termodinamika

1. Kereta uap dapat berjalan dengan memanfaatkan energi uap
179
Bab
8
Termodinamika
A. Usaha pada
Berbagai Proses
Termodinamika
B. Hukum I
Termodinamika
C. Kapasitas Kalor Gas
dan Siklus
Termodinamika
D. Hukum II
Termodinamika
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
menerapkan konsep termodinamika dalam mesin kalor.
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:
,6;2=2? 56?82? A6B632?82? I22? C2B2?2 DB2?CA@BD2C: H2?8
5:8E?22? 2?EC:2 D6BEC 36B632?8 122? 529E=E E52 52? 6B6D2
E52 6?;25: AB:25@?2 2?8ED2? 52B2D ,22D :?: A6B2?2? E52 C63282:
2=2D DB2?CA@BD2C: 52B2D CE529 D6B82?D:2? @=69 636B2522? @D@B @3:=
52? 6B6D2 $6=63:92? 52B: C2B2?2 DB2?CA@BD2C: @56B? :?: 252=29 D6?282
H2?8 5:92C:=2??H2 =63:9 36C2B 52B:A252 D6?282 E52 (=69 2B6?2 :DE
;E=29 A6?EA2?8 52? 32B2?8 H2?8 52A2D 5:2?8ED AE? C62:? 32?H2
)25252C2B?H2A6B632?82?C2B2?2DB2?CA@BD2C:D6BC63EDD:52=6A2C
52B: 62;E2? D6?@=@8: 2A=:2C: AB:?C:A D6B@5:?2:2 !2A:B C6E2
6C:? H2?8 252 6?88E?22? AB:?C:A D6B@5:?2:2 H2:DE 6?8E329
6?6B8: 2=@B 6?;25: 6?6B8: 86B2
yang diubah menjadi energi kinetik.
menganalisis perubahan keadaan gas ideal dengan menerapkan hukum
termodinamika.
Sumber: Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 2000

2. Tes Kompetensi Awal
#-5...1-+2*,0/31 2.0%*/.*,,2+,/-)30-30-#2*,54%-.#5,5-4*)/
A229H2?85:2CE556?82?67:C:6?C:6C:?
6?EBED?522A229H2?85:2CE556?82?6?DB@A:
A. Usaha pada Berbagai Proses Termodinamika
1. Usaha yang Dilakukan Gas
-:?;2E=29 C63E29 C:CD6 H2?8 5:=6?82A: 56?82? C63E29 D23E?8 52?
A6?8:C2A 82C H2?8 52A2D 36B86B2 3632C C6A6BD: D2A2 A252 .#2
.C292H2?85:=2E2?@=6982CC69E3E?82?56?82?A6BE3292?F@=E6
82C252=29C63282:36B:ED#:2D62?2?82C366B;2A252A6?8:C2A6E5:2?
A6?8:C2A 36B86C6B C6;2E9 . 6 2D2C 56?82? =E2C A6?2A2?8 A6?8:C2A
EC292 H2?8 5:=2E2? @=69 C:CD6 82C D6B9252A =:?8E?82? 252=29
5GQ5. , . , . , 1
,2D4!8
)2
.?DEAB@C6C52B:6

3. EC2926B;2H2?85:=2E2?@=6982C252=29
ekspansi W 0
luas = W
V
2
1
180 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI

4. , O
,

5. O, O

6. $6D6B2?82?
EC292 H2?8 5:=2E2? C:CD6 82C
, D62?2? 82C @?CD2?
F@=E6 2G2=

7. F@=E6 29:B
23./ 9
36B=2E 92?H2 ;:2 D62?2? , @?CD2? ,6=22
A6BE3292?F@=E6D6BC63EDEC29252A2D36B?:=2:A@C:D:72D2E?682D:7
56?82? 6D6?DE2? C63282: 36B:ED
#:2 82C 6=2E2? 6CA2?C: A6?8632?82? EC292 36B?:=2:
A@C:D:7 ,:CD6 6=2E2? EC292 H2?8 6?H63232? F@=E6?H2
36BD2329

