Bangladesh has developed a multi-modal transportation network over the decades that includes roads, railways, inland waterways, ports and airports. Road transportation has traditionally received the most government attention. The Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) is a major public transportation company with its headquarters in Dhaka. It was established in 1961 and owns over 1,100 buses and 140 trucks. BRTC aims to provide modern mass transportation services across Bangladesh and emergency services during natural disasters. The transportation sector has grown significantly since the 1980s and contributes greatly to Bangladesh's economic growth and employment.
Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) is a state-owned public transportation provider established in 1961. It operates various bus services within and between cities, as well as international routes. BRTC buses are maintained at several training institutes and depots across Bangladesh. While BRTC aims to provide affordable public transportation, it faces ongoing financial challenges maintaining its fleet and infrastructure.
This document summarizes scenarios for future CO2 emissions from land transport in India between 2010 and 2030. It outlines five scenarios: business as usual, energy efficiency, clean two and three wheelers, sustainable cities/urban transport, and an extra effort scenario combining elements of the energy efficiency and sustainable cities scenarios. The scenarios illustrate potential vehicle growth, fuel use, and CO2 emissions under different policy assumptions around urban planning, fuel efficiency standards, and modal shifts towards public transit and smaller vehicles. The analysis highlights major data limitations and the importance of implementing aggressive transport and urban planning policies to avoid undesirable increases in fuel use and emissions as motorization continues in India.
Road transport and highways in india by rashi saxenaRashi Saxena
This document discusses key legislations related to road transport and national highways in India. It outlines the National Highways Act of 1956 which defines national highways and gives responsibilities to the central government. It also describes the Motor Vehicles Act of 1988 which consolidates laws around motor vehicles and defines related terms. Some issues with road transport development are multiple agencies, limited local authority, and urban transport being a marginal function. Solutions proposed include governance reforms, a national urban transport policy, and mass transit system development.
Transportation & communication OF PAKISTAN PPTABDUL SAMAD
The document provides an overview of Pakistan's transportation and telecommunication sectors. It discusses various modes of transportation including road, rail, water, and air transport. It outlines key authorities and organizations such as the National Highway Authority and Pakistan Railways. It also covers major ports and shipping, the national carrier Pakistan International Airlines, and the growing cellular mobile and broadband sectors. The sectors contribute significantly to Pakistan's GDP and employment.
This document discusses the transport system in Bangladesh and options for more sustainable development. It provides an overview of Bangladesh's current transport system, which includes roads, railways, inland waterways, seaports, shipping and aviation. It outlines several growing issues with the overall transportation system such as a lack of integration between modes, over-reliance on roads, and weak institutions. Finally, it proposes 10 steps towards developing a more sustainable and people-centered transport system, such as prioritizing accessibility, social equity, and ecological sustainability.
The document discusses India's proposed high-speed rail (HSR) project between Ahmedabad and Mumbai. It outlines the key advantages of HSR like reduced travel time and environmental benefits. However, it also notes major challenges like huge capital costs estimated at Rs. 45,000 crores for the project. The document examines various technological, financial, economic and social factors that need to be addressed for successful implementation of HSR in India. It also provides examples of HSR systems in countries like Japan, France and others to learn best practices from international experience. In conclusion, the document stresses the need for thorough feasibility studies to ensure HSR projects are financially and economically viable before execution.
Descriptive analysis and reviewing of transportation master plan of Dhaka City till 2018
Public speech in Technical University of Munich under the course "Transport planning in developing countries"
Date of Presentation 07.07.2018
Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) is a state-owned public transportation provider established in 1961. It operates various bus services within and between cities, as well as international routes. BRTC buses are maintained at several training institutes and depots across Bangladesh. While BRTC aims to provide affordable public transportation, it faces ongoing financial challenges maintaining its fleet and infrastructure.
This document summarizes scenarios for future CO2 emissions from land transport in India between 2010 and 2030. It outlines five scenarios: business as usual, energy efficiency, clean two and three wheelers, sustainable cities/urban transport, and an extra effort scenario combining elements of the energy efficiency and sustainable cities scenarios. The scenarios illustrate potential vehicle growth, fuel use, and CO2 emissions under different policy assumptions around urban planning, fuel efficiency standards, and modal shifts towards public transit and smaller vehicles. The analysis highlights major data limitations and the importance of implementing aggressive transport and urban planning policies to avoid undesirable increases in fuel use and emissions as motorization continues in India.
Road transport and highways in india by rashi saxenaRashi Saxena
This document discusses key legislations related to road transport and national highways in India. It outlines the National Highways Act of 1956 which defines national highways and gives responsibilities to the central government. It also describes the Motor Vehicles Act of 1988 which consolidates laws around motor vehicles and defines related terms. Some issues with road transport development are multiple agencies, limited local authority, and urban transport being a marginal function. Solutions proposed include governance reforms, a national urban transport policy, and mass transit system development.
Transportation & communication OF PAKISTAN PPTABDUL SAMAD
The document provides an overview of Pakistan's transportation and telecommunication sectors. It discusses various modes of transportation including road, rail, water, and air transport. It outlines key authorities and organizations such as the National Highway Authority and Pakistan Railways. It also covers major ports and shipping, the national carrier Pakistan International Airlines, and the growing cellular mobile and broadband sectors. The sectors contribute significantly to Pakistan's GDP and employment.
This document discusses the transport system in Bangladesh and options for more sustainable development. It provides an overview of Bangladesh's current transport system, which includes roads, railways, inland waterways, seaports, shipping and aviation. It outlines several growing issues with the overall transportation system such as a lack of integration between modes, over-reliance on roads, and weak institutions. Finally, it proposes 10 steps towards developing a more sustainable and people-centered transport system, such as prioritizing accessibility, social equity, and ecological sustainability.
The document discusses India's proposed high-speed rail (HSR) project between Ahmedabad and Mumbai. It outlines the key advantages of HSR like reduced travel time and environmental benefits. However, it also notes major challenges like huge capital costs estimated at Rs. 45,000 crores for the project. The document examines various technological, financial, economic and social factors that need to be addressed for successful implementation of HSR in India. It also provides examples of HSR systems in countries like Japan, France and others to learn best practices from international experience. In conclusion, the document stresses the need for thorough feasibility studies to ensure HSR projects are financially and economically viable before execution.
Descriptive analysis and reviewing of transportation master plan of Dhaka City till 2018
Public speech in Technical University of Munich under the course "Transport planning in developing countries"
Date of Presentation 07.07.2018
India’s urban population is currently around 30% of its total population. Experience across the world has been that as economies grow, rapid urbanization takes this proportion to over 60% before it begins to stabilize. As such, it is projected that India’s urban population would grow to about 473 million in 2021 and 820 million by 2051, as against only 285 million in 2001. Hence, cities must not only meet the mobility needs of the current population but also provide for the needs of those yet to join the urban population.
Transport is an important part for any nation's economy. Since the liberation of our country the development of infrastructure within the country has progressed at a rapid pace, and today there is a wide variety of modes of transport by land, water and air. In contrast to practice in other nations, Bangladesh has four ministries responsible for transportation with the support of Dhaka City Corporation (DCC), Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK) and Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA). With continued economic growth and development there are lot of traffic malfunctions are existing such road accident, rail accident and others with lost and injured lot of valuable lives which reaches people to vulnerability. Therefore this paper focuses to addressing the causes of transport problems with identifying the countermeasures for reducing vulnerability to bring up sustainable development. This slide made of discussion of five core points with mentioning statistical graphs and highlighting action policy for moving up.
