Modul ini membahas tentang teori produksi dengan mendefinisikan produksi sebagai proses memproses input menjadi output. Fungsi produksi menunjukkan hubungan antara input dan output. Produksi dibedakan menjadi tiga tahap berdasarkan hukum menurunnya hasil marjinal. Teori ini kemudian diterapkan pada produksi dengan satu atau dua input variabel untuk menganalisis kombinasi input teroptimal.
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang teori produksi dengan menggunakan satu dan dua faktor produksi variabel.
2. Dijelaskan mengenai konsep produksi total, rata-rata, dan marjinal serta hukum hasil yang berkurang.
3. Juga dibahas mengenai kurva produksi total, rata-rata, marjinal, isoquant, dan isocost dalam teori produksi.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang produksi, yang didefinisikan sebagai aktivitas untuk menciptakan barang dan jasa dengan memproses input menjadi output. Dibahas pula fungsi produksi, input dan output produksi, serta konsep-konsep penting seperti total physical product, marginal physical product, average physical product, dan elastisitas produksi.
ThoughtSpark plans to create a virtual space for intellectual thinkers to solve community problems through proposed solutions and discussion. It aims to raise $1,500 initially through crowd funding to support startup costs and develop the product, then seek $50,000 more at 6 months to expand the product and launch it at 1 year. The company expects to approach investors in June and become profitable by mid-year 2.
Modul ini membahas tentang teori produksi dengan mendefinisikan produksi sebagai proses memproses input menjadi output. Fungsi produksi menunjukkan hubungan antara input dan output. Produksi dibedakan menjadi tiga tahap berdasarkan hukum menurunnya hasil marjinal. Teori ini kemudian diterapkan pada produksi dengan satu atau dua input variabel untuk menganalisis kombinasi input teroptimal.
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang teori produksi dengan menggunakan satu dan dua faktor produksi variabel.
2. Dijelaskan mengenai konsep produksi total, rata-rata, dan marjinal serta hukum hasil yang berkurang.
3. Juga dibahas mengenai kurva produksi total, rata-rata, marjinal, isoquant, dan isocost dalam teori produksi.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang produksi, yang didefinisikan sebagai aktivitas untuk menciptakan barang dan jasa dengan memproses input menjadi output. Dibahas pula fungsi produksi, input dan output produksi, serta konsep-konsep penting seperti total physical product, marginal physical product, average physical product, dan elastisitas produksi.
ThoughtSpark plans to create a virtual space for intellectual thinkers to solve community problems through proposed solutions and discussion. It aims to raise $1,500 initially through crowd funding to support startup costs and develop the product, then seek $50,000 more at 6 months to expand the product and launch it at 1 year. The company expects to approach investors in June and become profitable by mid-year 2.
Federico, de 35 años y soltero, visita al médico debido a que sintió palpitaciones y fatiga al subir escaleras. El médico determina que Federico tiene sobrepeso y cifras de presión arterial compatibles con prehipertensión. Para evaluar su capacidad para realizar paracaidismo, el médico recomienda una prueba de esfuerzo.
This document describes the development of a wireless sensor network to monitor temperatures in a refrigerator/freezer unit. It involves using an MSP430 microcontroller and CC2500 radio module to set up an access point and end devices. The access point collects temperature data from the end devices and sends it to a monitoring portal. Programs are written for the access point and end devices. The document outlines the required components, programming, and compiling/loading process to implement the wireless sensor network.
The document presents a graduate project on efficient data aggregation from polling points in wireless sensor networks. The proposed system called Mobi-Cluster aims to minimize overall network overhead and energy expenditure associated with multi-hop data retrieval while ensuring balanced energy consumption and prolonged network lifetime. This is achieved through building cluster structures consisting of member nodes that route data to assigned cluster heads, and selecting appropriate polling points to act as intermediaries between clusters and a mobile collector. The key stages of the Mobi-Cluster protocol are described as cluster head selection, polling point selection, cluster head attachment to polling points, data aggregation and forwarding to polling points, and communication between polling points and the mobile collector.
