This document provides an overview of the study area of Khulna City and surrounding regions in Bangladesh, including:
1) A brief description of the geographical and hydrological setting of the area, including its location within the Ganges river basin and coastal plain.
2) An outline of the existing water management challenges facing Khulna City, such as water logging, drainage issues, declining groundwater levels, and water quality concerns.
3) A summary of the history and development of Khulna City, noting its importance as an industrial center after partition from India and more recent economic shifts focusing on shrimp cultivation.
The document discusses possible causes and mitigation measures for frequent flooding along Sungai Pinang in Kuantan, Malaysia. The key causes identified are deforestation, a shallow river, location in a low-lying region, issues with irrigation/drainage systems, and heavy rainfall during monsoon season. Proposed solutions include sustainable forest management, river bank protection, improving irrigation/drainage infrastructure, constructing a new higher bridge across the river, and elevating roads near the river.
The document discusses restoration efforts along the Truckee River, which flows from the alpine Lake Tahoe region to the desert basin. It has undergone extensive habitat degradation and watershed impacts over the last century. Restoration projects use various techniques like wetland and stream restoration to improve habitat, reduce flooding, and enhance water quality. They involve partnerships across many agencies and non-profits to restore the river corridor from its headwaters to mouth.
This document outlines Karachi's rain emergency plan. It provides background on Karachi's climate and drainage system, which includes 13 major nullahs that drain into the Lyari and Malir Rivers. It details rainfall data from 2006-2011. Heavy rains cause flooding by overwhelming the drainage system, which has been encroached upon and its capacity reduced. The objectives are to manage flooding and provide relief. It describes the existing poor condition of the drainage network and identifies at-risk areas along the Lyari River, Malir River, and their tributary nullahs.
Hydrosphere: All the water at or near the surface of the earth
Amount of water essentially constant and moves between different reservoirs
100 million billion gallons move through Hydrologic Cycle
Oceans account for ~96%, Fresh water lakes and streams for only 0.016% of all water
River bank erosion, its migration, causesNazim Naeem
Riverbank Erosion is an endemic natural hazard in our country.
When rivers enter the mature, they become sluggish and
meander or braid. These oscillations cause extreme riverbank
erosion. It is a perennial problem in our country.
• It has been estimated that tens of thousands of people are
displaced annually by river erosion in Bangladesh, possibly up to
100,000. Many households are forced to move away from their
homesteads due to riverbank erosion and flood.
• As per different sources, 500 kilometres of riverbank face
severe problems related to erosion. The northwest part of the
country is particularly prone to riverbank erosion, which has
turned the region into an economically depressed area.
River erosion is a major threat in Bangladesh, affecting about 1 million people annually and causing $500 million in economic losses. The country's major rivers, including the Brahmaputra and Jamuna, have shifted channels and eroded riverbanks at rates up to 784 meters per year. This has destroyed farmland, infrastructure, and communities. One family profiled lost their 20 acres of land and livelihood to erosion by the Brahmaputra river, forcing the father to become a day laborer. The government has implemented two projects to mitigate erosion impacts and help the millions of Bangladeshis suffering from land loss and poverty due to the country's shifting rivers.
The document discusses the Farakka Barrage project on the Ganges River between India and Bangladesh. It provides background on the Ganges River basin and flow patterns. It describes how the barrage, built in 1975, diverts water from the Ganges to the Hooghly River in India, reducing flows into Bangladesh. This has led to increased salinity, loss of fisheries and agriculture, and more severe flooding in Bangladesh. India and Bangladesh have attempted various water sharing agreements over conflicts caused by the barrage. Solutions proposed include joint water management projects between India, Bangladesh and Nepal.
The document discusses possible causes and mitigation measures for frequent flooding along Sungai Pinang in Kuantan, Malaysia. The key causes identified are deforestation, a shallow river, location in a low-lying region, issues with irrigation/drainage systems, and heavy rainfall during monsoon season. Proposed solutions include sustainable forest management, river bank protection, improving irrigation/drainage infrastructure, constructing a new higher bridge across the river, and elevating roads near the river.
The document discusses restoration efforts along the Truckee River, which flows from the alpine Lake Tahoe region to the desert basin. It has undergone extensive habitat degradation and watershed impacts over the last century. Restoration projects use various techniques like wetland and stream restoration to improve habitat, reduce flooding, and enhance water quality. They involve partnerships across many agencies and non-profits to restore the river corridor from its headwaters to mouth.
This document outlines Karachi's rain emergency plan. It provides background on Karachi's climate and drainage system, which includes 13 major nullahs that drain into the Lyari and Malir Rivers. It details rainfall data from 2006-2011. Heavy rains cause flooding by overwhelming the drainage system, which has been encroached upon and its capacity reduced. The objectives are to manage flooding and provide relief. It describes the existing poor condition of the drainage network and identifies at-risk areas along the Lyari River, Malir River, and their tributary nullahs.
Hydrosphere: All the water at or near the surface of the earth
Amount of water essentially constant and moves between different reservoirs
100 million billion gallons move through Hydrologic Cycle
Oceans account for ~96%, Fresh water lakes and streams for only 0.016% of all water
River bank erosion, its migration, causesNazim Naeem
Riverbank Erosion is an endemic natural hazard in our country.
When rivers enter the mature, they become sluggish and
meander or braid. These oscillations cause extreme riverbank
erosion. It is a perennial problem in our country.
• It has been estimated that tens of thousands of people are
displaced annually by river erosion in Bangladesh, possibly up to
100,000. Many households are forced to move away from their
homesteads due to riverbank erosion and flood.
• As per different sources, 500 kilometres of riverbank face
severe problems related to erosion. The northwest part of the
country is particularly prone to riverbank erosion, which has
turned the region into an economically depressed area.
River erosion is a major threat in Bangladesh, affecting about 1 million people annually and causing $500 million in economic losses. The country's major rivers, including the Brahmaputra and Jamuna, have shifted channels and eroded riverbanks at rates up to 784 meters per year. This has destroyed farmland, infrastructure, and communities. One family profiled lost their 20 acres of land and livelihood to erosion by the Brahmaputra river, forcing the father to become a day laborer. The government has implemented two projects to mitigate erosion impacts and help the millions of Bangladeshis suffering from land loss and poverty due to the country's shifting rivers.
The document discusses the Farakka Barrage project on the Ganges River between India and Bangladesh. It provides background on the Ganges River basin and flow patterns. It describes how the barrage, built in 1975, diverts water from the Ganges to the Hooghly River in India, reducing flows into Bangladesh. This has led to increased salinity, loss of fisheries and agriculture, and more severe flooding in Bangladesh. India and Bangladesh have attempted various water sharing agreements over conflicts caused by the barrage. Solutions proposed include joint water management projects between India, Bangladesh and Nepal.
