Dr. Neus Barrantes-Vidal presentation at the Schizophrenia Research Forum live webinar of July 6, 2015: http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/for/live/detail.asp?liveID=97
The document discusses how the study of schizotypy helps advance our understanding of schizophrenia. It defines schizotypy as a latent personality organization that harbors liability for schizophrenia. Studying schizotypy offers a unifying framework as it represents a spectrum of expressions from subtle abnormalities to psychosis. Schizotypy is assessed through various approaches including genetics, laboratory measures, clinical features, and psychometric indexes. High scores on measures of schizotypy like the Perceptual Aberration Scale are associated with features like attention deficits and genetic risk factors. While schizotypy is measured dimensionally, evidence suggests it may have an underlying discontinuous nature. Longitudinal studies find that some schizotypic individuals develop psychosis over time.
Therapeutic approach to referential thinking in a case of schizotypal disorderCristina Senín
The present study describes the evaluation procedure and therapeutic approach in a case of schizotypal disorder. The intervention carried out was of the cognitive behavioural type. In parallel, a follow-up of a fundamental measure for this disorder is accomplished: the referential thinking, by means of brief time-series. In this analysis, a clear but progressive decrease of the criteria is obtained. The post-treatment results show a general improvement in every aspects, bringing out: the interpersonal relationships, the absence of hallucinations, the increase of the capacity for enjoyment, the decrease of unusual content of thought, erroneous interpretations of reality, aggressiveness and unusual language. Distractibility, suspicion and conceptual disorganization slightly persist.
This paper summarizes schizophrenia, including common symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. It discusses the social implications such as high costs and increased rates of incarceration rather than treatment. A history of treatments is provided, from exorcisms to lobotomies to modern medications and therapies. The conclusion calls for more facilities to help patients recover and return to productivity.
Eske Derks commentary - SRF webinar "Is Schizophrenia Dead Yet?"wef
Schizophrenia patients are qualitatively different from their healthy siblings and controls based on genetic studies. While there is some genetic overlap between schizophrenia, psychosis, and general mental health risk, distinct genetic factors for schizophrenia have also been found. Specifically, over 200 genetic risk factors for schizophrenia have been identified. Based on these genetic findings, the presenter concludes that schizophrenia is not simply an extreme on a normal distribution of traits and replacing it with a psychosis spectrum disorder would be premature.
The Naive and Sentimental DiagnosticianYanki Yazgan
Mothers and doctors have different approaches to diagnosing developmental and behavioral problems in children. Mothers take a more "naive" approach by sensing when something is wrong based on their close relationship with the child, while doctors take a more "sentimental" or reflective approach using diagnostic criteria and analyzing symptoms. These different styles are similar to the distinction Friedrich Schiller made between naive poets who write spontaneously and sentimental poets who question their work. Including impairment criteria can help narrow the prevalence of conditions like ADHD but may also risk underdiagnosis. An ideal diagnostic approach balances the naive sense of relief of stress with the sentimental search for deeper explanations, similar to how a novelist operates.
a comprehensive review of AIDS and HIV from its history, biological aetiology, virus infection, psychosocial impact of the disease and its intervention
Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder characterized by positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, and negative symptoms like social withdrawal. The causes are unknown but likely involve a complex interplay of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Symptoms typically emerge in late adolescence/early adulthood and include a prodromal phase with mild negative symptoms, an active phase with more severe positive and negative symptoms, and a residual phase where symptoms are similar to the prodromal phase. Living with schizophrenia can impact relationships, education, employment, and finances, though with proper treatment many people are able to function well.
The neuroanatomical explanation for schizophreniaRobDan93
The document discusses the neuroanatomical explanation for schizophrenia which suggests that enlarged ventricles in the brain may be linked to the disorder. Several studies have found that schizophrenic patients tend to have larger ventricles compared to non-schizophrenic patients. However, the relationship between enlarged ventricles and schizophrenia is unclear as it is unknown whether enlarged ventricles cause schizophrenia or vice versa. There are also difficulties in determining what truly constitutes ventricle enlargement.