Financing & Managing Infrastructure Development in India, Risk Mitigation in Model Concession Agreement & Financial Implications on different Shareholders
The document summarizes Singapore's transportation system development and strategies over the past few decades and outlines its vision for future mobility. It discusses how Singapore integrated transport and land use planning, expanded road networks while managing demand, and provided high quality public transport. Key strategies included congestion pricing, vehicle quotas, and expanding rail and bus networks. The future vision is to have an even more connected, interactive system with widespread use of shared, autonomous and green vehicles, and real-time integrated information across different modes. Public transport ridership is aimed to increase further with more extensive rail and bus networks.
This document presents information on low carbon transport. It discusses the objectives of reducing carbon emissions through improved mobility and fuel efficiency. Several innovative ways to reduce carbon in the transport sector are outlined, including electric vehicles, hybrids, biofuels and hydrogen fuel cells. The challenges of introducing these technologies include affordability, adaptability and availability issues. Indian initiatives involving electric rickshaws and ethanol-powered buses in Nagpur are highlighted. The conclusions emphasize that a strategic approach is needed to transition to low carbon transport and meet emissions targets through public transport and biofuel usage.
Based on the mandate given in SDG 11, calling for promoting an affordable and sustainable transport, globally all nations are trying to come out with an agenda and a vision for achieving carbon neutrality. Nations must make commitment to promote emissions-free mobility as a fundamental human right; doing the best things for humanity and society to lead towards a better and sustainable future and proactively promoting a paradigm shift towards electrification and creating a hydrogen based society for bringing sustainability. Sustainable transport is known for its distinct and numerous social and economic benefits for the communities, cities, environment and ecology. Studies made and analysis carried out has concluded that; Sustainable transport can help create large number of jobs; improve commuter safety through investment in bicycle lanes; reduce use of fossil fuel ; minimize pollution and congestion, making cities walkable; and making access to employment and social opportunities more affordable and efficient besides decarbonizing cities and making urban settlements more livable and sustainable. Sustainable transportation offers a practical opportunity and simple method of saving people's time, improving people’s health increasing household income and making cities great places for happy, healthy and more productive living besides making investment in sustainable transport, a 'win-win' option and opportunity for all stake holders.’ Decarbonizing, Carbon Neutrality and Zero-Carbon must remain the prime agenda to redefine, promote and achieve the sustainable transportation in urban areas and to achieve the mandate/goals given in SDG11. Planet earth looks at how nations can minimize travel and make it sustainable for making human settlements more peaceful and livable.
Presentation on research proposal on traffic jam in dhaka city by Md. Litan M...Md. Litan Mia
This document outlines a research proposal presented by the 7 Star Group to study traffic jams in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. It introduces the group members and acknowledges their audience. The contents section lists topics to be covered including objectives, literature review, methodology, and conclusions. The introduction defines traffic as a major problem in Dhaka, costing economic and physical stress. The literature review discusses previous research on causes like vehicle volume, signaling, and lack of infrastructure planning. The proposed methodology includes surveys, interviews, and statistical analysis to identify causes and solutions to traffic jams in Dhaka City.
This document provides guidelines for the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) rural roads program in India. The key points are:
1. PMGSY aims to provide all-weather road connectivity to eligible rural habitations of 500+ people in plains and 250+ people in hilly/tribal areas that are currently unconnected.
2. The program focuses on constructing a core rural road network through both new road construction and upgrading existing roads.
3. Detailed planning and prioritization processes are outlined to identify the most critical road connections to include in district and state-level core networks and construction plans.
Indus Basin Irrigation System Of PakistanSajid Sarwar
The Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan consists of major dams, barrages, and link canals that distribute water from the Indus River and its tributaries for irrigation. The system includes the large Tarbela and Mangla dams, as well as several barrages along the rivers with off-taking canals. Issues with the system include a rigid design that has not adapted to changes, inadequate drainage that has led to waterlogging and salinity problems, inequitable water distribution, and overexploitation of groundwater in some areas. Poor planning, operation, and maintenance have also contributed to challenges with the irrigation system.
The Dhaka metro rail project in Bangladesh will consist of 16 lines currently under construction and 52 planned lines. It will have a total length of 20.10km and carry 483,000 daily riders when operations begin in 2019. The Dhaka Mass Transit Company will oversee construction and operation of the metro, with funding from the Bangladesh government, Japan International Cooperative Agency, Asian Development Bank, French Development Agency, and Global Environmental Facility Fund. The metro aims to provide affordable and sustainable public transportation that improves mobility and economic growth in Dhaka.
1) India has over 3.3 million km of roads, the second largest network worldwide, however road density is below global averages. National highways carry 40% of traffic despite being only 2% of the network length.
2) The road sector contributes 5% to GDP and is the second largest infrastructure investment sector after power. Traffic is projected to increase substantially in the coming years.
3) Major initiatives to expand the network include the National Highways Development Project and Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana. Private investment is also increasing through public-private partnerships and various concession models.
4) Further expansion of the network is planned with a focus on quality, though land acquisition and funding remain
The document discusses transportation complications in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It provides background on past master plans for Dhaka from 1917 onward, noting their limitations in accounting for population growth. Long term transportation plans are also outlined from 1994 to 2010. The current transportation system relies heavily on rickshaws, with problems including unorganized road networks, mixed traffic modes, lack of signs and enforcement, and traffic jams exacerbated by road construction and political events. Solutions proposed include improving law enforcement, qualifications, signs and markings, use of overpasses, and addressing issues like parking and footpath blocking.
The document discusses traffic congestion as a major problem in Kuwait and other countries. It examines approaches taken in the UK, China, Egypt, and Dubai to address congestion through public transportation investments and policies. The objective is to help Kuwait's government reduce traffic by exploring plans like expanding metro systems, introducing luxury buses, and imposing road tolls. However, gaps remain in understanding Kuwait's latest government plans and directly consulting traffic authorities.
Increasing demand for passenger and freight transport in urban areas of India is challenging governments and transport authorities. Issues related to transportation include energy use, space use, road safety, air pollution, and noise pollution. Potential solutions include integrated planning, innovative transport solutions, electric vehicles, better public transit, promoting cycling and walking, and restraints on motorized travel. Indian cities are working to establish their own models for sustainable urban transport solutions based on national and local policies.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESMENT (EIA) OF ORANGE LINE LAHOREBilalAnwar50
This report presents the findings of an environmental impact assessment for the proposed Lahore Orange Line Metro train project from Ali Town to Dera Gujran. The project aims to provide a safe, congestion-free public transportation option to reduce traffic and fuel consumption. Potential impacts include disturbances during construction, air and noise pollution, and effects on cultural sites. Alternatives include cut-and-cover and elevated tracks. Mitigation measures in the environmental management plan include tree planting, environmental monitoring, and training at a total estimated cost of 18.5 million rupees. The project is expected to transform Pakistan's transportation system and promote economic growth in an environmentally friendly manner.
The document discusses transport problems facing major cities in India. It notes that while transport demand has increased substantially due to population growth and urbanization, public transport systems have not kept pace. As a result, there has been a massive shift towards private vehicle ownership and intermediate modes of transport. This has led to high traffic congestion in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Pune and Bangalore, whose infrastructure is unable to cope with the rapidly growing vehicle numbers.
This document summarizes research being conducted on the Metro project in Quito, Ecuador from a rights-based governance perspective. It provides background on mobility issues and transport disadvantage. Initial findings indicate that transport-related social exclusion exists in Quito. The decision-making process around the Metro project occurred rapidly after feasibility studies with limited citizen participation. Local residents and businesses reported not being adequately consulted during planning. While Ecuador has constitutional rights around participation, civil society organizations argue the city government has not developed capacity for meaningful citizen engagement on transport issues.
Now a days ungenerous parking is a big problem in Delhi, people park their cars on red light, in front of gates, in no parking zone and alike anywhere without thoughtfulness. Even the authorities are facing difficulty to solve this parking problems and traffic jams on roads due to people’s odd behaviour. Thus for this purpose we are going to organize an event which will create awareness among the people.