Riverbank erosion is a major natural hazard in Bangladesh that affects millions of people annually. The erosion destroys farmland, homes, and infrastructure as the major rivers like the Jamuna, Ganges, and Padma migrate and change course. Specific areas along these rivers experience erosion rates of up to 1,600 meters per year. The erosion displaces many families and has significant socioeconomic impacts, including loss of livelihoods, debt, unemployment, and the creation of impoverished refugee populations. Whole communities are sometimes forced to relocate multiple times due to the unpredictable shifting of the river channels.
The document discusses flooding issues in Oriental Mindoro province in the Philippines. It notes that the province faces frequent typhoons and flooding due to pollution, deforestation, and a lack of environmental protection over time. Specific typhoons and floods that have caused damage are detailed. The key cause of flooding is identified as overflow from the Mag-asawang Tubig River and its changing course over time. A proposed solution of the Mag-asawang Tubig Multi-Purpose Project is outlined, which would provide flood control, irrigation, power generation, and water resources through constructing a 49km river management system.
This document discusses stream restoration and provides guidance on key considerations. It defines restoration as returning a stream to a healthy, functional state. The order of restoration priorities are listed as protect, maintain, restore, and enhance. Successful restoration requires understanding the natural complexity and dynamics of stream systems as well as meeting objectives for stability, function, and accommodation of changes over time. Careful data collection and analysis of hydrology, sediment transport, and geomorphology are crucial to restoration design. Implementation requires attention to construction techniques, habitat enhancements, and transitioning restored areas.
This document discusses river bank erosion in Bangladesh. It notes that Bangladesh has over 250 rivers that are prone to bank erosion during monsoons due to high water flows. The primary causes of erosion are the flat landscape offering little resistance to water forces, rivers entering mature stages where they meander and change course frequently, and large sediment loads that cause flooding and erosion. Erosion negatively impacts communities through loss of land and housing, economic impacts from lost agriculture land, and health impacts. The document outlines measures to reduce erosion including hard structures, increasing flow areas, planting vegetation, and using wood pilings.
Flooding is common in the North New Territories of Hong Kong due to heavy rainfall from typhoons and other weather patterns, exacerbated by natural catchment features and human influences. The government has implemented various flood prevention measures like drainage channel improvements, pumping stations, and storage ponds to alleviate flooding. While these efforts have helped, continued work is needed to address issues like silt accumulation and incomplete drainage projects. Suggestions include installing more pumping stations and drainage infrastructure, as well as increased cooperation and public consultation to build a more comprehensive flood prevention system.
Flooding is common in the northern New Territories of Hong Kong due to heavy rainfall, natural catchment features of the region, and human influences. The government has implemented various flood prevention measures like drainage channel improvements, pumping stations, and storage ponds. While these efforts have alleviated flooding, further improvements are needed like more comprehensive planning, maintenance of channels, cooperation with villages, and consultation with experts and the public. Continued work is essential to reduce flooding risks in northern New Territories.
Dams and barrages have environmental impacts while also providing benefits. Dams generate power, supply water, stabilize flows for irrigation, prevent floods, reclaim land, and create recreation areas. However, they can cause seepage, affect groundwater, trap sediments, and change river ecology. Reservoirs can introduce invasive species and changes in water quality impact fertility, pollution, diseases, and species extinction. Large dams have even caused the Earth's rotation to speed up. Barrages similarly control water flows but have impacts like increased turbidity, altered sediment movement, and breeding of mosquitoes.
Pakistan relies on four main irrigation systems: 1) Intake structures and pumping stations draw water from rivers, lakes, dams and barrages, providing 142 million acre-feet of water annually. 2) A conveyance system of canals, distributaries and minors distributes the water. 3) Surface, subsurface, sprinkler and drip irrigation are used to apply water to fields. Surface irrigation methods include basin, furrow and border irrigation. Subsurface irrigation applies water to ditches beneath the soil surface. Sprinkler and drip irrigation create artificial rainfall or distribute water slowly to plant roots.
The little Jamuna River system consist of many tributaries, including the Kharkhari and Tilai rivers which originate through collection of runoff from depressions near Syedpur. The watercourse near Phulbari is also locally named ‘Ichamoti-Jamuna’ river. South of the study area, the flow from the Tulsi Ganga River meets the Ichamoti River, which then flow southwards until its confluence with the Atrai River
The Ganges-Kobadak Irrigation Project is the largest irrigation system in Bangladesh, covering 197,500 hectares across 4 districts. Water is pumped from the Ganges River and distributed through over 1,655 km of canals. The project aims to increase food production and improve livelihoods by providing supplemental irrigation, especially for rice cultivation. It has increased cropping intensity and allowed for multiple harvests per year through irrigation of high-yielding rice varieties in different seasons. The project also aims to improve drainage and flood control in the area.
This document summarizes the groundwater resources and challenges facing Shirpur Taluka in Dhule District, Maharashtra, India. It notes that the area has alternating layers of permeable and impermeable rock that limit groundwater recharge. Overexploitation of resources has led to declining water levels and dried wells. To address this, the project implemented "angioplasty" - widening and deepening streams to remove impermeable layers, and injecting surplus dam water into dried wells to recharge deeper aquifers. Since 2004, 65 check dams have been constructed on 14 streams without gates to maximize storage and recharge in the rainfed region.
The document discusses water losses that occur in canals due to evaporation, percolation, and transpiration. It identifies the key causes of water losses for each category, such as temperature, soil permeability, and vegetation growth. Methods to reduce losses, such as efficient field irrigation practices and canal management, are also presented. In conclusion, transit water losses from the canal head to the fields are defined, and the three main causes and approaches to lower losses are recapped.
This document discusses catchment hydrology in Botswana. It defines a catchment as the area that drains water through surface runoff and underground flow to a particular point. Catchments are separated by drainage divides. There is currently a water shortage problem in southeastern Botswana where most people live, despite most water sources being in northern Botswana. The document then describes the five major catchments in Botswana and their characteristics. It discusses the importance of catchments for water supply and ecology in Botswana.
Detailed information about the biggest three river of Bangladesh .Length,Width,Depth,Out fall,Off take, Catchment area,etc of Padmd,Meghna & Jamuna River.
Earth is known as a watery planet, with around 71% of its surface covered by water. Water resources are replenished through the water cycle and managed through various irrigation and multi-purpose projects. These projects help regulate water supply, control floods, store water for irrigation, generate hydroelectricity, encourage navigation, and promote rainwater harvesting. Some important multi-purpose projects in India that manage water resources through dams include the Damodar Valley project, Bhakra Nangal dam, and Hirakud project.
River bank erosion is a major natural hazard in Bangladesh that causes significant land and property loss each year. Three key points:
1) Major rivers like the Jamuna and Padma have widened over 3 km and eroded over 130,000 hectares of land in the last 30 years according to satellite image analysis.
2) Case studies show river bank erosion displacing over 4,000 people and causing over 4 crore BDT in economic losses annually in some districts. A majority of affected people face poverty due to loss of land and livelihood.