The document discusses how the study of schizotypy helps advance our understanding of schizophrenia. It defines schizotypy as a latent personality organization that harbors liability for schizophrenia. Studying schizotypy offers a unifying framework as it represents a spectrum of expressions from subtle abnormalities to psychosis. Schizotypy is assessed through various approaches including genetics, laboratory measures, clinical features, and psychometric indexes. High scores on measures of schizotypy like the Perceptual Aberration Scale are associated with features like attention deficits and genetic risk factors. While schizotypy is measured dimensionally, evidence suggests it may have an underlying discontinuous nature. Longitudinal studies find that some schizotypic individuals develop psychosis over time.
Therapeutic approach to referential thinking in a case of schizotypal disorderCristina Senín
The present study describes the evaluation procedure and therapeutic approach in a case of schizotypal disorder. The intervention carried out was of the cognitive behavioural type. In parallel, a follow-up of a fundamental measure for this disorder is accomplished: the referential thinking, by means of brief time-series. In this analysis, a clear but progressive decrease of the criteria is obtained. The post-treatment results show a general improvement in every aspects, bringing out: the interpersonal relationships, the absence of hallucinations, the increase of the capacity for enjoyment, the decrease of unusual content of thought, erroneous interpretations of reality, aggressiveness and unusual language. Distractibility, suspicion and conceptual disorganization slightly persist.
This paper summarizes schizophrenia, including common symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. It discusses the social implications such as high costs and increased rates of incarceration rather than treatment. A history of treatments is provided, from exorcisms to lobotomies to modern medications and therapies. The conclusion calls for more facilities to help patients recover and return to productivity.
Eske Derks commentary - SRF webinar "Is Schizophrenia Dead Yet?"wef
Schizophrenia patients are qualitatively different from their healthy siblings and controls based on genetic studies. While there is some genetic overlap between schizophrenia, psychosis, and general mental health risk, distinct genetic factors for schizophrenia have also been found. Specifically, over 200 genetic risk factors for schizophrenia have been identified. Based on these genetic findings, the presenter concludes that schizophrenia is not simply an extreme on a normal distribution of traits and replacing it with a psychosis spectrum disorder would be premature.
The Naive and Sentimental DiagnosticianYanki Yazgan
Mothers and doctors have different approaches to diagnosing developmental and behavioral problems in children. Mothers take a more "naive" approach by sensing when something is wrong based on their close relationship with the child, while doctors take a more "sentimental" or reflective approach using diagnostic criteria and analyzing symptoms. These different styles are similar to the distinction Friedrich Schiller made between naive poets who write spontaneously and sentimental poets who question their work. Including impairment criteria can help narrow the prevalence of conditions like ADHD but may also risk underdiagnosis. An ideal diagnostic approach balances the naive sense of relief of stress with the sentimental search for deeper explanations, similar to how a novelist operates.
a comprehensive review of AIDS and HIV from its history, biological aetiology, virus infection, psychosocial impact of the disease and its intervention
Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder characterized by positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, and negative symptoms like social withdrawal. The causes are unknown but likely involve a complex interplay of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Symptoms typically emerge in late adolescence/early adulthood and include a prodromal phase with mild negative symptoms, an active phase with more severe positive and negative symptoms, and a residual phase where symptoms are similar to the prodromal phase. Living with schizophrenia can impact relationships, education, employment, and finances, though with proper treatment many people are able to function well.
The neuroanatomical explanation for schizophreniaRobDan93
The document discusses the neuroanatomical explanation for schizophrenia which suggests that enlarged ventricles in the brain may be linked to the disorder. Several studies have found that schizophrenic patients tend to have larger ventricles compared to non-schizophrenic patients. However, the relationship between enlarged ventricles and schizophrenia is unclear as it is unknown whether enlarged ventricles cause schizophrenia or vice versa. There are also difficulties in determining what truly constitutes ventricle enlargement.
