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in this PPT government budget and its classification of budget is explained. menaing of budget, different type of budget deficits are also explained in it. you can also find on what basis revenue and capital receipt and expenditure are classified.
different type of budget deficits and their implications are also explained.
The document discusses key aspects of government budgets including:
- Government budgets are annual statements of estimated receipts and expenditures.
- Objectives include reallocating resources, reducing inequality, and achieving economic stability.
- Budget receipts are classified as capital (non-recurring) or revenue (recurring). Expenditures are similarly classified as capital or revenue.
- A balanced budget has equal receipts and expenditures, while a surplus budget has excess receipts and a deficit budget has excess expenditures.
- Revenue, fiscal, and primary deficits are defined as excesses of certain expenditures over receipts and help measure government borrowing requirements.
The document defines key terms related to government budgets including:
- Components are revenue and capital budgets, with receipts classified as tax, non-tax, capital or revenue, and expenditures classified as capital or revenue.
- Objectives include reducing inequality, achieving stability, and economic growth.
- Deficit, revenue, fiscal and primary deficits are defined relating to differences between expenditures and receipts.
The document discusses key aspects of government budgets in India including:
- Budget receipts include estimated money receipts from various sources like taxes, fees, and borrowings. Expenditures include outlays for various programs and public services.
- The budget can be balanced, in surplus, or in deficit depending on whether receipts equal, exceed, or are less than expenditures. Deficit budgets aim to boost aggregate demand during economic downturns while surplus budgets help control inflation.
- Key parts of the budget include the revenue budget focused on public welfare and capital budget influencing growth through investment. Objectives range from GDP growth to regional development.
A Brief Overview of Budget :
Introduction, Meaning of Government Budget, Objective of Government Budget, Components of Budget, Revenue Receipts, Capital Receipts, Budget Expenditure, Measures of Government Deficit
(with some latest data)
The document discusses government budgeting and expenditures in India. It defines key terms like revenue expenditure, capital expenditure, budget deficit, fiscal deficit, and primary deficit. Revenue expenditure does not create assets while capital expenditure does. The budget can be balanced, in deficit, or in surplus. Deficit occurs when expenditures exceed receipts. Fiscal deficit considers total expenditures and receipts excluding borrowings, while primary deficit is fiscal deficit less interest payments. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate calculating different deficit types from budgets data.
The document discusses government budgets. It explains that a budget is an annual financial statement that contains estimated receipts and expenditures for the coming fiscal year. The key points are:
- Budgets are prepared by governments at all levels and include estimated expenditures and receipts to achieve government objectives.
- The main components of a budget are the revenue budget and capital budget. Revenue budget covers revenue receipts and expenditures, while capital budget covers capital receipts and expenditures.
- Budgets can be balanced, in surplus, or in deficit depending on whether total estimated receipts equal, exceed, or are less than total estimated expenditures. Deficit budgets require the government to borrow funds.
in this PPT government budget and its classification of budget is explained. menaing of budget, different type of budget deficits are also explained in it. you can also find on what basis revenue and capital receipt and expenditure are classified.
different type of budget deficits and their implications are also explained.
The document discusses key aspects of government budgets including:
- Government budgets are annual statements of estimated receipts and expenditures.
- Objectives include reallocating resources, reducing inequality, and achieving economic stability.
- Budget receipts are classified as capital (non-recurring) or revenue (recurring). Expenditures are similarly classified as capital or revenue.
- A balanced budget has equal receipts and expenditures, while a surplus budget has excess receipts and a deficit budget has excess expenditures.
- Revenue, fiscal, and primary deficits are defined as excesses of certain expenditures over receipts and help measure government borrowing requirements.
The document defines key terms related to government budgets including:
- Components are revenue and capital budgets, with receipts classified as tax, non-tax, capital or revenue, and expenditures classified as capital or revenue.
- Objectives include reducing inequality, achieving stability, and economic growth.
- Deficit, revenue, fiscal and primary deficits are defined relating to differences between expenditures and receipts.
The document discusses key aspects of government budgets in India including:
- Budget receipts include estimated money receipts from various sources like taxes, fees, and borrowings. Expenditures include outlays for various programs and public services.
- The budget can be balanced, in surplus, or in deficit depending on whether receipts equal, exceed, or are less than expenditures. Deficit budgets aim to boost aggregate demand during economic downturns while surplus budgets help control inflation.
- Key parts of the budget include the revenue budget focused on public welfare and capital budget influencing growth through investment. Objectives range from GDP growth to regional development.
A Brief Overview of Budget :
Introduction, Meaning of Government Budget, Objective of Government Budget, Components of Budget, Revenue Receipts, Capital Receipts, Budget Expenditure, Measures of Government Deficit
(with some latest data)
The document discusses government budgeting and expenditures in India. It defines key terms like revenue expenditure, capital expenditure, budget deficit, fiscal deficit, and primary deficit. Revenue expenditure does not create assets while capital expenditure does. The budget can be balanced, in deficit, or in surplus. Deficit occurs when expenditures exceed receipts. Fiscal deficit considers total expenditures and receipts excluding borrowings, while primary deficit is fiscal deficit less interest payments. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate calculating different deficit types from budgets data.