This document provides guidance for engineers contributing to the OpenStack project for the first time. It discusses starting a local OpenStack meetup group to leverage community support, getting employer approval to contribute, setting up development environments using DevStack, learning git and the GitHub workflow, writing and testing code changes, and submitting changes for review. The goal is to help new contributors successfully make their first code contribution to OpenStack.
The document proposes adding federated identity management to OpenStack to allow users to authenticate using existing credentials from an identity provider. This would simplify credential management for users and developers. It describes components like an OpenStack gateway that would handle authentication and attribute validation, mapping identities to local tenants and roles. Next steps discussed include a live demo, getting feedback, and incorporating this into a future OpenStack release.
The document discusses extending the Fog.io cloud API abstraction library to integrate support for the OpenStack Quantum API for network management. It covers objectives of enabling migration to Quantum, CRUD design for basic network operations, challenges around tooling integration and cross-cloud compatibility, and action items for the Fog development team.
This document provides an overview and configuration tips for Nova, the compute component of OpenStack. It discusses Nova architecture, customizing Nova by choosing backends like hypervisor, database and message queue. It also summarizes new features in Folsom like scheduler and virtualization options, and provides comparisons of RPC backends, databases, and virtualization options available in Nova. Configuration options in Nova are categorized by type and new options introduced in Folsom release are highlighted. Examples of customizing compute manager and scheduler options are also provided.
The document discusses profiling the Nova scheduler in OpenStack. It finds that the Essex scheduler was slow and scheduled too many virtual machines in some situations. The scheduler looked at each VM individually, used synchronous RPC calls, and boto retries led to multiple scheduling attempts when API timeouts occurred. These factors combined to cause performance and accuracy issues during large scheduling requests. The Folsom scheduler addressed these problems with improvements like asynchronous messaging and handling scheduling as a group.
This document summarizes a presentation about achieving visibility and insight across OpenStack projects using an integration pilot powered by Wikidsmart. It discusses current challenges with a lack of integration between project content and silos of information. The Wikidsmart demo shows faceted search and tracing a patch across tools. Next steps proposed include offering a public and private Wikidsmart portal to OpenStack members to bridge internal and community content.
This document provides an overview and introduction to using jclouds, an open source multi-cloud toolkit for Java. It outlines the key aspects of jclouds including that it is cross-cloud, open source, has a community and portable APIs. The document then covers setting up cloud accounts, installing jclouds and walking through a compute example to launch servers on Rackspace and HP clouds. It concludes with next steps and thanks.
This document promotes OpenStack as a career path. It highlights the growing number of OpenStack job postings globally. It also provides information on accelerating an OpenStack career through Rackspace training and certification exams, joining or starting an OpenStack meetup group, and talking to Rackspace recruiters.
Integrating network virtualization security in OpenStack Deployments.pdfOpenStack Foundation
The document discusses the challenges of providing secure networking in public and private cloud environments. It notes that security is difficult because connectivity needs to be provided by default while preventing unwanted connections, and that security policies are harder to apply than just enabling connectivity. The document also examines issues like tenant isolation, application isolation, multitenant challenges, identity and location-based security approaches, and how to better integrate security capabilities into cloud platforms like OpenStack. It argues that security must be designed into networks from the beginning as an integrated system rather than added as an afterthought.
This document discusses the potential impacts of OpenStack on developing countries like Vietnam. It notes that Vietnam has a fast growing IT sector and population, but also faces challenges around siloed computing resources and a weak open source community. The author advocates for OpenStack partners to help deliver successful working systems and grow Vietnam's OpenStack ecosystem, which could then serve as a model for other Southeast Asian countries. DTT Technology Group, the author's company, offers OpenStack consulting and pilots to help customers in Vietnam move to private and hybrid clouds.
OpenStack-Design-Summit-HA-Pairs-Are-Not-The-Only-Answer copy.pdfOpenStack Foundation
1) "HA" pairs are commonly used but are not the only way to achieve redundancy. They have limitations around catastrophic failures and lack of scale out.
2) Alternative patterns like distributed load balancing and brokerless messaging can provide redundancy without single points of failure and allow for scale out.
3) Service distribution is presented as a superior approach that combines standard networking technologies to provide resilient, stateless and scale out services for OpenStack.