Genetics of cognitive dysfunction in SchizophreniaStudy Buddy
In this ppt we discuss the genetic basis of cognitive dysfunction associated with schizophrenia. We discuss the 5 main genes associated with both scz. and cognitive dysfunction. Another important aspect we cover is the dopaminergic pathway of signal transduction and its impairement in scz. patients.
Suicide in schizophrenia — how can research influence copyNivert Zaki
Suicide is a major cause of premature death in patients with schizophrenia. Research has identified several risk factors including male sex, younger age of onset, previous suicide attempts, substance abuse, depression, hopelessness, and lack of social support. The highest risk periods are within the first 10 years after illness onset and within the first few months after hospital discharge. Effective suicide prevention requires thorough assessment of risk factors, appropriate treatment of underlying psychopathology like depression, and close monitoring during high risk periods. Further research is still needed to better understand risk factors and incorporate them into clinical practice to reduce suicide rates in this vulnerable population.
This study examined whether the presence of cognitive impairment identifies distinct subgroups in patients with ALS. The study longitudinally assessed 192 ALS patients and healthy controls using neuropsychological tests over 6-month intervals. The results showed that (1) patients with executive impairment at baseline had reduced survival and some developed dementia, (2) most with normal cognition at baseline remained so, and (3) all new executive impairment was preceded by subtle changes. The study concludes distinct cognitive subgroups exist in ALS and cognition is a useful clinical biomarker.
Dr. Ángel Carracedo - Simposio Internacional 'La enfermedad de la duda: el TOC'Fundación Ramón Areces
This document summarizes genetic research on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It discusses the heritability of OCD and reviews linkage and genome-wide association studies that have implicated several genes and chromosomal regions. Family and twin studies show OCD has a genetic component, with heritability estimated around 40-60%. Genome-wide linkage analysis identified chromosome 1p36 as linked to OCD. Genome-wide association studies have associated OCD with polymorphisms related to serotonin and dopamine pathways. Exome sequencing and copy number variant studies have also identified potentially relevant genes. Ongoing work includes further genome-wide studies, epigenetic analyses, and integrating multi-omic approaches to better understand the genetics of OCD.
Sarah_Project_OCD Early Biomarkers_8.3.16_SOSarah Och
This document discusses biomarkers involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and their relationship to psychosis. It notes that OCD is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts and compulsions, with median onset at age 19. Common comorbidities include depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. OCD may influence or be influenced by psychosis. Researchers have identified some genetic biomarkers associated with OCD, such as differences in glutamate transporter genes and serotonin receptor genes. However, biomarkers can be difficult to consistently detect due to limitations like small sample sizes. Neuroimaging has also found differences in brain structure and activity in OCD patients compared to healthy controls. Future research directions include exploring environmental factors, larger genetic studies, and developing new treatment
Ch 2 genetics & evolutionary roots of behaviorMeghan Fraley
This document provides an overview of genetics and evolutionary psychology. It discusses key concepts such as:
1. Genes and heredity, including DNA, chromosomes, genetic transmission, and genetic influences on behavior.
2. Natural selection and evolution, including evolutionary causes of behavior and criticisms of evolutionary psychology.
3. The genetics and evolution of behavior, including heritability estimates, twin studies, and how evolutionary psychologists study the impact of genetics on traits and behaviors.
It explores topics like intelligence, sexuality, parenting, and more from an evolutionary perspective. The document aims to explain genetic and evolutionary roots and influences on human behavior.
Bipolar disorder is currently classified categorically but there is evidence it may be better defined dimensionally. The risk of suicide is 20-30 times higher for those with bipolar disorder compared to the general population. While medications and psychotherapy can help treat bipolar disorder, the current diagnostic system is limited and new treatments are still needed. Improved classification systems incorporating dimensional assessments may lead to better outcomes and more targeted treatment approaches.
