GILGAMESH IS FROM ANCIENT SUMERGilgamesh is one of the oldest .docxhanneloremccaffery
GILGAMESH IS FROM ANCIENT SUMER
Gilgamesh is one of the oldest recorded stories in the world. It tells the story of an ancient King of Uruk, Gilgamesh, who may have actually existed, and whose name is on the Sumerian King List. The story of Gilgamesh, in various Sumerian versions, was originally widely known in the third millennium B.C. After a long history of retellings, this story was recorded, in a standardized Akkadian version, in the seventh century B.C., and stored in the famous library of King Assurbanipal.
Later, the story of Gilgamesh was lost to human memory, except for occasional fragments. The story was rediscovered in the mid-nineteenth century A.D., and made available in translation to German by the beginning of the twentieth century. People were especially amazed when they read this most ancient of stories, and realized that the flood story in Gilgamesh was a close analogue of the flood story in the Hebrew Bible.
Top
SUMER WAS IN MESOPOTAMIA
Mesopotamia was in the geographical area that is today called Iraq. The name we call it, "Mesopotamia," is actually Greek for "between two rivers." The two rivers were the Tigris and the Euphrates.
Mesopotamia was the site of one of three earliest urban civilizations (along with the Indus Valley in India and the Nile Valley in Egypt).
During the fourth millennium B.C., human settlements underwent a surprisingly rapid transformation from villages into developed cities with large populations, temples and palaces. During this period, "writing is invented, large buildings, temples and ziggurats, appear for the first time. . . . it was the organization of the canal system, of irrigation, that made the further developments possible." (Kirk,98)
In Mesopotamia there were constant tensions between the radically new cities in the fertile river valley and the ancient ways of the nomadic and hill peoples outside of the cities. Some of these conditions still exist today, as can be seen in the conflicts between the cities and the outlying areas in modern Iraq. The basic conflict is between the ways of civilization and the ways of the wilderness.
Mesopotamia was a land of intermittent drought and violent floods; this was not a kindly tame nature at all, as can be seen in the conflict between the wild Enkidu, who undoes traps, interfering with people's livelihood, and the civilizing Harlot, who lures Enkidu into the delights and responsibilities of civilization. The taming of Enkidu by the Harlot can be seen as a metaphor for the taming of the land by the means of civilization, especially the system of canals that controlled the wild waters and allowed for predictable, irrigated farming.
Top
WRITING
The reason the recorded story of Gilgamesh survived thousands of years was that it was written on clay, in a set of symbols we call cuneiform, and then fired. "Clay ... especially when fired...[is] the best--that is, the cheapest and most durable--writing material yet utilized by man, while papyrus, par ...
Middle eastern literature and epic of gilgameshJune Mar Tejada
This presentation is a compilation of the Middle Eastern culture and the summary of the famous Epic of Gilgamesh. And, be amazed of the different photos representing the Middle East
GILGAMESH IS FROM ANCIENT SUMERGilgamesh is one of the oldest .docxhanneloremccaffery
GILGAMESH IS FROM ANCIENT SUMER
Gilgamesh is one of the oldest recorded stories in the world. It tells the story of an ancient King of Uruk, Gilgamesh, who may have actually existed, and whose name is on the Sumerian King List. The story of Gilgamesh, in various Sumerian versions, was originally widely known in the third millennium B.C. After a long history of retellings, this story was recorded, in a standardized Akkadian version, in the seventh century B.C., and stored in the famous library of King Assurbanipal.
Later, the story of Gilgamesh was lost to human memory, except for occasional fragments. The story was rediscovered in the mid-nineteenth century A.D., and made available in translation to German by the beginning of the twentieth century. People were especially amazed when they read this most ancient of stories, and realized that the flood story in Gilgamesh was a close analogue of the flood story in the Hebrew Bible.
Top
SUMER WAS IN MESOPOTAMIA
Mesopotamia was in the geographical area that is today called Iraq. The name we call it, "Mesopotamia," is actually Greek for "between two rivers." The two rivers were the Tigris and the Euphrates.
Mesopotamia was the site of one of three earliest urban civilizations (along with the Indus Valley in India and the Nile Valley in Egypt).