3) While structural measures like embankments are used, long-term policies addressing resettlement, land zoning, and afforestation are needed to
The transboundary basin of the Teesta River encompasses 12,159 square kilometers, of which 10,155 are in India and 2,004 are in Bangladesh. Approximately 8,051 square kilometers of the river basin lie in hilly parts of Sikkim (6,930 square kilometers) and West Bengal (1,121 square kilometers). Approximately 4,108 square kilometers of the basin lie in the plains of West Bengal (2,104 square kilometers) and Bangladesh (2,004 square kilometers).
Historically, the Teesta was part of the Ganges river system, flowing south from Jalpaiguri in West Bengal in three separate channels: the Karatoya, the Purnabhaba, and the Atrai. It is speculated that the three channels led to the name “Trisrota” (“possessed of three streams”) and subsequently to “Teesta.” Following a flood in 1787, the Teesta changed its course southeast to join the Brahmaputra.
This document summarizes current understanding of geomorphic processes shaping the Willamette River floodplain and identifies key knowledge gaps. It outlines a proposed study to better understand landforms, channel processes, gravel transport, vegetation succession, and their relationships. The study would create detailed habitat and landform maps, evaluate gravel supply and transport, and assess channel and floodplain evolution over time to address major questions about how flows shape habitats and the balance between gravel supply and transport.
This document discusses irrigation efficiency and simple irrigation canal design. It defines irrigation efficiency as the ratio of water utilized by crops to water diverted for irrigation. There are different types of irrigation efficiency, including conveyance, application, storage, distribution, and use. The document also provides a problem calculating various efficiencies. It then discusses open canal design, describing common cross-sectional shapes like trapezoidal and noting that canals require freeboard and specific side and bottom slopes.
Aquifer mapping pilot programme outcome of pilot areas geo hydrological viewHydrologyWebsite
The document provides an overview of six pilot aquifer mapping projects in India. It summarizes the key findings from each project. The projects studied aquifers in a variety of geological settings across India, including weathered basalt and sedimentary formations. Key findings included delineating aquifer systems, estimating groundwater resources and flow patterns, identifying recharge and discharge zones, and assessing issues like overexploitation, water quality problems, and declining water levels in some areas. The studies provided conceptual models of the aquifers to improve understanding of groundwater conditions in each study area.
1) The document discusses the hydrology of Manipur and Nagaland states in northeast India, including their geology, groundwater availability and quality, and challenges.
2) In Manipur, groundwater is found under thin clay layers underlain by tertiary rock and supplied by confined and unconfined aquifers. In Nagaland, groundwater comes from semi-confined and unconfined aquifers in alluvial deposits and tertiary rock.
3) Key challenges faced include water scarcity due to variable rainfall, overexploitation of groundwater lowering water tables, and lack of irrigation infrastructure limiting food sustainability. Mitigation strategies proposed are adopting efficient water management techniques and artificial groundwater recharging
This document discusses opportunities for urban farming in coastal cities. It notes that traditional farming will likely not be able to meet the food demands of growing megacities in the future. Coastal cities offer opportunities for urban farming using floating platforms in shallow coastal waters and exploiting the layers of fresh and saltwater in estuaries and river deltas. Specific opportunities highlighted include using river deltas in Asia for rice farming and harnessing the Nile River delta's freshwater resources.
Riverbank erosion is a major natural hazard in Bangladesh that affects millions of people annually. The erosion destroys farmland, homes, and infrastructure as the major rivers like the Jamuna, Ganges, and Padma migrate and change course. Specific areas along these rivers experience erosion rates of up to 1,600 meters per year. The erosion displaces many families and has significant socioeconomic impacts, including loss of livelihoods, debt, unemployment, and the creation of impoverished refugee populations. Whole communities are sometimes forced to relocate multiple times due to the unpredictable shifting of the river channels.
The document discusses flooding issues in Oriental Mindoro province in the Philippines. It notes that the province faces frequent typhoons and flooding due to pollution, deforestation, and a lack of environmental protection over time. Specific typhoons and floods that have caused damage are detailed. The key cause of flooding is identified as overflow from the Mag-asawang Tubig River and its changing course over time. A proposed solution of the Mag-asawang Tubig Multi-Purpose Project is outlined, which would provide flood control, irrigation, power generation, and water resources through constructing a 49km river management system.
This document discusses stream restoration and provides guidance on key considerations. It defines restoration as returning a stream to a healthy, functional state. The order of restoration priorities are listed as protect, maintain, restore, and enhance. Successful restoration requires understanding the natural complexity and dynamics of stream systems as well as meeting objectives for stability, function, and accommodation of changes over time. Careful data collection and analysis of hydrology, sediment transport, and geomorphology are crucial to restoration design. Implementation requires attention to construction techniques, habitat enhancements, and transitioning restored areas.
This document discusses river bank erosion in Bangladesh. It notes that Bangladesh has over 250 rivers that are prone to bank erosion during monsoons due to high water flows. The primary causes of erosion are the flat landscape offering little resistance to water forces, rivers entering mature stages where they meander and change course frequently, and large sediment loads that cause flooding and erosion. Erosion negatively impacts communities through loss of land and housing, economic impacts from lost agriculture land, and health impacts. The document outlines measures to reduce erosion including hard structures, increasing flow areas, planting vegetation, and using wood pilings.
Flooding is common in the North New Territories of Hong Kong due to heavy rainfall from typhoons and other weather patterns, exacerbated by natural catchment features and human influences. The government has implemented various flood prevention measures like drainage channel improvements, pumping stations, and storage ponds to alleviate flooding. While these efforts have helped, continued work is needed to address issues like silt accumulation and incomplete drainage projects. Suggestions include installing more pumping stations and drainage infrastructure, as well as increased cooperation and public consultation to build a more comprehensive flood prevention system.
Flooding is common in the northern New Territories of Hong Kong due to heavy rainfall, natural catchment features of the region, and human influences. The government has implemented various flood prevention measures like drainage channel improvements, pumping stations, and storage ponds. While these efforts have alleviated flooding, further improvements are needed like more comprehensive planning, maintenance of channels, cooperation with villages, and consultation with experts and the public. Continued work is essential to reduce flooding risks in northern New Territories.
Dams and barrages have environmental impacts while also providing benefits. Dams generate power, supply water, stabilize flows for irrigation, prevent floods, reclaim land, and create recreation areas. However, they can cause seepage, affect groundwater, trap sediments, and change river ecology. Reservoirs can introduce invasive species and changes in water quality impact fertility, pollution, diseases, and species extinction. Large dams have even caused the Earth's rotation to speed up. Barrages similarly control water flows but have impacts like increased turbidity, altered sediment movement, and breeding of mosquitoes.