8. #:2 82C 5:2A2D2? 36B?:=2: ?682D:7 )252 C:CD6 D6BC63ED
5:=2E2? EC292 @=69 =:?8E?82? H2?8 6?H63232? F@=E6?H2
36BEB2?8

9. .C292 H2?8 5:=2E2? A252 C:CD6 5:C63ED 0.$ (0- %E2C 2B62 5:
32G29 EBF2 252=29 EC292 H2?8 5:=2E2? @=69 C:CD6 )6B92D:2?
.#2
Gambar 8.1
Sistem melakukan usaha
terhadap lingkungannya.
,E2DE82C52=2C:=:?56BD6BDEDEA6?82=2:AB@C6CC6A6BD:
D2A2A2528232B-6?DE2?EC292H2?85:=2E2?
@=6982CA252
2 AB@C6C
3 AB@C6C
4 AB@C6C 52?
5 C6=EBE9AB@C6CD@D2=
Gambar 8.2
(a) Usaha yang dilakukan
oleh sistem adalah
positif (W = pV ).
(b) Usaha yang dilakukan
oleh sistem adalah
negatif (W = –pV ).
p
V1 V2
pemampatan W 0
luas = W
V1 V2
V
p
2
1
ds
F = pA
2
3 p(kPa)
A B
C
E V(L)
250
50
D
25 75
6?82A286=2CD:A:CH2?83:2C2?H25:8E?22?E?DE
:?E6C3:C2A64296D:25::C:2:BA2?2C

10. 6?82?3292C2C6?5:B:;6=2C2?42B26B;2D6B@C
C69:?8822:B3:C2D6D2AA2?2C
Contoh 8.1

11. Termodinamika 181
7#
2 .C29252B: 6
C2256?82?=E2C

12. 52?36B?:=2:A@C:D:72B6?22B29
AB@C6C62?2?
=E2C

13. P

14. %O

15. %

16. )2
%

17. P
)2

18. #
3 .C29252B:
6C2256?82?=E2C

19. 52?36BD2?52?682D:72B6?22B29
2. Usaha pada Proses yang Dialami Gas
2C H2?8 36B252 52=2 BE2?8 D6BDEDEA 52A2D 5:E329 62522??H2
6=2=E: 3636B2A2 AB@C6C H2:DE AB@C6C :C@D6B2= AB@C6C :C@9@B: AB@C6C
:C@32B: 52? AB@C6C 25:232D:
a. Proses Isotermal
)B@C6C :C@D6B2= 252=29 AB@C6C A6BE3292? 62522? C:CD6 A252 CE9E
D6D2A .#2 )B@C6C D6BC63ED C6CE2: 56?82? !EE @H=6 H2:DE ,
@?CD2?-:?;2E=29A6BC222?82C:562=,*(=692B6?2CE9E
*52?D6D2A22
,,

20. O
.C292H2?85:=2E2?C:CD652A2D5:D6?DE2?6?88E?22?A6BC222?
36B:ED
, 56?82?,
*
*
':=2:*52?@?CD2?C69:?88252A2D5:6=E2B2?52B:A6BC222?:?D68B2=
*
*

21. =?
1
1
* =?O=?
#25: EC292 H2?8 5:=2E2? @=69 C:CD6 A252 AB@C6C :C@D6B2= 252=29
O
* =?

22. AB@C6C6:B:
=E2C

23. O

24. O

25. )2

26. )2%O

27. %O#
4 .C29252B: C2256?82??@=2B6?2 D:52636?DE3:52?856?82?
CE3E=E2C?H2
5 .C2926C6=EBE92?AB@C6C252=29

28. O
##
.C292D@D2=52A2D;E825:9:DE?8C642B2=2?8CE?8
D@D2= =E2C

29. )2O
)2%O

30. %#
p
p1
Gambar 8.3
Kurva p–V dengan T konstan
pada proses isotermal.
V
V1 V2
p2
Contoh 8.2
E2@=82C2B8@?6E2:C642B2:C@D6B2=A252CE9E

31. L52B:F@=E62G2=

32. 6?;25:
-6?DE2?EC292H2?85:=2E2?82CD6BC63ED
# @=$
7#
:6D29E:
*

33. @=
/@=E62G2=

34. /@=E629:B

35. b. Proses Isokhorik
)B@C6C :C@9@B: 252=29 AB@C6C A6BE3292? 62522? C:CD6 A252 F@=E6
D6D2A .#2

36. -:?;2E=29 632=: A6BC222? 62522? 82C :562=
, * F@=E6 D6D2A
p
p1
p2
V
V1 = V2
Proses isokhorik pada grafik p–V.
p(Pa)
Gambar 8.4
V(L)
V1 V2
,
,
182 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI
,
*
E?DE 82C :562= 56?82? * 52?
C6=2=E D6D2A :32D?H2
,
@?CD2? 2D2E
,
,