The document discusses government budgets. It explains that a budget is an annual financial statement that contains estimated receipts and expenditures for the coming fiscal year. The key points are:
- Budgets are prepared by governments at all levels and include estimated expenditures and receipts to achieve government objectives.
- The main components of a budget are the revenue budget and capital budget. Revenue budget covers revenue receipts and expenditures, while capital budget covers capital receipts and expenditures.
- Budgets can be balanced, in surplus, or in deficit depending on whether total estimated receipts equal, exceed, or are less than total estimated expenditures. Deficit budgets require the government to borrow funds.
The document discusses key components and classifications of government budgets including:
- Revenue and capital budget components
- Classification of receipts as capital or revenue and of expenditures as capital or revenue
- Meanings of balanced, surplus, and deficit budgets and definitions of revenue, fiscal, and primary deficits
- Key budget receipts come from taxes (direct and indirect) and non-tax sources, while expenditures are categorized as revenue or capital
The document discusses key aspects of government budgets including:
- Budgets show estimated annual receipts and expenditures and are divided into revenue and capital components.
- Objectives include reallocating resources, managing public enterprises, and promoting economic stability.
- Receipts are classified as revenue or capital, and expenditures are classified as revenue or capital.
- Budgets can be balanced, in surplus, or in deficit depending on a comparison of estimated receipts to expenditures.
- Deficits include revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, and primary deficit, with fiscal deficit being the broadest measure of imbalance.
The document discusses key aspects of government budgets and the economy. It defines a budget as the annual financial statement of estimated government receipts and expenditures for a fiscal year, which runs from April 1 to March 31. The objectives of a government budget include reallocating resources, reducing income and wealth inequalities, maintaining economic stability, managing public enterprises, promoting economic growth, and reducing regional disparities. The budget has revenue and capital components, with revenue budget covering recurring receipts like taxes and expenditures like salaries, and the capital budget covering non-recurring receipts like borrowings and expenditures to acquire assets. Deficits can occur when expenditures exceed receipts, including revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, and primary deficit. The budget is an
1. A government budget is an annual statement of estimated receipts and expenditures for a fiscal year, which runs from April 1 to March 31.
2. The budget aims to allocate resources properly, reduce inequality, and achieve economic stability and growth through taxation and expenditure policies.
3. Components of the budget include revenue and capital receipts and expenditures. Receipts are classified as tax or non-tax revenue, and capital or current. Expenditures are classified as plan or non-plan, developmental or non-developmental, revenue or capital.
The document discusses key concepts related to government budgets and deficits. It defines a government budget as an annual statement of estimated receipts and expenditures. The objectives of a budget include managing resources, reducing inequality, and achieving economic stability. Budgets have two main components - revenue and capital. Receipts are classified as revenue (e.g. taxes) or capital (e.g. borrowings), and expenditures are classified as revenue (e.g. salaries) or capital (e.g. infrastructure). Deficit measures include the revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, and primary deficit, which refer to excesses of expenditures over receipts from different sources.
The document summarizes key aspects of government budgets including:
- Components of government budgets include revenue receipts, capital receipts, and expenditures. Revenue receipts do not create liabilities while capital receipts do.
- Measures of budget deficits include revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, and primary deficit. The revenue deficit is the excess of revenue expenditure over revenue receipts. The fiscal deficit is the excess of total expenditure over total receipts.
- Deficits can imply the government is dissaving, borrowing more, or paying more in interest on previous loans. Well-managed budgets aim to minimize deficits.
The document discusses three ways a government can reallocate resources: 1) Through taxation policy, the government imposes high taxes on the rich and low taxes on the poor to reduce inequality of income and wealth. 2) To achieve economic stability, the government prevents inflation and depression by running surpluses during inflationary periods and deficits during depressive periods. 3) When managing public expenditure, the government establishes public sector undertakings and provides necessary services, so the budget accounts for funding these programs and arrangements.
Government needs resources to perform political, social, and economic activities to maximize welfare. It obtains resources through public revenues, which come from tax revenue and non-tax revenue. Tax revenue includes direct taxes like income tax paid directly to the government by taxpayers, and indirect taxes like sales tax where the burden is passed on to consumers. Non-tax revenue sources include profits from public enterprises, railways, postal services, the Reserve Bank of India, and income from currency and mint. Together, tax and non-tax revenues make up the central government's primary source of funding.
Public debt in India has increased over 7 times from 1990-1991 to 2005-2006. It includes money borrowed by the government through internal loans within India and external loans from international organizations. There are several types of public debt like short-term, long-term, productive and unproductive debts. While public debt allows the government to fund development projects, it also burdens citizens with increased taxes and can adversely affect growth. Proper management of public debt is needed in India through reducing expenditures, encouraging foreign investment, and monitoring public spending.
Deficit financing refers to when a government borrows money to fund budget deficits caused by spending more than it receives in taxes and fees. This is done through borrowing from the public, banks, or external sources. While deficit financing can stimulate the economy in the short-term by increasing demand, in the long-run it can drag on the economy by raising interest rates and increasing the debt burden. Pakistan has frequently used deficit financing to fund budget deficits and development projects due to factors such as rising expenditures, low savings rates, and rapid population growth. However, excessive deficit financing can cause inflation through increasing the money supply or competing for funds and raising interest rates.
