Bab 10 kls xii

1. Pembangunan PLTN merupakan salah satu solusi timbulnya krisis energi yang Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas Hasil yang harus Anda capai: menunjukkan penerapan konsep Fisika inti dan radioaktivitas dalam teknologi dan kehidupan sehari-hari. Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 257 Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu: • menganalisis karakteristik inti atom dan radioaktivitas; • mendeskripsikan pemanfaatan radiokativitas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan teknologi untuk kesejahteraan manusia. A. Inti Atom B. Radioaktivitas C. Reaksi Inti D. Reaktor Nuklir, Bom Nuklir, dan Radioisotop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suatu saat akan dialami penduduk Bumi. Bab 10 Sumber: Energy: Technology and Development, 1995

2. Tes Kompetensi Awal +(+2;33+36+2'0'8/1549+6/9/1'4:/*'4!'*/5'1://:'91+80'1'42'.95'295'2(+8/1;:*'2'3(;1;2':/.'4

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22. IC7 7H?9EDJEJ;HI;8KJ 7JEC :;KJH?KC C;C?B?A? C7II7 A?H7A?H7 A7B? C7II7 FHEJED ?DJ? ?:HE=;D I;:7D=A7D C7II7 JH?J?KC A?H7A?H7 A7B? C7II7 FHEJED %;DN7J77D?D?F7:7CKB7DN7C;B7?HA7DIK7JK7D==7F7D87M7?DJ?7JEC J;H:?H? :7H? I;@KCB7 7JEC ?:HE=;D N7D= I7B?D= C;D=?A7J A7D J;J7F? :7H? F;D;B?J?7D B;8? B7D@KJ J;HDN7J7 87M7 C7II7 ?DJ? I;B7BK B;8? 8;I7H :7H?F7:7 C7II7 7JEC ?:HE=;D -;87=7? 9EDJE 7JEC I;D=DECEH7JECDN7D7CKDI;CK7?IEJEFDN78;HC7II7B;8?:7H?:K7 A7B? 7JEC ?:HE=;D %;DN7J77D ?D? C;DN;878A7D J?C8KBDN7 IK7JK :K=77D 87M7 ;B;AJHED CKD=A?D :7F7J 8;H7:7 :? :7B7C ?DJ? :7D C7II7 ;H?A7D9EDJE?IEJEF 258 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII F7N7D=:?C7AIK::;D=7DF;BKHK7D F7N7D=:?C7AIK::;D=7DH;7AI?KI?:7DH;7AI??I? F78;:7DN7H;7AI?DKAB?H:7DH;7AI?A?C?7

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29. IC7 7J7K I7C7 :;D=7D

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33. Informasi untuk Anda Information for You Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 259 %;J;H7D=7D DECEH C7II7 @KCB7 D;KJHED :7D FHEJED 2 B7C87D=KDIKH DECEH7JEC @KCB7 D;KJHED 1 Contoh 10.1 .;DJKA7D@KCB7FHEJEDD;KJHED:7DDECEHC7II7:7H?7JEC

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36. PD;KJHED Eksperimen Rutherford menyatakan bahwa inti atom memiliki diameter sekitar 10–15 sampai 10–14 m. Dari teori kinetik dan khususnya analisis Einstein tentang gerak Browman, diameter atom memiliki ukuran sekitar 10–10 m. Itu artinya elektron akan terlihat berjarak sekitar 10.000 sampai 100.000 kali lipat ukuran inti diukur dari inti atom tersebut (jika inti diibaratkan bola baseball, atom akan memiliki diameter seukuran kota yang berdiameter beberapa kilometer). Jadi, sebuah atom sebagian besar berupa ruang kosong. Rutherford’s experiments suggested that the nucleus must have a radius of about 10–5 to 10–14 m. From kinetic theory, and especially Einstein’s analysis of Browman movement, the radius of atoms was estimated to be about 10–10 m. Thus the electrons would seem to be at a distance from the nucleus of about 10,000 to 100,000 times the radius of the nucleus itself (if the nucleus were the size of a baseball, the atom would have the diameter of a big city several kilometers across). So an atom would be mostly empty space.