This is report prepared by GTZ regarding different public bicycle scheme around the world and India. It also compared three popular schemes in India - GreenBike, Delhi Cycle and FreeMo.
2.1 Sustainable and inclusive transport - BUET (1).pdfNabilaEram
This document discusses the transport system and challenges in Bangladesh. It notes that while roads and inland water transport dominate the system, carrying over 90% of traffic, the transport sector suffers from insufficient infrastructure, institutional deficiencies, lack of public transport options, and inadequate traffic management. The document examines the current status and issues with various modes of transport like rail, road, and water. It identifies weaknesses in the institutional arrangements for transport planning and management, including a lack of coordination, assessment of optimal modal usage, and capacity for integrated multimodal planning. Overall, the transport system in Bangladesh requires improvements to infrastructure, expansion of public transport, strengthened institutions, and better coordination between modes for sustainable development.
India's large and diverse transportation sector faces several challenges in meeting growing demand, including congested roads and railways, poor rural access, and strained airport infrastructure. The government is taking steps to modernize the sector through public funding, rural access programs, freight corridor development, and private sector participation. The World Bank supports these efforts through projects focused on highways, rural roads, ports, and sustainable urban transport.
India’s urban population is currently around 30% of its total population. Experience across the world has been that as economies grow, rapid urbanization takes this proportion to over 60% before it begins to stabilize. As such, it is projected that India’s urban population would grow to about 473 million in 2021 and 820 million by 2051, as against only 285 million in 2001. Hence, cities must not only meet the mobility needs of the current population but also provide for the needs of those yet to join the urban population.
Transport is an important part for any nation's economy. Since the liberation of our country the development of infrastructure within the country has progressed at a rapid pace, and today there is a wide variety of modes of transport by land, water and air. In contrast to practice in other nations, Bangladesh has four ministries responsible for transportation with the support of Dhaka City Corporation (DCC), Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK) and Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA). With continued economic growth and development there are lot of traffic malfunctions are existing such road accident, rail accident and others with lost and injured lot of valuable lives which reaches people to vulnerability. Therefore this paper focuses to addressing the causes of transport problems with identifying the countermeasures for reducing vulnerability to bring up sustainable development. This slide made of discussion of five core points with mentioning statistical graphs and highlighting action policy for moving up.
Financing & Managing Infrastructure Development in India, Risk Mitigation in Model Concession Agreement & Financial Implications on different Shareholders
The document summarizes Singapore's transportation system development and strategies over the past few decades and outlines its vision for future mobility. It discusses how Singapore integrated transport and land use planning, expanded road networks while managing demand, and provided high quality public transport. Key strategies included congestion pricing, vehicle quotas, and expanding rail and bus networks. The future vision is to have an even more connected, interactive system with widespread use of shared, autonomous and green vehicles, and real-time integrated information across different modes. Public transport ridership is aimed to increase further with more extensive rail and bus networks.
This document presents information on low carbon transport. It discusses the objectives of reducing carbon emissions through improved mobility and fuel efficiency. Several innovative ways to reduce carbon in the transport sector are outlined, including electric vehicles, hybrids, biofuels and hydrogen fuel cells. The challenges of introducing these technologies include affordability, adaptability and availability issues. Indian initiatives involving electric rickshaws and ethanol-powered buses in Nagpur are highlighted. The conclusions emphasize that a strategic approach is needed to transition to low carbon transport and meet emissions targets through public transport and biofuel usage.
Based on the mandate given in SDG 11, calling for promoting an affordable and sustainable transport, globally all nations are trying to come out with an agenda and a vision for achieving carbon neutrality. Nations must make commitment to promote emissions-free mobility as a fundamental human right; doing the best things for humanity and society to lead towards a better and sustainable future and proactively promoting a paradigm shift towards electrification and creating a hydrogen based society for bringing sustainability. Sustainable transport is known for its distinct and numerous social and economic benefits for the communities, cities, environment and ecology. Studies made and analysis carried out has concluded that; Sustainable transport can help create large number of jobs; improve commuter safety through investment in bicycle lanes; reduce use of fossil fuel ; minimize pollution and congestion, making cities walkable; and making access to employment and social opportunities more affordable and efficient besides decarbonizing cities and making urban settlements more livable and sustainable. Sustainable transportation offers a practical opportunity and simple method of saving people's time, improving people’s health increasing household income and making cities great places for happy, healthy and more productive living besides making investment in sustainable transport, a 'win-win' option and opportunity for all stake holders.’ Decarbonizing, Carbon Neutrality and Zero-Carbon must remain the prime agenda to redefine, promote and achieve the sustainable transportation in urban areas and to achieve the mandate/goals given in SDG11. Planet earth looks at how nations can minimize travel and make it sustainable for making human settlements more peaceful and livable.
Presentation on research proposal on traffic jam in dhaka city by Md. Litan M...Md. Litan Mia
This document outlines a research proposal presented by the 7 Star Group to study traffic jams in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. It introduces the group members and acknowledges their audience. The contents section lists topics to be covered including objectives, literature review, methodology, and conclusions. The introduction defines traffic as a major problem in Dhaka, costing economic and physical stress. The literature review discusses previous research on causes like vehicle volume, signaling, and lack of infrastructure planning. The proposed methodology includes surveys, interviews, and statistical analysis to identify causes and solutions to traffic jams in Dhaka City.
This document provides guidelines for the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) rural roads program in India. The key points are:
1. PMGSY aims to provide all-weather road connectivity to eligible rural habitations of 500+ people in plains and 250+ people in hilly/tribal areas that are currently unconnected.
2. The program focuses on constructing a core rural road network through both new road construction and upgrading existing roads.
3. Detailed planning and prioritization processes are outlined to identify the most critical road connections to include in district and state-level core networks and construction plans.
Indus Basin Irrigation System Of PakistanSajid Sarwar
The Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan consists of major dams, barrages, and link canals that distribute water from the Indus River and its tributaries for irrigation. The system includes the large Tarbela and Mangla dams, as well as several barrages along the rivers with off-taking canals. Issues with the system include a rigid design that has not adapted to changes, inadequate drainage that has led to waterlogging and salinity problems, inequitable water distribution, and overexploitation of groundwater in some areas. Poor planning, operation, and maintenance have also contributed to challenges with the irrigation system.
The Dhaka metro rail project in Bangladesh will consist of 16 lines currently under construction and 52 planned lines. It will have a total length of 20.10km and carry 483,000 daily riders when operations begin in 2019. The Dhaka Mass Transit Company will oversee construction and operation of the metro, with funding from the Bangladesh government, Japan International Cooperative Agency, Asian Development Bank, French Development Agency, and Global Environmental Facility Fund. The metro aims to provide affordable and sustainable public transportation that improves mobility and economic growth in Dhaka.
1) India has over 3.3 million km of roads, the second largest network worldwide, however road density is below global averages. National highways carry 40% of traffic despite being only 2% of the network length.
2) The road sector contributes 5% to GDP and is the second largest infrastructure investment sector after power. Traffic is projected to increase substantially in the coming years.
3) Major initiatives to expand the network include the National Highways Development Project and Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana. Private investment is also increasing through public-private partnerships and various concession models.
4) Further expansion of the network is planned with a focus on quality, though land acquisition and funding remain
The document discusses transportation complications in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It provides background on past master plans for Dhaka from 1917 onward, noting their limitations in accounting for population growth. Long term transportation plans are also outlined from 1994 to 2010. The current transportation system relies heavily on rickshaws, with problems including unorganized road networks, mixed traffic modes, lack of signs and enforcement, and traffic jams exacerbated by road construction and political events. Solutions proposed include improving law enforcement, qualifications, signs and markings, use of overpasses, and addressing issues like parking and footpath blocking.