A fantastic PPT on a very important and scoring topic. A quick and easy explanation of the chapter Government Budget & The Economy. It has got all the material information required to enhance one's knowledge about the topic. Excellent and interesting facts. HAPPY LEARNING !!
The document discusses the principle of maximum social advantage proposed by British economist Hugh Dalton. According to this principle, the optimal level of government fiscal activities is the point where marginal social benefits from public spending equals marginal social costs of taxation. This maximizes social welfare. The document explains this using diagrams showing marginal social benefit and marginal social sacrifice curves, with their point of intersection indicating maximum social advantage. It assumes taxes impose costs and spending provides benefits, with both subject to diminishing returns.
Laffer Curve is the diagrammatic representation of the relationship between tax rates and the revenue generated from each tax rate. It is based on the premise that as there is a rise in tax rate, lower is the level of the activity undertaken and thus lower the resulting tax revenue generated from the given tax rate. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Laffer Curve:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/economics/laffer-curve.aspx
This document discusses fiscal policy and its objectives. It provides information on fiscal policy tools used by governments to influence economic growth, employment and prices. The key objectives of fiscal policy are mobilizing resources, accelerating economic growth, minimizing income inequality, increasing employment opportunities, and maintaining price stability. Examples of fiscal tools include taxation, public expenditure, borrowing. The document also summarizes Indian fiscal policy goals of rapid growth, employment expansion, reducing disparities.
Public expenditure by governments has increased over time due to various factors:
1. Population growth has led to increased spending on public services like schools, housing, and healthcare.
2. Defense spending has risen to protect countries from foreign threats, consuming a large portion of budgets.
3. The expansion of administrative systems with more departments and elections has grown public administration costs.
4. Economic development through infrastructure projects, industries, and programs has required significant government funding.
The document discusses government budgets in India, including their objectives, types, components, and deficits. It provides details on:
1) The objectives of budgets are to reallocate resources, redistribute income, and achieve economic stability.
2) Budgets can be balanced (receipts equal expenditures), or unbalanced with a surplus (receipts exceed expenditures) or deficit (expenditures exceed receipts).
3) Budgets have two main components - revenue (taxes and non-tax receipts, and recurring expenditures) and capital (non-recurring receipts and assets/liability-changing expenditures).
This document discusses public revenue sources for governments. It classifies revenue sources into tax revenue and non-tax revenue. Tax revenue includes direct taxes like income tax and indirect taxes like sales tax. Non-tax revenue comes from sources like profits from public sector undertakings. The document outlines various canons of taxation and analyzes the merits and demerits of direct and indirect taxes. It also provides data on tax collection in India from 1990-1991 to 2012-2013 and shows the increasing trend in tax revenue collection over time.
The stages involved in the government budget process are preparation, enactment, and execution. In preparation, ministries submit estimates to the Ministry of Finance, which prepares the budget. It is then presented to cabinet for approval. Enactment involves presentation to Parliament, discussion, approval of demands for grants, and passage of appropriation and finance bills. Execution entails revenue collection, custody of funds, and distribution of grants according to the approved budget. Oversight committees and the Comptroller and Auditor General audit expenditures.
The document discusses the key components of government budgets, including:
- Revenue receipts, which do not create liabilities or reduce assets, such as tax revenues. Tax revenues include direct taxes like income tax and indirect taxes like VAT. Non-tax revenues include fees, licenses, fines, and other sources.
- Capital receipts, which do create liabilities or reduce assets. These include borrowings, which create liabilities, and the sale of shares in public enterprises, which reduces assets.
- Expenditure, which is divided into revenue expenditure on ongoing activities and capital expenditure on infrastructure and other long-term investments.
The budget aims to allocate resources, reduce inequalities, promote stability and
The document discusses key aspects of government budgets and the economy. It defines a budget as the annual financial statement of estimated government receipts and expenditures for a fiscal year, which runs from April 1 to March 31. The objectives of a government budget include reallocating resources, reducing income and wealth inequalities, maintaining economic stability, managing public enterprises, promoting economic growth, and reducing regional disparities. The budget has revenue and capital components, with revenue budget covering recurring receipts like taxes and expenditures like salaries, and the capital budget covering non-recurring receipts like borrowings and expenditures to acquire assets. Deficits can occur when expenditures exceed receipts, including revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, and primary deficit. The document provides details
The document discusses key components and classifications of government budgets including:
- Revenue and capital budget components
- Classification of receipts as capital or revenue and of expenditures as capital or revenue
- Meanings of balanced, surplus, and deficit budgets and definitions of revenue, fiscal, and primary deficits
- Key budget receipts come from taxes (direct and indirect) and non-tax sources, while expenditures are categorized as revenue or capital
The document discusses key aspects of government budgets including:
- Budgets show estimated annual receipts and expenditures and are divided into revenue and capital components.
- Objectives include reallocating resources, managing public enterprises, and promoting economic stability.
