The document summarizes the creation myth and early history of the gods in Mesopotamian mythology according to ancient Sumerian texts. It describes how the first gods arose from the mixing of sweet and salt waters. It then details the rise of Marduk as the chief god after defeating Tiamat, and his creation of humanity from her blood. It also recounts the stories of the great hero Gilgamesh, including his friendship with Enkidu, quest for immortality after Enkidu's death, and his failure to attain eternal life.
Paradise Lost is a poem by John Milton written in blank verse. This is based on the biblical theme of the fall of man. It depicts the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton stated his purpose in Book I is to "justify the ways of God to men".
Paradise Lost is a poem by John Milton written in blank verse. This is based on the biblical theme of the fall of man. It depicts the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton stated his purpose in Book I is to "justify the ways of God to men".
1
THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH English version by N. K. Sandars Penguin Classics ISBN 0 14
044.100X pp. 61-125
PROLOGUE
GILGAMESH KING IN URUK
I WILL proclaim to the world the deeds of Gilgamesh. This was the man to whom all things
were known; this was the king who knew the countries of the world. He was wise, he saw
mysteries and knew secret things, he brought us a tale of the days before the flood. He went on a
long journey, was weary, worn-out with labour, returning he rested, he engraved on a stone the
whole story.
When the gods created Gilgamesh they gave him a perfect body. Shamash the glorious sun
endowed him with beauty, Adad the god of the storm endowed him with courage, the great gods
made his beauty perfect, surpassing all others, terrifying like a great wild bull. Two thirds they
made him god and one third man.
In Uruk he built walls, a great rampart, and the temple of blessed Eanna for the god of the
firmament Anu, and for Ishtar the goddess of love. Look at it still today: the outer wall where the
cornice runs, it shines with the brilliance of copper; and the inner wall, it has no equal. Touch the
threshold, it is ancient. Approach Eanna the dwelling of Ishtar, our lady of love and war, the like
of which no latter-day king, no man alive can equal. Climb upon the wall of Uruk; walk along it,
I say; regard the foundation terrace and examine the masonry: is it not burnt brick and good? The
seven sages laid the foundations.
CHAPTER 1
THE COMING OF ENKIDU
GILGAMESH went abroad in the world, but he met with none who could withstand his arms
till he came to Uruk. But the men of Uruk muttered in their houses, ‘Gilgamesh sounds the tocsin
for his amusement, his arrogance has no bounds by day or night. No son is left with his father,
for Gilgamesh takes them all, even the children; yet the king should be a shepherd to his people.
His lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warrior’s daughter nor the wife of the noble; yet
this is the shepherd of the city, wise, comely, and resolute.’
The gods heard their lament, the gods of heaven cried to the Lord of Uruk, to Anu the god of
Uruk: ‘A goddess made him, strong as a savage bull, none can withstand his arms. No son is left
with his father, for Gilgamesh takes them all; and is this the king, the shepherd of his people? His
lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warrior’s daughter nor the wife of the noble.’ When
Anu had heard their lamentation the gods cried to Aruru, the goddess of creation, ‘You made
him, O Aruru, now create his equal; let it be as like him as his own reflection, his second self,
stormy heart for stormy heart. Let them contend together and leave Uruk in quiet.’
So the goddess conceived an image in her mind, and it was of the stuff of Anu of the
firmament. She dipped her hands in water and pinched off clay, she let it fall in the wilderness,
2
and noble Enkidu was created. There was virtue in him of the g ...
1 THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH English version by N. K. SandarAbbyWhyte974
1
THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH English version by N. K. Sandars Penguin Classics ISBN 0 14
044.100X pp. 61-125
PROLOGUE
GILGAMESH KING IN URUK
I WILL proclaim to the world the deeds of Gilgamesh. This was the man to whom all things
were known; this was the king who knew the countries of the world. He was wise, he saw
mysteries and knew secret things, he brought us a tale of the days before the flood. He went on a
long journey, was weary, worn-out with labour, returning he rested, he engraved on a stone the
whole story.
When the gods created Gilgamesh they gave him a perfect body. Shamash the glorious sun
endowed him with beauty, Adad the god of the storm endowed him with courage, the great gods
made his beauty perfect, surpassing all others, terrifying like a great wild bull. Two thirds they
made him god and one third man.
