The document discusses government budgets, including sources of government revenue from taxes and non-tax sources. It describes budget deficits that occur when spending exceeds revenues and surpluses when revenues are greater than spending. A balanced budget occurs when revenues and spending are equal. The balanced budget multiplier is explained as being equal to 1, meaning an increase in government spending fully financed by tax increases will increase GDP by the same amount. An example demonstrates how an increase in spending and taxes of $50 million leads to a $50 million increase in GDP.

1. Quuen'sCollegeBusinessStudies2012
Nature of the Budget
 Taxation Revenue
 Taxes on income and profits
 Taxes on properties
 Taxes on goods and services
 Import duties
 Non-tax Revenue
 Government departments
 Post Offices
 Property income
 State-owned corporations
 Current Expenditure
 Wages and salaries
 Goods and services
 Interest Payments
 Transfers and subsidies
 Capital Expenditure
 Investments
 Property Acquisitions
Revenue Expenditure
1

2. Quuen'sCollegeBusinessStudies2012
Budget Deficit vs. Budget Surplus
Budget Deficit
 This occurs when
government revenues are
less than their
expenditure in a given
year.
 In 2014, government’s
expected revenue
according to the
estimates were $2.47
billion. However,
government’s expected
revenue for the same
period were $3.9 billion.
The budget deficit of 2014
stood at approximately
$1,43 billion
Budget Surplus
 This occurs when
government revenues
exceed government
expenditure in a given
year.
 For example, government
revenue of $4 billion and
expenditure in the same
year of $3 billion would
yield a surplus of $1 billion.

3. Quuen'sCollegeBusinessStudies2012
Balanced Budget
Government may also achieve a balanced budget where
government revenue equal government expenditure.
Budget = T - G
Balanced Budget Multiplier
An equal increase in government taxes and expenditure
result in a net increase in Gross Domestic Product. This
concept is known as the balanced budget multiplier.

4. Quuen'sCollegeBusinessStudies2012
Balanced Budget Multiplier
Increase in Taxes Increase in Government
Purchases
 An increase in taxes reduce
disposable income which lowers
consumption.
 However, it will also lower
savings.
 The increase in tax is shared
between consumption and
savings.
 Consumption will fall by the
marginal propensity to consume
by the change in tax.
 Savings will decrease by the
marginal propensity to save by
the change in tax
 Government purchases
is a component of GDP.
 Any increase in
government purchases
directly increases GDP.
 This explains why an
equal increase in
government purchases
and taxes will have a net
increase on GDP.

5. Quuen'sCollegeBusinessStudies2012
Balanced Budget Multiplier = 1
Change in Gross
Domestic Product
Change in Government
Purchases
1
This means, an
increase in
government
purchases that is
fully financed by
taxes will increase
Gross Domestic
Product by the
same amount as
the increase in
government
purchases

6. Quuen'sCollegeBusinessStudies2012
Example : Balanced Budget Multiplier = 1
Consumption = 150m + 0.75 (Y – T)
Investment = 50m
Government Purchases = 200m
Taxes = 100m
What is Equilibrium GDP?
Solution:
Y = AE
Y = 150 + 0.75 (Y – 100) + 50 + 200
Y = 150 + 0.75Y – 75 + 50 + 200
Y – 0.75Y = 150 – 75 + 50 + 200
0.25Y = 325
Y = 325/0.25 = $1300m

7. Quuen'sCollegeBusinessStudies2012
Example Continued Balanced Budget Multiplier
Now assume an increase in government purchases of $50m is
financed entirely by taxes. This means, there is an equal increase
in government purchases and taxes of $50m.
Consumption = $150M + 0.75 (Y – T)
Investment = $50m
Government Purchases = $250m
Taxes = $150m
Y = AE
Y = $150m + 0.75 (Y – $150m) + $50m + $250m
Y = $150m + 0.75Y – $112.50m + $50m + $250m
Y – 0.75Y = $150m – $112.50m + $50m + $250m
0.25Y = $337.50m
Y = $337.50m/0.25 = $1350m

8. Quuen'sCollegeBusinessStudies2012
Balanced Budget Multiplier = 1
Before the
increase in
G and T.
GDP =
$1300M
After the
increase in
G and T.
GDP =
$1350M
$50m
$50m
= 1

9. Quuen'sCollegeBusinessStudies2012
by
STEP
STEP
Consumption = $150M + 0.75 (Y – T)
Investment = $50m
Government Purchases = $250m
Taxes = $100m
Y=E
Y = 150M +0.75 (Y – 100) + 50M + 250M
Y = 150M + 0.75Y – 75 + 50M + 250M
Y – 0.75Y = 375M
0.25Y = 375M
Y = 1500M
GDP
increases
by
$200M

10. Quuen'sCollegeBusinessStudies2012
by
STEP
STEP
Consumption = $150M + 0.75 (Y – T)
Investment = $50m
Government Purchases = $200m
Taxes = $150m
RECALL
T GDP
Y=AE
Y = $150M + 0.75 (Y – 150) +50M + 200M
Y = $150M + 0.75Y – $112.5M + 50M + 200M
Y – 0.75Y = $287.5M
0.25Y = $287.5M
Y = $1150M
GDP
decrease
s by
$150M