History of art and design

1. MILES, LUKE, CAITLIN

2. LUKE

3. The early 17th century marked a time of change for the Roman
Catholic religion. A turning point that symbolized their strength as a
congregation and the intelligence of their creative minds. In response to
the Protestant Reformation of the earlier 16th century, Roman Catholics
embarked on a program of restoration, a new way of living that became
known as the Counter Reformation. The purpose of the Counter Reformation
was aimed at remedying some of the abuses challenged by the Protestants
earlier in the century. Within the church, a renewed Catholic culture was
imposed on Italian society. It started with the Council of Trent, imposed by
Pope Paul III, a commission of cardinals who came together to address issues
of the Catholic Church and regain faith among worshipers. This resulted in
guidelines established by the Church for the commissioning work of artists to
communicate biblical truths and ideals.
Baroque originally started in Italy and later moved to other regions of Europe.
It replaced the Renaissance style in the late 1500s and was later replaced by
Rococo in the 1700s. It is for the most part recognised as having curved and
lively and exuberant forms. Movement is emphasised and it is also fairly
symmetrical.
LUKE

4. LUKE

5. LUKE

6. LUKE

7. LUKE

8. Floor
plans were
ellipse or
oval
MILES

9. Baroque means irregular or pearshaped in Spanish and in Europe it
has the definition of deformed , unusual or absurd.
The idea of baroque buildings was conceived by mixing different
styles from different eras . For example gothic – the forms of skeletal
structure and renaissance which it gives us superimposed storyed
structure with defined walls. Baroque architects understood this and
changed it to make it their own, they saw a building as a structure and
when it was designed it was designed with a sculpture concept.
Baroque architecture was big, busy and extremely extravagant.
Usually this architexture was found on churches and in the palace.
The sheer size of the building and its intense décor was a statement of
authority and power.
MILES

10. Greek Cross = even
arms
MILES

11. Renaissance had circles or
squares
MILES

12. New arch
characteristi
cs
MILES

13. colonnad
e
Colossa
l order
MILES

14. Motifs and
Decor
-tower also
known as
motif
MILES

15. MILES

16. MILES

17. Baroque
Forms
MILES

18. Baroque Architecture Characteristics:
*Ground plans were more oval. Instead of the simple elementary design
(square/cross) they produced complex enriched designs
*Nave – it is the pathway/entrance that leads you to the alter, it was
increased in size by thinning out the walls.
*Colonnade – is a row of pillars/Eitha (doric, ionic, Corinthian pillar)
which is secured by the entablature on top of the pillars.
*Movement – a characteristic of movement was produced by giving the
building curves on the exterior walls, the secured curves also became part
of the motifs and décor.
*Motifs and Décor – the size of volutes, scrolls, acanthus was increased,
and now it started to connect to each other giving new shapes and making
the structure more busy. It gave a newer look.
*A tower was placed on top having no structural reason except for
decoration. It is generally covered in motifs and structures.
MILES

19. Bernini
MILES

20. BERNINI:
Bernini was an all rounded designer (an artist, sculptor and architect).
His styles were big, bold and he liked to focus on the enlarged scrolls
and volutes with big pillars and arches
MILES

21. Andrea Mantegna Artemisia Gentileschi CAITLIN

22. Baroque stemmed from Renaissance. Renaissance art generally depicted the
moment BEFORE an event took place whereas baroque showed the actual
climatic moment. The reason for this is that baroque art evokes emotion and
passion instead of the calm rationality of renaissance.
Baroque artworks are exaggerated, there is a sense of movement, energy and
tension. There is a strong sense of light and dark which is created by
illuminating figures out of dark shadows. At the time, this was quite
revolutionary and became a hallmark of Baroque art.
The artists of this time were focused on natural forms, space and unity. There
are painterly brush strokes, recession of the plane, open forms and an
unclearness of the subject.
*2 main forms of baroque which can be seen
-Focuses mainly on the religious tensions between Roman Catholicism and
Protestantism. The Protestants disagreed with aspects of the catholic
religion, things like buying and selling of clerical offices and the teachings of
what they believed to be false doctrines. This caused the Roman Catholic
church to strike back. The Catholic church began to commission pieces that
were known to be doctrinly correct and both visually and emotionally
appealing so that it would affect and influence the largest possible audiences.
The main artists of this style were Bernini and Rubens.
CAITLIN