CQS and CNS are open source alternatives to Amazon SQS and SNS developed by Comcast to meet their requirements of compatibility with AWS, active-active multi-datacenter support, horizontal scalability, guaranteed delivery, and very low latency. CQS uses Cassandra for persistence and Redis for caching queue metadata and payloads to achieve high performance. CNS uses CQS and scales by distributing publishing and delivery work across multiple servers. The services have been open sourced and Comcast is seeking feedback on integrating them with OpenStack.
Tim Smith discussed how to extend the OpenStack Nova framework to add new functionality. Nova can be extended through API extensions, custom services, CLI extensions, and dashboard extensions. Gridcentric implemented extensions to Nova to add "bless", "launch", and "discard" actions that interface with Gridcentric's proprietary virtual machine snapshotting and cloning capabilities. Extending Nova allows third parties to integrate their own solutions but does require overcoming technical challenges related to OpenStack's evolving architecture.
This document provides information about getting started with using XenServer and OpenStack. It discusses:
1. Why Xen was built for cloud computing and its history and community support.
2. How to install Xen Cloud Platform or Citrix XenServer and then install OpenStack on top as a domU virtual machine to manage the Xen hypervisor.
3. Tips for configuring the XenAPI driver and networking when first getting started with OpenStack on XenServer.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang perilaku produsen dan analisis proses produksi dalam jangka pendek. Secara ringkas, dokumen menjelaskan bahwa produsen berusaha memaksimalkan laba dengan menentukan output dan kombinasi faktor produksi. Analisis proses produksi jangka pendek menggunakan konsep total product, average product, dan marginal product yang tunduk pada hukum menurunnya tambahan hasil.
Tinjauan pustaka menjelaskan berbagai jenis desain eksperimen yang telah digunakan dalam penelitian sebelumnya, seperti faktorial, Taguchi, dan Response Surface Method (RSM). Prinsip dasar desain eksperimen juga dijelaskan, termasuk replikasi, randomisasi, dan blok.
Federico, de 35 años y soltero, visita al médico debido a que sintió palpitaciones y fatiga al subir escaleras. El médico determina que Federico tiene sobrepeso y cifras de presión arterial compatibles con prehipertensión. Para evaluar su capacidad para realizar paracaidismo, el médico recomienda una prueba de esfuerzo.
This document describes the development of a wireless sensor network to monitor temperatures in a refrigerator/freezer unit. It involves using an MSP430 microcontroller and CC2500 radio module to set up an access point and end devices. The access point collects temperature data from the end devices and sends it to a monitoring portal. Programs are written for the access point and end devices. The document outlines the required components, programming, and compiling/loading process to implement the wireless sensor network.
The document presents a graduate project on efficient data aggregation from polling points in wireless sensor networks. The proposed system called Mobi-Cluster aims to minimize overall network overhead and energy expenditure associated with multi-hop data retrieval while ensuring balanced energy consumption and prolonged network lifetime. This is achieved through building cluster structures consisting of member nodes that route data to assigned cluster heads, and selecting appropriate polling points to act as intermediaries between clusters and a mobile collector. The key stages of the Mobi-Cluster protocol are described as cluster head selection, polling point selection, cluster head attachment to polling points, data aggregation and forwarding to polling points, and communication between polling points and the mobile collector.
This document provides guidance for engineers contributing to the OpenStack project for the first time. It discusses starting a local OpenStack meetup group to leverage community support, getting employer approval to contribute, setting up development environments using DevStack, learning git and the GitHub workflow, writing and testing code changes, and submitting changes for review. The goal is to help new contributors successfully make their first code contribution to OpenStack.
The document proposes adding federated identity management to OpenStack to allow users to authenticate using existing credentials from an identity provider. This would simplify credential management for users and developers. It describes components like an OpenStack gateway that would handle authentication and attribute validation, mapping identities to local tenants and roles. Next steps discussed include a live demo, getting feedback, and incorporating this into a future OpenStack release.
The document discusses extending the Fog.io cloud API abstraction library to integrate support for the OpenStack Quantum API for network management. It covers objectives of enabling migration to Quantum, CRUD design for basic network operations, challenges around tooling integration and cross-cloud compatibility, and action items for the Fog development team.
