight lip seal during swallowing, and
e) selectively alter the eruptive paths of teeth.
5Hand book of Orthodontics – Robert E Moyers
6. EVOLUTION OF FUNCTIONAL
APPLIANCES
• 1879 -Norman kingsley ,
bite jumping appliances
• 1888-Wilhelm Roux ,
Theory of functional adaptation
• 1902-Pierre Robin,
Monobloc
6
7. • 1908-Viggo Anderson,Loose fiting appliances
(Biomechanical working retainer)
• 1936- Anderson & Karl Haupl,
Norwegian appliances
(Functional jaw orthopedics )
• 1918-Alfred Paul Rougers,
Father of Myofunctional therapy
• 1909-Emil Herbst ,Piston worked
fixed appliances
7
10. Based on Nature of Removability -
Removable : Activator , Twin block
Semifixed : Bass , Denholtz
Fixed : Flexible - Jasper jumper
Rigid - Herbst appliances
Based on the way Muscle Used -
Myotonic - Bionator
Myodynamic - Bimler
10
11. Indications and Criteria for functional
Appliance therapy
1. Skeletal Criteria
Low angle case
Proportionate balance between upper & lower face
Mild to moderate class II pattern
Positive VTO
2. Dental Criteria
No crowding
No labial tipping of mandibular incisors
Moderate deep overbite 11
12. 3.Soft tissue criteria
Competent or potentially competent lip
Muscular pattern that does not exhibit undue tightness
4.Emotional Criteria
Keen patient interest & desire from both patient & parent
Patient cooperation is essential .
5.Respiratory Criteria
No nasal obstruction or chronic respiratory disorders
6.Age/Growth Criteria
Indicated in growing patient ( Late mixed dentition )
12
13. Effects Of Functional Appliances
on dentofacial skeleton
Dentoalveolar Changes
-Proclination of lower anterior
-Retroclination of upper anterior
-Differential eruption of teeth
-Mesial & vertical eruption of lower molars
-Flattening deep curve of spee & change in
funtional occlusal plane
13
14. Skeletal changes
-Enhanced growth at the head of condyle
-Mandibular growth & forward placement
-Defelection in ramal form and reduction in gonial angle
-Remodelling of CGF complex & relocation
-Increase in lower anterior face height.
-Restraining vertical & sagittal growth of
maxilla .
14
15. PRINCIPLES OF FUNCTIONAL
APPLIANCES
Forces modulated by the Functional appliances
- Primary
- Secondary
A primary objective of functional appliances is
to take advantage of these natural forces and
transmit them to selected areas for desired change .
15
16. It is important to consider that functional are both tooth
movement and skeletal changes (through growth
modification).
Lip bumper transmit lip force(primary) to the PDL in form
of pressure(secondary) which cause distalization of molar.
For growth modification , they transmit forces to the
condylar region & thereby , inducing new bone formation or
glenoid fossa remodeling.
16
17. Duration of force in most Functional appliances is
interrupted because it is usually not worn constantly.
The magnitude of force is small in functional
appliances therapy ( deliver light & physiologic
forces)
17
18. Force Application
Compressive stress & strain act on the structures
involved resulting in primary alteration in Form with secondary
adaptation in Function.
Force Elimination
Function is rehabilitated & followed by secondary
adaptation in Form.
Neuromuscular response
Secondary adaptation of form to function or vice versa occurs
due to neuromuscular response
18
19. THEORIES OF CRANIO FACIAL
GROWTH AND MODE OF ACTION
OF
FUNCTIONALAPPLIANCES
19
20. THEORIES OF GROWTH
Growth Site
• Periosteal or sutural bone
formation & remodelling
resorption adaptive to
environment influences.
• Any location where growth
takes place
• All growth sites are not
growth centres .
Growth centre
• Places of ossification with
tissue separating forces
• Any location where
genetically controlled growth
takes place
• All growth centres are growth
sites
20
21. GENETIC THEORY
Allan Brodie - 1941
• Genotype supplies all information required for phenotype
expression
• This theory is more of an assumption & it is not proved .
• Primary genetic control determines
only certain features & does not
have complete influence on growth .
21
22. SICHER’S HYPOTHESIS-1952
Sicher and Weinnman
• Sutures that attach facial areas to the skull & cranial
base region push the naso-maxillary complex forward
to pace its growth with that of mandible.