This clinical report explores whether a specific phobia of vomiting (SPOV), also known as emetophobia, should be classified as an obsessive compulsive and related disorder (OCRD). The report reviewed 83 cases that met diagnostic criteria for SPOV. It found that 62% reported being markedly or very severely preoccupied by fears of vomiting. A majority reported repetitive behaviors like compulsive checking, reassurance seeking, and washing to prevent vomiting. The highest rate of comorbidity was with obsessive compulsive disorder. The results suggest SPOV shares similarities with OCRDs in terms of phenomenology and validators, and implicate it as worthy of further study within this classification.
The document summarizes research on the relationship between childhood trauma and psychosis. It finds that childhood abuse and neglect are strongly associated with psychotic symptoms later in life, with a clear dose-response relationship. Experiencing multiple types of trauma as a child increases the likelihood of developing psychosis as an adult by a factor of 18 to 193. Theories on how childhood trauma may lead to psychosis include cognitive, psychodynamic, dissociation, and attachment-related mechanisms.
Common mental illnesses often emerge between 10 and 30 years of age. Endophenotypes are likely formed by the first two decades of life, while activation processes may occur proximal to illness emergence. Depressive symptoms vary in severity and presentation depending on age and sample characteristics. Biomarkers like cognitive tests and gene-environment interactions can help identify individuals at risk of developing depression.
(1) Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is diagnosed based on criteria including unstable relationships, self-image, emotions, impulsivity, suicidal behavior, anger, and stress-related paranoia or dissociation.
(2) Treatments for BPD include psychotherapies like dialectical behavior therapy and medications for affective dysregulation, impulsivity, or psychotic features.
(3) While many BPD patients achieve remission of symptoms over time, some studies find poor psychosocial functioning is a long-term predictor of suicide risk, indicating a need for social/vocational rehabilitation.
Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophreniaJP Rajendran
The document reviews literature on the relationship between childhood trauma and psychosis/schizophrenia. It finds high rates of childhood abuse reported among patients diagnosed with severe mental illnesses, especially females. Certain symptoms like hallucinations are more common among those with abuse histories. Theoretical models propose mechanisms like faulty information processing, dissociation, and neurobiological impacts of trauma that could explain the link between early adversity and psychotic experiences. Clinical implications include improving assessment of trauma histories and early intervention for vulnerable individuals.
Grand Rounds presentation by Cathy Humphreys, Gabriel Ronen, Olaf Kraus de Camargo, Peter Rosenbaum and Sara Patterson about how to integrate concepts and frameworks of Narrative Medicine, Patient Reported Outcomes and the ICF framework in order to provide personalized healthcare to children and their families.
The document discusses prodromal psychosis, which refers to the early symptoms that may indicate the onset of psychosis before definitive symptoms occur. It describes the proposed prodromal syndromes for schizophrenia, including the attenuated positive symptom syndrome and brief intermittent psychotic syndrome. Prediction of progression to full-blown schizophrenia is difficult but may be improved through the use of screening tools and identification of biological markers and genetic risk factors. Prodromal syndromes are being considered for inclusion in future diagnostic manuals like the DSM-V and ICD-11, but there are still questions around their reliability, validity, and potential for harm. Early intervention shows promise but effective treatments still need further development and study.
The document provides an overview of recent updates in schizophrenia research from 2008-2014. It summarizes changes in diagnostic classifications like the DSM-V, research on phenomenology such as delusions and hallucinations, epidemiological aspects including global burden and treatment gaps, neurobiological factors like genetics and imaging research, and interventions including early phase treatments and prevention strategies. The presentation outline indicates it will cover these topics in further depth across multiple slides.