The document discusses traffic congestion as a major problem in Kuwait and other countries. It examines approaches taken in the UK, China, Egypt, and Dubai to address congestion through public transportation investments and policies. The objective is to help Kuwait's government reduce traffic by exploring plans like expanding metro systems, introducing luxury buses, and imposing road tolls. However, gaps remain in understanding Kuwait's latest government plans and directly consulting traffic authorities.
Increasing demand for passenger and freight transport in urban areas of India is challenging governments and transport authorities. Issues related to transportation include energy use, space use, road safety, air pollution, and noise pollution. Potential solutions include integrated planning, innovative transport solutions, electric vehicles, better public transit, promoting cycling and walking, and restraints on motorized travel. Indian cities are working to establish their own models for sustainable urban transport solutions based on national and local policies.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESMENT (EIA) OF ORANGE LINE LAHOREBilalAnwar50
This report presents the findings of an environmental impact assessment for the proposed Lahore Orange Line Metro train project from Ali Town to Dera Gujran. The project aims to provide a safe, congestion-free public transportation option to reduce traffic and fuel consumption. Potential impacts include disturbances during construction, air and noise pollution, and effects on cultural sites. Alternatives include cut-and-cover and elevated tracks. Mitigation measures in the environmental management plan include tree planting, environmental monitoring, and training at a total estimated cost of 18.5 million rupees. The project is expected to transform Pakistan's transportation system and promote economic growth in an environmentally friendly manner.
The document discusses transport problems facing major cities in India. It notes that while transport demand has increased substantially due to population growth and urbanization, public transport systems have not kept pace. As a result, there has been a massive shift towards private vehicle ownership and intermediate modes of transport. This has led to high traffic congestion in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Pune and Bangalore, whose infrastructure is unable to cope with the rapidly growing vehicle numbers.
This document summarizes research being conducted on the Metro project in Quito, Ecuador from a rights-based governance perspective. It provides background on mobility issues and transport disadvantage. Initial findings indicate that transport-related social exclusion exists in Quito. The decision-making process around the Metro project occurred rapidly after feasibility studies with limited citizen participation. Local residents and businesses reported not being adequately consulted during planning. While Ecuador has constitutional rights around participation, civil society organizations argue the city government has not developed capacity for meaningful citizen engagement on transport issues.
Now a days ungenerous parking is a big problem in Delhi, people park their cars on red light, in front of gates, in no parking zone and alike anywhere without thoughtfulness. Even the authorities are facing difficulty to solve this parking problems and traffic jams on roads due to people’s odd behaviour. Thus for this purpose we are going to organize an event which will create awareness among the people.
This is report prepared by GTZ regarding different public bicycle scheme around the world and India. It also compared three popular schemes in India - GreenBike, Delhi Cycle and FreeMo.
2.1 Sustainable and inclusive transport - BUET (1).pdfNabilaEram
This document discusses the transport system and challenges in Bangladesh. It notes that while roads and inland water transport dominate the system, carrying over 90% of traffic, the transport sector suffers from insufficient infrastructure, institutional deficiencies, lack of public transport options, and inadequate traffic management. The document examines the current status and issues with various modes of transport like rail, road, and water. It identifies weaknesses in the institutional arrangements for transport planning and management, including a lack of coordination, assessment of optimal modal usage, and capacity for integrated multimodal planning. Overall, the transport system in Bangladesh requires improvements to infrastructure, expansion of public transport, strengthened institutions, and better coordination between modes for sustainable development.
India's large and diverse transportation sector faces several challenges in meeting growing demand, including congested roads and railways, poor rural access, and strained airport infrastructure. The government is taking steps to modernize the sector through public funding, rural access programs, freight corridor development, and private sector participation. The World Bank supports these efforts through projects focused on highways, rural roads, ports, and sustainable urban transport.
a study of suspentable transportation system in ahmedabad & dehliRONAKMODI36
1) The document discusses sustainable transportation systems in the cities of Ahmedabad and Delhi in India. It analyzes the different modes of public transportation currently available, including BRTS, metro, bicycle sharing, and CNG fuels.
2) Case studies of the BRTS systems in Ahmedabad and Delhi are provided. Ahmedabad's Janmarg BRTS incorporates features like GPS for real-time vehicle tracking and remote-controlled gates for boarding.
3) The development of metro systems in the two cities is also discussed, with Delhi Metro expanding through multiple phases to improve transportation.
Best alternate transport for dhaka cityM S Siddiqui
All the metropolitan cities contemplate to transport 50 percent of commuters with underground or overhead mass rapid transport system. The authorities of Dhaka should focus on quick completion of on going mass rapid transport system. The strategic plan of 2016-35 should revise and implement to improve the road and parking plan suitable a mage city of Dhaka. This is not only issue of livelihood of rickshaw pullers but also alternate transport of middle-class city dwellers.
Rapid development of Bangladesh over last 4 decades has been underpinned by large-scale investment in the transport sector, albeit mostly in road infrastructure. There is a growing consensus that continued road building to deal with increasing demand for transport is neither environmentally nor financially sustainable. Railways pose less carbon emission and its land utilization efficiency is very high as a mode of mass transport. A properly integrated transport plan should utilize the best features of road and rail, and these two modes can largely complement one another. Railways surely can play vital role especially for a densely populated country like Bangladesh. Government’s recent policies for a paradigm shift away from road construction towards investment in railways and inland water transport is a way forward towards developing sustainable transport in Bangladesh.
The document discusses the public transportation system in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. It outlines the existing challenges with the system including use of defective vehicles, reckless driving, lack of compliance with traffic laws, road accidents, and limited bus routes. The infrastructure is also insufficient with mixed traffic flow, inadequate road space, lack of bike lanes and walkways, and limited parking. Several initiatives are underway to improve the system, such as bus rapid transit lines, commuter rail, and plans for metro rail lines. However, challenges remain around funding, coordination between agencies, land use planning, and economic viability. Overall improvements to the public transportation system in Dhaka will require better planning, operations, and evaluation over time.
Bangladesh, with population over 160 million in a total area of only 150,000 km2, is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Its capital, Dhaka, with a population of 17 million in the Greater Dhaka area is one of the world’s most densely populated cities. Bangladesh’s national GDP has been following a steady growth path of more than 6% per year over the last decade, and road traffic in Dhaka soared by more than 130% over the same period. Roads carry over 80% of national passenger traffic, providing the backbone of the transport sector.
The Rampura–Amulia–Demra Expressway (“RAD” or the “Project”) is a key project of Bangladesh’s Public–Private Partnership Authority (PPPA) and Roads and Highways Department (RHD). The project will serve as a gateway connecting central Dhaka to existing national highways to Chittagong, Sylhet, and the eastern regions of Bangladesh.
PPPA and RHD will shortly invite interested private sector parties to pre-qualify for the opportunity to Design Build, Finance, Operate, and Maintain the RAD project. A compelling opportunity exists for leading consortia to:
• Provide a much-awaited congestion relief road to traffic entering Dhaka, by developing a 13.5km expressway connecting National Highways N1 and N2 to the city center.
• Capitalize on Bangladesh’ economic and urban growth by providing critical connectivity infrastructure for the country
• Manage and operate the road over a 25-year concession
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been appointed as the Transaction Advisor to structure and tender the RAD as a PPP project. The expression of interest process for the project will commence shortly. The attached market awareness brochure provides preliminary information on the Project and the upcoming tender.
We look forward to feedback and participation from potential bidders. Contact information for the transaction advisors is provided in the brochure. Thank you in advance for your interest.
Draft Feasibility report of the railway system in KarachiUmer Mover
The document analyzes the feasibility of establishing a circular railway system in Karachi to address the city's traffic issues. It finds that the railway would be more affordable and efficient than the current bus system. The proposed 87 km railway would cost $910 million to establish but would pay for itself within 2.5 years due to lower operating costs. It would carry over 1 million passengers per day, reducing traffic and improving transportation for Karachi's residents. However, the project faces challenges in securing funds, relocating residents, and changing public transportation habits.