• Lack of innate growth potential
• Sutures are reactive areas ,
not primary determinants of growth
22
23. SCOTT’S HYPOTHESIS
Cartilage is the primary determinant of
growth while sutural & bone growth occur in
response to growth of cartilage .
Innate growth potential in the cartilage of
the nasal septum & mandibular condyle which
paces the growth of maxilla &
mandible.
23
24. FUNCTIONAL MATRIX THEORY
Melvin Moss
• The concept of this theory was introduced first by Vander
Klaaw (1948-52).
BONES DO NOT GROW ,THEY ARE GROWN (1972)
The functional matrix hypothesis claims that the origin,form,
position ,growth, & maintenance of all skeletal tissue and
organs are always secondary ,compensatory and necessary
response to chronologically and morphologically prior events
or process that occur in specifically related non skeletal tissue ,
organs or functioning spaces
24
30. Release of Hormones
(Command)
Position of Maxillary
Dental arch(Ref Input)
Occlusion
(Comporator)
Periodontium
Teeth
Musculature
Joint
Mastication
(Performance)
Deviation signal
Brain
(Sensory engram)
Actuator (Motor cortex)
LPM & RDP
(Coupling system)
Growth at condyle
(Controlled system)
Actuating
signal
Output
Hormones
The Face as a Servo system
30
31. Factors influencing
Growth
Primary cartilage Secondary cartilage
Hormones Yes yes
Local factors No (Chondroblast
surrounded by matrix)
Yes(Pre-Chondroblast
Not surrounded by
matrix)
Orthopeadic appliances Only direction Amount & direction
31
32. Decreased biochemical feedback
Stutzmann & Petrovic
Zone of functional chondroblast in condyle secretes a
substance that retards the mitotic activity of stem cells – a sort
of negative feedback.
• Stimulation of LPM subsequent to FA wear cause quick
maturation of chondroblast ,secreting less ‘negative feedback’
material .
• Removal of this biochemical brake cause acceleration of
condylar growth.
32
33. Functional appliance
↓
Increased contractile activity of the LPM
↓
Intensification of the repetitive activity of the
retrodiscal pad (bilaminar Zone)
↓
Increase in Growth-stimulating factors
(enhancement of local mediators,
Reduction of local regulators of –ve feedback)
↓
Change in condylar Trabecular Orientation
↓
Additional Growth of Condylar Cartilage
and subperiosteal ossification of the Posterior Border
of the mandible
↓
Supplementary lengthening of the Mandible
33
35. Myotactic Reflex
“Myotatic reflex activity of protractor muscle, especially
lateral pterygoid ,keep mandible in forward direction,
stimulating the growth of mandible”
Grude (1952) suggested that such adaptation is possible only
with small bite opening (within physiological rest position)
35
36. • If muscles are stretched too much ,then clasp knife reflex will
take over myotatic reflex.
• Andersen-Haupl concept stated that the myotatic reflex activity
that arises & the isometric contraction(kinetic energy) induces
musculoskeletal adaptation by introducing new mandibular
closing pattern . H –Activator
.
36
37. VISCOELASTIC HYPOTHESIS
Herren Harvold Woodside
Viscoelastic properties of muscle & Stretching
of soft tissue are decisive for activation of functional
appliances.
STAGE
Emptying of vessel
Pressing out of interstitial fluid
Stretching of fibers
Elastic deformation of bone
Bioplastic adaptation of bone
B
37
38. • Harvold & Woodside opened mandible 10-18 mm
beyond postural rest vertical dimension.
• Overextended activator stretching soft tissue like
splint induce no myotatic reflex but instead applies
rigid stretch and buildup in potential energy .
V – activators, sagittal
Advancement is less with
Increased vertical opening
38
39. Transitional type activator -
Alternatively uses muscle contraction & viscoelastic
properties of soft tissue ( both kinetic & potential energy )
MUSCLE STRETCHING METHOD – Eschler
Technique that open vertical dimension beyond 4mm
construction bite , working alternatively with isotonic &
isometric muscle contraction .
39
40. BALTERS PHILOSOPHY
Theories upon which the bionator is based:
1.The works of Robin, Andresen and Haupl.
2.The early function and form concepts of Van der
Klaaw and the functional matrix theory of Moss.