This document provides an overview and configuration tips for Nova, the compute component of OpenStack. It discusses Nova architecture, customizing Nova by choosing backends like hypervisor, database and message queue. It also summarizes new features in Folsom like scheduler and virtualization options, and provides comparisons of RPC backends, databases, and virtualization options available in Nova. Configuration options in Nova are categorized by type and new options introduced in Folsom release are highlighted. Examples of customizing compute manager and scheduler options are also provided.
The document discusses profiling the Nova scheduler in OpenStack. It finds that the Essex scheduler was slow and scheduled too many virtual machines in some situations. The scheduler looked at each VM individually, used synchronous RPC calls, and boto retries led to multiple scheduling attempts when API timeouts occurred. These factors combined to cause performance and accuracy issues during large scheduling requests. The Folsom scheduler addressed these problems with improvements like asynchronous messaging and handling scheduling as a group.
This document summarizes a presentation about achieving visibility and insight across OpenStack projects using an integration pilot powered by Wikidsmart. It discusses current challenges with a lack of integration between project content and silos of information. The Wikidsmart demo shows faceted search and tracing a patch across tools. Next steps proposed include offering a public and private Wikidsmart portal to OpenStack members to bridge internal and community content.
This document provides an overview and introduction to using jclouds, an open source multi-cloud toolkit for Java. It outlines the key aspects of jclouds including that it is cross-cloud, open source, has a community and portable APIs. The document then covers setting up cloud accounts, installing jclouds and walking through a compute example to launch servers on Rackspace and HP clouds. It concludes with next steps and thanks.
This document promotes OpenStack as a career path. It highlights the growing number of OpenStack job postings globally. It also provides information on accelerating an OpenStack career through Rackspace training and certification exams, joining or starting an OpenStack meetup group, and talking to Rackspace recruiters.
Integrating network virtualization security in OpenStack Deployments.pdfOpenStack Foundation
The document discusses the challenges of providing secure networking in public and private cloud environments. It notes that security is difficult because connectivity needs to be provided by default while preventing unwanted connections, and that security policies are harder to apply than just enabling connectivity. The document also examines issues like tenant isolation, application isolation, multitenant challenges, identity and location-based security approaches, and how to better integrate security capabilities into cloud platforms like OpenStack. It argues that security must be designed into networks from the beginning as an integrated system rather than added as an afterthought.
This document discusses the potential impacts of OpenStack on developing countries like Vietnam. It notes that Vietnam has a fast growing IT sector and population, but also faces challenges around siloed computing resources and a weak open source community. The author advocates for OpenStack partners to help deliver successful working systems and grow Vietnam's OpenStack ecosystem, which could then serve as a model for other Southeast Asian countries. DTT Technology Group, the author's company, offers OpenStack consulting and pilots to help customers in Vietnam move to private and hybrid clouds.
OpenStack-Design-Summit-HA-Pairs-Are-Not-The-Only-Answer copy.pdfOpenStack Foundation
1) "HA" pairs are commonly used but are not the only way to achieve redundancy. They have limitations around catastrophic failures and lack of scale out.
2) Alternative patterns like distributed load balancing and brokerless messaging can provide redundancy without single points of failure and allow for scale out.
3) Service distribution is presented as a superior approach that combines standard networking technologies to provide resilient, stateless and scale out services for OpenStack.
CQS and CNS are open source alternatives to Amazon SQS and SNS developed by Comcast to meet their requirements of compatibility with AWS, active-active multi-datacenter support, horizontal scalability, guaranteed delivery, and very low latency. CQS uses Cassandra for persistence and Redis for caching queue metadata and payloads to achieve high performance. CNS uses CQS and scales by distributing publishing and delivery work across multiple servers. The services have been open sourced and Comcast is seeking feedback on integrating them with OpenStack.
Tim Smith discussed how to extend the OpenStack Nova framework to add new functionality. Nova can be extended through API extensions, custom services, CLI extensions, and dashboard extensions. Gridcentric implemented extensions to Nova to add "bless", "launch", and "discard" actions that interface with Gridcentric's proprietary virtual machine snapshotting and cloning capabilities. Extending Nova allows third parties to integrate their own solutions but does require overcoming technical challenges related to OpenStack's evolving architecture.