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39. 8 ,7:?EDKAB?:7 N7?JK DKAB?:7 N7D= C;C?B?A? :7D N7D= :7F7J 8;HK87 (KAB?:7?D?J?:7AIJ78?B:7DI;97H7IFEDJ7DC;BKHKC;D@7:? DKAB?:7 B7?D ,7:?EDKAB?:7 J;H:?H? 7J7I H7:?EDKAB?:7 7JEC FH?C;H H7:?EDKAB?:7 7JEC I;AKD:;H H7:?EDKAB?:7 7JEC J;HI?;H :7D H7:?EDKAB?H ;H:7I7HA7D@KCB7:7DDKAB?:7:7F7J:?=EBED=A7DC;D@7:? ?IEJEF?IEJED?IE87H:7D?IEC;H 7 #IEJEF N7?JK @KCB7 DKAB?:7DKAB?:7 N7D= C;C?B?A? I7C7 J;J7F? 8;H8;:7 9EDJEDN7

41. Z = N Nomor neutron (N) 260 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII 8 #IEJEDN7?JKDKAB?:7N7D=C;C?B?A?@KCB7D;KJHEDI7C7J;J7F?DECEH C7II7 8;H8;:7 9EDJEDN7

43. ( 9 #IE87HN7?JKDKAB?:7DKAB?:7N7D=C;C?B?A?I7C7J;J7F?8;H8;:7 (KAB?:7 ?D? KCKCDN7 C;HKF7A7D DKAB?:7DKAB?:7 9;HC?D : #IEC;H ?DJ? N7?JK DKAB?:7 N7D= C;C?B?A? :7D I7C7 I;HJ7 I?7J A?C?7 N7D= I7C7 J;J7F? J?D=A7J ;D;H=?DN7 8;H8;:7 EDJE

44. - C;C?B?A? J?=7 ?IEC;H N7?JK

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48. ?I?D?DECEH7JEC:7DDECEHC7II7I7C7A7H;D7J?:7AJ;H:7F7JD;KJHED #DJ? 7JEC N7D= J;H:?H? 7J7I FHEJED :7D D;KJHED :7F7J C;D;H7D=A7D A;7:77D ?IEJEF 4. Stabilitas Inti -J78?B?J7I ?DJ? 7JEC 8;H=7DJKD= A;F7:7 @KCB7 FHEJED :7D @KCB7 D;KJHED '3('8 C;CF;HB?7JA7DK8KD=7D7DJ7H7@KCB7D;KJHED PJ;H7:7F@KCB7FHEJEDKDJKAI;CK7DKAB?:7?DJ?7JEC8;I;HJ7 ?IEJEFDN7 87?A KDJKA ?DJ? IJ78?B C7KFKD ?DJ? J7A IJ78?B :;D=7D F;H87D:?D=7D /DJKA ?DJ? 7JEC N7D= IJ78?B 8;HB7AK 7B7B 8;H?AKJ 7 #DJ??DJ?7JECN7D=F7B?D=H?D=7DC;C?B?A?@KCB7FHEJED:7DD;KJHED N7D= 7CF?H I7C7 8 #DJ?7JECN7D=B;8?8;H7JC;C;HBKA7DB;8?87DN7AD;KJHED:7H?F7:7 FHEJED #DJ? 7JEC N7D= F7B?D= 8;H7J C;C?B?A? @KCB7 D;KJHED I;A?J7H

49. 7J7K B;8? 87DN7A 9 %;87DN7A7D :7H? ?DJ? 7JEC ?JK C;C?B?A? @KCB7 FHEJED :7D D;KJHED 8;HKF7 8?B7D=7D =;D7F EDJEDN7 F7HJ?A;B 7B7 :K7 D;KJHED :7D :K7 FHEJED C;C8;DJKA AEC8?D7I? N7D= I7D=7J IJ78?B Gambar 10.1 Isotop hidrogen Gambar 10.2 Diagram kestabilan inti (N-Z) hidrogen biasa deuterium tritium proton neutron elektron 140 130 120 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Nomor proton (Z) Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983