In Uruk he built walls, a great rampart, and the temple of blessed Eanna for the god of the
firmament Anu, and for Ishtar the goddess of love. Look at it still today: the outer wall where the
cornice runs, it shines with the brilliance of copper; and the inner wall, it has no equal. Touch the
threshold, it is ancient. Approach Eanna the dwelling of Ishtar, our lady of love and war, the like
of which no latter-day king, no man alive can equal. Climb upon the wall of Uruk; walk along it,
I say; regard the foundation terrace and examine the masonry: is it not burnt brick and good? The
seven sages laid the foundations.
CHAPTER 1
THE COMING OF ENKIDU
GILGAMESH went abroad in the world, but he met with none who could withstand his arms
till he came to Uruk. But the men of Uruk muttered in their houses, ‘Gilgamesh sounds the tocsin
for his amusement, his arrogance has no bounds by day or night. No son is left with his father,
for Gilgamesh takes them all, even the children; yet the king should be a shepherd to his people.
His lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warrior’s daughter nor the wife of the noble; yet
this is the shepherd of the city, wise, comely, and resolute.’
The gods heard their lament, the gods of heaven cried to the Lord of Uruk, to Anu the god of
Uruk: ‘A goddess made him, strong as a savage bull, none can withstand his arms. No son is left
with his father, for Gilgamesh takes them all; and is this the king, the shepherd of his people? His
lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warrior’s daughter nor the wife of the noble.’ When
Anu had heard their lamentation the gods cried to Aruru, the goddess of creation, ‘You made
him, O Aruru, now create his equal; let it be as like him as his own reflection, his second self,
stormy heart for stormy heart. Let them contend together and leave Uruk in quiet.’
So the goddess conceived an image in her mind, and it was of the stuff of Anu of the
firmament. She dipped her hands in water and pinched off clay, she let it fall in the wilderness,
2
and noble Enkidu was created. There was virtue in him of the g ...
1 THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH English version by N. K. Sandar.docxoswald1horne84988
1
THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH English version by N. K. Sandars Penguin Classics ISBN 0 14
044.100X pp. 61-125
PROLOGUE
GILGAMESH KING IN URUK
I WILL proclaim to the world the deeds of Gilgamesh. This was the man to whom all things
were known; this was the king who knew the countries of the world. He was wise, he saw
mysteries and knew secret things, he brought us a tale of the days before the flood. He went on a
long journey, was weary, worn-out with labour, returning he rested, he engraved on a stone the
whole story.
When the gods created Gilgamesh they gave him a perfect body. Shamash the glorious sun
endowed him with beauty, Adad the god of the storm endowed him with courage, the great gods
made his beauty perfect, surpassing all others, terrifying like a great wild bull. Two thirds they
made him god and one third man.
In Uruk he built walls, a great rampart, and the temple of blessed Eanna for the god of the
firmament Anu, and for Ishtar the goddess of love. Look at it still today: the outer wall where the
cornice runs, it shines with the brilliance of copper; and the inner wall, it has no equal. Touch the
threshold, it is ancient. Approach Eanna the dwelling of Ishtar, our lady of love and war, the like
of which no latter-day king, no man alive can equal. Climb upon the wall of Uruk; walk along it,
I say; regard the foundation terrace and examine the masonry: is it not burnt brick and good? The
seven sages laid the foundations.
CHAPTER 1
THE COMING OF ENKIDU
GILGAMESH went abroad in the world, but he met with none who could withstand his arms
till he came to Uruk. But the men of Uruk muttered in their houses, ‘Gilgamesh sounds the tocsin
for his amusement, his arrogance has no bounds by day or night. No son is left with his father,
for Gilgamesh takes them all, even the children; yet the king should be a shepherd to his people.
His lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warrior’s daughter nor the wife of the noble; yet
this is the shepherd of the city, wise, comely, and resolute.’
The gods heard their lament, the gods of heaven cried to the Lord of Uruk, to Anu the god of
Uruk: ‘A goddess made him, strong as a savage bull, none can withstand his arms. No son is left
with his father, for Gilgamesh takes them all; and is this the king, the shepherd of his people? His
lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warrior’s daughter nor the wife of the noble.’ When
Anu had heard their lamentation the gods cried to Aruru, the goddess of creation, ‘You made
him, O Aruru, now create his equal; let it be as like him as his own reflection, his second self,
stormy heart for stormy heart. Let them contend together and leave Uruk in quiet.’