38. O
)252 AB@C6C :C@9@B: C:CD6 D:52 6?82=2: A6BE3292? F@=E6

39. C69:?882 EC292 H2?8 5:=2E2? @=69 82C C22 56?82? ?@=
H2:DE ,
)6BE3292? D62?2? A252 82C 22?6?H63232?
A6BE3292? CE9E 82C #:2 CE9E 82C 5:?2:2? D62?2? 52=2 82C 22?
36BD2329 C6A6BD: 5:DE?;E2? A252 .#2
/@=E6 D:52 D6B
A6?82BE9 A6BE3292? D62?2? 82C
Gambar 8.5
Grafik p–T pada V konstan.
p
T
Gambar 8.6
Grafik p–V pada tekanan (p) konstan.
,63E29D23E?836B:C:
=:D6B82C:562=A252CE9E

40. L52?D62?2?

41. P
)2
-23E?8D6BC63ED5:A2?2C2?9:?8826?42A2:CE9E

42. L#:2F@=E6D23E?85:3E2D
D6D2AD6?DE2?D62?2?82C5:52=2D23E?8
7#
:6D29E:

43. $
$,

44. P
)2

45. $
$
)6BC222?62522?82CA252AB@C6C:C@9@B:

47. )2
$

48. ,
600 K
,

49. P
)2
c. Proses Isobarik
)B@C6C:C@32B:252=29AB@C6CA6BE3292?62522?C:CD6A252D62?2?
D6D2A )252 .#2 D2A2 329G2 A6BE3292? F@=E6 D:52 6?8
92C:=2?A6BE3292?D62?2?,6CE2:56?82?A6BC222?82C:562=,*
D62?2?,D6D2A52?
*
, (=692B6?2*52?C6=2=ED6D2A22
@?CD2?2D2E

51. O
B27:9E3E?82?2?D2B252?E?DEAB@C6C:C@32B:D2A2A252
.#2)252AB@C6C:C@32B:D62?2?82C5:EC2922?D6D2AC69:?882
A6BE3292?CE9EA25282C22?6?:3E=2?A6BE3292?F@=E682CE?DE
6A6BD292?2? 282B D62?2? 82C D6D2A
.C292H2?85:=2E2?82CA252AB@C6C:C@32B:252=29C6CE2:56?82?
A6BC222? 36B:ED
,

52. O, O
Gambar 8.7
Grafik V–T pada tekanan (p) konstan.
Contoh 8.3
Tantangan
untuk Anda
Menurut Anda, benarkah angin itu
tidak mendinginkan suhu,
melainkan menaikkan suhu di
sekitarnya?
# @=$

53. $
.C292H2?85:=2E2?82CA252AB@C6C:C@D6B2=52A2D5:9:DE?856?82?23./
9

54. * =?

55. @=
# @=$
$=?

56. =?

57. ;@E=6
T (suhu)
V (volume)

58. proses
isotermik
V
proses
adiabatik
V1 V2
Termodinamika 183
,6;E=2982C52=2BE2?8D6BDEDEAF@=E6?H2
=:D6BD62?2?

59. 2D52?CE9E?H2

60. L 2CD6BC63ED5:A2?2C2?56?82?D62?2?D6D2AC69:?8826?42A2:CE9EL
-6?DE2?F@=E682C52?EC292H2?85:=2E2?82CD6BC63ED
7#
:6D29E:
,

61. 2D

62. $
$
=:D6B

63. $
$
2 )6BC222?82CA252D62?2?D6D2A252=29

65. =:D6B
$

66. $

67. =:D6B
C69:?882F@=E682C6?;25:=:D6B
3 ,

68. O

69. O
;@E=6
d. Proses Adiabatik
)B@C6C 25:232D: 252=29 AB@C6C A6BE3292? 62522? C:CD6 D2?A2
252?H2 A6BDE2B2? 2=@B 56?82? =:?8E?82??H2 2D2E D:52 252 2=@B
H2?8 5:=6A2C 2EAE? H2?8 5:D6B:2 @=69 82C D6BC63ED C69:?882
B27:A252.#26?E?;E2?329G2A252AB@C6C25:232D:
D6B;25:A6BE3292?CE9ED62?2?52?F@=E6)B@C6C:?:36B52C2B2?-0)0.
+%..+* H2?8 5:DE=:C2? , @?CD2? 2D2E
,
,

70. O
52? D6D2A 2D2E

71. O
6?82? 252=29 '+*./*/ ,(! H2?8 6BEA22? A6B32?
5:?82?2A2C:D2C2=@B82CA252D62?2?D6D2AA52?2A2C:D2C2=@B82C
A252 F@=E6 D6D2A F ,642B2 2D62D:C 36C2B2? D6BC63ED 5:DE=:C
A
F
:32D D:52 252?H2 A6BDE2B2? 2=@B 56?82? =:?8E?82? EC292
H2?8 5:=2E2? @=69 82C 92?H2 6?8E329 6?6B8: 52=2 6C2B?H2 EC292
D6BC63ED 52A2D 5:D6?DE2? 56?82? 6BE;E 23./ 9
C69:?882
5:A6B@=69 A6BC222?
,O ,