The Mumbai Urban Transport Project aimed to improve Mumbai's urban transport system and address issues of infrastructure bottlenecks, pollution, and overcrowding of public transport. The project expanded the capacity of the suburban rail network, introduced new bus routes, and constructed new roads. It also resettled over 100,000 people and saw overall cost overruns of 19% due to delays and design changes. While ridership increased more than expected, the project helped reduce overcrowding on trains and pollution from buses.
The document provides information on roads in India. It notes that as of 2016, India had the second largest road network in the world spanning over 5.23 million kilometres. Over 64.5% of goods and 85.9% of passenger traffic uses roads for transportation. The government has increased budget allocations for road development and private sector investment in roads is expected to reach $31 billion by 2020. The length of national highways is growing rapidly and plans are in place to double it to 200,000 kilometres. Various states and organizations are undertaking new road projects to further expand the network.
This articles is mainly written on Bangladesh Railway by Md. Rakibul Hasan. It focus on the problems and prospects on Bangladesh Railway. One of the key findings of this study is “the lower the services, the higher the fair” which is hindering the successful operation of railway in the country.
This document discusses road transportation in India. It notes that over 60% of freight and 85% of passenger traffic is carried by road networks. It also discusses the growth in road length and vehicle numbers over the past few decades. Some key facts presented include that national highways make up only 1.7% of the road network but carry 40% of traffic. Vehicle numbers are expected to increase 3-4 times to 500-600 million by 2030. Modal split data for different cities in India is also presented. The document focuses on public transportation projects in India, including the Bus Karo program organized by WRI India to support bus operations and planning in cities.
The document provides an overview of the roads sector in India. Some key points:
- India has the second largest road network in the world spanning over 5.21 million kilometers. The network is divided into national highways, state highways, and rural roads.
- The government has undertaken several initiatives to expand the national highway network such as the National Highways Development Project with seven phases and the Special Accelerated Road Development Programme for the North East.
- Private sector participation has increased in developing road infrastructure through the public-private partnership model. The government aims to use this model to boost investment in the sector and achieve its target of expanding the national highway network to 200,000 kilometers.
This document discusses investment opportunities in India's road and highway sector. It notes that India has the second largest road network in the world at 3.34 million km, with national highways accounting for 2% of the total length but 40% of traffic. The government is investing heavily to expand and upgrade the network, allowing 100% FDI, and seeking funding from international organizations. Major players active in developing highway projects in India include both domestic companies and international firms partnering with Indian partners. The outlook is positive as economic growth and rising vehicle ownership will increase demand for improved road infrastructure.
This document discusses investment opportunities in India's road and highway sector. It notes that India has the second largest road network in the world at 3.34 million km, with national highways accounting for 2% of the total length but 40% of traffic. The government is investing heavily to expand and upgrade the network, allowing 100% FDI, and seeking funding from international organizations. Major players active in developing highway projects in India include both domestic companies and international firms partnering with Indian partners. The outlook is positive as economic growth and rising vehicle ownership will increase demand for improved road infrastructure.
The document provides an overview of the roads sector in India. It notes that India has the second largest road network in the world, spanning over 5.21 million kilometers. National highways account for 1.9% of total road network length but are being rapidly expanded. The government has increased budget allocations for road development and public-private partnerships are growing. Various initiatives are helping connect remote areas and support economic development. Overall the sector is expected to continue expanding rapidly driven by increased infrastructure spending.
Sky bus Metro is a suspended railway invented by Indian technologist Mr. B Rajaram. Now in metro cities like Hyderabad, Mumbai, Bangalore, etc., the number of problems developing regarding transportation due to increase in population India, mostly in these cities. The problems are overload on public transport system, increasing vehicles two wheelers and four wheelers Sky bus is necessary to reduce overload on public transport system. And due to increase in vehicles the number of problems developed likes Traffic jam, Accidents, Pollution etc. So that by constructing the sky bus metro reduced this problem. Thus sky bus metro solve the public transportation problem in metro cities. After experiencing congestion’s and traffic jams over three decades, India finally realized her urban public transport system requires transformation for solving several problems at once and for long term. Innovation of Sky bus by Indian Railways, a Govt. owned enterprise is the outcome of this learning process. Sky bus project has been receiving support from Government, Industries as well as from various public in India. This research confirms the advantages of Sky bus innovation are tremendous. For overpopulated Indian urban areas, Sky bus seems to be the best solution for safe, quality and inexpensive mass public transportation system. After approval from concerned authorities, Sky bus will be the long term solution for public in terms of transportation in India. Sky Bus metro is in the tramway category, under Art 366 20 of the Constitution of India. Since it parallels existing roadways and within municipal limits, it is excluded from the Act. Sky Bus cannot capsize or collide. Sky Bus is based on the concept of Sky Wheels presented in 1989 at World Congress for Railway Research. Sky Bus eliminates vandalism, derailments and is virtually maintenance free. Construction cost Rs 450,000,000 per km. It is noise free and pollution free with no crossings. It can carry about 18000 people per hour per direction pphpd , scalable to 54000 pphpd as required. Which are suspended from bogies and travel below rail guides, the physics of which can be engineered very easily shells of coaches and suspension links well proven. Prefabricated latest construction technologies, which save time and money resulting in easy execution of the project in busy urban areas without disturbing the existing traffic pattern .These structural engineering methods, are well proven which do not have any project execution risk attached. Prof. Priyanka Patil | Pooja Pramod Ghule | Disha Atul Parekh "Sky Bus: The Modern Transportation System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56260.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/civil-engineering/56260/sky-bus-the-modern-transportation-system/prof-priyanka-patil
The document provides an overview of the roads sector in India. Some key points:
- India has the second largest road network in the world at over 5.23 million km. National highways account for 1.9% of total roads.
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- Various initiatives have been launched to expand the national highway network such as the National Highway Development Project (NHDP) and special programs for the northeast and areas affected by left-wing extremism.
The document provides an overview of roads and highways development in India. It discusses India's large road network, the various categories of roads, and growth in road construction. Key points include that India has the second largest road network globally, the national highway network is being expanded significantly, and private sector investment in road projects is rising through public-private partnerships. The government has various programs focused on improving connectivity and road infrastructure in remote and less developed areas.
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Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation-BRTC
1. Introduction
Bangladesh has developed a transport network that includes roads, railways, inland
waterways, two maritime ports and civil airports catering to both domestic and international
traffic. Road transport has traditionally been the centre of the government's attention in this
sector. The transportation sector has experienced an exponential growth since the 1980s and
significantly contributes to maintain the impressive GDP growth of Bangladesh. It also
provides employment to around 28 million Bangladeshis, mainly men from low income
families. There has been a steady growth in the field of transportation sector during last two
decades (Sayed, 2015).
BRTC is one of the well-known public transportation companies of the country and the head
office is located in Dhaka.
Interview: Faruque, A. (2015). “Transportation Business in Bangladesh; History & procedure”. Bangladesh
Road Transport Corporation.
Interview: Sayed, M. (2015). “Bangladesh Road & Transport. Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation.
Website: Sandy, A. (2009). “Transportation Systems and Engineering. Psychological Bulletin. Retrieved from
https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=8ip1CQAAQBAJ&dq=transportation+in+bangladesh&source=gbs_na
vlinks_s
INDUSTRY ANALYSIS:
YEAR HISTORY
1947 The road network was almost non-existent, with
only 600 km of narrow paved roads (Hasan,
2015). The railways inherited from the British
Indian Railway system was a disjointed network of
about 2,800 km in route length, separated by the
Jamuna River with two separate and incompatible
gauges.