So the goddess conceived an image in her mind, and it was of the stuff of Anu of the
firmament. She dipped her hands in water and pinched off clay, she let it fall in the wilderness,
2
and noble Enkidu was created. There was virtue in him of the g.
The Sumerian religion influenced Mesopotamian mythology as a whole, surviving in the mythologies and religions of the Hurrians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and other culture groups.
This presentation underscores the originality of The Epic of Gilgamesh and highlights the influence of its heroic themes on epic poetry through the ages, notably with respect to the character of Achilles in The Iliad by Homer. The presentation draws attention to the richness of the storyline in The Epic of Gilgamesh with respect to Booker's (2004) seven "basic stories".
The Earth on Turtles BackFrom the Onondaga-Northeast Woodland.docxarnoldmeredith47041
"The Earth on Turtle's Back"
From the Onondaga-Northeast Woodlands tribe, Retold by Michael J. Caduto & Joseph Bruchac
Before Earth was here there was only water as far as one could see in all directions, with birds and animals swimming around in it. Up above in the clouds there was Skyland. In Skyland was a great and beautiful tree with four white roots stretching to the four sacred directions. Every kind of fruit and flower grew from its wide spreading branches.
The Chief of Skyland's young wife was expecting a child. One night she dreamt she saw the great tree uprooted. The next morning she told her husband her dream. "This is very sad," he said, "for it is a dream of great power and we must do all we can to make it come true." Then the chief called all the men together and told them they must uproot the tree. But the roots were so deep and strong they couldn't budge it. So the ancient chief himself wrapped his arms around the tree and strained and strained, until with one last great effort he uprooted it. Now there was a great hole where the tree's roots had been. The chief's wife came and leaned over to look down, holding the tip of one of the uprooted tree's branches to steady herself. Far below she thought she saw something glittering like water. Leaning out further, she lost her balance and fell into the hole. Her hand slipped from the tip of the branch, leaving her only a handful of seeds as she fell.
Far, far below in the waters some of the animals looked up. "Someone is falling from the sky," said one.
"We must help her," said another. Then two Swans flew up and caught her between their wings, and brought her gently down to the water where the birds and animals were watching.
She is not like us," said one of the animals. "She doesn't have webbed feet. I don't think she can live in the water."
"What shall we do?" said another of the water animals.
"I know," said one of the birds. "I have heard there is Earth far below the waters. If we dive down and bring up Earth she will have a place to stand. So the birds and animals tried to bring up Earth. First Duck dove far down beneath the surface, but he couldn't reach the bottom and floated back up. Then Beaver tried. He went even deeper, so deep that it was all dark, but he couldn't reach the bottom either. Then Loon tried and was gone a long, long time, but he too failed to bring up Earth. Soon it seemed that all had tried and failed. Then a small voice spoke.
"I will bring up Earth or die trying." They all looked to see who it was. It was little Muskrat. She dove down and swam and swam. She was not as strong and swift as the others, but she was determined. She went so deep that it was all dark, and still she swam deeper. Her lungs felt ready to burst, but she swam deeper still. At last, just as she was becoming unconscious, she grasped at the bottom with her little paw and floated upwards, almost dead. When the other animals saw her break the surface, they thought she had failed. Then .
REGION XII (SOCCSKSARGEN) Philippine Literature
LITERARY WORKS
ULAHINGAN, INDARAPATRA AT SULAYMAN,
MONKI, MAKIL & THE MONKEYS, LAMGE
AUTHOR/S
JAIME AN LIM (1946-present)
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
3. Apsu andTiamat
gave birth to
Mummu, the tumult
of the waves, and to
Lakhmu and
Lakhamu, a pair of
gigantic serpents.
4. In turn these
serpents
produced
Anshar, the
heavens, and
Kishar, the
earthly world.
5. And from these
two came the
great
gods, Anu, Enlil,
and Ea, as well
as the other
gods of the
sky, earth, and
the underworld.
6. Many of these new gods were
noisy, which upset Apsu and
Tiamat, since they could not rest.