Pakistan relies on four main irrigation systems: 1) Intake structures and pumping stations draw water from rivers, lakes, dams and barrages, providing 142 million acre-feet of water annually. 2) A conveyance system of canals, distributaries and minors distributes the water. 3) Surface, subsurface, sprinkler and drip irrigation are used to apply water to fields. Surface irrigation methods include basin, furrow and border irrigation. Subsurface irrigation applies water to ditches beneath the soil surface. Sprinkler and drip irrigation create artificial rainfall or distribute water slowly to plant roots.
The little Jamuna River system consist of many tributaries, including the Kharkhari and Tilai rivers which originate through collection of runoff from depressions near Syedpur. The watercourse near Phulbari is also locally named ‘Ichamoti-Jamuna’ river. South of the study area, the flow from the Tulsi Ganga River meets the Ichamoti River, which then flow southwards until its confluence with the Atrai River
The Ganges-Kobadak Irrigation Project is the largest irrigation system in Bangladesh, covering 197,500 hectares across 4 districts. Water is pumped from the Ganges River and distributed through over 1,655 km of canals. The project aims to increase food production and improve livelihoods by providing supplemental irrigation, especially for rice cultivation. It has increased cropping intensity and allowed for multiple harvests per year through irrigation of high-yielding rice varieties in different seasons. The project also aims to improve drainage and flood control in the area.
This document summarizes the groundwater resources and challenges facing Shirpur Taluka in Dhule District, Maharashtra, India. It notes that the area has alternating layers of permeable and impermeable rock that limit groundwater recharge. Overexploitation of resources has led to declining water levels and dried wells. To address this, the project implemented "angioplasty" - widening and deepening streams to remove impermeable layers, and injecting surplus dam water into dried wells to recharge deeper aquifers. Since 2004, 65 check dams have been constructed on 14 streams without gates to maximize storage and recharge in the rainfed region.
The document discusses water losses that occur in canals due to evaporation, percolation, and transpiration. It identifies the key causes of water losses for each category, such as temperature, soil permeability, and vegetation growth. Methods to reduce losses, such as efficient field irrigation practices and canal management, are also presented. In conclusion, transit water losses from the canal head to the fields are defined, and the three main causes and approaches to lower losses are recapped.
This document discusses catchment hydrology in Botswana. It defines a catchment as the area that drains water through surface runoff and underground flow to a particular point. Catchments are separated by drainage divides. There is currently a water shortage problem in southeastern Botswana where most people live, despite most water sources being in northern Botswana. The document then describes the five major catchments in Botswana and their characteristics. It discusses the importance of catchments for water supply and ecology in Botswana.
Detailed information about the biggest three river of Bangladesh .Length,Width,Depth,Out fall,Off take, Catchment area,etc of Padmd,Meghna & Jamuna River.
Earth is known as a watery planet, with around 71% of its surface covered by water. Water resources are replenished through the water cycle and managed through various irrigation and multi-purpose projects. These projects help regulate water supply, control floods, store water for irrigation, generate hydroelectricity, encourage navigation, and promote rainwater harvesting. Some important multi-purpose projects in India that manage water resources through dams include the Damodar Valley project, Bhakra Nangal dam, and Hirakud project.
River bank erosion is a major natural hazard in Bangladesh that causes significant land and property loss each year. Three key points:
1) Major rivers like the Jamuna and Padma have widened over 3 km and eroded over 130,000 hectares of land in the last 30 years according to satellite image analysis.
2) Case studies show river bank erosion displacing over 4,000 people and causing over 4 crore BDT in economic losses annually in some districts. A majority of affected people face poverty due to loss of land and livelihood.
3) While structural measures like embankments are used, long-term policies addressing resettlement, land zoning, and afforestation are needed to
The transboundary basin of the Teesta River encompasses 12,159 square kilometers, of which 10,155 are in India and 2,004 are in Bangladesh. Approximately 8,051 square kilometers of the river basin lie in hilly parts of Sikkim (6,930 square kilometers) and West Bengal (1,121 square kilometers). Approximately 4,108 square kilometers of the basin lie in the plains of West Bengal (2,104 square kilometers) and Bangladesh (2,004 square kilometers).
Historically, the Teesta was part of the Ganges river system, flowing south from Jalpaiguri in West Bengal in three separate channels: the Karatoya, the Purnabhaba, and the Atrai. It is speculated that the three channels led to the name “Trisrota” (“possessed of three streams”) and subsequently to “Teesta.” Following a flood in 1787, the Teesta changed its course southeast to join the Brahmaputra.
This document summarizes current understanding of geomorphic processes shaping the Willamette River floodplain and identifies key knowledge gaps. It outlines a proposed study to better understand landforms, channel processes, gravel transport, vegetation succession, and their relationships. The study would create detailed habitat and landform maps, evaluate gravel supply and transport, and assess channel and floodplain evolution over time to address major questions about how flows shape habitats and the balance between gravel supply and transport.
This document discusses irrigation efficiency and simple irrigation canal design. It defines irrigation efficiency as the ratio of water utilized by crops to water diverted for irrigation. There are different types of irrigation efficiency, including conveyance, application, storage, distribution, and use. The document also provides a problem calculating various efficiencies. It then discusses open canal design, describing common cross-sectional shapes like trapezoidal and noting that canals require freeboard and specific side and bottom slopes.
Aquifer mapping pilot programme outcome of pilot areas geo hydrological viewHydrologyWebsite
The document provides an overview of six pilot aquifer mapping projects in India. It summarizes the key findings from each project. The projects studied aquifers in a variety of geological settings across India, including weathered basalt and sedimentary formations. Key findings included delineating aquifer systems, estimating groundwater resources and flow patterns, identifying recharge and discharge zones, and assessing issues like overexploitation, water quality problems, and declining water levels in some areas. The studies provided conceptual models of the aquifers to improve understanding of groundwater conditions in each study area.
1) The document discusses the hydrology of Manipur and Nagaland states in northeast India, including their geology, groundwater availability and quality, and challenges.
2) In Manipur, groundwater is found under thin clay layers underlain by tertiary rock and supplied by confined and unconfined aquifers. In Nagaland, groundwater comes from semi-confined and unconfined aquifers in alluvial deposits and tertiary rock.
3) Key challenges faced include water scarcity due to variable rainfall, overexploitation of groundwater lowering water tables, and lack of irrigation infrastructure limiting food sustainability. Mitigation strategies proposed are adopting efficient water management techniques and artificial groundwater recharging
This document discusses opportunities for urban farming in coastal cities. It notes that traditional farming will likely not be able to meet the food demands of growing megacities in the future. Coastal cities offer opportunities for urban farming using floating platforms in shallow coastal waters and exploiting the layers of fresh and saltwater in estuaries and river deltas. Specific opportunities highlighted include using river deltas in Asia for rice farming and harnessing the Nile River delta's freshwater resources.