1951 The railway systems were nationalized as one unit,
becoming one of the largest networks in the world
1960 Eastern Bengal Railway was renamed as Pakistan
Eastern Railway
1961 East Pakistan Road Transportation Corporation
was established as a government corporate
transport body
1962 The Roads and Highways Department (RHD) was
created
1970 During the war of liberation, most of the transport
infrastructure that existed up to that time was
practically destroyed or damaged; many bridges,
2. ports and airports had to be rebuilt. (Hasan, 2015)
1971 Sheikh Mujib ordered 20 trucks & 20 buses from
India to restore the national transport system
which was broken during the war for liberation
(Hasan, 2015)
1971 East Pakistan Road Transportation Corporation
was renamed as Bangladesh Road Transport
(Hasan, 2015)
1972 Biman Bangladesh Airlines was established
(Biman Bangladesh website,2009)
1973 Hardinge Bridge was repaired by a joint project
between the Eastern India Railway of India and
the Bangladesh Railway, with reconstruction
assistance being received from the Japanese
Government.
1977 Biman was converted into a public sector
corporation to be governed by a board of directors
appointed by the government
1983 Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA)
was established under section 2A of the Motor
Vehicle Ordinance of 1983 (BRTA website,2011)
1988 Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA)
was started its function (Hasan, 2015)
1991 Most of the improvement has happened in the
roads, followed by the ports and civil aviation. The
road network expanded to an impressive 271,000
km. (Hasan, 2015)
1998 Bangabandhu Bridge was open which was
constructed over the Jamuna River, one of the
three major rivers of Bangladesh, and fifth largest
in the world in discharge volume.
2001 The Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority was
established by an act of Parliament on was April
16, 2001.
2004-2005 Railway had been facing tough competition with
other modes of transport for the high rated traffic,
which provide more revenue. On that time Freight
traffic was 3,206 thousand Metric Tons.
2010 Funding awarded for a bridge over Titas river.
Also in September 2010, the government of
Bangladesh approved 10 rail development projects
worth a total of 19.9 billion taka; these include
plans for new tracks and new rolling stock.
2014-2015 Dhaka Mass Rapid Transit Development
Project (METRO RAIL) which is called MRT
3. Line-6 which will be started from Uttara to
Motijheel of 21 sub-stoppages.
Interview: Faruque, A. (2015). “Transportation Business in Bangladesh; History & procedure”. Bangladesh
Road Transport Corporation
Website: Sunny, H. (2011). “Transport in Bangladesh: Ground transportation. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Bangladesh
TRANSPORTATIONSECTORIN BANGLADESH
According to BRTA (Bangladesh Road Transport Authority), during 1990-91 there were
approximately 2 million 22 thousand 152 registered vehicles in Bangladesh, while in 2009-
2010 the number increase up 7 million 10 thousand 42. In present the number of registered
vehicles are around 12 million 30 thousand 15. For the increasing of population and huge
developments of roads are the main reasons of increasing the number of vehicles (Kaykobad,
2015).
COMPANYANALYSIS:
This study is based on the transport organization named Bangladesh Road Transport
Corporation (BRTC). It is a government corporate transport body situated at Dhaka.
COMPANYOVERVIEW:
Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) was established as a government corporate
transport body under the ordinance No VII of 1961 with a view to providing modern mass
communication service to esteemed passengers throughout the country. Moreover, BRTC is
meant to play strategic interventional role in road transport sector and to render emergency
service during times of natural calamities. BRTC has been able to carry out these services with
the fullest satisfaction of the stake holders (Abul Basar, 2015).
New fleet of buses and trucks has been introduced in different times. Presently, BRTC is the
proud owner of 1116 number of buses and 140 numbers of trucks though this number is not
enough to provide the desired service to the stake holders. Relentless efforts are being carried
out to run BRTC in its full capacity (Basar, 2015)
4. PRODUCTS
Products of BRTC:
Bus Model Running Bus Heavy Repair Total
1 Volvo Double Decker 10 40 50
2 Ashok Leyland
Double Bus
109 20 129
3 TC Bus-1316/55 284 31 315
4 Mini Bus 8 3 11
5 CNG Bus (FAW
China)
20 4 24
6 China CNG Bus 243 - 243
7 Korean CNG Bus 253 - 253
8 Different Model Old
Buses
46 45 91
Total Bus 973 145 1116
Source: Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation retrieve from http://www.brtc.gov.bd/index.php
Purpose and scope of evaluation:
The purpose of this evaluation is to evaluate the delivery and the performance of the
50 first Volvo buses in Dhaka. The conditions and objectives of the loan agreement
between Bangladesh Government and Sida will also be evaluated together with the
fulfilment of the objectives of this cooperation initiative. The bus project was
expected to fulfi l several objectives according to Sida Terms of reference, September
2004: 1–2:
• Demonstration of the potential of high-capacity bus operations.
• Facilitate the establishment of an efficient maintenance system for the public bus fleet
in Dhaka.
• Contribute to improved accessibility to public transport for low income (poor) people
and for women.
• Development of know-how for complex public transport.
In addition to these objectives other important issues to be covered in this evaluation are
for instance rules and restrictions in the institutional framework, financial situation of
the BRTC.
5. This Report
The ‘bus performance evaluation’ is presented and continues with information
about organizational framework and sustainable transport. Finally conclusions and
recommendations are presented.
Presentation of Dhaka City
Urban Transport in Dhaka
Dhaka is perhaps the only city of its size that almost totally lacks bus transport with
reasonable capacity, let alone other form of mass transport system. Today, public
transport based on a multitude of private operators has grown out of control. The
combination of a large number of slow-moving cycle rickshaws, approximately some
600.000 and an increasing number of motorized three wheeler auto rickshaws create
serious problems. These vehicles fight for street space and negotiate constantly with
cars, buses and pedestrians. It is likely that the problem will grow even worse
considering the still low levels of motor vehicles per thousand inhabitants.
According to a survey made it is estimated that the number of motor vehicles in
Dhaka is 240 000 which means that there are about 30 motor vehicles per 1000
inhabitants. This can be compared to almost 700 per 1000 inhabitants in the US. So
far only 3 percent of trips are made by cars. The majority of the inhabitants are poor
but the economy is growing by approximately 4 percent per year. This growth will
surely be reflected in a growing fleet of private vehicles in Dhaka as in most other
cites.The transport “BANGLADESH ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION”
(BRTC) BUS PROJECT IN DHAKA – Sida EVALUATION.In 2003 a contract was
signed between the Asian Development Bank, ADB, and the Government of
Bangladesh, the Ministry of Energy. It stipulates that the ADB will finance 300
CNG buses and that the diesel buses should be eventually phased out. The required
CNG infrastructure would be built and operated by private operators. Today 100
standard buses out of an estimated 7100 large buses, minibuses and microbuses run
on CNG or equal to 1,5 percent of the vehicle fleet. In order to improve the
conditions a number of different measures could be taken such as the separation of
various traffic modes, introduction of bus lanes and other ways to increase the
efficiency of the use of street space. Other possible actions include improved
drainage, sidewalks and to banish garbage impeding on access for pedestrians and
vehicles. Improvement of road safety is part of poverty reduction and promoting
gender. There seem to be a special need to decrease road vulnerability for girl
children and women since they suffer from injuries and fatalities. Their modes of
trips are dangerous. Road safety could be improved by measures such as the
introduction of luminous tags increasing pedestrian visibility, lowering speed in
some places, drinking and driving information and drivers training.
6. Urban Change
Dhaka also serves as the traditional centre of wholesale trade for the country. In
spite of its relative importance in the national economy, acute deficiencies exist in
the provision of infrastructure facilities, resulting in a widening gap between supply
and demand for urban transport services according to the Strategic Transport
Planning (commissioned by the DTCB and carried out by the World Bank
consultant Louis Berger). Various local conditions influence transport relations
such as the fact that Dhaka is very densely populated and hosts more than 12 million
inhabitants. In 1950 Dhaka City had about 250.000 and it is estimated that Dhaka
will host 16 million in 2015 and 30 million in 2025.