During the fourth millennium B.C., human settlements underwent a surprisingly rapid transformation from villages into developed cities with large populations, temples and palaces. During this period, "writing is invented, large buildings, temples and ziggurats, appear for the first time. . . . it was the organization of the canal system, of irrigation, that made the further developments possible." (Kirk,98)
In Mesopotamia there were constant tensions between the radically new cities in the fertile river valley and the ancient ways of the nomadic and hill peoples outside of the cities. Some of these conditions still exist today, as can be seen in the conflicts between the cities and the outlying areas in modern Iraq. The basic conflict is between the ways of civilization and the ways of the wilderness.
Mesopotamia was a land of intermittent drought and violent floods; this was not a kindly tame nature at all, as can be seen in the conflict between the wild Enkidu, who undoes traps, interfering with people's livelihood, and the civilizing Harlot, who lures Enkidu into the delights and responsibilities of civilization. The taming of Enkidu by the Harlot can be seen as a metaphor for the taming of the land by the means of civilization, especially the system of canals that controlled the wild waters and allowed for predictable, irrigated farming.
Top
WRITING
The reason the recorded story of Gilgamesh survived thousands of years was that it was written on clay, in a set of symbols we call cuneiform, and then fired. "Clay ... especially when fired...[is] the best--that is, the cheapest and most durable--writing material yet utilized by man, while papyrus, par ...
Middle eastern literature and epic of gilgameshJune Mar Tejada
This presentation is a compilation of the Middle Eastern culture and the summary of the famous Epic of Gilgamesh. And, be amazed of the different photos representing the Middle East
The Sumerian religion influenced Mesopotamian mythology as a whole, surviving in the mythologies and religions of the Hurrians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and other culture groups.
Early civilisations: Mesopotamia. Different aspect of the Mesopotamian civilisation: cuneiform script, ziggurats, Gilgamesh, Assyrian palaces, Babilonia, Hammurabi, religion, society.
This presentation underscores the originality of The Epic of Gilgamesh and highlights the influence of its heroic themes on epic poetry through the ages, notably with respect to the character of Achilles in The Iliad by Homer. The presentation draws attention to the richness of the storyline in The Epic of Gilgamesh with respect to Booker's (2004) seven "basic stories".
Introduction(from Wikipedia)Many original and distin.docxvrickens
Introduction
(from Wikipedia)
Many original and distinct sources exist over a 2,000-year timeframe, but only the oldest and those from a late period have
yielded significant enough finds to enable a coherent intro-translation. Therefore, the old Sumerian poems, and a
later Akkadian version, which is now referred to as the standard edition, are the most frequently referenced. The standard
edition is the basis of modern translations, and the old version only supplements the standard version when the lacunae —
or gaps in the cuneiform tablet — are great.
Note that although revised versions based on newly discovered information have been published, the epic is not complete.[2]
The earliest Sumerian poems are now considered to be distinct stories rather than constituting a single epic (Dalley 1989:
45). They date from as early as the Third Dynasty of Ur (2150-2000 BC) (Dalley 1989: 41-42). The earliest Akkadian
versions are dated to the early second millennium (Dalley 1989: 45), most likely in the eighteenth or seventeenth century
BC, when one or more authors used existing literary material to form the epic of Gilgamesh[3]. The "standard" Akkadian
version, consisting of 12 tablets, was edited by Sin-liqe-unninni sometime between 1300 and 1000 BC and was found in the
library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh.
The Epic of Gilgamesh is widely known today. The first modern translation of the epic was published in the early 1870s
by George Smith.[4] More recent translations into English include one undertaken with the assistance of the American
novelist John Gardner, and John Maier, published in 1984. In 2001, Benjamin Foster produced a reading in the Norton
Critical Edition Series that fills in many of the blanks of the standard edition with previous material.
The most definitive [5] translation is contained in a two-volume critical work by Andrew George. This represents the fullest
treatment of the standard edition material. George discusses at length the archaeological state of the material, provides a
tablet-by-tablet exegesis, and furnishes a dual language side-by-side translation. This translation was also published in a
general reader edition under the Penguin Classics imprint in 2000. In 2004, Stephen Mitchell released a controversial
edition, which is his interpretation of previous scholarly translations into what he calls "a new English version", published by
FreePress, a division of Simon and Schuster. The first direct Arabic translation from the original tablets was in the 1960s by
the Iraqi archeologist Taha Baqir.
