The slides describe the concept of Herbicide resistance and explain Herbicide resistance as the inherent ability of a weed to survive treatment with an herbicide that would normally kill it. If a resistant plant is allowed to reproduce, the resistance spreads resulting in more and more plants that are resistant to that particular herbicide. Also some causes, types, examples, and solutions for Herbicide resistance
The slides describe the concept of Herbicide resistance and explain Herbicide resistance as the inherent ability of a weed to survive treatment with an herbicide that would normally kill it. If a resistant plant is allowed to reproduce, the resistance spreads resulting in more and more plants that are resistant to that particular herbicide. Also some causes, types, examples, and solutions for Herbicide resistance
Hybridization between individuals from different species belonging to the same genus or two different genera, is termed as distant hybridization or wide hybridization, and such crosses are known as distant crosses or wide crosses.
Plants have array of defense response against biotic stresses which could be either structural reinforcement, release of chemicals, and defense gene expression against invading organisms. The physical barriers are trichoms, waxy cuticle, thick cell wall. Once the pathogen overcomes the first line of defense, basal or innate defense response comes into play. Pathogens secrete some conserved molecules known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP/MAMP), which are recognized by transmembrane receptors present in the plasma membrane and initiate a series of signal cascade reaction which ultimately leads to activation of various defense related genes. Apart from inducing the expression of defense related genes, it also triggers a hypersensitive reaction (HR) which cause deliberate cell death at the site of infection and limit the pathogen access to water and nutrient by sacrificing a few cells in order to save the rest of the plant. Once HR is triggered, plant tissue may become highly resistant to a broad range of pathogens for an extended period of time. This phenomenon is called Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR).
Plants respond to herbivory is a similar manner as described above. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by inducing responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be genetically engineered, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.
Micropropagation (tissue culture or invitro culture) refers to the multiplication of plants, in an aseptic condition and in artificial growth medium from plant parts like meristem tip, callus, embryos anthers, axillary buds etc. It is a method by which a true to type and disease free entire plant can be regenerated from a miniature piece of plant in aseptic condition in artificial growing medium rapidly throughout the year.
This presentation gives the insight idea about drought and its effect on the plant system also talks about development of drought-tolerant variety for ensuring food security.
Inability of flowering plants to produce functional pollen.
Male sterility is agronomically important for the hybrid seed production.
Onion crop provides one of the rare examples of very early recognition of male sterility cultivar Italian Red (Jones and Emsweller 1936)
Its inheritance and use in hybrid seed production (Jones
and Clarke 1943).
Since then male sterility is reported in a fairly large number of crops including vegetables.
Major Cassava Pests and Diseases in Africa,Bitoic processes and interactions,Biological control of cassava green mite in Africa,Plant characteristics affecting predator abundance and biocontrol of cassava green mite,Prey location behavior on hairy and glabrous plants,Plant characteristics affecting predator abundance and
biocontrol,How does soil fertility affect pest and disease incidence?
Hybridization between individuals from different species belonging to the same genus or two different genera, is termed as distant hybridization or wide hybridization, and such crosses are known as distant crosses or wide crosses.
Plants have array of defense response against biotic stresses which could be either structural reinforcement, release of chemicals, and defense gene expression against invading organisms. The physical barriers are trichoms, waxy cuticle, thick cell wall. Once the pathogen overcomes the first line of defense, basal or innate defense response comes into play. Pathogens secrete some conserved molecules known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP/MAMP), which are recognized by transmembrane receptors present in the plasma membrane and initiate a series of signal cascade reaction which ultimately leads to activation of various defense related genes. Apart from inducing the expression of defense related genes, it also triggers a hypersensitive reaction (HR) which cause deliberate cell death at the site of infection and limit the pathogen access to water and nutrient by sacrificing a few cells in order to save the rest of the plant. Once HR is triggered, plant tissue may become highly resistant to a broad range of pathogens for an extended period of time. This phenomenon is called Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR).
Plants respond to herbivory is a similar manner as described above. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by inducing responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be genetically engineered, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.
Micropropagation (tissue culture or invitro culture) refers to the multiplication of plants, in an aseptic condition and in artificial growth medium from plant parts like meristem tip, callus, embryos anthers, axillary buds etc. It is a method by which a true to type and disease free entire plant can be regenerated from a miniature piece of plant in aseptic condition in artificial growing medium rapidly throughout the year.
This presentation gives the insight idea about drought and its effect on the plant system also talks about development of drought-tolerant variety for ensuring food security.
Inability of flowering plants to produce functional pollen.
Male sterility is agronomically important for the hybrid seed production.