This document summarizes a study that characterized 61 children with Down syndrome (DS) and autism-spectrum disorder (ASD) using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). The study aimed to 1) describe the cognitive and behavioral attributes of children with DS and ASD, 2) distinguish those with DS and ASD from children with typical DS or DS with stereotypy movement disorder using the ABC and DSM-IV criteria, and 3) determine the utility of the ABC for characterizing this group for future research. The study found significant differences in cognitive function between the three groups (DS+ASD, DS+stereotypy, typical DS). Scores on the Lethargy and Stereotypy
This study aimed to identify phenotypic predictors of quality of life (QOL) in youth with fragile X syndrome (FXS) by analyzing data from 27 individuals with FXS. The study found that social and school QOL were areas of reduced QOL compared to physical and emotional domains. High levels of irritability negatively correlated with family QOL. Significant social impairment also negatively correlated with individual QOL. Scores on measures of behaviors and abilities may help identify targets for clinical treatment to improve QOL. Larger and longitudinal studies are needed to generalize findings and track developmental trajectories of QOL over time.
This document discusses genetics and multiple sclerosis (MS). It notes that while MS risk is partially hereditary, with siblings and children of those with MS at higher risk, there is no single "MS gene". Twin studies find the heritability of MS is around 35-75%, meaning genetic factors explain some but not all of the differences in MS risk between individuals. Genome-wide association studies have identified over 200 genetic variants associated with MS risk, primarily related to immune response genes, but these variants still only explain about 20% of heritability. Larger studies continue to search for rarer genetic variants in an effort to account for more of the heritability of MS.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Genetics of cognitive dysfunction in SchizophreniaStudy Buddy
In this ppt we discuss the genetic basis of cognitive dysfunction associated with schizophrenia. We discuss the 5 main genes associated with both scz. and cognitive dysfunction. Another important aspect we cover is the dopaminergic pathway of signal transduction and its impairement in scz. patients.
Suicide in schizophrenia — how can research influence copyNivert Zaki
Suicide is a major cause of premature death in patients with schizophrenia. Research has identified several risk factors including male sex, younger age of onset, previous suicide attempts, substance abuse, depression, hopelessness, and lack of social support. The highest risk periods are within the first 10 years after illness onset and within the first few months after hospital discharge. Effective suicide prevention requires thorough assessment of risk factors, appropriate treatment of underlying psychopathology like depression, and close monitoring during high risk periods. Further research is still needed to better understand risk factors and incorporate them into clinical practice to reduce suicide rates in this vulnerable population.
This study examined whether the presence of cognitive impairment identifies distinct subgroups in patients with ALS. The study longitudinally assessed 192 ALS patients and healthy controls using neuropsychological tests over 6-month intervals. The results showed that (1) patients with executive impairment at baseline had reduced survival and some developed dementia, (2) most with normal cognition at baseline remained so, and (3) all new executive impairment was preceded by subtle changes. The study concludes distinct cognitive subgroups exist in ALS and cognition is a useful clinical biomarker.
Dr. Ángel Carracedo - Simposio Internacional 'La enfermedad de la duda: el TOC'Fundación Ramón Areces
This document summarizes genetic research on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It discusses the heritability of OCD and reviews linkage and genome-wide association studies that have implicated several genes and chromosomal regions. Family and twin studies show OCD has a genetic component, with heritability estimated around 40-60%. Genome-wide linkage analysis identified chromosome 1p36 as linked to OCD. Genome-wide association studies have associated OCD with polymorphisms related to serotonin and dopamine pathways. Exome sequencing and copy number variant studies have also identified potentially relevant genes. Ongoing work includes further genome-wide studies, epigenetic analyses, and integrating multi-omic approaches to better understand the genetics of OCD.
Sarah_Project_OCD Early Biomarkers_8.3.16_SOSarah Och
This document discusses biomarkers involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and their relationship to psychosis. It notes that OCD is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts and compulsions, with median onset at age 19. Common comorbidities include depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. OCD may influence or be influenced by psychosis. Researchers have identified some genetic biomarkers associated with OCD, such as differences in glutamate transporter genes and serotonin receptor genes. However, biomarkers can be difficult to consistently detect due to limitations like small sample sizes. Neuroimaging has also found differences in brain structure and activity in OCD patients compared to healthy controls. Future research directions include exploring environmental factors, larger genetic studies, and developing new treatment
Ch 2 genetics & evolutionary roots of behaviorMeghan Fraley
This document provides an overview of genetics and evolutionary psychology. It discusses key concepts such as:
1. Genes and heredity, including DNA, chromosomes, genetic transmission, and genetic influences on behavior.
2. Natural selection and evolution, including evolutionary causes of behavior and criticisms of evolutionary psychology.
3. The genetics and evolution of behavior, including heritability estimates, twin studies, and how evolutionary psychologists study the impact of genetics on traits and behaviors.