72. O
2D2E

73. * O

74. O

75. .C292 H2?8 5:=2E2? @=69 82C A252 AB@C6C 25:232D: 52A2D 5:A6B@=69
56?82? 6?88E?22? 23./ 9 52? 23./ 9
;:2
62522? 2G2= 52? 62522? 29:B 5:6D29E: @?D@9 AB@C6C 25:232D: 52=2
69:5EA2? C692B:92B: 252=29 A6E2:2? 82C A2?2C A252 6C:? 5:6C6= 52?
6C:? A6?5:?8:?
p
p1
p2
Gambar 8.8
Grafik p–V pada proses adiabatik
lebih curam daripada proses
isotermal.
Contoh 8.4
2C:562=6?82=2:6CA2?C:C642B225:232D:E=2E=236C2BD62?2?82C252=29

76. P
)2,6D6=296CA2?C:D62?2?82C6?;25:
)2-6?DE2?F@=E682C29:B
;:2F@=E682CE=2E=2
C6BD2@?CD2?D2%2A=246
Contoh 8.5

77. 7#
:6D29E:,

78. P
)2,

79. P
)2
)6BC222?82CA252AB@C6C25:232D:252=29

81. , ,

83. $65E2BE2C5:A2?82D2?

84. #25:F@=E682CC6D6=296CA2?C:252=29
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
2+,/-)%-.#5,5-4*)/

86. ,6;6?:C82C36BD62?2?2D36B25252=2G2529
H2?86:=::F@=E6
=:D6B!:DE?8=29EC292H2?8
5:=2E2?@=6982C;:2
2 82C 6E2: A252 D62?2? D6D2A C69:?882
F@=E6?H2

87. 2=:F@=E6C6E=252?
3 82C5:2A2D2?A252D62?2?D6D2AC69:?882
F@=E6?H2 6?;25: 5E2 A6B D:82 2=: F@=E6
C6E=22D
)2

88. -6?DE2?=29 EC292 H2?8 5:=2E2? @=69 82C E?DE
AB@C6CC6CE2:56?82?5:28B2,636B:ED
A
B
10
0 200 600 800
3
p(Pa)
V (dm3)
70
60
200 500
2
p(Pa)
14
10
0
A
B
V (dm3)
184 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI
C69:?8825:A6B@=69
,63E29D23E?856?82?F@=E6%36B:C:82C:562=
56?82?CE9E
L52?D62?2?
P
)2-23E?8
D6BC63ED5:A2?2C2?9:?8826?42A2:CE9E

89. L
#:2F@=E6D23E?85:2?882AD6D2A36B2A2D62?2?
82C52=2D23E?8
,E2DE 82C :562= H2?8 F@=E6 2G2=?H2
5:6CA2?C:2? C69:?882 F@=E6 29:B?H2 6?;25:

90. A252D62?2?D6D2A
)2
2 -6?DE2?=29 EC292 H2?8 5:=2E2? @=69 82C
D6BC63ED52B:62522?2G2=9:?88262522?29:B
3 ?52:2?AB@C6C52A2D5:32=:52B:62522?29:B
662522?2G2=36B2A22936C2BEC292H2?8
5:=2E2?@=6982C
.?DE 6A6B64:= F@=E6 C63E29 82C 6?;25:
C6D6?829?H2C642B2:C@D6B2=5:A6B=E2?EC292
#
6B2A229EC292H2?85:A6B=E2?E?DE6A6B64:=
F@=E682CD6BC63ED6?;25:C6A6BC6AE=E952B:F@=E6
2G2=
,63E296C:?82C@=:?6:=::B2C:@@AB6C:H2:DE
B2C:@F@=E62G2=D6B9252AF@=E629:BC636C2B
#:2CE9E42AEB2?3292?322BE52B2252=29
L
52? AB@C6C @AB6C: 36B=2?8CE?8 C642B2 25:232D:
56?82?