40
41. Equilibrium between the tongue and the circumoral muscles –
shape of dental arches and intercuspation.
The essential part of Robin’s concept is function whereas for
Balter’s it is the tongue (which is the center of reflex activity in the
oral cavity).
• Effects :
-Modulation of muscle activity of Tongue .
-Elimination abnormal influence
of perioral musculature
-Stimulation of myotatic muscle
activity & isotonic muscle contraction
41
42. Clark’s Twin Block
• Wolff’s law - The internal and external structures of
bone is modified by functional demands
• In the dentition the force of occlusion of the teeth is the
most natural functional mechanism that can be used to
influence the structure of the supporting bone.
42
43. • Twin blocks are simple bite – blocks that
effectively modify by transmission of favourable
occlusal forces to inclined plane
• Occlusal forces transmitted through the dentition
provide constant proprioceptive stimuli to
influence the growth rate and trabecular structure
of the supporting bone.
43
44. Pterygoid response
• McNamara and Petrovic noticed one peculiar phenomenon
where patient experienced pain when mandible was retracted.
They termed it as ‘pterygoid response’
• . This was due to altered muscular balance resulting in ‘tension
zone’ distal to condyle.
44
45. Improved clinical use of Twin-block and Herbst as a result of
radiating viscoelastic tissue forces on the condyle and fossa in
treatment and long-term retention: Growth relativity
Voudouris & Kuftinec AJODO (2000)
• Growth relativity refers to growth that is relative to the displaced
condyles from actively relocating fossae.
• Attachments of the LPM to the condylar head or articular disk may
be expected to cause condylar growth, but anatomic research has not
found evidence that significant attachments actually exist
45
46. • Hyperactivity of LPM during mandibular advancement
therapy is doubtful as the muscle actually shortens during
this procedure.
• More recently, permanently implanted longitudinal muscle
monitoring techniques have found that the condylar growth is
actually related to decreased postural and functional LPM
activity.
(Sessle, Woodside, Gurza, Powell, Voudouris and Metaxas,
1990)
46
47. Growth relativity hypothesis
• In his hypothesis, growth is discussed relative to long-term retention
results, rather than short- term treatment outcomes that are different
• THREE GROWTH STIMULI in growth relativity
Displacement + Viscoelasticity + Referred force
47
48. Mandible advanced forward
Stretching of retrodiscal tissues
Engorgement of blood vessels
Influx of various nutrients into fibrocartilage
During reseating of condyle
Expulsion of these nutrients
Metabolic pump like action
48
49. Alteration of synovial fluid dynamics
During disocclusion (open position)
Low subatmospheric pressure within the TMJ
Alters the joint fluid dynamics/ flow of synovial fluid
Negative pressure created shifts the fluid
perfusion in a posterior displaced direction
Permits greater flow of blood into C-GF region
49
50. • The concept that viscoelastic tissue forces can affect growth of the
condyle suggests that modification first occurs as a result of the action
of anterior Orthopedic displacement.(Displacement)
• Second, the condyle is affected by the
posterior viscoelastic tissues anchored
between the glenoid fossa and the condyle,
inserting directly into the condylar
fibrocartilage. (Viscoelasticity)
50
51. • Third and the most interesting aspect is the new bone formation
some distance from the actual retrodiscal tissue attachments in
the fossa by the transduction of forces over the fibrocartilage
cap of the condylar head
51
52. Light Bulb Analogy of Condylar growth and
Retention
• The active return of the condyles to the fossae during post-
treatment appears to deactivate the modifications occurred by
compressing the condyle against the proliferated retrodiskal
tissues.
• Hence long term retention is not clinically significant 52
53. VEGF and bone formation in the glenoid fossa during
forward mandibular Positioning - Rabie.M , Lily Shum
AJO DO 2002;122:202-09
• VEGF - central regulator of angiogenesis – induces
endothelial cell migration and proliferation
VEGF is secreted by chondroid cells in response to
forward mandibular Positioning.
Neovascularization
Differentiation of mesenchymal cells – osteogenesis
Highest amount of new bone formation – posterior fossa
53
54. VEGF expression and bone formation in posterior
glenoid fossa during Stepwise mandibular
advancement - Rabie.M, Lily shum AJODO
2004;125:185-90
• After 2nd advancement – this pull effect again
delivers mechanical strain that triggers another cycle of
VEGF expression.