50. mantap mantap 10 5B 11 5B 12 5B Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 261 /DJKA ?DJ? 7JEC N7D= J?:7A IJ78?B 8;HB7AK 7B7B 8;H?AKJ 7 ;I?DJ;=H7I?9;D:;HKD=C;D=7I?BA7D?DJ?7JEC87HKN7D=B;8?:;A7J A; =7H?I IJ78?B?J7I :7D J;HKI 8;HB7D=IKD= ?D==7 J;H8;DJKA ?DJ? IJ78?B 8 #DJ? 7JEC :? 7J7I =7H?I A;IJ78?B7D C;C?B?A? A;B;8?7D D;KJHED :7D 9;D:;HKD= C;BKHK :;D=7D C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;B 8;J7 9 #DJ? N7D= J;HB;J7A :? I;8;B7 87M7 =7H?I IJ78?B?J7I C;BKHK I;?D==7 DECEH 7JECDN7 8;HAKH7D= *;H87D:?D=7D @KCB7 D;KJHED :7D FHEJEDDN7 8;HJ7C87 8;I7H *7:7 ?DJ? 7JEC 8;H7J ?D? J;H@7:? :;D=7D C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;B 7B7 $7:? @?A7 ?DJ? 7JEC :? I;8;B7 A?H? C;BKHK C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;B 8;J7 DECEH 7JEC ?DJ? 8;HJ7C87 I7JK :7D DECEH C7II7 J;J7F 2 2

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55. :7D

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170. 7J7K ; I;:7D=A7D I?D7H D;JH7B I?D7H 8;HCK7J7D D;=7J? ;H?AKJ ?D? 7A7D :?@;B7IA7D F;C7D97H7D I?D7H 7B7 I?D7H 8;J7 :7D I?D7H =7CC7 a. Pemancaran Sinar Alfa ( ) '7II7 C7KFKD CK7J7D I?D7H 7B7 ?:;DJ?A :;D=7D ?DJ? ;B?KC ; $?A7 IK7JK O7J H7:?E7AJ? C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H 7B7 DECEH 7JEC O7J ?JK Gambar 10.6 Dalam medan magnet, hanya sinar yang tidak dibelokkan. sumber ratemeter Q Gambar 10.5 Pengujian pembiasan sinar dalam medan magnet. Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998

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208. 4. Peluruhan Radioaktif (Desintegrasi) *;BKHK7D J;H@7:? I;97H7 IFEDJ7D :7D J?:7A :7F7J :?AEDJHEB I;HJ7 :?F;D=7HK? EB; F;HI;DN7M77D A?C?7 :7D ?I?A7 I;F;HJ? F;D=7HK IKK :7D J;A7D7D 7H? 7I?B F;D;B?J?7D :?F;HEB; 87M7 A;C7CFK7D IK7JK KDIKHKDJKAC;BKHK8;H8;:78;:7 :7KDIKHN7D=:7B7CM7AJKI?D=A7J I;CK7 ?DJ?DN7 C;BKHK :7D 7:7 FKB7 N7D= C;BKHK :;D=7D B7C87J EDJEDN7I;@KCB78;I7H?DJ?7JEC:7H?IK7JKH7:?E?IEJEFN7D=C;BKHK C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;BF7HJ?A;B :7D I;HJ7 :??AKJ? F;C7D97H7D Gambar 10.9 Pelemahan intensitas oleh bahan dengan ketebalan X. Tokoh Marie Curie (1867–1934) Marie Curie dilahirkan di Warsawa, Polandia. Nama aslinya adalah Marie Sklodowska. Ia belajar Matematika, Fisika, dan Kimia di Paris. Marie bersuamikan Pierre Curie seorang ahli fisika juga. Mereka bekerja sama dalam meneliti radiasi yang dihasilkan oleh bahan radioaktif dan mereka berhasil menemukan unsur thorium yang bersifat radioaktif. Pada 1898, mereka menemukan dua unsur radioaktif baru, yaitu polonium dan radium. Untuk keberhasilan ini, Marie dan Pierre Curie serta Henri Becquerel mendapat hadiah Nobel untuk bidang Fisika pada 1903. Pada 1910, Marie berhasil memisahkan radium murni dan mempelajari sifat-sifat kimianya. Untuk hasil kerja kerasnya ini, Marie kembali mendapatkan hadiah Nobel yang kedua dalam bidang kimia pada 1911. Marie meninggal tahun 1934 akibat kanker, yang mungkin disebabkan ia terlalu lama berinteraksi dengan bahan-bahan radioaktif.