91. 36B2A229CE9E42AEB2?3292?
322BD6BC63EDA252@AB6C:2C:2=
p(Pa)
V(dm3)
A
50 B
20
0 200 400 600
4
B. Hukum I Termodinamika
-29E29?52D6?D2?8!EE-6B@5:?2:2.?DE6?86D29E:?H2
C:2=29 EB2:2? 36B:ED :?: C642B2 C2C22
1. Pengertian Hukum I Termodinamika
!EE D6B@5:?2:2 6?;6=2C2? 9E3E?82? 2?D2B2 2=@B H2?8
5:D6B:2 2D2E 2=@B H2?8 5:=6A2C2? @=69 C:CD6 6 =:?8E?82? 52? EC292
H2?8 5:=2E2? @=69 C:CD6 C6BD2 A6BE3292? 6?6B8: 52=2 H2?8 5:D:3E=
2??H2:C2=2?CE2DEC:CD66?6B:22=@B222=@BD6BC63EDD:52
92?H25:8E?22?E?DE6?8E3296?6B8:52=2D6D2A:;E825:A22:
E?DE 6=2E2? EC292 ,642B2 6C6=EBE92? 6?6B8: D6BC63ED D:52

92. Q+ W
+
sistem
lingkungan
Q W
sistem
lingkungan
–
–
Q W = 0
sistem
lingkungan
+
Q = 0 W
sistem
lingkungan
+
Termodinamika 185
252 H2?8 9:=2?8 ?6B8: 52A2D 36BE329 36?DE 6 6?6B8: =2:??H2 52?
;E=29 6?6B8: D@D2= C6=2=E D6D2A 6B52C2B2? 9EE 662=2? 6?6B8:
!EE -6B@5:?2:2 5:BEEC2? C63282: 36B:ED
%' .!0)($ '(+- 4*# %!-%'* '!, .%./!) %,'% .!#%* +(!$
.%./!)0*/0')!('0'*0.$.!(%.%$!*!-#%6.) !*#*,!-0$*
!*!-#% () -% .%./!)

93. OO2D2E O
.?DE=63:96292:!EE-6B@5:?2:2D6BC63EDA6B92D:2?
.#2
)6B;2?;:2? D2?52 E?DE 52? A252 .#2 252=29 C63282:
36B:ED
2 #:2 C:CD6 6=2E2? EC292 ?:=2: 36BD2?52 A@C:D:7
3 #:2 C:CD6 6?6B:2 EC292 ?:=2: 36BD2?52 ?682D:7 O
4 #:2 C:CD6 6?6B:2 2=@B ?:=2: 36BD2?52 A@C:D:7
5 #:2 C:CD6 6=6A2C 2=@B ?:=2: 36BD2?52 ?682D:7 O
?6B8: 52=2 CE2DE 82C :562= 6BEA22? EEB2? =2?8CE?8 52B: CE9E
52? D62?2? )6BE3292? 6?6B8: 52=2 92?H2 36B82?DE?8 A252
62522? 2G2= 52? 62522? 29:B D:52 36B82?DE?8 A252 AB@C6C 3282:
2?2 62522? C:CD6 36BE329 .?DE 82C @?@2D@: 56?82? 56B2;2D
63632C2?
A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=252A2D5:9:DE?8C63282:36B:ED

94. O

95. '

96. O

97. '

98. O

99. *

100. O

101. * O

102. O

103. ,

104. O,

105. ,
.?DE 82C 5:2D@: 52? A@=:2D@: 72D@B
A252 23./ 9

106. 5:82?D: 56?82? 56B2;2D 63632C2? H2?8 5::=:: 82C D6BC63ED
2
3
4
5
Gambar 8.9
Hubungan sistem dan lingkungan.
(a) Sistem menerima kalor sambil
melakukan usaha.
(b) Sistem melepaskan kalor dan
pada sistem dilakukan usaha.
(c) Sistem menerima kalor, tetapi
tidak melakukan kerja.
(d) Sistem melakukan kerja, tetapi
tidak ada kalor yang masuk
ataupun keluar (adiabatik).
Contoh 8.6
,E2DEC:CD66?H6B2A2=@B52B:=:?8E?82?C636C2B
#-6?DE2?A6BE3292?
6?6B8:52=2 ;:2
2 C:CD66=2E2?EC292

107. #D6B9252A=:?8E?82?
3 =:?8E?82?6=2E2?EC292

108. #D6B9252AC:CD6
7#
2 ,:CD66?6B:22=@B
#52?C:CD66=2E2?EC292

109. #
6?EBED!EE-6B@5:?2:2
O
#O

110. #O
#
3 ,:CD66?6B:2EC29252B:=:?8E?82?O

111. #225:A6B@=69
O
#OO

112. #
#
-2?52A@C:D:7E?DE 6?E?;E2?329G26?6B8:52=2C:CD636BD2329
C636C2B
#
2. Aplikasi Hukum I Termodinamika pada Proses-Proses
Termodinamika
,63282:2?2?526D29E:2526A2D;6?:CAB@C6C52=2D6B@5:?2:2
H2:DE AB@C6C :C@D6B2= :C@9@B: :C@32B: 52? 25:232D: 2=2 3292C2? :?:
22? 5:D6B2A2? !EE -6B@5:?2:2 A252 AB@C6CAB@C6C D6BC63ED