• Thus stepwise advancement delivers a series of
mechanical stimuli that produces tissue response that
lead to increased vascularization and bone formation.
54
55. Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical
trial of early Class II treatment
Tulloch, William A. Proffit , (AJODO 2004;125:657-67)
• Early (preadolescent) versus later (adolescent) treatment for
children.
• Favorable growth changes were observed in about 75% of those
receiving early treatment with either a headgear or a functional
appliance.
• After a 2 phase of fixed appliance treatment for both the previously
treated children and the untreated controls, however, early treatment
had little effect on the subsequent treatment outcomes.
55
56. • The differences created between the treated children and
untreated control group disappeared when both groups received
comprehensive fixed appliance treatment during adolescence
• 2 phase might not be more clinically effective than 1 phase
• Early treatment did not reduce the percentage of children needing
extractions in phase 2 or eventual orthognathic surgery
56
57. Mandibular changes produced by functional
appliances in Class II malocclusion:
A systematic review
Paola Cozza et al – AJODO 2006
• “Does the mandible grow more in Class II subjects
treated with functional appliances than in untreated
Class II subjects?”
• “Is the average effect of functional appliances on
mandibular length clinically significant?”
• “Which functional appliances are more efficient?”
57
58. • Two-thirds of the samples in the 22 studies reported a
clinically significant supplementary elongation in total
mandibular length (a change greater than 2 mm in the treated
group compared with the untreated group) as a result of overall
active treatment with functional appliances.
• The amount of supplementary mandibular growth appears to
be significantly larger if the functional treatment is performed
at the pubertal peak in skeletal maturation.
58
59. • The Herbst appliance had the highest coefficient of
efficiency (0.28 mm/month) followed by the Twin-
block (0.23 mm/month).
• Both the bionator and the activator had
intermediate scores of efficiency (0.17 and 0.12
mm/month, respectively).
• The Frankel appliance had the least efficiency
(0.09 mm/month).
59
60. CONCLUSION
Growth modification or Growth re-direction
• Answers to these questions are still at large , one thing is clear
that Growth modification/growth re-direction & Success with
this mode of treatment is influenced by multitude of factors
which include severity and nature of problem ,biological
growth potential of the individual ,appliance selection
,operators experience & expertise ,and patient cooperation .
60
61. REFERENCE
1. Dentofacial Orthodontics with functional appliances-Graber
Petrovic Rakosi 2nd edition
2. Removable Orthodontic Appliances- Graber Neumann
3. Orthodontic principles and practice- T. M. Graber – 3rd Edition
4. Contemporary orthodontics- William profitt – 4th edition
5. Orthodontics – Diagnosis and mangement of malocclusion
and dentofacial abnormalities – Om Prakash Kharbanda
61
Typically, these muscular forces are generated by altering the mandibular position sagittally and vertically, resulting in orthodontic and orthopedic changes.
First to study the influences of natural forces and functional stimulation on form,,, which is foundation of both general orthopedic and functional dental orthopedic principles
first practitioner to use functional jaw orthopedics to treat a malocclusion using Monoblockin children with glossoptosis syndrome
First to implicate facial muscle for growth develoment,, & form of the stomatognathic system
-during WWII - (elastic bite former)
Modified activator
Double Plates ,by constructing separate mandibular and maxillary acrylic plates that were designed to occlude with the mandible in a protrusive position.
G 1 – Transmit muscle forces directly to teeth
G 2 – Transmit forces to teeth as well as other structure
G 3 – Operate from vestibule
T-B P –with no intrinsic force generating capacity
T-B A – With modifications like screws or spring ,has intrinsic force generating capacity
Myotonic – rely on muscle mass for action
Myodynamic – rely on muscle movements for action
Flat mandibular oclusal plane ,prefererably no midline asymmetry
Primary forces are natural forces, include various forces acting on the dentition from the tongue, lips, and cheeks.
Secondary forces are the reactionary forces developed in the target tissue in response to primary forces via functional appliance.
Success of functinal appliance treatment depends on neuromuscular response
the main objective of using functional appliance is to harmonize skeletal bases by influencing mandibular growth. Various theories/hypothesis have been put forward to explain how functional appliance stimulate mandibular growth.