- Receipts are classified as revenue or capital, and expenditures are classified as revenue or capital.
- Budgets can be balanced, in surplus, or in deficit depending on a comparison of estimated receipts to expenditures.
- Deficits include revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, and primary deficit, with fiscal deficit being the broadest measure of imbalance.
The document discusses key aspects of government budgets and the economy. It defines a budget as the annual financial statement of estimated government receipts and expenditures for a fiscal year, which runs from April 1 to March 31. The objectives of a government budget include reallocating resources, reducing income and wealth inequalities, maintaining economic stability, managing public enterprises, promoting economic growth, and reducing regional disparities. The budget has revenue and capital components, with revenue budget covering recurring receipts like taxes and expenditures like salaries, and the capital budget covering non-recurring receipts like borrowings and expenditures to acquire assets. Deficits can occur when expenditures exceed receipts, including revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, and primary deficit. The budget is an
1. A government budget is an annual statement of estimated receipts and expenditures for a fiscal year, which runs from April 1 to March 31.
2. The budget aims to allocate resources properly, reduce inequality, and achieve economic stability and growth through taxation and expenditure policies.
3. Components of the budget include revenue and capital receipts and expenditures. Receipts are classified as tax or non-tax revenue, and capital or current. Expenditures are classified as plan or non-plan, developmental or non-developmental, revenue or capital.
The document discusses key concepts related to government budgets and deficits. It defines a government budget as an annual statement of estimated receipts and expenditures. The objectives of a budget include managing resources, reducing inequality, and achieving economic stability. Budgets have two main components - revenue and capital. Receipts are classified as revenue (e.g. taxes) or capital (e.g. borrowings), and expenditures are classified as revenue (e.g. salaries) or capital (e.g. infrastructure). Deficit measures include the revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, and primary deficit, which refer to excesses of expenditures over receipts from different sources.
The document summarizes key aspects of government budgets including:
- Components of government budgets include revenue receipts, capital receipts, and expenditures. Revenue receipts do not create liabilities while capital receipts do.
- Measures of budget deficits include revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, and primary deficit. The revenue deficit is the excess of revenue expenditure over revenue receipts. The fiscal deficit is the excess of total expenditure over total receipts.
- Deficits can imply the government is dissaving, borrowing more, or paying more in interest on previous loans. Well-managed budgets aim to minimize deficits.
The document discusses three ways a government can reallocate resources: 1) Through taxation policy, the government imposes high taxes on the rich and low taxes on the poor to reduce inequality of income and wealth. 2) To achieve economic stability, the government prevents inflation and depression by running surpluses during inflationary periods and deficits during depressive periods. 3) When managing public expenditure, the government establishes public sector undertakings and provides necessary services, so the budget accounts for funding these programs and arrangements.
Government needs resources to perform political, social, and economic activities to maximize welfare. It obtains resources through public revenues, which come from tax revenue and non-tax revenue. Tax revenue includes direct taxes like income tax paid directly to the government by taxpayers, and indirect taxes like sales tax where the burden is passed on to consumers. Non-tax revenue sources include profits from public enterprises, railways, postal services, the Reserve Bank of India, and income from currency and mint. Together, tax and non-tax revenues make up the central government's primary source of funding.
Public debt in India has increased over 7 times from 1990-1991 to 2005-2006. It includes money borrowed by the government through internal loans within India and external loans from international organizations. There are several types of public debt like short-term, long-term, productive and unproductive debts. While public debt allows the government to fund development projects, it also burdens citizens with increased taxes and can adversely affect growth. Proper management of public debt is needed in India through reducing expenditures, encouraging foreign investment, and monitoring public spending.
Deficit financing refers to when a government borrows money to fund budget deficits caused by spending more than it receives in taxes and fees. This is done through borrowing from the public, banks, or external sources. While deficit financing can stimulate the economy in the short-term by increasing demand, in the long-run it can drag on the economy by raising interest rates and increasing the debt burden. Pakistan has frequently used deficit financing to fund budget deficits and development projects due to factors such as rising expenditures, low savings rates, and rapid population growth. However, excessive deficit financing can cause inflation through increasing the money supply or competing for funds and raising interest rates.
A fantastic PPT on a very important and scoring topic. A quick and easy explanation of the chapter Government Budget & The Economy. It has got all the material information required to enhance one's knowledge about the topic. Excellent and interesting facts. HAPPY LEARNING !!
The document discusses the principle of maximum social advantage proposed by British economist Hugh Dalton. According to this principle, the optimal level of government fiscal activities is the point where marginal social benefits from public spending equals marginal social costs of taxation. This maximizes social welfare. The document explains this using diagrams showing marginal social benefit and marginal social sacrifice curves, with their point of intersection indicating maximum social advantage. It assumes taxes impose costs and spending provides benefits, with both subject to diminishing returns.