This document provides information about getting started with using XenServer and OpenStack. It discusses:
1. Why Xen was built for cloud computing and its history and community support.
2. How to install Xen Cloud Platform or Citrix XenServer and then install OpenStack on top as a domU virtual machine to manage the Xen hypervisor.
3. Tips for configuring the XenAPI driver and networking when first getting started with OpenStack on XenServer.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang perilaku produsen dan analisis proses produksi dalam jangka pendek. Secara ringkas, dokumen menjelaskan bahwa produsen berusaha memaksimalkan laba dengan menentukan output dan kombinasi faktor produksi. Analisis proses produksi jangka pendek menggunakan konsep total product, average product, dan marginal product yang tunduk pada hukum menurunnya tambahan hasil.
Tinjauan pustaka menjelaskan berbagai jenis desain eksperimen yang telah digunakan dalam penelitian sebelumnya, seperti faktorial, Taguchi, dan Response Surface Method (RSM). Prinsip dasar desain eksperimen juga dijelaskan, termasuk replikasi, randomisasi, dan blok.
Fadlan winata ( C1B018030 ) Teori Produksi Ekonomi Manajerialewin324123
Dokumen tersebut merangkum teori produksi, termasuk definisi produksi, faktor-faktor produksi, fungsi produksi, biaya produksi, dan hubungan antara produksi, produktivitas, dan biaya. Teori produksi adalah proses mengubah input menjadi output melalui penggunaan sumber daya. Produksen membuat keputusan tentang kombinasi input untuk mencapai output maksimum.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang material solid surface dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ketangguhannya, seperti jenis katalis dan bahan campuran.
2. Metode rancangan faktorial digunakan untuk menganalisis pengaruh katalis dan bahan campuran terhadap ketangguhan material solid surface.
3. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kombinasi katalis dan bahan campuran yang dapat
Implementasi alat analisis dea (data envelopment analisysWindhu Putra
Dokumen tersebut membahas implementasi analisis Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) untuk menilai efisiensi relatif kelompok tani tanaman hortikultura di Desa Temawang Muntai. DEA digunakan untuk menilai efisiensi 16 kelompok tani berdasarkan input seperti jumlah komoditas, tenaga kerja, luas lahan dan output seperti pendapatan dan produksi. Hasil analisis DEA menunjukkan proyeksi input dan output yang dibutuhkan kelompok tani untuk mencapai
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1) Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan kombinasi faktor dan tingkat terbaik untuk menghasilkan biogas dari kotoran sapi dengan persentase metana yang tinggi menggunakan metode Taguchi.
2) Eksperimen dilakukan dengan melakukan pre-eksperimen dan eksperimen untuk menentukan faktor dan tingkat yang akan digunakan.
3) Hasilnya adalah kombinasi terbaik adal
Dokumen tersebut merupakan tugas akhir mahasiswa D3 Kesehatan Lingkungan tentang pengaruh penambahan kotoran burung seriti terhadap lama waktu pengomposan sampah organik pasar. Metode penelitian menggunakan desain post test only dengan control group. Variabel bebas adalah variasi dosis kotoran seriti, sedangkan variabel terikat adalah lama waktu terjadinya kompos. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dosis 140 gr/kg memberikan waktu pen
ARIF RAHMAN, Bambang Indrayadi & Novi Tria Susanti, (2012), Simulasi Sistem Persediaan Spare Part Dengan Pendekatan Compound Poisson Process, Proceeding Industrial Engineering Conference, Yogyakarta, pp. 7.1-7.7
BAB. 4 Model produksi dengan dua faktor produksi variabelAnggi Indrianti
Model produksi dengan dua faktor produksi variabel melonggarkan asumsi adanya faktor tetap menjadi variabel. Isokuan menunjukkan kombinasi efisien dua faktor untuk output tertentu. Kurva isocost menunjukkan kombinasi dua faktor pada biaya tertentu. Keseimbangan dicapai pada titik isokuan dan isocost berpotongan.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pendekatan ordinal dalam perilaku konsumen dan produsen, serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi seperti sumber daya manusia, alam, dan modal.