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211. Aktivitas (103 C/menit) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 267 *

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262. Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 269 F;BKHK7D 8;J7 F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED EB; D;KJHED DKAB?H F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED EB; FHEJED DKAB?H F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED F;D7D=A7F7D FEI?JHED EB; FHEJED DKAB?H FHEJEDCK7J7D ;B;AJHED CK7J7D P D;KJHEDCK7J7D ;B;AJHED CK7J7D Gambar 10.12 Lima jenis peluruhan radioaktif = + + = + = Contoh 10.5 AJ?L?J7II;8K7IKC8;HH7:?E7AJ?8;HAKH7D=

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274. $7:?J;J7F7DF;BKHK7DDN77:7B7 @7C Gambar 10.13 Deret uranium 4. Deret Radioaktif 7B7C F;C7D97H7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? ?DJ? N7D= J;H@7:? J?:7A B7D=IKD= C;D@7:? ?DJ? IJ78?B :7D C7I? :7F7J C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? 7B ?D? 8;HB7D=IKD= I;97H7 J;HKIC;D;HKI I;?D==7 :?F;HEB; ?DJ? N7D= IJ78?B '?I7BDN7 F;BKHK7D / 7A7D C;BKHK C;D@7:? ?DJ? 7JEC . :7D 8;H7A?H F7:7 ?DJ? 7JEC *8 N7D= IJ78?B )B; A7H;D7 :?CKB7? :7H? KH7D?KC :;H;J ?D? :?I;8KJ :;H;J KH7D?KC Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983

275. :7FKD :;H;J7D F;BKHK7D :7D N7D= 8;HB7D=IKD= :7H? ?DJ? ?D:KAC;D@7:? ?DJ? N7D= C7DJ7F I;87=7? 7I?B 7A?H KDJKA :;H;J KH7D?KC :?JKD@KAA7D EB; '3('8 *HEI;I F;BKHK7D H7:?E7AJ? 8;H7DJ7? C;D=?AKJ? IK7JK :;H;J H7:?E7AJ? :7 ;CF7J :;H;J H7:?E7AJ? I;F;HJ? J;H97DJKC F7:7 #'(+2 #'(+2 ;H;J,7:?E7AJ? D .EH?KC Contoh 10.6 270 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII .

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300. P=H7N Gambar 10.14 Energi radiasi yang diserap materi bermassa m. sinar radioaktif m Kata Kunci • radioaktivitas • fluorisensi • eksitasi • daya tembus • peluruhan • waktu paruh • aktivitas • dosis serap Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983

301. Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998 isolator uap Sumber: Physics for Scientist and jejak ion Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 271 6. Pengukuran Radioaktivitas -?D7H N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB; KDIKH H7:?E7AJ? J?:7A :7F7J :?H7I7A7D EB; C7DKI?7 /DJKA ?JK :?F;HBKA7D 7B7J N7D= :7F7J C;D=KAKH :7D C;D:;J;AI? A;7AJ?7D IK7JK KDIKH 7J7K KDJKA C;D=;J7K? 7:7 :7D J?:7ADN7 I?D7HI?D7H H7:?E7AJ? -?D7H N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB; ?DJ? KDIKH H7:?E7AJ? :7F7JC;D=?EDA7D 7JEC :7H? O7JO7J N7D= :?B7BK?DN7 B7J KDJKA C;D:;J;AI? :7D C;D=KAKH A;7AJ?7D IK7JK KDIKH :?8K7J 8;H:7I7HA7D I?7J J;HI;8KJ ;8;H7F7 7B7J :;J;AI?I?D7HH7:?E7AJ?7:7B7;CKBI??BCFEJH;JF;D9797!;?=;H'KBB;H A7C7H A78KJ1?BIED :7D I?DJ?B7JEH a. Emulsi Film Potret -?D7H N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB; KDIKH H7:?E7AJ? C;D=?EDA7D B7F?I7D ;CKBI? I;F7D@7D= B?DJ7I7D N7D= :?B7BK?DN7 :? 7J7I F;HCKA77D ?BC FEJH;J $?A7 ?BC FEJH;J ?JK :?9K9? :7D :?9;J7A B?DJ7I7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? :7F7J :?B?7J :7D :?KAKH b. Pencacah Geiger-Muller *;D9797 !;?=;H'KBB;H :?I;8KJ @K=7 F;D9797 !;?=;H ( +%*( *;D9797 !;?=;H 7:7B7 7B7J KDJKA C;D=KAKH A;7AJ?7D KDIKH H7:?E7AJ? *;D9797 !;?=;H C;HKF7A7D 7B7J :;J;AI? I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? N7D= F7B?D= 87DN7A :?=KD7A7D B7J F;D9797 !;?=;H :?JKD@KAA7D F7:7 '3('8 *;H7B7J7D ?D? J;H:?H? 7J7I I;8K7 J78KD= I?B?D:;H J;H8K7J :7H? BE=7C ? :7B7C J78KD= :?F7I7D= I;8K7 A7M7J AED:KAJEH N7D= 7BKI %7M7J ?JK 8;HJ?D:7A I;87=7? A7JE:; :7D J78KD= I;87=7? 7DE:; .78KD= ?JK :??I? :;D=7D =7I 7J7K 97CFKH7D =7I :;D=7D J;A7D7D H;D:7