Laffer Curve is the diagrammatic representation of the relationship between tax rates and the revenue generated from each tax rate. It is based on the premise that as there is a rise in tax rate, lower is the level of the activity undertaken and thus lower the resulting tax revenue generated from the given tax rate. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Laffer Curve:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/economics/laffer-curve.aspx
This document discusses fiscal policy and its objectives. It provides information on fiscal policy tools used by governments to influence economic growth, employment and prices. The key objectives of fiscal policy are mobilizing resources, accelerating economic growth, minimizing income inequality, increasing employment opportunities, and maintaining price stability. Examples of fiscal tools include taxation, public expenditure, borrowing. The document also summarizes Indian fiscal policy goals of rapid growth, employment expansion, reducing disparities.
Public expenditure by governments has increased over time due to various factors:
1. Population growth has led to increased spending on public services like schools, housing, and healthcare.
2. Defense spending has risen to protect countries from foreign threats, consuming a large portion of budgets.
3. The expansion of administrative systems with more departments and elections has grown public administration costs.
4. Economic development through infrastructure projects, industries, and programs has required significant government funding.
The document discusses government budgets in India, including their objectives, types, components, and deficits. It provides details on:
1) The objectives of budgets are to reallocate resources, redistribute income, and achieve economic stability.
2) Budgets can be balanced (receipts equal expenditures), or unbalanced with a surplus (receipts exceed expenditures) or deficit (expenditures exceed receipts).
3) Budgets have two main components - revenue (taxes and non-tax receipts, and recurring expenditures) and capital (non-recurring receipts and assets/liability-changing expenditures).
This document discusses public revenue sources for governments. It classifies revenue sources into tax revenue and non-tax revenue. Tax revenue includes direct taxes like income tax and indirect taxes like sales tax. Non-tax revenue comes from sources like profits from public sector undertakings. The document outlines various canons of taxation and analyzes the merits and demerits of direct and indirect taxes. It also provides data on tax collection in India from 1990-1991 to 2012-2013 and shows the increasing trend in tax revenue collection over time.
The stages involved in the government budget process are preparation, enactment, and execution. In preparation, ministries submit estimates to the Ministry of Finance, which prepares the budget. It is then presented to cabinet for approval. Enactment involves presentation to Parliament, discussion, approval of demands for grants, and passage of appropriation and finance bills. Execution entails revenue collection, custody of funds, and distribution of grants according to the approved budget. Oversight committees and the Comptroller and Auditor General audit expenditures.
The document discusses the key components of government budgets, including:
- Revenue receipts, which do not create liabilities or reduce assets, such as tax revenues. Tax revenues include direct taxes like income tax and indirect taxes like VAT. Non-tax revenues include fees, licenses, fines, and other sources.
- Capital receipts, which do create liabilities or reduce assets. These include borrowings, which create liabilities, and the sale of shares in public enterprises, which reduces assets.
- Expenditure, which is divided into revenue expenditure on ongoing activities and capital expenditure on infrastructure and other long-term investments.
The budget aims to allocate resources, reduce inequalities, promote stability and
The document discusses key aspects of government budgets and the economy. It defines a budget as the annual financial statement of estimated government receipts and expenditures for a fiscal year, which runs from April 1 to March 31. The objectives of a government budget include reallocating resources, reducing income and wealth inequalities, maintaining economic stability, managing public enterprises, promoting economic growth, and reducing regional disparities. The budget has revenue and capital components, with revenue budget covering recurring receipts like taxes and expenditures like salaries, and the capital budget covering non-recurring receipts like borrowings and expenditures to acquire assets. Deficits can occur when expenditures exceed receipts, including revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, and primary deficit. The document provides details
A government budget is made to approach and address the needs and issues of a country. It is an annual financial statement where an itemized estimate of revenue expected and expenditure anticipated are listed for the current fiscal year which runs from April 1 of one year to March 31 of the next year.
The document provides information about public finance and budgeting in Ethiopia. It discusses key concepts like the budget, budgeting process, revenue budget, expenditure budget, budget deficit, and methods of financing the deficit. It also describes the revenue sharing between the central/federal government and regional/state governments in Ethiopia based on the constitution and relevant proclamations. The revenue sources are categorized into central list, regional list, and joint/concurrent list. The budget aims to properly allocate resources, ensure economic growth and stability, and equitable distribution of income and wealth.
The document defines key terms related to government budgets, including revenue and capital budgets, receipts, expenditures, and types of deficits. It explains that a budget is the government's annual financial plan, outlining estimated revenues and expenditures. The objectives of budgets are to allocate resources, encourage investment, reduce inequality, and promote economic stability and growth. Revenue comes from taxes and non-tax sources, while expenditures are classified as revenue or capital. Deficits can be revenue-based, fiscal, or primary.
Government Budget and the Economy CLASS 12 NOTES (1).pdfRENAISSANCEACADEMY
The document provides an overview of government budgets and key concepts related to budgets in India. It discusses the objectives of budgets which include reallocating resources, redistributing income and wealth, and stabilizing the economy. It also defines important budget terms like revenue and capital budgets, budget receipts including tax and non-tax revenue, budget expenditures including plan/non-plan and revenue/capital. It further explains concepts such as budget deficits, types of taxes including direct, indirect, progressive and regressive taxes.