The document discusses concerns about hydroelectric projects along the Ganga River between Gangotri and Uttarkashi in India. It notes that several projects have been proposed or built that divert water from the river into tunnels, sometimes for over 100 km. This denies people access to the river and is altering the river's ecology and water quality close to the source. The document calls for stopping existing projects, releasing more water from dams, and maintaining the natural flow of the Ganga without diversions or obstructions to preserve its religious and cultural significance.
City Of Kolkata ,My City, City of Billions for last 320 years,is on process of collapse in terms of its Natural Resources: Land and Water, Greenery and Space.Can we try to make it Sustainable?
The document discusses sources and utilization of water resources in India. It outlines four main sources of water: atmospheric, surface, ground, and ocean water. It then describes various surface water bodies like rivers and lakes. It also explains that groundwater in some areas is replenished by rivers while some peninsular areas have low water tables. Lastly, it lists several multi-purpose river projects across India that were constructed for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation purposes.
Flooding is common in the northern New Territories of Hong Kong due to heavy rainfall from typhoons and the humid subtropical climate. The region has low-lying areas, steep terrain, and rivers without large catchment areas. Flooding is worsened by human activities like development, deforestation, and construction waste blocking drainage channels. The government has implemented measures like improving major channels, installing pumping stations, and building flood storage ponds to alleviate flooding. While these helped reduce risks, continued maintenance and cooperation with local communities is needed to further tackle flooding in the region.
1. Bangladesh is prone to frequent and devastating floods due to its location within the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river basin and low-lying topography. Major floods occur when the peaks of seasonal flooding from the Brahmaputra, Ganges, and Meghna rivers coincide.
2. Flooding has both benefits and harms for Bangladesh - annual flooding deposits fertile silt but excessive or prolonged flooding can damage crops and infrastructure. Different types of floods that impact Bangladesh include river floods, flash floods, rain-fed floods, and coastal floods caused by storm surges.
3. The primary causes of floods are the unique hydrological characteristics of the Ganges-Brahmaput
The document discusses drainage basins, the storm hydrograph, river erosion processes and landforms, flooding causes and impacts, and flood management strategies. It describes the hydrological cycle within a drainage basin and factors that influence the shape of a storm hydrograph. It outlines river erosion mechanisms and key landforms in the upper, middle and lower courses such as potholes, waterfalls, meanders, and deltas. Causes of flooding include excessive rainfall and development that increases runoff. Impacts are economic, social and environmental. Flood management includes hard and soft engineering approaches.
1) Water scarcity is a growing problem, with nearly 2 billion people facing water shortages by 2025 due to factors like population growth, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change.
2) Dams have both benefits like irrigation, electricity, and flood control, and costs like displacing communities, restricting river flows, and increased risk of flooding due to sedimentation.
3) Rainwater harvesting techniques like rooftop collection, underground tanks, and floodplain harvesting are effective traditional water management methods that enhance groundwater availability and promote sustainable development.
The document summarizes findings from an environmental study of the Lancang-Mekong Development Plan (LMDP) and the proposed Pak Beng dam project. Key findings include changes to hydrology and sediment flows due to Chinese dams, impacts to aquatic ecology, and identification of environmentally sensitive areas. The study recommends establishing a network of conservation areas along the Mekong River to help mitigate impacts from proposed developments. Specific mitigation strategies are provided for each of three zones studied.
This document summarizes the outcomes of a scoping study on water security in peri-urban areas of Khulna, Bangladesh. 11 preliminary study sites were identified that face issues like water scarcity, flooding, wastewater discharge, and vulnerability to climate change impacts. Key research questions were outlined related to understanding the impacts of urbanization on peri-urban communities, water availability and quality trends, climate change vulnerabilities, and community strategies for reducing vulnerabilities. The scoping study utilized participatory methods to engage stakeholders and identify priority issues to guide further research and action.
Prospect of Rain Water Harvesting In the Islands of the Sundarbans, the Activ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The Yellow River Delta in China is a major agricultural and industrial area that faces challenges from coastal erosion, declining freshwater flows, and pollution. It has experienced decreasing sediment loads and shifting river channels. Sustainable management of wetlands and balancing water demands between sectors is crucial for the delta's future.
Krishna Vatsa - Resilience-based approach to Flood Risk Management in South AsiaGlobal Risk Forum GRFDavos
Panel II: “Approaches to Infrastructure Resiliency in Different National Contexts”
Krishna Vatsa, Regional Disaster Risk Reduction Advisor, South Asia UN Development Programme, Bangkok, Thailand
Water covers most of the Earth's surface and is essential for life. The main sources of water for irrigation are surface water from rivers, reservoirs and lakes, and groundwater. Surface water quantity depends on factors like storage capacity, permeability, runoff, precipitation and evaporation which can be impacted by human activities. Groundwater availability varies by location and depth. Water is tapped from these sources through various methods like gravity flow, pumping from wells or rivers. Dams and reservoirs help regulate water supply for irrigation in Pakistan.
The document discusses water as a critical resource and the need for its conservation and management. It notes that only 1% of the Earth's total water is available for human consumption, making it an extremely scarce resource. Water scarcity is associated with factors like low rainfall, overexploitation, unequal access among groups, a growing population, and depletion of groundwater. Dams have been built throughout India's history for irrigation, agriculture, and electricity generation, but they also have negative effects like disrupting river flows and habitats. Rainwater harvesting is presented as a viable alternative to supplement water resources.
This presentation is about the Geomorphological criteria of Bangladesh. It includes mainly land form, rainfall, river phenomenon , natural potentiality.
Deltas- types, formation, case studiesNishay Patel
Deltas are landforms formed at river mouths where sediment is deposited as the river enters a sea or lake. They are fan-shaped areas that can span hundreds of kilometers. The Indus River Delta in Pakistan covers 40,000 square kilometers and has a complex network of distributaries. Deltas form as rivers slow down at their mouths, causing sediment to flocculate and settle, building up over time. Different types of deltas include bird's foot, arcuate, and cuspate shapes, depending on factors like tidal influence. Deltas provide fertile land and resources but are also at high risk of flooding and channel migration due to their unstable sediments.
Ganga river is flowing in almost through the 11 states in India. In all places her issue is critical and different. Jalangi river in Navadweep region is tributary of ganga and is polluted by drainage. This presentation explains how nature based solution is only remedy for the treatment of sewage
Similar to Bangladesh Research Site_ Dr. M Shahjahan Mondal (20)
Chandan Mahanta, Guwahati Dialogue -10th September 2013SaciWATERs
This document discusses development challenges and opportunities in the Brahmaputra River basin. It notes that the basin experiences significant flooding and erosion that negatively impact vulnerable populations. It advocates for an integrated approach to water resource management that incorporates flood management, hydropower development, climate change adaptation, drinking water issues, navigation, and regional cooperation between riparian states. The key recommendations are adopting integrated water resource management policies and frameworks, strengthening institutions and regional cooperation, improving data sharing, and ensuring community participation and environmental protections.