1. III. METODE PENELITIAN
3.1. Jenis dan Sumber Data
Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah data sekunder dan data
primer. Data primer diperoleh dari wawancara langsung dengan pegawai divisi
produksi urea PT. Pupuk Kujang mengenai produksi perusahaan. Data sekunder
yang diperoleh berupa profil PT. Pupuk Kujang dan data-data faktor produksi
dalam bentuk time series periode 1985-2010. Data sekunder juga diperoleh dari
studi kepustakaan, literatur yang berkaitan dan relevan dengan penelitian yang
didukung dari perpustakaan Institut Pertanian Bogor, Asosiasi Produsen Pupuk
Indonesia (APPI), instansi-instansi lainnya serta publikasi atau laporan-laporan
yang berkaitan dengan penelitian ini dari berbagai media massa serta elektronik.
3.2. Metode Analisis Data
Analisis data pada penelitian ini dilakukan secara kuantitatif, yaitu faktor-
faktor yang memengaruhi produksi pupuk urea PT. Pupuk Kujang periode tahun
1985-2010. Analisis kuantitatif yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini
menggunakan fungsi Cobb Douglas dengan metode OLS (Ordinary Least
Square). untuk melihat pengaruh variabel-variabel yang telah ditentukan terhadap
produksi pupuk urea PT. Pupuk Kujang. Fungsi produksi Cobb Douglas
digunakan karena dianggap lebih mudah diaplikasikan dengan permasalahan
dalam penelitian ini dan menghasilkan penyelesaian yang lebih mudah dibanding
dengan fungsi produksi lain. Adapun penelitian ini menggunakan program
Minitab 14 dan Microsoft Excel 2007.
2. 3.3. Pengukuran Variabel
Konsep pengukuran variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian dalam
penelitian ini terdiri dari variabel bebas (independent variable) dan variabel tak
bebas (dependent variable) PT. Pupuk Kujang tahun 1985-2010.
Dalam menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi pupuk
urea PT. Pupuk Kujang, variabel-variabel yang digunakan antara lain :
1. Produksi Pupuk Urea (Y)
Pupuk urea yang dihasilkan pada PT. Pupuk Kujang adalah pupuk urea
bersubsidi dan tidak bersubsidi. Kapasitas produksi terpasang pupuk urea
adalah 570.000 ton per tahun.
2. Modal (X1)
Modal yang dimaksud adalah modal tetap. Modal tetap dalam hal ini adalah
mesin-mesin dan alat pabrik yang berpengaruh langsung terhadap proses
produksi pupuk urea pada PT. Pupuk Kujang 1-A dikurangi dengan biaya
depresiasi.
3. Tenaga Kerja (X2)
Tenaga kerja yang dimaksud adalah tenaga kerja tetap yang berpengaruh
langsung pada proses produksi pupuk urea 1-A. Tenaga kerja pada bagian
produksi PT. Pupuk Kujang relatif sedikit karena teknologi yang digunakan
dalam produksi pupuk urea sangat canggih sehingga industri ini merupakan
industri padat tenaga kerja.
4. Bahan Baku (X3)
Bahan baku yang dimaksud adalah bahan baku yang peranannya sangat
penting dalam proses produksi pupuk urea, yaitu gas bumi. Gas bumi
3. diperoleh oleh PT. Pupuk Kujang berasal dari Pertamina hulu energi.
Satuan gas bumi yang dipakai pada penelitian ini adalah mmbtu, satuan
tersebut adalah satuan energi dari gas bumi.
5. Stream Days ( X4)
Stream days adalah waktu yang diperlukan mesin dalam memproduksi
pupuk dari bahan baku sampai dengan butiran pupuk urea. Stream days
pada PT. Pupuk Kujang dihitung dalam satuan hari. Berdasarkan sifat
proses produksi pupuk urea yang kontinyu, apabila terjadi kerusakan atau
kemacetan pada mesin maka akan berpengaruh terhadap total produksi urea.