113. Pembahasan Soal
Suatu sistem mengalami proses
adiabatik. Pada sistem dilakukan usaha
100 J. Jika perubahan energi dalam
sistem adalah U dan kalor yang
diserap sistem adalah Q, akan berlaku ....
a. U = –1.000 J
b. U = 100 J
c. U = 10 J
d. Q = 0
e. U + Q = – 100 J
Soal UMPTN Tahun 1994
Pembahasan:
Hukum I Termodinamika:
Q = U + W
Pada proses adiabatik, tidak ada kalor
yang diterima atau diserap sistem. Jadi,
Q = 0.
Pada sistem dilakukan usaha W = –100 J
Jadi,
Q = U + W
0 = U – 100 J
U =100 J
Jawaban: b
Tugas Anda 8.1
Diskusikanlah bersama teman Anda,
apakah ada proses adiabatik di alam ini?
Kata Kunci
• adiabatik
• isobarik
• isokhorik
• isotermal
a. Proses Isotermal
)B@C6C:C@D6B2=252=29AB@C6CH2?8D:526?82=2:A6BE3292?CE9E
C69:?882 A6BE3292? 6?6B8: 52=2?H2
186 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI

114. *
.C292 =E2B H2?8 5:=2E2? @=69 82C H2:DE * =?

115. 22
A6?6B2A2? !EE -6B@5:?2:2 22? 6?892C:=2?
* =?

116. O
23./9
6?E?;E2?329G22=@BH2?85:36B:2?6A252
CE2DE C:CD6 C6=EBE9?H2 5:8E?22? E?DE 6=2E2? EC292
b. Proses Isokhorik
)B@C6C:C@9@B:252=29AB@C6CH2?85:2=2:@=69C:CD6D2?A2252?H2
A6BE3292? F@=E6
C69:?882 EC292 @=69 C:CD6 82C 252=29
,
)6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2?H2C6CE2:56?82?A6BC222?

117. * )6?6B2A2?!EE-6B@5:?2:26?892C:=2?* 0

118. * O
.?DE 82C :562=

119. * 22

120. O

121. *

122. O
#25: 2=@B H2?8 5:36B:2? 6A252 CE2DE C:CD6 A252 F@=E6 D6D2A
C6=EBE9?H2 5:8E?22? E?DE 6?2:2? 6?6B8: 52=2 C:CD6
c. Proses Isobarik
)252AB@C6C:C@32B:C:CD6D:526?82=2:A6BE3292?36C2BD62?2?
,
6C2B?H2 EC292 H2?8 5:=2E2? 82C66?E9: A6BC222?
, ,

123. O )6?6B2A2?!EE -6B@5:?2:2 A252 AB@C6C
:C@32B: 6?892C:=2?
, O
d. Proses Adiabatik
)252 AB@C6C 25:232D: D:52 D6B;25: A6BDE2B2? 2=@B 52B: C:CD6 6
=:?8E?82??H2
)6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2C6CE2:56?82?A6BC222?

124. *

125. O(=692B6?2:DEA6?6B2A2?!EE-6B@5:?2:2
A252 AB@C6C 25:232D: 6?892C:=2?
2D2E
O O

126. *

127. O 2D2E

128. * O

129. O
23./ 9 6?H2D22? 329G2 D:52 252 2=@B H2?8 2CE 6
52=2 C:CD6 C69:?882 EC292 =E2B H2?8 5:=2E2? C:CD6 22? 6?8EB2?8:
6?6B8:52=2C:CD62B:66A2DAB@C6CH2?852A2D5:2=2:C:CD636B?:=2:
A@C:D:7 ;:2 C:CD6 6?6B:2 2=@B 52? ?682D:7 ;:2 C:CD6 6=6A2C2? 2=@B
!EE -6B@5:?2:2 52A2D 5:2A=:2C:2? A252 C6E2 AB@C6C
D6B@5:?2:2 H2?8 36B9E3E?82? 56?82? 6D:82 36C2B2? H2:DE 52?

130. D J
U
V (liter)
Kata Kunci
• kapasitas kalor tekanan tetap
• kapasitas kalor volume tetap
• konstanta Laplace
Termodinamika 187
Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
2+,/-)%-.#5,5-4*)/
,E2DE82C6?H6B2A2=@B
#52?6=2E2?EC292
# 6B2A2 A6BE3292? 6?6B8: 52=2 C:CD6 82C
D6BC63EDA22982CD6BC63ED6E2:2D2E5:2
A2D2?