Natural Resources and Energy Relations in Bangladesh
There are important natural gas resources and so far 22 fields have been found. Out
of these 12 have been exploited and seven are being prepared for extraction.
Bangladesh is believed to an important gas exporter. In this perspective an increased
use of CNG seems logical. Today this is stimulated by a price reduction and a litre cost
8 Taka compared with 20 Taka per litre diesel. In the future, however, the price of gas
must be raised to avoid costly subsidies. The per capita consumption of electricity is
about the lowest in world and 86 percent of the electricity comes from natural gas. The
remaining comes from hydropower and oil. Industry uses 50 percent of the electricity
and 85 percent of the households do not have access to electricity. They continue
using traditional energy such as fire wood, cow dung 8 BANGLADESH ROAD
TRANSPORT CORPORATION (BRTC) BUS PROJECT IN DHAKA – Sida
EVALUATION 06/38 and rice waste. The per capita consumption of electricity is still
very low but will probably increase as an outcome of general economic growth.
Emissions
Dhaka is the most polluted city of the world, has made a world record, abominably, as a
number one pollutant breaking earlier record of Mexico City. “Outburst of airborne
disease”, a medical study claims, “has swept the city dwellers in mass”. It ranges from
skin diseases to cancer. Numerous ailments as eye irritant, severe headache, amonexia,
disruption of blood circulation, respiratory problem and even death are being seen as a
result of present environmental disorder (Rahman, 1998)
No.
Vehicles
Population
(million)
𝒔𝒐 𝟐 𝑵𝑶 𝑿 SPM Lead
WHO(stand) 60ηg 𝒎−𝟑 150ηg 𝒎−𝟑 60-90 >1ηg 𝒎−𝟑
*Dhaka 20000 8 300-500 300-450 1000-2000 463
Calcutta 500000 1183 104 >150 268-453 1183
7. Delhi 1.6 million 862 90 40-50 600-1450 862
London 2.7 million 1057 20-30 >75 15-35 1057
Los Angeles 8 million 12 0.2-10 39-104 94 0-0.17
Mexico 2.5 million 1937 170 113-207 100-500 >2
Source: WHO, UNEP (1993), DOE (1997)
Previous Scenarios
The World Bank and the ADB support attempts to attract the private sector to operate large
buses. It is too early to assess the results of this effort but generally speaking there is not much
experience in Dhaka regarding the operation of standard or high capacity buses. In the
appraisal document of 1999 for the double decker bus project four scenarios were presented
and commented. These scenarios are presented and commented below followed by additional
comments from October 2004 in an attempt to follow up the projections that were made five
years ago.
Scenario 1. The bright scenario
The BRTC operates the buses efficiently and demonstrates the merits of the concept of high
capacity buses. Bus ways and institutional reform hereby become politically possible to
introduce within the framework of Dhaka Urban Transport Planning, DUTP. Although it may
maintain a special status and symbolize the Government’s intervention and responsibilities, it
operates under the same sound market conditions as the private sector. Comments from 1999:
This is of course the preferred and desired scenario fulfilling the objectives.
Scenario 2. The black scenario
In the beginning everything looks good but after a few years maintenance is lacking, spare
parts are not bought, cannibalising starts and the buses end up as a graveyard. Comments
from 1999: This is the worst-case scenario, which would not fulfil any of the objectives.
However it appears to be unlikely. The overall impression is that the BRTC is today a fairly
competent operator of buses in the traffic environment of Dhaka. Old buses have been kept in
operation for an impressive number of years. Maintenance staff has the skills needed and the
company also has the skills to rebuilding buses with new bodies built on old chassis.
Management has proven its capability of using 10 BANGLADESH ROAD TRANSPORT
CORPORATION (BRTC) BUS PROJECT IN DHAKA
Scenario 3 A. The BRTC succeeds, but institutions fail
BRTC operates the buses efficiently but Government fails to implement institutional reform or
do so only slowly. The private sector continues to operate rickshaws and three-wheeler under
the umbrella of a corrupt and inefficient framework instead of transforming to bus operations.
8. 3 B. The BRTC succeeds, but unfair competition kills private bus concept
BRTC operates the buses efficiently and it prospers. But since the buses are subsidized and the
BRTC does not pay lease for its depots and terminals, it has an advantage over the private
sector and can undercut their fares. The private sector therefore fails to develop into the
desired structure of a number of organized bus operators. Comments from1999.
Commenting previous scenarios
An evaluation of the earlier presented scenarios shows that the operation of the 50 double
deckers includes some elements of first and some of the third scenario. The last two years all
two-engine stroke auto rickshaws have been relocated to suburban areas. Accordingly air
quality in the central areas has been improved. At the same time the ADB is financing an
expansion of the network of natural gas to Dhaka and other areas in Bangladesh. The
number of large, mini and microbuses are estimated to around 7100 in Dhaka of which more
than 99 percent are operated by the private sector
Public Transport
Fig: Routes of public Transport
There are different statistics given about the number of public transport vehicles operating in
Dhaka. Licenses are given from BRTA to fixed routes. According to the strategic transport
plan it is estimated that there are around 7100 buses operating on fixed routes in Dhaka. The
fleet consists of 500 large buses of which 250 buses are high capacity buses and the rest
standard buses, 5000 are minibuses and 1600 are microbuses. 2 One of the significant
9. changes in the bus fleet composition during the last eighteen months has been an increase of
large standard buses.
Actual fares for each transport mode 2004:
Mode Actual approx. fare in 2004 (Taka per Km)*
Premium bus 1–1.5
Large bus 0.5 to 1 (depending on distance)
Minibus 0.5–1
Human hauler 0.5–1
Auto-rickshaw 12 flagfall (2 km) then 5)
Standard tax 15 flagfall (2 km) then 6)
Rickshaw 20 flagfall (2 km) then 8)
* Actual fare, not official fare. Source DTCB
Fare collection is conducted outside the bus at ticket counters at bus stops for the major bus
and minibus operators. In that way it can be up to 12 counters depending on the number of
major operators serving the route. Large buses and minibus operators under individual
ownership usually have conductors who collect the fares onboard the buses. The BRTC Volvo
buses do not operate with conductors or helpers. Instead they have ticket inspectors. Wages
are very low compared with western countries. A driver at the BRTC earns maximum 4700
Taka per month or around $ 80. The people in the counters, conductresses and inspectors
earn less.
The Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation, the BRTC
The BRTC is owned by the Government of Bangladesh and was formed in 1961. The
Company operates both trucks and buses all over the country. The total bus fleet of BRTC
consists of 741 buses, of which 306 buses are operating in Dhaka, mostly double decker. The
distribution of buses on different brands:
Single decker buses 447
Double decker buses 294
Total number of buses 741
Trucks 170
Total number of vehicles 911
From 1990 to 2004 the number of employees was cut from 4917 to 1688. Additionally there
are also people employed on daily basis and personnel in the leased out buses that are
employed by other operators.
10. Fig: system of service of BRTC
The Financial Situation of the BRTC
BRTC have since many years a stretched financial situation, even if the situation has become
better the last 5 years since they started to lease out their buses for operation. The company
has had problems to pay the loans for their infrastructure and vehicles. The pressure on the
company will continue from the Government and it is necessary for the BRTC to become profi
table and have a positive cash flow to be able to repay its loans.