Mihir Kanti Majumder - Dhaka Dialogue, August 21, 2013SaciWATERs
This document summarizes an ecosystem initiative between Bangladesh and India from 2010-2014. The 3 main goals were to:
1) Promote understanding of water regimes through joint scientific research
2) Influence transboundary water management policies through knowledge sharing
3) Improve integrated management of transboundary water resources through research, dialogue, and advocacy
Key activities included stakeholder consultations, joint research on topics like climate change and biodiversity, knowledge products, and capacity building. The initiative aimed to establish a knowledge hub, identify policy options, and influence on-the-ground changes through collaborative dialogue and science-based approaches. Lessons highlighted the importance of an iterative, process-oriented collaboration between diverse stakeholders.
Malik Fida A. Khan - Dhaka dialogue, August 21, 2013SaciWATERs
The document discusses the need for transnational policy dialogue and water cooperation in the Brahmaputra River basin. It outlines several international policy directives and conferences that have emphasized integrated water resources management and cooperative management of shared water basins. Proper water governance requires cooperative management across administrative boundaries based on river basins. Regional cooperation in areas like flood management, water sharing, and hydropower development will be important for the sustainable management of the Brahmaputra and other transboundary rivers in the region.
Anjal Prakash - Dhaka Dialogue, August 21, 2013SaciWATERs
1) The document discusses a workshop on transnational policy dialogue for improved water governance of the Brahmaputra River between India, China, and Bangladesh.
2) It provides background on the Brahmaputra River basin, including the countries it flows through and key facts about utilization and issues in each area.
3) The major issues and concerns discussed include unstable physiography exacerbated by climate change, water sharing disputes between countries, lack of basin management and cooperation, and the need for improved regional collaboration and data sharing.
Ainun Nishat - Dhaka Dialogue, August 21, 2013SaciWATERs
This document discusses the history of negotiations between India and Bangladesh over their shared river basins. It notes that discussions began in the 1950s over the Ganges and Teesta rivers. The Joint Rivers Commission was established in 1972 to facilitate cooperation but has faced challenges. There have been some interim agreements but also periods without formal agreements. However, recent high-level meetings have recognized a need for cooperative management of the basins and expressed interest in basin-wide planning, flood forecasting, and environmental cooperation, signaling a potential "wind of change" in the countries' approach. Outstanding issues include finalizing agreements on the Teesta and other rivers as well as augmentation of flows during the dry season.
Rezaur Rehman - Dhaka Dialogue, August 21, 2013SaciWATERs
This document discusses river dolphins and threats to their populations from human activities like water development projects and pollution. It focuses on the status of dolphins in the Brahmaputra River between India and Bangladesh. In the upper Brahmaputra, the main threats are fish bycatch, while in the lower Brahmaputra threats include bycatch, directed hunting, and water projects. Conservation efforts like awareness campaigns, regulations, and sanctuaries have been implemented, but transboundary cooperation is needed to conserve dolphins due to their habitat spanning multiple countries. Opportunities for cooperation include joint surveys and studies between India and Bangladesh.
Md. Jahid Hossain Jahangir - Dhaka Dialogue, August 21, 2013SaciWATERs
The document discusses the management of the Brahmaputra River, which originates in Tibet and flows through India and Bangladesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. It notes the river provides about 75% of Bangladesh's dry season water flows. Key issues include basin-wide management, climate change impacts, and flood and erosion problems. Opportunities for joint collaboration among co-riparian countries include hydropower generation, flood moderation, fisheries, and watershed management. Effective cooperation is needed among China, India, Bangladesh and Bhutan to sustainably develop the river's resources and address management challenges.
Partha Jyoti Das - Guwahati Dialogue, 10th September, 2013SaciWATERs
The document discusses water governance issues and climate change impacts in the Brahmaputra river basin spanning India, China, Bhutan and Bangladesh. Some key points discussed include:
- Water governance in India suffers from top-down decision making, lack of community participation, and inadequate policies around integrated flood management.
- Climate change is projected to initially increase rainfall and river flows but potentially reduce dry season flows in the long-term, threatening food security and livelihoods for millions.
- Increased flooding and erosion have damaged infrastructure and agriculture. Sedimentation levels are also rising which impacts water resources projects.
The document summarizes information about the Brahmaputra River basin including its geography, hydrology, utilization, and major issues and concerns. It then discusses:
1) The Brahmaputra River basin spans China, India, and Bangladesh and faces issues of unstable physiography exacerbated by climate change, as well as tensions over water sharing.
2) Regional cooperation is needed on water sharing agreements and management, but faces challenges of lack of bilateral treaties, technological bias, and lack of information sharing between countries.
3) Moving forward will require hydro-diplomacy, consultation backed by science, treating the issue multilaterally, and building confidence between countries through non-governmental diplomacy
This document discusses river ecosystems and the Brahmaputra River Basin. It describes the importance of natural flow regimes and habitat heterogeneity for river health. Various habitats in the Brahmaputra River Basin are described, including fast flowing sections, pools and riffles, river confluences and meanders, the open river, and floodplain lakes. Livelihoods of local communities depend on resources from these ecosystems. An integrated ecohydrological approach is needed to assess and manage freshwater sustainability that considers the interrelationships between water and biology.
This document summarizes a paper about improved water governance and civil society responses related to the Brahmaputra River in India. It discusses how political and economic factors interact with the natural environment to produce disasters like floods. It provides quotes from local residents about how embankments have negatively impacted their livelihoods by reducing water flow to agricultural lands and fish habitats. Data shows the island of Majuli in the Brahmaputra River has significantly decreased in size due to erosion. The document also chronicles one family's multiple displacements due to erosion and discusses the activities of civil society groups and how their influence could be strengthened.
Urban Lake Conservation and Protection - Community InvolvementSaciWATERs
The document discusses urban watershed management and lake conservation in Hyderabad, India. It notes that many lakes have been lost due to development and that sewerage water is polluting remaining lakes. Community involvement is important for managing local water resources sustainably. Advantages include improved services and programs tailored to community needs, but ensuring participation of all groups requires proper planning and strategies. Overall, community participation enhances long-term sustainability of water services.
This presentation was made at "Orientation Programme for Government officials on Urbanization, Climate
Change and Water Issues" held on the 23rd of July.
What is climate change, need to adopt systems approachSaciWATERs
This presentation was made at "Orientation Programme for Government officials on Urbanization, Climate
Change and Water Issues" held on the 23rd of July.
Climate Variability, Urbanization and Water in IndiaSaciWATERs
This presentation was made at "Orientation Programme for Government officials on Urbanization, Climate
Change and Water Issues" held on the 23rd of July.
The peri urban problematique_Dr Vishal NarainSaciWATERs
The document discusses the concept of the periurban, which refers to fringe areas around cities that are in transition from rural to urban. Periurban areas are characterized by changing land use, multiple stakeholders, social heterogeneity, and livelihoods that span both urban and rural economies. They receive little attention due to being at the intersection of rural development and urban planning. The document focuses on how climate variability and urbanization interact to create water insecurity patterns in periurban areas of South Asia by increasing demand from urban areas, contaminating resources, and exacerbating the impacts of less and more erratic rainfall. The research will use a variety of tools like interviews, surveys, and mapping to study this issue.