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304. LEBJ7A7DC;CF;H9;F7J?ED?JK #EDN7D=:?F;H9;F7J?JKC;D=?EDA7D B7=? 7JEC7JEC =7I N7D= B7?D I;?D==7 7HKI B?IJH?A N7D= J;H@7:? 9KAKF 8;I7H 7B7C M7AJK N7D= I?D=A7J 7HKI J;HFKJKI J;J7F? I;J?7F A7B? F7HJ?A;B H7:?E7AJ? C7IKA A; :7B7C J78KD= J?C8KB FKBI7 7HKI B?IJH?A :7B7C H7D=A7?7D *KBI7 ?D? :?F;HAK7J I;?D==7 :7F7J :?F7A7? KDJKA C;DN7B7A7D H7D=A7?7D F;D9797 ;B;AJHED?A c. Kamar Kabut Wilson %7C7HA78KJ1?BIED7:7B77B7JKDJKAC;B?7J:7DC;CEJH;JB?DJ7I7D F7HJ?A;B7B7N7D=C;B7BK?=7I B7J?JKJ;H:?H?7J7II?B?D:;HJ;HJKJKF:;D=7D F?IJED 8;H?I? K:7H7 8;H97CFKH K7F 7?H @;DK 7J7K D?JHE=;D *;H7J?A7D '3('8 *7:7 :?D:?D= 87=?7D :7B7C :?B;J7AA7D KDIKH H7:?E7AJ? *7HJ?A;B 7B7 N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB; KDIKH ?JK 7A7D C;D=?EDA7DCEB;AKBCEB;AKB=7I:?:7B7CI?B?D:;H -;C;DJ7H7?JKF?IJED :?J7H?A A;BK7H I;?D==7 K7F @;DK J7:? 7A7D C;D:?D=?D I;97H7 J?87 J?87 I;?D==7 8KJ?H8KJ?H K7F 7?H :? :7B7C I?B?D:;HC;D@7:? @;DK #ED?ED N7D= J;H8;DJKA I;F7D@7D= B?DJ7I7D F7HJ?A;B 7B7 C;D7H?A 8KJ?H8KJ?H K7F 7?H:7D:7F7J:?B?7J7J7K:?FEJH;J@?A7=7I:?:7B7CI?B?D:;H:?IEHEJ:;D=7D 977N7 B7CFK Gambar 10.15 Pencacah Geiger-Muller Gambar 10.16 Bagian-bagian alat pencacah Geiger-Muller 103 V – + jendela tipis gas kawat elektrode (anode) tabung dari logam (katode) + – Gambar 10.17 Kamar kabut Wilson sumber radioaktif (R) cahaya keping gelas pengisap (P) Engineers, 2000