The document outlines key aspects of government budgets in India. It provides estimates of planned receipts and expenditures for the coming fiscal year. The budget is presented annually in Parliament and must be approved before implementation. It aims to allocate resources according to priorities like agriculture, education, and infrastructure, while also pursuing fiscal consolidation and tax reforms.
Fiscal policy deals with the government's budgeting of revenues and expenditures. It aims to promote economic growth and development through public projects and welfare programs. Public finance concerns the income and spending of public authorities and aims to balance the two. Taxes are a compulsory contribution imposed on citizens in return for which no direct benefit is provided. The key canons of taxation are equity, certainty, convenience, and minimizing costs. Direct taxes are paid directly by taxpayers while indirect taxes may be passed on to consumers. Fiscal policy uses government spending and tax programs to influence aggregate output, employment and prices in the economy.
1- How are budgets used for a company or in government- What would you.docxjbarbara1
1. How are budgets used for a company or in government? What would your suggestions be to balance our economic budget?
2. After identifying suggestions for balancing the economic budget explain the importance of being able to identify various \"variances\" that may be identified? You may use any examples you want.
Solution
1. How are budgets used for a company or in government? What would your suggestions be to balance our economic budget?
Ans. A government budget is a government document presenting the government\'s proposed revenues and spending for a financial year that is often passed by the legislature, approved by the chief executive or president and presented by the Finance Minister to the nation. The budget is also known as the Annual Financial Statement of the country. This document estimates the anticipated government revenues and government expenditures for the ensuing (current) financial year. [1] For example, only certain types of revenue may be imposed and collected. Property tax is frequently the basis for municipal and county revenues, while sales tax and/or income tax are the basis for state revenues, and income tax and corporate tax are the basis for national revenues.
The two basic elements of any budget are the revenues and expenses. In the case of the government, revenues are derived primarily from taxes. Government expenses include spending on current goods and services, which economists call government consumption; government investment expenditures such as infrastructure investment or research expenditure; and transfer payments like unemployment or retirement benefits.
A status of financial health in which expenditures exceed revenue. The term \"budget deficit\" is most commonly used to refer to government spending rather than business or individual spending. When referring to accrued federal government deficits, the term \"national debt
.
Contents:
1. What is Fiscal Policy?
2. Instruments of Fiscal Policy
3. Measures
4. Role in development of the Economy
5. What is Budget?
6. Revenue Receipts
7. Capital Receipts
8. Capital Expenditure
9. Budget Surplus
10. Budget Deficits
11. Balanced Budget
The document discusses various types of government budgets. It defines a government budget as an annual financial statement showing estimates of expected revenue and expenditure during a fiscal year. The main elements of a budget are that it pertains to a fixed period (usually one year), and plans expenditure and sources of finance to achieve government objectives.
The types of budgets discussed include the Union Budget (central government), State Budgets, Plan Budget, Non-Plan Budget, Performance Budget, Supplementary Budget, Vote on Account Budget, and Zero Base Budget. Components of the budget discussed are the Revenue Budget and its revenue receipts (tax revenue like income tax, and non-tax revenue from fees, profits, etc.) and revenue expenditure which is for routine
The fiscal deficit is the difference between the government's total expenditure and total revenues in a given year. It occurs when a government's expenditures exceed its revenues and it must borrow money to pay its obligations. A fiscal deficit is measured as a percentage of GDP or as total expenditures over revenues, with revenues excluding any borrowed funds. While related, fiscal deficits and debt are not the same thing, as debt refers to the accumulated deficit spending over many years. The Union Budget for 2022-23 estimates India's fiscal deficit for the current year will be 6.9% of GDP and 6.4% for the following year.
The revenue and expenditure of india,fiscal policyHuma Ansari
• Revenue – sources of revenue
• Tax revenue and non tax revenue
• Union budget analysis
• Expenditure of government
• Need, types, objectives of government expenditure
• What is fiscal policy
• Concept and types of fiscal policy
• Different measures to control fiscal deficit
The document discusses public finance and government budgeting. It provides definitions and concepts of public finance, including that it is the study of government income and expenditure. It describes the key components and constituents of public finance, including public expenditure, revenue, debt, and financial administration. It also discusses the role of fiscal policy and government in areas like economic stabilization and growth. It outlines the budgeting process and principles, instruments and types of fiscal policy like discretionary vs automatic stabilizers. Finally, it covers taxation policy, the characteristics of a good tax system per Adam Smith, and the main types of taxes.
The document summarizes India's fiscal policy. It discusses the objectives of fiscal policy including resource mobilization, efficient allocation of resources, reducing inequality, and price stability. It outlines the different stances a government can take - neutral, expansionary, or contractionary. It also discusses the instruments of fiscal policy including the budget, expenditures, taxation, and public debt. It provides an overview of the union and state budgets in India.
The document provides an overview of government budgets and their key components in India. It discusses:
- The meaning and objectives of government budgets, which are annual financial plans that help governments allocate resources and plan expenditures.
- The major components of government budgets, including revenue receipts (taxes, fees), capital receipts (borrowings, disinvestments), revenue expenditure, and capital expenditure.
- Measures of government deficits, including revenue deficit (when revenue expenditures exceed receipts), fiscal deficit (when total expenditures exceed total receipts), and primary deficit.