Onion crop provides one of the rare examples of very early recognition of male sterility cultivar Italian Red (Jones and Emsweller 1936)
Its inheritance and use in hybrid seed production (Jones
and Clarke 1943).
Since then male sterility is reported in a fairly large number of crops including vegetables.
Major Cassava Pests and Diseases in Africa,Bitoic processes and interactions,Biological control of cassava green mite in Africa,Plant characteristics affecting predator abundance and biocontrol of cassava green mite,Prey location behavior on hairy and glabrous plants,Plant characteristics affecting predator abundance and
biocontrol,How does soil fertility affect pest and disease incidence?
2017 IOBCwprs Insect Pathology Working Group meeting, PlenaryStefan Jaronski
Presentation discusses recent advances in microbial control of insects using fungi to counter criticisms of this approach, and presents author's thoughts about use of microbes in IPM.
Presented by: Iswandi Anas, National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN), and Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Soil Biotechnology Laboratory, Indonesia
Presented at: 11th FNCA Coordinators Meeting
Efficacy of Microbial Biopesticide Formulations in the control of Xanthomonas...Open Access Research Paper
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) occupies an important place in the world because of its cashew nut. However, its cultivation is confronted with bacteriosis, a bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae. This disease is one of the main causes of the low yield per hectare of cashew nuts, which fluctuates between 350 and 500 kg/ha. In view of this, it is wise to find ways of controlling this disease. It is in this context the objective of this work was to produce bio-formulations based on bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew trees, in order to evaluate their effectiveness on the growth of the agent responsible for cashew bacteriosis (Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae). Thus, two liquid formulations were made from Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew. Stability, in vitro antagonism and biocontrol tests against Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae were performed. The results obtained showed an inhibition of the Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae bacterium with inhibition zones of 8.13 ± 2.1 and 25.20 ± 3.9 mm in diameter respectively for the products formulated with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In biocontrol tests, both formulated products showed their ability to protect cashew plants against bacterial blight with reduction rates of 80.95 ± 2.3 % and 73.80 ± 5.2% for the Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis formulations, respectively. These two formulations of bacterial, once tested in cashew plantations, could be used in the biological control of cashew bacterial blight in Côte d’Ivoire.
Convegno la mela nel mondo interpoma bz - 16-11-2012 5 - mark mazzolaImage Line
Su http://agronotizie.imagelinenetwork.com/aziende/fiera-bolzano-interpoma/5375 tutte le notizie su Interpoma - Fiera Bolzano, a cura di Agronotizie, rivista on line per l'agricoltura di http://www.imagelinenetwork.com
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2. Benefits of tissue culture
pest- and disease free
faster and bigger yields
better marketing
faster and better distribution
sucker tissue culture
subsistence income generation
7. Endophyte in the tissue culture production chain
from the field multiplication rooting weaning in the field
8. Endophyte in the tissue culture production chain
from the field multiplication rooting weaning in the field
from laboratory to screenhouse
9. Endophytes pre-1997
BMZ phase I BMZ phase II
2001 - 2004 2005 - 2007
characterization of pathogenic Fusarium
isolation of endophytes molecular identification
screenhouse screening against banana weevils and nematodes
distribution, competition, in planta spread and persistence
modes of action systemic induced resistance
development of inoculation techniques
on-station performance
on-farm performance
effect on other bananas and nematodes
bio-pesticides as artifical endophytes
11. Genetic basis of induced resistance: known genes
catalase PR-1
2.00 a
1.80
1.60
expression (ng)
1.40 a
1.20
1.00 b b
b
0.80 b b
0.60 b
0.40
0.20
0.00
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology (2007)
Paparu (PhD, 2007) Nematology (2010)
12. Genetic basis of induced resistance: gene mining
ABC transporter glucan synthase
18.00 a 0.80
a
16.00 0.70
14.00 0.60 a
expression (ng)
12.00
0.50
10.00
b 0.40
8.00
0.30
6.00
0.20
4.00 b b
2.00 0.10
b b
0.00 0.00
Paparu (PhD, 2007) European Journal of Plant Pathology (2011)