Implications of evolving water markets on peri urban water security in Kathma...SaciWATERs
The document summarizes water supply and markets in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Water demand is increasing steadily but the main utility can only supply 105 MLD in the wet season and 75 MLD in the dry season. To meet additional demand, commercial water extraction and vending using water tankers has grown to supply over 25 MLD in the peak dry season. Water is extracted from over 40 locations in peri-urban areas. There is debate around how to regulate the growing groundwater market between supporting it as a supplement to utilities versus seeking to limit extraction and discourage the market.
Water security in peri-urban contexts - Understanding vulnerability by Vishal...
Bangladesh Research Site_ Dr. M Shahjahan Mondal
1. Overview of Study Area in Bangladesh
in context of
Regional and Local Settings
M. Shahjahan Mondal
Associate Professor
Institute of Water & Flood Management
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology
Email: mshahjahanmondal@iwfm.buet.ac.bd
Workshop on
Water Security in Peri-Urban South Asia:
Adapting to Climate Change & Urbanization
16-19 August 2010
Kathmandu, Nepal
2.
3. GBM Basins
• Bangladesh is the lower
riparian of the GBM
basins
• 91% flows
• Ganges contribution is
37%
• SW part of Bangladesh is
totally dependent on the
Ganges water
• Gorai
4. SW Bangladesh
• Sundarbans – largest
continuous mangrove
ecosystem & a
ramsar world heritage
site
• Mongla Port – second
sea port
• Khulna – third largest
city
• Khulna has a strong
industrial base
5.
6. Existing Problems
• 28% of the population live in the coastal area
• Water logging
• Coastal Embankment Project (CEP) was implemented
in the 1960s
• A series of polders were constructed to control the
intrusion of saline water
• The intervention simplified the drainage network from a
very large number of tidal creeks & rivers to a small
number of large rivers.
• This reduced the tidal volume and increased the tidal
range.
7. Existing Problems
• The occurrence of cyclone,
storm surge and flood
• The 1991 cyclone left 150
thousand people dead
• Salinity in both SW & GW
• Arsenic
• Reduction in fresh water inflow
due to u/s withdrawal & siltation
• Land use change due to shrimp
farming
• Vulnerable to tsunami & SLR
8. Existing Problems
• Coastal zone is low lying with 62% of the land below 3
m & 86% below 5 m above msl.
• Due to 88 cm SLR, 11% more coastal area will be
inundated
• 5 ppt saline front will penetrate 40 km inland
• The whole of Sundarbans will be lost
• Increased salt water intrusion is considered as one of
the causes of top dying of Sundari trees
• Salinity level recorded near Khulna in 2007 was the
highest in the past 32 years
9. Khulna City
• 3rd largest city
• Located on the right bank
of the Bhairab-Rupsha,
one of the most important
distributaries of the
Ganges in the Southwest
Coastal Region of
Bangladesh
• Area: 46 km2
• Population: > 1.5 million;
growth rate 5%
10. History
• Declared as Pourashava in 1884
• Until partition of India in 1947, Khulna was a sleepy little
district town, overshadowed by the huge metropolis of
Kolkata.
• After partition, Khulna began to seek its own identity. It
had a sudden influx of population, which necessitated
the development of a satellite town at Khalishpur under
Daulatpur thana, which was about 8 km from the zero
point at the Circuit House Maidan.
• By 1960, the intervening space had filled out and it
became a divisional headquarter.
• The central location and proximity to Sundarban and
seaport prompted the government to develop the jute
industry in and around Khulna after the partition in 1947.
• During late 1950s & 1960s, it became an important
center for industrial development
11. History (con…)
• Newsprint mills, shipyard, jute mills, match factories,
hardboard mills were established
• Khulna was given a metropolitan status in 1984 when
its population exceeded one million.
• But since the 1980's, the decreasing popularity of jute
and jute goods in the international market, in spite of
its value as a biodegradable packaging material, put a
brake on further expansion of the jute industry.
• But at present there are signs of a revival through new
products and processes, as well as environmental
compulsions.
• The city is regaining impetus for growth, following the
export processing activities centering on shrimp
cultivation
• Academic & training institutions
12.
13. Strategic Importance of Khulna
• The location of Khulna in the heart of the SW coastal
region has given it many advantages.
• The linkages of the city with regional towns and growth
centres have made it the most important city in the
region
• provides links to the Mongla sea port, which is only 40
km d/s
• is a major river port of the country for inland water
transport
• Sundarban attracts tourist from home and abroad
• has a strong industrial base after Dhaka and Chittagong
• This has come into focus specially after the completion
of Lalon Shah Bridge and Khanjahan Ali Bridge which
will facilitate Nepal and seven sister states of India to
use Mongla port facilities if agreement can be made at
the govt level
14. Khulna City Corporation
• in 1990 with 5 thanas &
31 wards
• one-fourth is city core
• Densely populated;
contains multi-storied
buildings
• The rest is a mixture of
urban & peri-urban areas
• There are several low-
income areas and slums
throughout the city
15.
16.
17. Urban Drainage Problem
Drainage system in KCC
is towards the Mayur River
Drainage system is
open
Total length : 652 km
Paved drain: 291 km
Semi-paved : 56 km
Earthen drain: 305 km
18. Geological & Hydrological Setting
• Topographically, the city slopes towards west
but regionally towards south.
• The average height is 3.3 m above msl
• The city lies on the Ganges deltaic plain in
north and Ganges tidal plain in south and
consists of late Holocene to recent Alluvium
• Lithologically, the area is composed of coarse
to very fine sand, silt and silty clay up to a
depth of 300 m with peaty soil and calcareous
as well as non-calcareous soil at the top
19.
20.
21. Urban Geomorphology of Khulna City
LAND FORMS AND INFERRED SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT AND
EVENTS.
NL, FB, ML and AC form peatlands in some parts of the inactive
area of the Ganges delta and coastal plain.
Flood plain, channels and peat lands within the Ganges delta in
progradational phase with intermittent deposition of fine silt of
transgrassive sea.
Shallow marine shelf, estuarine and tidal flat under transgressive
sea
Deposits of rivers flowing in the Ganges delta during Late
Pleistocene to Holocene epoch. The lower is erosive and
unconformable.
Tidal creeks, tidal channel and estuarine plain deposition in the
coastal area in the Bengal Basin during early Quaternary epoch,
which may be equivalent to upper part of the Dupi Tila
Formation. The lower contact is sharp to gradational
Deposition of sand in large channels in the KCC area of the
southern part of the present inactive Ganges delta which may be
equivalent to the Lower Dupi Tila Formation and or Upper part of
the Tipam Formation. The lower contact is erosive and
unconformable.