3.4. Model Analisis
Pada penelitian ini model yang digunakan untuk menganalisis fungsi
produksi adalah fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas, dimana fungsi Cobb-Douglas
seperti yang dirumuskan pada persamaan (3.1) :
= a X1b1 X2b2 X3b3 X4b4 (3.1)
dimana:
Y = Total Produksi Pupuk (ton)
X1 = Jumlah Modal Tetap (juta rupiah)
X2 = Jumlah tenaga kerja (jiwa)
X3 = Jumlah bahan baku (mmbtu)
X4 = Jumlah stream days (hari)
a = intersep
bi = koefisien regresi penduga (b1,...,b4)
4. Model di atas dapat dipergunakan untuk mengetahui nilai elastisitas dari
masing-masing output, sebab koefisien pangkat dari model tersebut dapat
menunjukkan nilai elastisitasnya. Selain dari nilai elastisitas, skala usaha (return
to scale) dapat juga diketahui dengan menjumlahkan nilai koefisien dari masing-
masing faktor tersebut. Apabila penjumlahannya lebih dari satu (∑bi>1), berarti
skala semakin meningkat (increasing return to scale). Jika hasil penjumlahannya
sama dengan satu (∑bi =1), berarti menunjukkan skala usaha yang tetap (constant
return to scale). Sedangkan jika hasil penjumlahan kurang dari satu (∑bi<1)
berarti menunjukkan skala usaha yang semakin menurun (decreasing return to
scale).
3.5. Pengujian Asumsi
Variabel-variabel yang diestimasi harus memenuhi asumsi regresi klasik
agar hasil estimasi bersifat BLUE (Best Liniear Unbiased Estimation). Untuk itu
diperlukan uji-uji asumsi yang memenuhi, uji tersebut adalah:
1. Uji Normalitas
Uji ini digunakan untuk melihat apakah distribusi dari error termnya
(residual) menyebar normal atau tidak. Uji normalitas dapat menggunakan uji
Kolmogrov-Smirnov. Hipotesis uji normalitas adalah sebagai berikut:
H0 : residual menyebar normal
H1 : residual tidak menyebar normal
Apabila nilai p-value lebih besar dari alfa berarti terima H0, maka residual
menyebar normal. Artinya dalam regresi tersebut asumsi kenormalan terpenuhi.
2. Uji Multikolinearitas
5. Uji multikolinearitas adalah pengujian yang dilakukan untuk melihat
apakah terdapat hubungan linear di antara beberapa atau semua variabel
independen dari model regresi. Multikolinearitas dapat menyebabkan koefisien
variabel independen cenderung tidak signifikan terhadap variabel respon. Cara
mengetahui apakah dalam model tersebut mengandung multikolinearitas atau
tidak adalah dengan cara menghitung Varians Inflation Factor (VIF). Jika nilai
VIF < 10, maka persamaan tersebut tidak ada masalah multikolinearitas.
3. Uji Autokorelasi
Uji autokorelasi digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah residual memiliki
korelasi dengan residual lain. Untuk mendeteksi adanya korelasi serial adalah
dengan melihat nilai Durbin- Watson (DW). Untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya
autokorelasi, maka dilakukan dengan membandingkan Dw statistik dengan Dw
tabel.
4. Uji Heteroskedastisitas
Suatu fungsi dikatakan baik apabila memenuhi asumsi homoskedastisitas
(tidak terjadi heteroskedastisitas) atau memiliki ragam error yang sama. Salah
satu cara untuk melihat ada atau tidaknya masalah heteroskedastisitas adalah
dengan menggunakan uji White. Uji White menggunakan residual kuadrat sebagai
variabel dependen yang diregresikan terhadap variabel-variabel independennya.
Hipotesis penggunaan uji White adalah:
H0 : homoskedastisitas
H1 : heteroskedastisitas
Apabila nilai p-value lebih besar dari taraf nyata (α) yang digunakan maka
terima H0, sehingga tidak terjadi pelanggaran asumsi heteroskedastisitas.
6. Sebaliknya jika p-value lebih kecil dari taraf nayat (α) yang digunakan makan
tolak H0 dan terjadi pelanggaran asumsi heteroskedastisitas.