23. CAITLIN
St Sebastian. An incredibly famous man
who was killed for being a Christian. The
reason for his fame is that he converted and
cured so many people. He was tied and
shot at with arrows, however he didn‟t die
and when this was found out he was later
clubbed to death. There are many
variations of this painting
-chiaroscuro, light and dark, energy and
tension

24. CAITLIN

25. -The second style wasn‟t part of the religios propaganda and the
artist strove to realistically present people off the street. It was
more popular in Flemmish countries. The main artists from this
style were Carvaggio, Rembrandt and Vermeer.
CAITLIN

26. CAITLIN

27. It became more important that sculptures had more than one viewing
point. It also became common for sculptures to be of groups of
people.
Sculptures had a centre point and from this point figures would spiral
and reach outwards. This created movement and a sense of energy.
Another important characteristic of baroque sculpture was that it
became multipurpose. For instance it might be used as a water feature
and used to conceal lighting.
TREVI FOUNTAIN:
In 1629 Pope Urban VII found the Trevi Fountain to be lacking the dramatic
edge that it should have had so asked Bernini to sketch some possible
renovations. However the pope died and the project was abandoned.
However Bernini style is still prevalent. There is a custom that if a visitor
throws a coin into the fountain, he or she is sure to return one day.
CAITLIN

28. CAITLIN

29. *Unity of mood *Melody
*Rhythm
*Texture
MILES

30. MILES
Baroque music started out in the Western European Region between the 1650s
and the 1750s. The composers were Bach, Lully, Francois, and Handel.
Baroque music did not have its own originality, it was influenced by the French
Renaissance era. The French had a more „dancy‟ energetic rhythm. That is why
Baroque music is so up tempo and has confusing rhythms.
People of the Baroque era saw the music style as a joke because of the influence of
the french and its intricate rhythms. The composer tries to invent new rhythms
using mathematics. But Baroque people had a distaste for classical music because
it was too obvious and simple. Classical music usually had the same bar
repeasted with slight changes here and there (almost like a heart beat with one
constant rhythm of a 4/4 timing which produced a dull and lazy rhythm.
In classical music the first note of each bar was accented (meaning to play that
note louder than the others). With Baroque, the accents would be on the first and
second note od the first and third, or second and third to spice things up.
The interesting thing of Baroque music is when they started grouping notes
together, it gave the illusion of playing various notes over or under each other.

31. MILES

32. Different styles were made by the amount of beats/notes that you put in the
bar.
The styles were:
*Minuets
*Giguets
*Courantes
*Eavottes
*Allemandes
MILES

33. MILES

34. CAITLIN
Renaissance jewellery was decorative with mythical themes
Early example - figure work fell away,.
Attention had moved from colourful enamelling to emphasizing the
metal and the gemstones. The use of gemstones in jewellery really
became popular in the Baroque era as there had been an increase in the
skill of Gemstone cutting.

35. CAITLIN
Changing fashion also influenced the jewellery. The rigid dress of the Renaissance era gave way to
soft flowing dresses with low necklines thus the jewellery had to change accordingly.
Jewellery designs began to look more and more naturalistic. Flowers were also seen often this
craze was heightened by the fact the trading was improving and exotic flowers which had never
been seen before were now being brought into the countries. Flora had been popular for a long
time before in embroidery but it was adopted into jewellery design as well – painted enamel,
Champleve enamel. By the 1650s it has moved from enamelling to engraving being the favoured
technique.

36. CAITLIN

37. CAITLIN

38. Faceted gemstones really took off in the second half of the 17th cent. Settings
became far more delicate and cluster settings were thrown out. By the end of the
1600s enamelling had diminished completely. Another interesting thing about
jewellery that emerged in the Baroque era was that a differentiation between
night time appropriate jewellery and daytime appropriate jewellery appeared.
Materials: Pearls and diamonds became popular.
Imitation pearls were in mass production – glass spheres would be lined with
ground fish scales and varnish and then filled with wax.
Diamonds availability increase drastically which was a huge factor in their
popularity. It was in the Baroque era that the term “brilliant” was used to name
faceted diamonds. Today's brilliants are rounds where Baroque had
square/cushioned shaped, bezel facet, an open opulet and steep pavilions and
crowns. In order to enhance the size of the diamonds, they would be set in silver
and foiled – this made them more sparkly in candle light too.
Coloured stones which were sought after were rubys, emeralds and the topaz.
Pearl jewellery was common as it supplemented the lower necklines which had
not been popular during the Renaissance era. Often there would be a short
necklace, drop earrings.
CAITLIN

39. CAITLIN