Marshy area and small channels in flood plain.
Note: NL= Natural Levee, FB= Flood Basin, ML= Marshy Land and AC = Abandoned Channel
22. Contemporary Water Management Issues in Khulna
City
• Drinking water crisis
• Lowering of GWT
• Poor drainage
• Water logging
• Water quality
• Solid waste management
• Climate change vulnerability
• Urban planning
• Dying of Mayur River
23. Drinking Water Crisis
• Present water supply is mainly from groundwater
sources drawn from both DTW & STW
• Water supply is 13 MG per day
• The coverage is only 30% of households with piped
water supply
• The rest is self-managed and many of the people face
water crisis
• To cope with this insufficient supply and increasing
demand, KWASA was established in March 2008
25. Poor Drainage System
• Drainage system is not good
– Improper slope, inadequate sections & inadequate outlets
– Lack of maintenance
– Disposal of wastes into drains
– Encroachments & settlements on drainage paths
– River and water pollution
– Corruption
– No study
– Water insecurity in urban & peri-urban areas
• There were natural drains, but widths were reduced
• KWASA is responsible
• KWASA needs to return back to the original drains
26. Water Logging due to Poor Drainage System
In Khulna city, 38% of households regularly experience
short-duration logging.
In some areas, more than 90% people are affected by water
logging.
27. Groundwater Quality
• The aquifer system is hydraulically connected to the
Bay of the Bengal & the surrounding rivers.
• 85, 35 & 50% of the wells had Na+, K+ & Cl-
concentrations exceeding the WHO limit.
• Excess in Na+ and Cl- concentration is due to the
seawater intrusion which forces the abandonment of
water wells in many instances.
• High TDS values in about half of the borewells may
be attributed to hydraulic connection with the river.
30. Solid Waste Management
• Solid waste generation in Khulna City is 450 tons a day.
• KCC is responsible (33%)
• NGOs, CBOs & private organizations are also involved
(17%)
• Half is collected & reaches the final disposal site which is
about 8 km from the city
• The uncollected waste is often dumped in an
uncontrolled manner throughout the city clogging drains,
blocking roads & occupying vacant plots
• This causes flooding, increases traffic congestion &
presents health risk
31. Climate Change Vulnerability
• International Institute for Development and Environment
on "Climate Change and the Urban Poor: Risk and
resilience in 15 of the world's most vulnerable cities"
• It identified Khulna as one of the most vulnerable cities
• The report says that the major concerns for Khulna are
frequent and increased level of floods, storm surges,
intensity of cyclones, water logging, saline intrusion,
sedimentation and river erosion.
• Climate refuges in Khulna after Sidr and Aila
32. Urban Planning
• KDA was created as a semi-autonomous body in 1961
• under the Ministry of Housing and Public Works
• Planned development and expansion of Khulna City and
its suburb areas
• A new and revised master plan comprising of 451 km2
was prepared and approved by the govt in 2001
• A further expansion of the master plan extending upto
the Mongla port is underway
• Unlike Dhaka, Khulna is the city, which is still virgin and
can be made a planned city
33. Mayur River
• Derelict river
• It flows to the NW side of the
Khulna city
• It separates Dumuria thana
from the city
• 9.5 km long; falls into the
Rupsha River near Badamtala,
Batiaghata
• Subsistence uses
• Few hundred fisher families
• There was abundance of fish
until 1983
34. Mayur River
• It receives all types of
municipal & industrial
wastes
• 18 canals & drains to
drain out effluents
• Slums around this river
• Dumping (domestic &
urban sewage, industrial
effluents, agricultural
wastes) at various sites of
the river
35. Other Water Related Issues of KCC
Tropical cyclone and storm surge
Inundation of freshwater sources during
cyclonic event and storm surge
Increased salinity in rivers and aquifers –
power plant was closed due to salinity
Shortage of freshwater for agriculture
36. Other Water Related Issues of KCC
Pollution of rivers and ponds from untreated
urban and industrial effluents
Hanging latrines on ponds and river canals
Unplanned urban settlements on the river banks
38. Peri-Urban area:
Identification & issues
• KWASA coverage is one-
third of the area
• DTWs were not sunk in a
planned way
• KWASA is not permitting
DTW installation
• No DTW in Ward No. 1, 2
& 3 of Daulatpur; STW is
not safe
• No water infrastructure in
Phultala, Batiaghata,
Rupsha & Dighalia
• Self managed STW/DTW
• No NGO is working in
WSS in peri-urban area
39. Peri-Urban area
• Khals are water logged, leased out
• Some are polluted
• Siltation & encroachment
40. Peri-Urban area
• KCC planned to lift 9 MG
of GW from Phultala area
with 40 DTWs
• The project came to a
halt in 2007 in the face of
people's agitation
• Madhumati water with
treatment
• Poddo Beel as a reservoir
– farmers’ agitation
• Mayur as reservoir –
NGO
42. Visited area
• Md. Nagar
• Agricultural until 2000
• Not many people
• Rainfed agriculture
• Land value
– Tk. 3-10 thousand
– Tk. 150-400 thousand
• 1 DTW per 10-100 h/h
• No drainage congestion
43. Visited area
• 10-vent regulator at
Tetultala
• To prevent salt water
intrusion
• No coordination between
BWDB & local people
• Gate operation &
management
44. Visited area
• KWASA is looking for alternative source of water
• Natural drainage is towards the Mayur River
• Siltation, pollution & encroachment
• Subsistence uses & use as a reservoir
• ETP – cost, regulation!!!
• Capacity is adequate!!!
• BWDB, LGED, KCC, KDA, KWASA, DPHE,
Fisheries, DC
• Software!!!
45. Visited area
• Sea level rise could delay discharge from the
drainage system in low-lying areas
• Flooding by contaminated wastewater could cause
serious health risks
• Changes in salinity regime from sea level rise may
affect the availability of fresh surface and
groundwater
• Still in the process of selecting the exact field site!!!
47. • At every section of an estuary, salinity varies with the
state of tide and also with the up land flow. Bangladesh
has a monsoonic climate. The upland river flow has a
distinct seasonal pattern. The upland flow increases from
June to reach the peak in August/September and
decreases from October. With this variation of fresh
water flow salinity varies inversely. Salinity front of a
particular concentration starts moving upstreams from
October and starts moving towards sea during June.
• The Ocean water has salinity of 35 parts per thousand
whereas in the Bay of Bengal close to Bangladesh coast
it is 30–32 parts per thousand. This is due to discharge
of sweet water by the three big rivers.
48. • Rajbond Trenching Ground Site: It is at
present the only official dumping site, 25
acres in area situated at a distance of
about 10 kms to the west of KCC
Headquarter
49. Problem of Solid Waste Management
On-payment door to door collection of household
garbage covers about 17% households by local NGOs.
33% of the households throw waste into nearby drains,
on low lands, or elsewhere.