131. ,E2DE C:CD6 6?6B:2 2=@B C636C2B
# 52?
6=2E2?EC292=E2BC636C2B#A252CE9ED6D2A

132. L
6B2A229A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2C:CD6D6BC63ED
,632?H2@=82C:562=@?@2D@:56?82?CE9E
2G2=

133. L5:?2:2?CE9E?H26?;25:

134. LA252
D62?2?D6D2A6B2A2292=@BH2?85:A6B=E2?
# @=$
,E2DE82CA252D62?2?@?CD2?C636C2BP
)2
5:2A2D2?52B:F@=E6=:D6B6?;25:

135. =:D6B2=2
AB@C6CD6BC63ED82C6=6A2C2=@B
;@E=6
2 6B2A229EC292H2?85:=2E2?@=6982C
3 6B2A229A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2?H2
#6=2C2?329G282C52A2D5:A6B=2E2?6?H6BEA2:
62522?82C:562=A252AB@C6C:C@D6B::C@32B:52?
:C@F@=E6
)6B92D:2?8B27:36B:ED:?:
p (atm)
2,0
1,5 N
0,3 0,8
.?DE 6D:82 =:?D2C2? '. #. 52? . 52=2
8232B9:DE?8=29
2 EC292H2?85:=2E2?@=6982C52?
3 A6BA:?5292?2=@B52=2AB@C6C
C. Kapasitas Kalor Gas dan Siklus Termodinamika
$2A2C:D2C 2=@B 52B: CE2DE I2D 5:567:?:C:2? C63282: *4'*4
'(+- * 4*# %,!-(0'* 0*/0' )!*%''* .0$0 5/ /!-.!0/ .!!.- '!(1%*
/0 ./0 !-/ !(.%0. ,642B2 2D62D:C 5:DE=:C2?
O
$2A2C:D2C 2=@B E?DE 82C 252 5E2 242 H2:DE E?DE F@=E6 D6D2A
F 52? E?DE D62?2? D6D2A A 56?82? A O / *
1. Kapasitas Kalor untuk Proses Isokhorik (V = tetap)
$2A2C:D2C2=@BE?DE82CH2?86:=::F@=E6D6D2A52A2D5:9:DE?8
C63282: 36B:ED

136. *

137. *
.?DE 82C @?@2D@:
/

138. * O

139. .?DE 82C 5:2D@:
/

140. * O

141. 2. Kapasitas Kalor untuk Proses Isobarik (p = tetap)
$2A2C:D2C2=@BE?DE82CH2?86:=::D62?2?D6D2A52A2D5:9:DE?8
C63282: 36B:ED
U , V

142. * T * T

143. * T
.?DE 82C @?@2D@: A

144. * O

146. .?DE 82C 5:2D@: A

147. * O

148. Tantangan
untuk Anda
Anda pasti tahu apa termos itu.
Dapatkah Anda menjelaskan cara
kerja termos sehingga air panas
dapat tetap panas? Jelaskan hal
tersebut dengan konsep
termodinamika.

149. $@?CD2?D2 %2A=246 C642B2 D6@B:D:C 52A2D 5:9:DE?8 C6CE2: 56?82? A6B
C222? 36B:ED
M 2C@?@2D@: A
Contoh 8.7
#-
-6D2A2?%2A=246 2C 2C
-6BD6?DEA252-62?2?2D
52?,E9E

151. L
188 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI
/

153. *
*
M 2C5:2D@: A
/

154. *
*
#- 6?E?;E2? ?:=2: @?CD2?D2 %2A=246 E?DE 3636B2A2 82C
A252 D62?2? 2D 52? CE9E

156. L
,E9E

157. 882C?:DB@86?36B2D@=6E=

158. 8 @=5:?2:2?52B:L6?;25:
L
6=2=E:AB@C6C:C@32B:!:DE?86?2:2?6?6B8:52=252?EC292H2?85:=2E2?@=6982C
7#
2C'

159. A25262522?:?:52A2D5:8@=@?82?C63282:82C5:2D@:CE9EC652?8C69:?882
2A2C:D2CA2?2C@=2B82CA252F@=E6D6D2A52?A252D62?2?D6D2A252=29
1

160. # @=$

161. # @=$
,

162. # @=$

163. # @=$
#E=29@=82C252=29C2DE2?2CC2?H292BEC5:E32952=28B2
* )

164. @=

165. 8 @=
@=
:6D29E:
*
@=
1

166. # @=$
,

167. # @=$

168. $
$

169. $

170. $
$O

171. $$
*F
@=

172. # @=$$

173. P
#
*A
@=

174. # @=$$P
#
O P
#O

175. P
#P
#
Tantangan
untuk Anda
Anda pasti pernah mendengar
istilah mesin 4 tak dan mesin 2
tak. Selidikilah dan diskusikanlah,
apa perbedaan di antara
keduanya? Mengapa mesin 2 tak
memiliki akselerasi lebih cepat
daripada mesin 4 tak?
,6@B2?8 :=EG2? )B2?4:C %* 2/04 O