The document examines these concepts in the context of the Indian government's central budget and provides examples to illustrate revenue versus capital receipts and expenditures.
This document discusses key aspects of fiscal policy in India. It defines fiscal policy as the government's approach to taxation, spending, and borrowing to achieve economic objectives like growth. The main objectives of fiscal policy are promoting growth, stabilizing the economy during recessions and booms, creating jobs, and redistributing income. It describes countercyclical fiscal policy, which aims to counter economic cycles through tax and spending adjustments. It also discusses concepts like the revenue budget, capital budget, budget deficits, and deficit financing.
Public finance involves managing a country's revenue, expenditures, and debt through government institutions and policies. The key components are public expenditure, revenue, fiscal policy, and financial administration. India's constitution refers to the annual budget as the Annual Financial Statement under Article 112. The budget includes estimated receipts and expenditures classified as revenue or capital accounts. The main objectives of the budget are resource allocation, income redistribution, and macroeconomic stabilization.
Fiscal policy deals with government taxation and spending decisions. The major instruments of fiscal policy include the budget, taxation, public expenditure, public revenue, public debt, and fiscal deficit. The objectives of India's fiscal policy are to promote economic growth, reduce income and wealth inequalities, generate employment, ensure price stability, achieve balanced regional development, and increase national income through mobilizing resources, public investments, and subsidies.
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
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2. WHAT IS GOVERNMENT
BUDGET ?
A government budget is a document prepared by the
government and/or other entities presenting its anticipated
revenues/tax revenues income tax, corporation tax, import
taxes) and proposed government
expenditures/spending/expenditure for the coming financial
year. In most parliamentary systems, the budget is presented
to the legislature and often requires approval of the
legislature.Through this budget, the government implements
economic policy and realizes its program priorities. Once the
budget is approved, the use of funds from individual chapters
is in the hands of government, ministries and other
institutions. Revenues of the state budget consist mainly of
taxes, customs duties, fees and other revenues. State budget
expenditures cover the activities of the state, which are either
given by law or the constitution.The budget in itself does not
appropriate funds for government programs, hence need for
additional legislative measures.
3. OBJECTIVES OF GOVERNMENT BUDGET
1. Reallocation of resources – It helps to distribute resources,
keeping in view the social and economic advantages of the
country.The factors that influence the allocation of resources are:
2. Allowance orTax concessions –The government gives
allowance and tax concessions to manufacturers to encourage
investment.
3. Direct production of goods and services –The government can
take the production process directly if the private sector does not
show interest.
4. OBJECTIVES OF GOVERNMENT BUDGET
4. Minimize inequalities in income and wealth – In an economic
system, income and wealth inequality is an integral part. So, the
government aims to bring equality by imposing a tax on the elite
class and spending extra on the well-being of the poor.
5. Economic stability –The budget is also utilised to avoid
business fluctuations to accomplish the aim of financial stability.
Policies such as deficit budget during deflation and excess budget
during inflation assist in balancing the prices in the economy.
5. OBJECTIVES OF GOVERNMENT BUDGET
6. Economic growth – A country’s economic growth is based on
the rate of investments and savings.Therefore, the budgetary
plan focuses on preparing adequate resources for investing in the
public sector and raising the overall rate of investments and
savings.
6. COMPONENTS OFTHE BUDGET
The budget is classified into two segments.
(i) Revenue budget –The revenue budget contains revenue
expenditure and receipts. In these receipts, both tax revenue
(such as excise duty, income tax) and non-tax revenue (like
profits, interest receipts) are recorded.
(ii) Capital budget –The capital budget includes the capital
receipts (such as disinvestment, borrowing) and lengthy capital
expenditure (for instance, long-term investments, creation of
assets). Capital receipts are government liabilities or decreased
financial assets, such as the recovery of loans, market borrowing,
etc.
7. BUDGET
RECEIPTS
Budget receipt refers to the
estimated receipts of the
government from various
sources during a fiscal year. It
shows the sources from where
the government intends to get
money to finance the
expenditure.
Broadly, the budget receipts are
classified as:
1. Revenue Receipts
2. Capital Receipts
8. REVENUE
RECEIPTS
• Government receipts, which
-> Neither create any
liabilities for the government;
and
-> Nor cause any reduction in
assets of the government, are
called revenue receipts.
Revenue Receipts are broadly
classified as tax receipts and
non-tax receipts.
9. TAX RECEIPTS
It refers to the receipts from
taxes and other duties
imposed by the government.
E.g. Income tax, GST etc.
Tax is a compulsory payment
made by the people and firms
to the government without
reference to any direct benefit
in return.
Taxes are classified into two
main groups – Direct tax and
Indirect tax.
10. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIRECTTAX AND INDIRECT TAX
DIRECTTAX INDIRECTTAX
It refers to a tax where the ‘liability to
pay’ (impact) and ‘the actual burden’
(incidence) of the tax lies on the same
person.
It refers to a tax where the ‘liability to
pay’ (impact) and ‘the actual burden’
(incidence) of the tax lies on different
persons.