These primordial goddesses then
discussed whether they should
annihilate their progeny.
7. When Ea, the all-knowing
god of the water, learned of
Apsu's plan to destroy the
gods he used his magic to
capture her and Mummu.
Tiamat was furious and
created a monstrous army
of gods and freak creatures
to punish Ea and his
cohorts.
8. Ea went to his father
Anshar, and Anshar
advised him to send Anu to
fightTiamat.
But both Anu and Ea were
afraid of the goddess and
her army.
9. Then Ea called Marduk
forth. Marduk promised to
conquerTiamat if he were
given supreme authority
over the gods.The gods
agreed that he was to have
lordship and feasted in his
honor. Marduk was
invested with the
scepter, the throne, and an
invincible weapon.
10. Armed with bow and arrows, lightning, the winds, a
hurricane, and a special net, Marduk rode forth to
meetTiamat in his chariot, which was a
tempest, drawn by four fearsome steeds.
They clashed and Marduk caughtTiamat in his net.
When she opened her mouth to swallow
him, Marduk let loose the hurricane, which filled her
jaws and belly, thereby stunning her.
Then Marduk shot an arrow into her belly and killed
her.
Tiamat's army fled in confusion at her downfall, but
Marduk caught them in his net, chained them, and
cast them into the underworld.
11. As he was cutting upTiamat's body, Marduk conceived a
plan.
From one half of her body he made the dome of the
heavens, and with the other half he made the earth. He
established the dwelling of the gods, fixed the positions of
the stars, ordered the movements of the heavenly
bodies, and set the length of the year.
Then to gladden the hearts of the gods Marduk created
men from the blood of Kingu, the general ofTiamat's
army.
Finally, he made rivers, vegetation, and animals, which
completed the creation.
In recognition of his triumphs the gods bestowed all of
their titles and powers on Marduk, making him the God of
Gods.
12. Apparently the gods were displeased
with the human race, for they held a
council in which it was agreed that
mankind should be drowned.
But Ea, the god of wisdom, wished to
spare human beings. So Ea told one
man, Uta-Napishtim, to build a ship for
his family and all living creatures.
13. Uta-Napishtim worked
diligently, and by the time
the rains came his ship was
prepared.
For six days and nights a
foul rain flooded everything
on earth, and even the
gods became fearful.
By the seventh day the
winds and rains ceased.
14. All but Uta-Napishtim and his family had
become mud.
The ship came to rest upon Mount Nisir, and
Uta-Napishtim sent forth birds to find out
whether the waters had subsided enough to
disembark.
When a raven failed to return Uta-Napishtim
left the ship and offered a sacrifice to the
gods on the mountain peak.
15. Only Enlil, god of the
tempest, was angered to
see that humanity had
been spared.
But Ea managed to
appease Enlil with soft
words, and in token of his
reconciliation Enlil gave
Uta-Napishtim and his wife
the gift of immortality.
16.
17. Over the ancient Sumerian
city of Uruk there once
ruled a wise and powerful
but tyrannical king named
Gilgamesh.
He was two-thirds a god
and one-third a
mortal, famed for his
exploits in war and for his
prowess as an unbeatable
wrestler.
18. Gilgamesh was also lustful and
he would abduct any woman
who took his fancy whether
she was single or married.
The people of Uruk were
greatly distressed at this, for
no one could overcome
Gilgamesh.
So they prayed to the goddess
Aruru to fashion a man who
could overpower Gilgamesh in
order that he would leave their
women in peace.
19. Aruru then created the
mighty Enkidu, a hairy
man with legs like a bull.
Enkidu roamed with the
wild beasts and enabled
them to escape the traps
of hunters.
20. On hearing of Enkidu's
strength, Gilgamesh sent a
courtesan out to Enkidu's
watering place to entice him.
When she saw Enkidu the
courtesan disrobed, exposing her
breasts, and Enkidu went to lie
with her.
After this his animal companions
shunned him because Enkidu had
lost his natural innocence.
Enkidu then had nothing to do
but follow the courtesan's advice
and return with her to Uruk.
21. Back in his palace, Gilgamesh dreamed of struggling
with a powerful man who could master him.
When he told the dream to his mother, Ninsun, she
said it meant that he and Enkidu would become
close companions.