Revenues have increased 2.5 times but the total costs have nearly tripled during these three
years. It is a positive result that operating costs are better in 2003 than they were in 2000. Still
the BRTC has to improve the fare ticketing system and the collection of fares in order to
increase its revenues
Maintenance and operation
The Volvo-buses were introduced between March 1 and mid September 2002. So far the
introduction of Volvo double deckers must be considered as a successful project in terms of
production and operation. The route network is according to the planned system and can be
seen on the map below: The Volvo fleet has up to July 2004 produced 7140 000 vkm. The
average availability of the fleet has been 90% although the BRTC operation has been
hampered by a number of ‘hartals’ or political strikes. Approximately 20 full days are lost due
to demonstrations. Availability of 90% must be considered as a high figure well on par with
Swedish figures. The production is reported to have generated 1265 000 official passenger
trips per month. The correct number of trips might be higher as there is a leakage and
11. pilfering in the system. The percentage of leakage is very difficult to say but at least 20–30%
might be a realistic guess
BRTC to day also keeps a proper record of:
• fuel consumption down to each individual bus.
• tyre consumption
• spare part consumption
• electric material
• oil changes for engine, gearbox, steering, rear axle and coolant.
• accident record
• brakedown record
• fitness certificate
Productivity
Mode Objective Current Different
Production, vkm per bus
and year
60000 64000 + 4000
Number of passenger
trips per
720000 314800 – 405200
As shown here the number of vehicle kilometre (vkm) is above the targets but the number of
passengers is considerably lower than targeted. The reason for this discrepancy might be a
combination of two factors: too high target of passenger trips and too low number of current
passengers. The target of passenger trips per single bus trip and day was 67 based on 32 single
bus trips per day. Current number of passenger trips per single bus trip is only 43 based on 22
single bus trips per day
Financial comparison:
A comparison is made below between the previous estimations and the actual situation. As can
be seen the average speed has been reduced, the cabin factor is much lower than estimated,
the vkm production is higher than expected, the availability is higher than expected and the
number of seats and capacity in the buses is lower than expected. The conclusion is that the
productivity is better than expected but reported ridership is lower and has to be increased or
better managed. In order to make it possible for the reader to compare the estimations made in
1999 and the current figures (after two years of operation) following table was made.
12. Annual costs and
revenues per bus, Taka
VolvoBus double decker,
estimation 1999
VolvoBus doubledecker,
current figures
Capital 893 333 900 000
Insurance, tax 0 0
Personnel 324 000 521 800
Maintenance 245 585 65 340
Fuel 441 713 782 360
Tires 184 189 134 300
Other 0 98 460
Cost/year 2 093 821 2 502 260
Revenue/year 3 157 527 2 434 140
As can be seen the total result of the operation of the Volvo double deckers is a small loss of 68
000 Taka or roughly 9000 SEK but the operational result of the buses before depreciation has
given a financial surplus last year of just above 800 000 Taka or roughly 105 000 SEK. The
operational surplus covers 92 percent of the capital cost in spite of the modest cabin factor.
Then depreciation and interest costs are not based on the full purchase price of the buses in
the table above.
Demand of Trips
According to the BRTC web page (Oct. 2004) BUS SERVICE FOR WOMEN is described as
follows:
“Bus services for the woman plying in different routs in Dhaka City is an unique example of
privilege and honour running as a subsidized services for the better half. These services are
provided mainly for the school/college students. Women/girls working in different offices and
garment factories also. Ladies bus service is welfare oriented in its true sense, because BRTC
has to cross subsidize this service from its other profitable routes. But due to lack of buses,
many routes can’t be covered and due to financial constraints can’t be expanded as it should
have been. There is a tremendous demand for women bus services from different women
organizations. The donor from home and abroad may extend their support to BRTC to uphold
and expand these special services for the women.
Bus Service for the Blind and the Disabled Person:
Blind or disabled persons are allowed to travel BRTC buses without fare. Patronization is
required to continue this facility for this unfortunate human being. BRTC with its limited
capabilities and capacities is very much willing to offer special services for the same purpose”
13. Present Planningfor Urban Transport
OrganizationalFramework
Three ministries are involved in issues of transport and managing traffic, namely;
1. the Ministry of Communications,
2. Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives manages the
traffi c of Dhaka, and,
3. Ministry of Energy.
Sustainable Transport:
So far no thorough and efficient organization reform or transport master plan has been
made but the various project under the apex of the Dhaka Transport Coordination Board
has outlined different ways to improve traffic and transport conditions. One step has been
to identify the following measure:
• To reduce air pollution,
• To reduce the journey time,
• Identifi cation of sustainable feeder routes for non-motorised transport,
• Technology transfer and training,
• To assist the sustainable mass transit facilities,
• Awareness campaign for non-motorised transport users and pedestrians and also
training for rickshaw pullers,
• To introduce well design rickshaws where human energy is less,
• To fi nd out sustainable mass transit for the poor, women, school children and disabled
people as well as for all city dwellers,
• To ensure accessibility of the city dwellers.
(Jamuna Multi Purpose Bridge Authority (JMBA) – responsible for the planning
construction, operation and maintenance of the Jamuna bridge and other proposed
bridges which exceed 1,500 metres in length. Bangladesh Railways (BR) – responsible for
all aspects of railway development and operation and maintenance in Bangladesh.
14. Analysisand Discussion
The Relevancy of Swedish Assistance to Dhaka
Since Dhaka is a multi-problematic city in need of firm and prompt adjustments towards
increased transport efficiency and sustainable transport. There are several activities going
on in this direction but to achieve changes it seems as continued cooperation and
technical support is required. We believe that cooperation in urban transport could be
useful also in other cities in Bangladesh.
Ways to Improve Sustainable Transport
• Formulation of long term plans for a modern public transport system.
• Introduction of greater number of planned bus routes.
• Use of high quality vehicles in the public transport system and improvement of
quality of services.
• Creation of new opportunities for participation of private sector bus operators.
• Giving priority to bus services.
• Reduction of pollution from all kinds of vehicles.
• Control of on road parking and un authorised use of roads.
• Taking up of extensive work programme for improvement of the traffic system.
• Use of modern technology for traffic control.
• Creation of better facilities for pedestrians. 26 BANGLADESH ROAD TRANSPORT
CORPORATION (BRTC) BUS PROJECT IN DHAKA – Sida EVALUATION 06/38
• Evaluation of public transport systems.
• Greater safety systems for all, especially accident prone/vulnerable road users.
• Environmental protection management, and
• Improved land use planning.
Conclusions and Recommendations
There are two possible types of high-capacity buses; high ones (double-deckers) or long ones
(articulated). The capacity of articulated buses can be exploited when there are separate lanes,
rapid bus streets or full BRT systems. Today’s mix of traffic (bicycle rickshaws, auto
rickshaws, pedestrian and cars) impedes on the efficiency of gas driven high capacity buses,
which only exist, in the form of articulated buses. The separate bus lanes mentioned in the
loan agreement 1999 are not yet built but the Minister of Communication has said in an offi
cial statement that this will be taken care of. If necessary, Sida could support the
implementation of this. This would increase speed, increase the number of trips per day,
reduce emissions and increase profitability.
15. In order to maximize the use of buses the assistance to the BRTC should include:
• Technical training in maintenance of buses.
• Management of construction of bus bodies. 28 BANGLADESH ROAD TRANSPORT
CORPORATION (BRTC) BUS PROJECT IN DHAKA – Sida EVALUATION 06/38
• Management training focusing on business economics.
• Advisory to set up a modern bus depot. • Training of women drivers.
• Infrastructure improvements along the Volvo routes In order to further develop the
cooperation with Dhaka a broader view should be taken, including for example assistance in:
• Overall regional planning of transportation and infrastructure.
• Traffi c management including priority measures for public transport.
• Planning and development of BRT systems and other mass transit options.
• How to improve customer relations and increase respect for bus passengers.
• How to make passenger surveys and market researches.
• Establishment of a public transport authority.
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