The actual burden of the tax cannot be
shifted or passed on to a third person
(i.e. Incidence of tax cannot be shifted)
The actual burden of the tax can be
shifted on to the consumers/ buyers in
the form of increased prices. (i.e.
Incidence of tax can be shifted)
E.g. Income tax, Wealth tax, Corporation
tax. Wealth tax
E.g.VAT, Goods and ServicesTax, Excise
duty, Custom duty etc.
11. NON-TAX
RECEIPTS
Receipts of the government (Current
Income) from all other sources other
than those of tax receipts are termed
as Non-Tax Revenue Receipts.
It includes –
(a) Interest received on loans given by
government to state government,
union territories, private enterprises
and general public
(b) Profits of Public Sector
Undertakings like Railways, LIC etc.
(Profits received from sale proceeds of
the products of public enterprises)
12. NON-TAX
RECEIPTS
(c) Dividends received by
government from its
investment in other
companies
(d) Fees and Fines collected
by the government E.g.
License fees
(e) Gifts and Grants received
by the government from
foreign countries, foreign
government or international
organizations.
13. CAPITAL RECEIPTS
Government receipts, that either creates liabilities
(of payment of loan) or reduce assets (on
disinvestment) are called capital receipts.
In capital receipts any one of the conditions must be
satisfied.
14. COMPONENTS OF CAPITAL RECEIPTS
• Borrowing (Domestic and External): Borrowings are
made to meet the financial requirement of the country.
• Recovery of Loans andAdvances: Loans offered to
others are assets of the government. It includes recovery
of loans granted by the central government to state and
union territory governments. It is a capital receipt because
it reduces financial assets of the government.
Disinvestment:A government raises funds from
disinvestment also. Disinvestment means selling whole or
a part of the shares (i.e., equity) of selected public sector
enterprises held by government.As a result, government
assets are reduced.
15. BUDGET
EXPENDITURE
It refers to the estimated expenditure
of the government expected to be
incurred under various heads during a
given fiscal year.
It is broadly classified into two groups
Revenue expenditure and Capital
expenditure.
16. REVENUE
EXPENDITURE
It refers to those expenditures which
neither create any asset nor causes
any reduction in any liability of the
government.
It is regular/ recurring in nature. It is
incurred on normal functioning of the
government and provision of various
services.
17. CAPITAL
EXPENDITURE
It refers to those expenditures which
either create (or increase) an asset or
cause a reduction in the liabilities of
the government.
It is non-recurring (or irregular) in
nature.
19. WHAT IS BUDGET DEFICIT ?
A budgetary deficit is referred to as the situation in which the spending is more
than the income. Although it is mostly used for governments, this can also be
broadly applied to individuals and businesses.
In other words, a budgetary deficit is said to have taken place when the individual,
government, or business budgets have more spending than the income that they
can generate as revenue.
There are three types of budget deficit.They are explained follows:
1. Revenue deficit
2. Fiscal deficit
3. Primary deficit
20. REVENUE DEFICIT
Revenue expenditure is defined as the excess of
total revenue expenditure over the total revenue
receipts. In other words, the shortfall of revenue
receipts as compared to that of the revenue
expenditure is known as revenue deficit.
Revenue deficit signals to the economists that the
revenue earned by the government is insufficient to
meet the requirements of the expenditures
required for the essential government functions.
The formula for revenue deficit can be expressed as
follows:
Revenue deficit =Total revenue expenditure –Total
revenue receipts
IMPLICATIONS
1.Reduction in assets: For meeting
the shortfall in the form of revenue
deficit, the government has to sell
some assets.
2.It leads to the conditions of inflation
in the economy.
3.A large amount of borrowing leads
to a greater debt burden on the
economy.
21. FISCAL DEFICIT
Fiscal deficit is defined as the excess of total
expenditures over the total receipts, excluding the
borrowings in a year. In other words, this can be
defined as the amount that the government needs
to borrow in order to meet all expenses.
The more the fiscal deficit, the more will be the
amount borrowed. Fiscal deficit helps in
understanding the shortfall that the government
faces while paying for the expenditures in the
absence of lack of funds.
The formula for calculating fiscal deficit is as
follows:
Fiscal deficit =Total expenditures –Total receipts
excluding borrowings
IMPLICATIONS
1.Unnecessary expenditure: A high fiscal
deficit leads to unnecessary expenditure
done by the government that leads to
potential inflationary pressure on the
economy.
2.Printing more currency by RBI for
meeting the deficit, also known as deficit
financing, leads to the availability of more
money in the market, leading to inflation.
3.Borrowing more will hinder the future
growth of the economy, as most of the
revenue will be utilised towards meeting
debt payments.
22. PRIMARY DEFICIT
Primary deficit is said to be the fiscal deficit of the current year subtracted by the interest payments
that are pending on previous borrowings. In other words, the primary deficit is the requirement of
borrowing without the interest payment.
Primary deficit, therefore, shows the expenses that government borrowings are going to fulfil while
not paying for the income interest payment.
A zero deficit shows that there is a requirement for availing credit or borrowing for clearing the
interest payments pending.
The formula for the primary deficit is expressed as follows:
Primary deficit = Fiscal deficit – Interest payments