And after an awesome wrestling match, Gilgamesh
and Enkidu sat down together as friends.
Enkidu was invited to live in the palace and share
the honors with Gilgamesh.
22. One night Enkidu had a nightmare in which he was snatched
up by a strange, terrible creature with eagle claws who cast
him into the underworld of death.
When Gilgamesh heard of the dream he offered a sacrifice
to Shamash, the sun god, who advised him to go and fight
Humbaba the Strong, the king of the Cedar Mountain.
When they learned of his plan to go to the Cedar
Mountain, Enkidu, Ninsun, and the people of Uruk tried to
dissuade Gilgamesh, to no avail.
Gilgamesh was determined to make the long, arduous
journey and battle Humbaba, so Enkidu joined his friend and
the two set forth.
23. In the morning Humbaba
charged them, and after a
terrific fight Gilgamesh
was able to knock
Humbaba to the
ground, where Enkidu cut
his head off.
With the monster
dead, Gilgamesh was able
to cut down the sacred
cedars for the temples of
Uruk.
24. Then Ishtar, fertility
goddess, appeared to
Gilgamesh and tried to
seduce him, but he
spurned her, saying that
her lovers usually had dire
fates.
When Gilgamesh and
Enkidu returned to Uruk
with the cedars Ishtar had
her vengeance planned.
25. With the help of Anu
she loosen the Bull of
Heaven against Uruk.
In the course of
wrecking the city the
bull was caught and
slaughtered by
Gilgamesh and
Enkidu.
26. Then in an act of utter
rashness Enkidu threw the
bull's hide in Ishtar's face,
telling her he'd do the same
to her if he could.
The goddess Ishtar then
laid a mortal curse upon
Enkidu and after twelve
days of sickness he died.
27. Gilgamesh was inconsolable over the death of his
friend, for he realized that he must die one day as well.
Determined to find the secret of immortality, Gilgamesh
went forth in search of Uta-Napishtim, the man on
whom Enlil had conferred life everlasting.
He traveled west to the far-off Mount Mashu, which was
guarded by Scorpion-Men.
With a trembling heart Gilgamesh approached the chief
Scorpion-Man, who permitted him passage into the
mountain.
28. After a long time in a tunnel he stepped out into the garden
of a goddess.
The goddess advised Gilgamesh to return home, enjoy life,
and accept death gracefully; but Gilgamesh was insistent on
finding Uta-Napishtim, so the goddess directed him to Uta-
Napishtim's boatman.
The boatman warned of the turbulent waters of death that
surrounded Uta-Napishtim's dwelling.
However, Gilgamesh would not be put off, and with the
boatman's help he managed to cross the perilous waters.
At last Gilgamesh arrived at the home of the immortal man.
29. When Gilgamesh told Uta-
Napishtim of his quest for
eternal life, Uta-Napishtim
laughed at his foolishness and
told his own story of how he
had won immortality.
Then Uta-Napishtim
challenged Gilgamesh to stay
awake, as he himself had
done, for six days and seven
nights.
But the exhausted Gilgamesh
had already fallen asleep.
30. The wife of Uta-Napishtim took pity on the sleeping hero and
persuaded her husband to reveal the secret of immortality.
They awoke Gilgamesh and told him of a prickly plant that lay
at the bottom of the sea.
Gilgamesh set off at once to find the plant, and when he came
to the ocean edge he tied boulders to his feet and plunged in.
He sank to the bottom, found and plucked the prickly
plant, untied the boulders and swam to the surface with the
precious plant.
Gilgamesh went homeward with a high heart, for now he could
confer everlasting life on himself and the people of Uruk.
He crossed the waters of death, the garden of the goddess; he
went through Mount Mashu and traveled eastward.
31. Within a few day's journey of home Gilgamesh laid the plant
on a rock and dove into a small lake to bathe.
And while he was swimming a snake approached the plant
and ate it.
Gilgamesh wept long and bitterly to think he had wasted his
enormous effort to gain eternal life.
The snakes would live forever, but human beings must die.
Gilgamesh returned to Uruk with a broken heart. He knew
what a miserable existence the dead lived in the
netherworld, for Enkidu had revealed it to him.
His only consolation was that the walls of Uruk would outlast
him as monuments to Gilgamesh's reign.