It explores topics like intelligence, sexuality, parenting, and more from an evolutionary perspective. The document aims to explain genetic and evolutionary roots and influences on human behavior.
Bipolar disorder is currently classified categorically but there is evidence it may be better defined dimensionally. The risk of suicide is 20-30 times higher for those with bipolar disorder compared to the general population. While medications and psychotherapy can help treat bipolar disorder, the current diagnostic system is limited and new treatments are still needed. Improved classification systems incorporating dimensional assessments may lead to better outcomes and more targeted treatment approaches.
This clinical report explores whether a specific phobia of vomiting (SPOV), also known as emetophobia, should be classified as an obsessive compulsive and related disorder (OCRD). The report reviewed 83 cases that met diagnostic criteria for SPOV. It found that 62% reported being markedly or very severely preoccupied by fears of vomiting. A majority reported repetitive behaviors like compulsive checking, reassurance seeking, and washing to prevent vomiting. The highest rate of comorbidity was with obsessive compulsive disorder. The results suggest SPOV shares similarities with OCRDs in terms of phenomenology and validators, and implicate it as worthy of further study within this classification.
The document summarizes research on the relationship between childhood trauma and psychosis. It finds that childhood abuse and neglect are strongly associated with psychotic symptoms later in life, with a clear dose-response relationship. Experiencing multiple types of trauma as a child increases the likelihood of developing psychosis as an adult by a factor of 18 to 193. Theories on how childhood trauma may lead to psychosis include cognitive, psychodynamic, dissociation, and attachment-related mechanisms.
Common mental illnesses often emerge between 10 and 30 years of age. Endophenotypes are likely formed by the first two decades of life, while activation processes may occur proximal to illness emergence. Depressive symptoms vary in severity and presentation depending on age and sample characteristics. Biomarkers like cognitive tests and gene-environment interactions can help identify individuals at risk of developing depression.
(1) Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is diagnosed based on criteria including unstable relationships, self-image, emotions, impulsivity, suicidal behavior, anger, and stress-related paranoia or dissociation.
(2) Treatments for BPD include psychotherapies like dialectical behavior therapy and medications for affective dysregulation, impulsivity, or psychotic features.
(3) While many BPD patients achieve remission of symptoms over time, some studies find poor psychosocial functioning is a long-term predictor of suicide risk, indicating a need for social/vocational rehabilitation.
Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophreniaJP Rajendran
The document reviews literature on the relationship between childhood trauma and psychosis/schizophrenia. It finds high rates of childhood abuse reported among patients diagnosed with severe mental illnesses, especially females. Certain symptoms like hallucinations are more common among those with abuse histories. Theoretical models propose mechanisms like faulty information processing, dissociation, and neurobiological impacts of trauma that could explain the link between early adversity and psychotic experiences. Clinical implications include improving assessment of trauma histories and early intervention for vulnerable individuals.
Grand Rounds presentation by Cathy Humphreys, Gabriel Ronen, Olaf Kraus de Camargo, Peter Rosenbaum and Sara Patterson about how to integrate concepts and frameworks of Narrative Medicine, Patient Reported Outcomes and the ICF framework in order to provide personalized healthcare to children and their families.
The document discusses prodromal psychosis, which refers to the early symptoms that may indicate the onset of psychosis before definitive symptoms occur. It describes the proposed prodromal syndromes for schizophrenia, including the attenuated positive symptom syndrome and brief intermittent psychotic syndrome. Prediction of progression to full-blown schizophrenia is difficult but may be improved through the use of screening tools and identification of biological markers and genetic risk factors. Prodromal syndromes are being considered for inclusion in future diagnostic manuals like the DSM-V and ICD-11, but there are still questions around their reliability, validity, and potential for harm. Early intervention shows promise but effective treatments still need further development and study.