Proper understanding of term GS & GC, will help to clarify difference btw theories of growth……..
Growth site do not control overall growth of bone ,where growth centre control overall growth of bone
Various theiories are based on place where growth centre expressed
Sicher believes cranio facial growth occurs at sutures ……………
,When area of suture trasnplanted to another location ,tissue does not grow
not act as primary growth centre
At present still accepted as resonable for cranio facial growth .Since endochondral growth process occurs in post border of face at nasal septum ,it can be consider essential for antero inferior growth of face , however it is not regarded as active contributor to vertical growth & development of face.
Theory states that soft tissue regulate the skeletal growth through functional stimuli .
Acc to moss, head is structure which carries out many function like respiration ,speech vision audition .each funtion is carried by tissue & spaces in head….. (T & S ) Togather responsible for single function are called FCC
PM act directly actively through periosteum (temporalis muscle tooth nerve glands )
CM includes capsule tat surround masses & spaces ( nasal mass,eye mass ,orofacial capsule)
lip pads / buccal shields which try to increase the dimensions of basal bone through periosteal pull. In addition, any deleterious muscular forces are shielded away from dentition
functional regulator does not forcefully keep mandible in forward. Mandible is guided forward by proprioception induced by lingual pad.
Cybernatic theory states tat everrything affects everything & living organism never operates in an open loop mechanism ..
in OP L M input leads to response & there is no feed back..
When given physiologic system is desinged for maintaining , in spite of disturbance ,a specific correspondance exist btw input & output ,it s caled CLSys . Regulator – input is Constant .. In SERVO input is not constant ,,follow up system through which growth of mandible can b explained
1)COMD is signal establised indepently of feedback sys. it Affects controled sys without being affected by consequences of this behaviour eg hormones.
2) REF INPUT ELEMTS – septal cartilage, ligaments & muscles. 3) REFinput is signal establised as standard of comparison ( sagittal postion of MAX) ….4)COMPORATOR relationship btw ref input & Contrl variable( MNDBL). … 5)CONTROLER located btw deviation signal & actuating signal
6)CONTRL Sys ( growth of condyl cartilage throgh RD Pad stimulation) ……7)CV –output of servo system
Acc to this theory influence of hormones on growth follows cybernativ command pattern
PC-Derivative of primordial cartilage(Dividing cells called chondroblasts) – Syntys cartilagenous matix & surronded –isolate from local factor ,,
Growth of thes cartilage appear to be subject to GEN Extns factor like GH thyroxine etc .effect of local biomecahnical factors is reduced to modulation of direction of growth only.. ----SEC Cartlilage form on original membrane bone ….
In addition GEN Extrns factor ,Instrsic & local etrinsic factor like FA can modulate …
When a skeletal muscle is quickly strecthed ,the protective reflex is elicited & brings contraction of strecthed muscle ,called myotatic reflex ..& if flexion is carried further forcefully , all resistance melts & rigid limb collapses,i.e muscle first resist & then relaxes
According to authors, there is no role FOR muscles to growth modification.
Basis for this ‘non muscular’ theory came from following two observations: -
Bone growth, bone repair, and bone remodeling are biological events depend on the rapid ingrowth of new capillary blood vessels a process termed angiogenesis..
Suggest A close correlation exists between vascularization and bone formation.
with severe (//7 mm overjet) Class II malocclusions
Early treatment:
- avoiding Psychological distress -control of abbernt oral habits
-Skeletal maturity is ahead of dental development
-Children with severe vertical and class II problems
Assessment of Orthodontic Treatment Outcomes:
Early Treatment versus Late Treatment Angle Orthodontics 2005 early treatment seen as undue prolonged treatment .
Premature termination of treatment ,can be attributed to patient/parent burn out
This study was undertaken to answer the question
On the basis of the analysis of 22 retrieved articles, it can be concluded that:
Efficiency was appraised by dividing the supplementary elongation of the mandible obtained during the overall treatment period with the functional appliance by the number of months of active treatment.
The average coefficient of efficiency for functional jaw orthopedics was 0.16 mm/month, with an average duration of active treatment of approx 17 months.
One question that still unclear & contoversial ,, whether the functional appliance therapy actually causes growth modification (beyond genetic potential) or just growth re-direction