The discovery of artifacts (ca. 2600 BC) associated with Enmebaragesi of Kish, who is mentioned in the legends as the
father of one of Gilgamesh's adversaries, has lent credibility to the historical existence of Gilgamesh (Dalley 1989: 40-41).[6]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh#cite_note-5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enmebaragesi
http ...
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Sumerian religion influenced Mesopotamian mythology as a whole, surviving in the mythologies and religions of the Hurrians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and other culture groups.
Early civilisations: Mesopotamia. Different aspect of the Mesopotamian civilisation: cuneiform script, ziggurats, Gilgamesh, Assyrian palaces, Babilonia, Hammurabi, religion, society.
This presentation underscores the originality of The Epic of Gilgamesh and highlights the influence of its heroic themes on epic poetry through the ages, notably with respect to the character of Achilles in The Iliad by Homer. The presentation draws attention to the richness of the storyline in The Epic of Gilgamesh with respect to Booker's (2004) seven "basic stories".
Introduction(from Wikipedia)Many original and distin.docxvrickens
Introduction
(from Wikipedia)
Many original and distinct sources exist over a 2,000-year timeframe, but only the oldest and those from a late period have
yielded significant enough finds to enable a coherent intro-translation. Therefore, the old Sumerian poems, and a
later Akkadian version, which is now referred to as the standard edition, are the most frequently referenced. The standard
edition is the basis of modern translations, and the old version only supplements the standard version when the lacunae —
or gaps in the cuneiform tablet — are great.
Note that although revised versions based on newly discovered information have been published, the epic is not complete.[2]
The earliest Sumerian poems are now considered to be distinct stories rather than constituting a single epic (Dalley 1989:
45). They date from as early as the Third Dynasty of Ur (2150-2000 BC) (Dalley 1989: 41-42). The earliest Akkadian
versions are dated to the early second millennium (Dalley 1989: 45), most likely in the eighteenth or seventeenth century
BC, when one or more authors used existing literary material to form the epic of Gilgamesh[3]. The "standard" Akkadian
version, consisting of 12 tablets, was edited by Sin-liqe-unninni sometime between 1300 and 1000 BC and was found in the
library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh.
The Epic of Gilgamesh is widely known today. The first modern translation of the epic was published in the early 1870s
by George Smith.[4] More recent translations into English include one undertaken with the assistance of the American
novelist John Gardner, and John Maier, published in 1984. In 2001, Benjamin Foster produced a reading in the Norton
Critical Edition Series that fills in many of the blanks of the standard edition with previous material.
The most definitive [5] translation is contained in a two-volume critical work by Andrew George. This represents the fullest
treatment of the standard edition material. George discusses at length the archaeological state of the material, provides a
tablet-by-tablet exegesis, and furnishes a dual language side-by-side translation. This translation was also published in a
general reader edition under the Penguin Classics imprint in 2000. In 2004, Stephen Mitchell released a controversial
edition, which is his interpretation of previous scholarly translations into what he calls "a new English version", published by
FreePress, a division of Simon and Schuster. The first direct Arabic translation from the original tablets was in the 1960s by
the Iraqi archeologist Taha Baqir.
The discovery of artifacts (ca. 2600 BC) associated with Enmebaragesi of Kish, who is mentioned in the legends as the
father of one of Gilgamesh's adversaries, has lent credibility to the historical existence of Gilgamesh (Dalley 1989: 40-41).[6]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh#cite_note-5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enmebaragesi
http ...
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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2. HISTORY
2800–2500 BCE — Gilgamesh, also called Bilgames, reigns for 126 years as king
of the city-state Uruk, according to the quasi-historical Sumerian list of kings.
2500–2300 BCE — Gilgamesh becomes a cult figure, a divinity, among
Sumerians.
2300 BCE — The first poems about Gilgamesh are thought to be passed
around orally in Mesopotamia, dominated by the city-states of the Sumer
people.
2100–2000 BCE— First written (or chiselled, rather) poem about Gilgamesh is
produced in Sumerian, the world's oldest known writing.
3. 1800–1700 BCE — Copies of poems about Gilgamesh are flourishing in Sumerian and
Akkadian, the language of the early Babylonian successors to the Sumerians. They
include the Old Babylonian version of the Gilgamesh epic, known as Surpassing All
Other Kings.
1500–1300 BCE — Middle Babylonian versions of the Gilgamesh epic appear
throughout the Middle East.