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318. :7H?CKB7CKB7 partikel datang foton kristal sintilasi pulsa keluaran fotomultiplier +400 V +800 V +1200 V +1600 V +200 V +600 V +1000 V +1400 V Tes Kompetensi Subbab B +80'1'42'.6'*'(;1;2':/.'4 C. Reaksi Inti !;@7B7 H7:?E7AJ? 7:7B7 7AJ?L?J7I IK7JK ?DJ? C;D@7:? ?DJ? B7?D *7D97H7D I?D7H 7DN7 C;D=KH7D=? DKAB;ED :7B7C ?DJ? :;D=7D :K7 FHEJED :7D :K7 D;KJHED :7FKD F7D97H7D I?D7H 7DN7 C;D=K87 I7JKD;KJHED:7B7C?DJ?C;D@7:?FHEJED )H7D=F;HJ7C7N7D=C;D=7C7J? H;7AI??DJ?7:7B784+9:!;:.+8,58* *7:7

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323. Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000

324. Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998 Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 273 Pada setiap reaksi inti selalu berlaku hukum kekekalan berikut ini.

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354. ';0 Kata Kunci • energi reaksi inti • reaksi eksotermik • reaksi endotermik • reaksi berantai • reaksi fisi • reaksi fusi Tokoh Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) Fermi adalah seorang fisikawan kelahiran Itali. Setelah tahun 1939, ia pergi ke Amerika Serikat untuk bekerja dan hidup disana. Ia dikenal karena menggunakan neutron untuk menembak atom yang dapat menghasilkan isotop. Enrico Fermi mendapat hadiah Nobel pada 1938. Pada 2 Desember 1942, reaksi rantai nuklir pertama dihasilkan oleh sebuah tim ilmuwan yang dipimpinnya. Percobaan yang sukses ini bertempat di lapangan Squash Universitas Chicago, Amerika Serikat. Reaksi rantai bekerja menyerupai penyalaan korek api. Panas yang dihasilkan oleh gesekan pada waktu mematik korek api menyebabkan sebagian atom terbakar dan melepaskan lebih banyak panas sehingga menyebabkan reaksi terus-menerus berlangsung.

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356. inti bulatan menghasilkan 4 neutron neutron pertama reaksi fisi kedua 274 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII K :?F;HEB; :7H? F;D;C87A7D ?IEJEF IJ78?B

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371. 7 '7II7 N7D= ?B7D= :7D ;D;H=? N7D= :?7I?BA7D :??JKD= I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ U n Gambar 10.19 Diagram reaksi berantai Gambar 10.20 Pada reaksi pembelahan inti, jumlah neutron bertambah pada setiap tingkatan. inti U-235 reaksi fisi U-235 memunculkan 2 neutron Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1990

372. H 11 H 11 H 11 H 11 H 21 H 21 Hc 32 Hc 32 H 11 H 11 H 11 ruang vakum toroid arus listrik luar medan magnetik total plasma medan magnetik toroid Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 275

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408. % *7:7 IKK J;HI;8KJ I;CK7 C7J;H? 7A7D 8;H8;DJKA FB7IC7 F7D7I I;?D==7 I7D=7J IKA7H C;D97F7? F7HJ?A;B % N7D= 9KAKF F7D7I -7B7 I7JK KI77 N7D= :?B7AKA7D KDJKA C;C;H7D=A7F FB7IC7 H;7AJ? :7B7C C;:7D C7=D;J?A :?H7D97D= EB; ,KI?7 N7D= :?I;8KJ *$ :;D=7D C;:7D C7=D;J?A 8;H8;DJKA AK; :ED7J JEHKI Gambar 10.21 Penggabungan empat inti hidrogen membentuk inti helium disertai pelepasan energi. Hc 42 H 11 H–2 (deuterium) H–3 (tritium) reaksi fusi helium neutron + + + + + + Gambar 10.22 Reaksi fusi di Matahari Gambar 10.23 Tokamak arus plasma medan magnetik poloid Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000

409. Contoh 10.9 ?JKD=B7;D;H=?:7B7C';0N7D=:?8;87IA7DEB;F;D==78KD=7D:K7FHEJED:7D :K7D;KJHEDKDJKAC;C8;DJKAI;8K7?DJ?;B?KC ?A;J7K?C7II7