13. Endophytes pre-1997
BMZ phase I BMZ phase II
2001 - 2004 2005 - 2007
characterization of pathogenic Fusarium
isolation of endophytes molecular identification
screenhouse screening against banana weevils and nematodes
distribution, competition, in planta spread and persistence
modes of action systemic induced resistance
development of inoculation techniques
on-station performance
on-farm performance
effect on other bananas and nematodes
biopesticides as artifical endophytes
15. The problem with conventional biopesticides
conventional biopesticide formulation problems
costs and quantities involved for
mass production are
problematic
logistically and economically not maize bran soil
feasible for farmers
application problems
abiotic factors greatly reduce
field performance
topical
pounded rhizomes
pheromone traps
16. Conventional biopesticides as artifical endophytes?
conventional biopesticide artificial endophyte
costs and quantities involved for very low quantities needed and
mass production are the technique is easily
problematic integrated in a commercial lab
logistically and economically not farmers do not need to apply the
feasible for farmers product
abiotic factors greatly reduce the product is protected inside
field performance the plant
topical systemic
17. Beauveria bassiana as artifical endophyte
larval mortality: 23 - 89%
adult mycosis: 58 - 64%
control Beauveria bassiana
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology (2007)
MSc thesis (Akello, 2007) Crop Protection (2008)
MSc thesis (Castillo, 2007) Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata (2008)
MSc thesis (Mwaura, 2007) Biological Control (2009)
MSc thesis (Thys, 2007) Acta Horticulturae (2009)
MSc thesis (Schnittker, 2008) Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (2010)
18. Endophytes in other crops
100
control F. oxysporum T. asperellum
90
80
70
colonization (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
MSc thesis (Mwaura, 2007)
MSc thesis (Machungo, 2007)
BSc thesis (Nedela, 2010)
MSc thesis (Waithira, 2010)
22. Endophyte mass production: semi-commercial
type of liquid quantity of water content of growth duration
medium starter culture solid medium
type of solid type of solid
medium container
pre-treatment of
solid medium
MSc thesis (Hakizimana, 2011)
23. Endophytes in the field
on station on farm
plants trials plants trials
Burundi 800 1 0 0
Kenya 500 1 12,000 3
Uganda 2,980 7 1,600 3
24. Endophytes in the field: effect on nematode populations
R. similis / 100 g (Uganda) P. goodeyi / 25 g (Kenya)
70 5,000 control
F. oxysporum Eny7.11o
60 F. oxysporum V5w2
4,000
50
40 3,000
30
2,000
20
1,000
10
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
months
MSc thesis (Dusabe, 2007)
MSc thesis (Machungo, 2007)
MSc thesis (Waithira, 2010)
MSc thesis (Hakizamana, 2011)
MSc thesis (Kato, 2011)
26. Endophytes in the field: yield (t/ha) and revenue ($US/ha)
first plant cycle second plant cycle
3,000 3,000
2,000 2,000
farmer 1
1,000 1,000
suckers control endophyte suckers control endophyte
0 0
3,000 3,000
2,000
farmer 2
2,000
1,000 1,000
suckers control endophyte suckers control endophyte
0 0
MSc thesis (Dusabe, 2007)
27. Registration of Fusarium oxysporum V5w2 as biopesticide
Kenya
approval from Pesticide Control Product Board (PCBP)
“eco-tox” dossier: applicant, active ingredient (physical, chemical),
formulation, toxicology, residue analysis
registration field trial: stringent requirements
Burundi and Uganda
no regulatory bodies
duplication of registration field trials according to PCBP
MSc thesis (Hakizamana, 2011)
MSc thesis (Kato, 2011)
28. Transfer of endophyte-technology to private sector
Kenya: commercial bio-pesticide company
transfer of technology (strain, know-how, equipment) to RealIPM
comment: Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma asperellum
already owned by RealIPM
RealIPM sells the bio-control product to tissue culture producers
problem: licensing and profit
Uganda: embedded in tissue culture company
transfer of technology (strain, know-how, equipment) to AGT
AGT produces its own endophyte-enhanced plants
29. BMZ (2008-2010): outputs
tissue culture laboratories nursery operators farmers
from the field multiplication rooting weaning in the field
30. BMZ (2008-2010): outputs
tissue culture laboratories nursery operators farmers
from the field multiplication rooting weaning in the field
help establish regional select intervention sites
networks and policies
strengthen nursery strengthen farmers in
operators in value chain value chain
assess impact of
tissue culture
33. Tissue culture plant flow
Sudan
1,500,000 400,000
DR Congo
50,000 100,000
50,000
50,000
450,000
200,000
Rwanda 50,000 Tanzania
34. Tissue culture producers: the ideal situation
quarantine and monitoring certification
procedures to prevent pests from procedures certifying the absence of
entering and spreading pests, esp. quarantined ones
done by governments done by governments
missing: procedures and basic missing: procedures
information
essential elements for certification
rapid and robust virus indexing protocols
independent, virus-free, virus-indexed and true-to-type mother gardens
independent virus-indexing capacity service
regional harmonization
35. Tissue culture producers: meetings and trainings
Kenya: 5 days, with commercial tissue culture producers from 3
countries
Uganda: 2 days, with plant protection and quarantine officials from
6 countries
day 1: practial day
day 2: implementation day
implemented by Lava Kumar
information on thomasdubois.110mb.com
36. Tissue culture nurseries: a bleak picture
role
distribution hub
focus centers for farmers and
farmer groups
40 nurseries
28 are functional
18 somehow NGO-independent
16 have farmer groups
MSc thesis (Burkhart, 2010)
PhD thesis (Bauer, 2011) Tropentag (2010)
37. Tissue culture nurseries: SWOT analysis
link between tissue culture producers and nurseries:
NGOs are currently the major customers of the tissue culture producers
most tissue culture producers have quality issues, plantlet delivery
issues (quantities and timeliness)
nurseries:
water access, credit and transport are the major operational issues of
all nurseries
the location of the nurseries is crucial (proximity to tissue culture
producer and market)
success of a nursery is correlated to:
good agricultural practice (seedling handling etc.)