The document provides an overview of recent updates in schizophrenia research from 2008-2014. It summarizes changes in diagnostic classifications like the DSM-V, research on phenomenology such as delusions and hallucinations, epidemiological aspects including global burden and treatment gaps, neurobiological factors like genetics and imaging research, and interventions including early phase treatments and prevention strategies. The presentation outline indicates it will cover these topics in further depth across multiple slides.
This document summarizes a study that characterized 61 children with Down syndrome (DS) and autism-spectrum disorder (ASD) using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). The study aimed to 1) describe the cognitive and behavioral attributes of children with DS and ASD, 2) distinguish those with DS and ASD from children with typical DS or DS with stereotypy movement disorder using the ABC and DSM-IV criteria, and 3) determine the utility of the ABC for characterizing this group for future research. The study found significant differences in cognitive function between the three groups (DS+ASD, DS+stereotypy, typical DS). Scores on the Lethargy and Stereotypy
This study aimed to identify phenotypic predictors of quality of life (QOL) in youth with fragile X syndrome (FXS) by analyzing data from 27 individuals with FXS. The study found that social and school QOL were areas of reduced QOL compared to physical and emotional domains. High levels of irritability negatively correlated with family QOL. Significant social impairment also negatively correlated with individual QOL. Scores on measures of behaviors and abilities may help identify targets for clinical treatment to improve QOL. Larger and longitudinal studies are needed to generalize findings and track developmental trajectories of QOL over time.
This document discusses genetics and multiple sclerosis (MS). It notes that while MS risk is partially hereditary, with siblings and children of those with MS at higher risk, there is no single "MS gene". Twin studies find the heritability of MS is around 35-75%, meaning genetic factors explain some but not all of the differences in MS risk between individuals. Genome-wide association studies have identified over 200 genetic variants associated with MS risk, primarily related to immune response genes, but these variants still only explain about 20% of heritability. Larger studies continue to search for rarer genetic variants in an effort to account for more of the heritability of MS.
Similar to Barrantes Vidal Schizotypy Webinar SRF (20)
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Barrantes Vidal Schizotypy Webinar SRF
1. A Continuum View of Schizotypy
Dr. Neus Barrantes-Vidal
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Spain)
University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
Sant Pere Claver – Fundació Sanitària (Spain)
CIBERSAM – Investigación Salud Mental en Red (Spain)
2. Dimensional Model of Schizotypy
Genetic variation x Environm. & Epigenetic? Factors
Nervous system type
Temperamental dispositions (Continuously inherited)
Individual
Differences Vulnerability to certain disorders
Adapted from Claridge (1985, 1997)
Schizotypy
Endophenotypes
Cognitive style / Personality traits
Personality
disorders
Psychosis
Psychosis
Spectrum
G x E
3. Clarifications about the Dimensional Model
Kelleher & Cannon (2011); Binbay et al. (2012); van Os (2009 & 2014); Zanvos et al. 2014; Barrantes-Vidal, Grant &
Kwapil (2015)
Shared sociodemographic and etiological risk factors
Familial clustering
Phenotypic continuity is not isomorphic with etiological continuity, but…
Differences in the effect size of some risk factors across the
continuum?? Continuum-threshold model?
S c h i z o t y p y
At risk syndromes
Schizotypal PD
Schizophrenia
Schizophreniform
Psychotic Experiences
Error measurement or
transdiagnostic
perspective?
4. Is this Relevant?
Healthy expression and advantageous features at the non-disordered low
end of the quantitative dimension of schizotypy (NOT “bening”
schizophrenia?!?), such as creativity (Mohr & Claridge, 2015; Power et al.,
2015)
Important to map both the positive as well as deleterious manifestations to
understand schizotypy and psychosis and to promote health and preventive
strategies in those with increasing risk (Barrantes-Vidal, 2014)