410. Tes Kompetensi Subbab C +80'1'42'.6'*'(;1;2':/.'4 . / J;DJKA7DDECEHC7II7.:7D/ 276 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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465. 9 .CK:GHI6H =86D B:G@6 ,:G@6I ,6BE6 H66I C I:A6= 976CJC7:G766?:CH96CJ@JG6CG:6@IDGCJ@AG+:6@IDGG:6@IDGCJ@AG I:GH:7JIB:BA@7:7:G6E6@DBEDC:C96H6G96CI6G6CN6:A:B:C:A:B:C 76=6C 76@6G 76I6C @:C96A BD9:G6IDG 96C E:GH6 ' A:B:C Information for You Gambar 10.24 Perancangan dasar reaktor Nuklir air-tekan. Gambar 10.25 Reaktor nuklir dengan moderator air Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 277 sistem utama sistem kedua bahan bakar dan moderator pelindung kondensor pompa air panas turbin uap generator Informasi untuk Anda Beberapa jenis limbah reaktor nuklir bersifat radioaktif. Limbah ini meng-hasilkan radiasi nuklir mematikan yang merusak sel-sel hidup. Beberapa jenis limbah radioaktif dapat bertahan ribuan tahun. Oleh karena itu, limbah yang disimpan rapat dalam peti kemas tertutup harus dipendam di bawah tanah. Untuk menangani limbah nuklir maka orang harus menggunakan pakaian seperti terlihat pada gambar berikut. Some kind of the nuclear reactor waste is radioactive material. This waste produce deadly nuclear radiation that damage living cells. Some kind of radioactive waste can last for thousand years. So, nuclear reactor waste placed in shielded box must be buried underground. Overcoming nuclear waste, people must wear suit like you have seen this picture. Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000

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467. Informasi untuk Anda Information for You 278 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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473. E:BC96=6C E6C6H BJIA6@ 9E:GAJ@6C E696 HJ6IJ G:6@IDG CJ@AG !6A I:GH:7JI 7:GIJ?J6C B:BC96=@6C E6C6H N6C 9=6HA@6C G:6@H ;H 96G BD9:G6IDG E:C9CC EGB:G @: E:C9CC H:@JC9:G ):BC96=6C E6C6H C H6C6I E:CIC @6G:C6 E:C9CC EGB:G 76H6CN6 B:GJE6@6C HJ6IJ G6C@66C I:GIJIJE ):C9CC 9@:B76A@6C A6 @: G:6@IDG H:I:A6= E6C6H N6C 976L6CN6 96G I:G6H G:6@IDG 9EC96=@6C @: E:C9CC H:@JC9:G :G96H6G@6C @:JC66CCN6 G:6@IDG CJ@AG 96E6I 97:96@6C B:C?69 Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998 Sumber: Fundamental of Physics, 2001 generator pembangkit Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas 279 6 +:6@IDG 6N6 +:6@IDG96N6696A6=G:6@IDGN6C96E6IB:C=6HA@6CI:C66AHIG@ +:6@IDG96N6E696JBJBCN6B:GJE6@6CG:6@IDG@DB:GH6AH6ACN6 9B6C;66I@6C JCIJ@ )%-' ):B76C@I %HIG@ -:C66 'J@AG 7 +:6@IDG )GD9J@H HDIDE +:6@IDGEGD9J@HHDIDE696A6=G:6@IDGN6CB:C=6HA@6CG69DHDIDE N6C 76CN6@ 9JC6@6C 96A6B 796C @:9D@I:G6C C9JHIG 7DAD 96C ;6GB6H 8 +:6@IDG ):C:AI6C +:6@IDG E:C:AI6C 696A6= G:6@IDG N6C 9JC6@6C JCIJ@ E:C:AI6C 9 796C E:GI6C6C E:I:GC6@6C C9JHIG @:9D@I:G6C 96C H6CH C9DC:H6 B:BA@ I6 G:6@IDG E:C:AI6C 96C EGD9J@H HDIDE N6C 7:G696 9 6C9JC 2DN6@6GI6 96C ,:GEDC +:6@IDG N6C 7:G696 9 6C9JC 97:G C6B6 -G6 6G@ ' '#(#$ #)(#, (#! 92DN6@6GI697:GC6B6G:6@IDG$6GIC H:96C@6C N6C 7:G696 9 ,:GEDC 97:G C6B6 )+

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