diversification
MSc thesis (Burkhart, 2010)
PhD thesis (Bauer, 2011) Tropentag (2010)
38. Tissue culture nurseries: different models
Uganda
tissue culture laboratories nursery operators farmers
Burundi
tissue culture laboratories farmers
Kenya
tissue culture laboratories farmer groups
from the field multiplication rooting weaning in the field
39. Site location
7,000,000
gross margins (Ugsh/ha/year)
6,000,000 tissue culture
suckers
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Luwero Mukono Masaka Rukungiri
further away from the market
10 km 350 km
MSc thesis (Dusabe, 2007)
40. Intervention sites in Uganda
groups participants trainings outcomes
farmer training 6 532 270 5 new farmer
groups
nursery operator training 2 57 28 5 new private
nurseries
41. Intervention sites in Burundi
groups participants trainings outcomes
farmer training 5 281 207 4 new farmer
groups
nursery operator training 3 30 71
42. Intervention sites in Kenya
groups participants trainings outcomes
farmer and nursery 6 253 75 2 new farmer
operator training groups
7 new
nurseries
44. Training: the full package
nursery operators farmers
agronomy agronomy
marketing marketing
business business
financing financing
group formation and group
dynamics
45. Training: the full package
nursery operators farmers
agronomy agronomy
marketing marketing
business business
financing financing
group formation and group
demonstration garden dynamics
dedicated market linkages
46. Training: the full package
nursery operators farmers
agronomy agronomy
marketing marketing
business business
financing financing
group formation and group
demonstration garden dynamics
dedicated market linkages
cost-benefit analysis cost-benefit analysis
4 training modules 5 training modules
47. Post-hoc impact
survey of 1,055 farmers in Kenya, Burundi and Uganda
quantifying
drivers of (non) adoption
effect on productivity, income, income distribution
Kenya:
“We find that female farmers are more likely to adopt TC and farm size does
not necessarily influence adoption. Surprisingly, we find a negative
coefficient for peer group effects on TC adoption.”
MSc thesis (Mukamba, 2010)
MSc thesis (Musuuza, 2010)
PhD thesis (Sentambu, 2010)
49. Am I a good endophyte for IITA?
increased yield:
22 peer-reviewed journal articles
1 edited book, 3 book chapters
enhanced growth:
5 PhD thesis, 16 MSc theses, 2 BSc theses
Banana2008; 30 interviews/features on TV, radio, magazines and
newspapers
multiple modes of action:
from endophytes to market pathways
50. Thanks to
Students Partners IITA
PhD: Vincent Bauer, Sinnia AGT Daniel Coyne
Kapindu, Denis Ochieno, BBLF Patrick Emedong
Pamela Paparu, Nassul Bioversity Abubaker Ezale
Sentambu CIALCA Stella Kabiri
MSc: Juliet Akello, Stefan Fred Kato
ISAAA
Burkhart, Astrid Byron, John Kibalama
ISABU
Jahmna Castillo, J Dusabe, Fredrick Kimuli
JKUAT James Kisaakye
Sylvestre Hakizimana,
Christian Hillnhütter, Fred Makerere University Lava Kumar
Kato, Catherine Machungo, NARO Jim Lorenzen
Emmanuel Mukama, RealIPM Moses Lule
Patrick Musuuza, Peter University of Bonn Jane Luyiga
Mwaura, Olaf Schnittker, University of Gent Fen Beed
Jo Thys, Pieter Van University of Goettingen Valentine Nakato
Dessel, Bancy Waithira University of Hohenheim Salvator Nkurunziza
BSc: Patrick Emudong, Joshua Okonya
University of Pretoria
Amelie Nedela Emily Ouma
University of Stellenbosch
Philip Ragama
VEDCO Medat Tamale
Wageningen University Piet Van Asten
ZCA