1200–1000 BCE — Babylonian priest Sin-liqe-unninni edits the Babylonian epic into
what's come to be known as the Standard Version of The Epic of Gilgamesh, also
called He Who Saw the Deep. He created eleven tablets, plus a twelfth tablet based
on the earlier Sumerian poem "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld".
1000–130 BCE — Copies of the Standard Version epic appear throughout the Middle
East in various languages.
4. The Epic of Gilgamesh Writing Style
The Epic of Gilgamesh, has been described as the first true work of world
literature. It began to circulate in the ancient Near East as early as 1000
BCE. Portions of this epic have been found in Mesopotamia, Turkey, and in
Palestine. The Mesopotamians had no word corresponding to the phrase "epic"
and thus, ancient scholars of Mesopotamian literature refer to the epic as the
"Gilgamesh Series." Eleven of the tablets form a continuous narrative poem,
while the twelfth is a partial translation of a Sumerian poem about Gilgamesh
appended to the narrative, during the first millennium BCE. The central setting
of the Epic is in the ancient city-state of Uruk in the land of Sumer.
5. Historical Accuracy
Gilgamesh was an early king of the city-state of Uruk in southern Mesopotamia and lived
sometime around 2750 BCE. In the years after his death, there was cult which grew around his
memory as he became honored as a judge of the underworld. By around 2000 BCE, there was
a set of loosely connected songs that had been written in Sumerian about his life and
legendary adventures. He was a great warrior who journeyed to a distance mountain where
he killed a monster, brings home cedar tresses for this palace, and has his servant and friend
Enkidu descent into the underworld.
During the Old Babylonian period (2000-1600 BCE) poets in Babylon adapted the Sumerian
poems into a connected epic, written in Akkadian. Around 1200 BCE, the epic was revised by a
Babylonian priest named Sin-liqe-Unninni, who compacted the story and added a
preface. The writing style used to write the Akkadian language was Cuneiform.
6. Critical Analysis of Gilgamesh
The epic of Gilgamesh is an important Middle Eastern literary work, written in
cuneiform on 12 clay tablets about 2000 BC. This heroic poem is named for its
hero, Gilgamesh, a tyrannical Babylonian king who ruled the city of Uruk,
known in the Bible as Erech (now Warka, Iraq). According to the myth, the
gods respond to the prayers of the oppressed citizenry of Uruk and send a
wild, brutish man, Enkidu, to challenge Gilgamesh to a wrestling match. When
the contest ends with neither as a clear victor, Gilgamesh and Enkidu become
close friends. They journey together and share many adventures. Accounts of
their heroism and bravery in slaying dangerous beasts spread to many lands.
7. Tablet I
There is an introduction to the hero, Gilgamesh, and the great city of Uruk. There is
a prelude which provides an overarching summary of everything that has happened
to Gilgamesh. He has made temples for Anu, the god of heavens, and for Anu's
daughter, Ishtar, the goddess of war and love. Gilgamesh has opened passes in
mountains and wilderness. He has traveled to the end of the world, met
Utanapishtim, and has come back to write down his stories
8. The story begins, with a description of Gilgamesh - who is massively powerful. He does whatever he
wants, and everyone is required to get out of his way or die standing up to him. The gods listen to
the pleas of the townspeople, and ask Aruru, the goddess of creation, to clean up her mess and
create someone of equal strength to match with Gilgamesh - in order to provide balance nature, and
becomes one with the animals and forest. One day, a hunter finds Enkidu. Upon hearing his son's
discovery, the hunter's father tells him to go to Uruk, ask for a temple prostitute, who will conquer
Enkidu and cause him to become a man.
The temple prostitute, Shamhat, and the hunter wait for Enkidu for three days near the watering
hole. When Enkidu finally arrives, the prostitute shows her breasts and body to Enkidu, and Enkidu
becomes fully erect for six days and seven nights. The two continue to have sex until Enkidu's desire
is settled.
9. MAIN SECTIONS IN TABLET 1
Introduction (LINE 1-54)
Gilgamesh’ arrogance (LINE 55-79)
Creation of Enkidu (LINE 80-104)
Enkidu and the trapper (LINE 105-153)
The harlot (LINE 154-204)
Enkidu goes to Uruk (LINE 205-237)
The dreams of Gilgamesh (LINE 238-296)