176. 6?H2D22?
329G2 C6E2 A6B86B22? 36B9E3E?82? 56?82? 2=@B :C2=?H2 86B22?
86B22?H2?8D6B;25:52=2A6B2=2D2?62?:C6A6BD:6C:?5:6C6=6C:?
2=@B 56 2B?@D 6?H:B2D2? 329G2 52A2D 5:4:AD22? C63E29 6C:?
:562= H2?8 C6=EBE9 6?6B8:?H2 5:8E?22? 6?;25: EC292 '2E? A252
6?H2D22??H2 92= D6BC63ED CE=:D 5:4:AD22? 02=2EAE? 56::2? D6@B:
2B?@D 2C:9 D6D2A 5:A22: 9:?882 C22D :?:
,642B2 D6@B:D:C 6C:? 2B?@D 6?E?;E2? 3636B2A2 72D@B H2?8
36BA6?82BE9A25267:C:6?C:C63E296C:?6?8E329EC2926?;25:2=@B
52A2D 5:=2E2? C642B2 D6BEC 6?6BEC 2? D6D2A: 6?8E329 2=@B
6?;25: EC292 D:52 56::2? 92BEC 5:EC2922? C6;E=29 82C 632=:
662522??H2C6E=2282B82CD6BC63ED52A2D6=2E2?EC292632=:
)B@C6C C6A6BD: :?: 5:C63ED .%'(0.
)252D29E?

177. 2B?@D6?;6=2C2?C63E29C:=ECH2?8D6B5:B:2D2C
6A2D AB@C6C )6B92D:2? .#2 52? .#2
p
V
A
Q1
T1
B
C
Q T2 2
D
W
Gambar 8.10
Satu siklus suatu mesin Carnot
menggunakan suatu gas ideal
sebagai fluida kerja. Grafik AB dan
CD menampilkan proses isotermal,
grafik BC dan DA menampilkan
proses adiabatik.
3
+*+/+)%'
!6=:E!6
B8@?B

178. %/+)%'
':DB@86?'

179. (C:86?(

180. $2B3@?
@?@C:52(
Sumber: Fundamental of Physics, 2001

181. T1
Q1
W (= Q1)
Q2 = 0
T1
Q1
Q2
W
T2
Termodinamika 189
)B@C6C52B:6252=29AB@C6C6CA2?C:2D2EAB@C6CA6?8632?82?
:C@D6B2= A252 CE9E )252 AB@C6C :?: 82C 6?H6B2A 2=@B 52B:
B6C6BF@:B 36BCE9E D:?88: 52? 6=2E2? EC292 )B@C6C 52B: 6
252=29AB@C6CA6?8632?82?25:232D:,6=22AB@C6CCE9E82CDEBE?
52B: 6?;25:

182. C23:= 6=2E2? EC292 )B@C6C 52B: 6
252=29AB@C6CA62A2D2?:C@D6B2=A252CE9E

183. 2=2AB@C6C:?:82C
6=6A2C 2=@B

184. 6 B6C6BF@:B 36BCE9E B6?529

185. 52? 6=2E2? EC292
)B@C6C 29:B 52B: 6 252=29 AB@C6C A62A2D2? 25:232D:
,E9E ?2: 52B:

186. 6 C23:= 6=2E2? EC292
,:=EC2B?@D252=2952C2B52B:6C:?5:6C6=H2:DE6C:?H2?8A2=:?8
:562=H2?8C6=2?;ED?H25:C63ED6C:?2B?@D,6=22AB@C6CC:=EC2B?@D
36B=2?8CE?8 82C 6?6B:2 2=@B 52B: B6C6BF@:B 36BCE9E D:?88: 52?
6=6A2C 2=@B

187. 6 B6C6BF@:B 36BCE9E B6?529 .C292 H2?8 5:=2E2?
@=69 82C C6CE2: 56?82? !EE -6B@5:?2:2 252=29
2D2EO

188. O

189. O

190. $6D6B2?82?
2=@B H2?8 5:C6B2A 52B: B6C6BF@:B H2?8 36BCE9E D:?88:

191. 2=@B H2?8 5:=6A2C 6 B6C6BF@:B H2?8 36BCE9E B6?529
3. Efisiensi Mesin
)6B92D:2?.#2
232BD6BC63ED6?E?;E2?C:=EC2=@B
5: 52=2 C63E29 6C:? )6B32?5:?82? 2?D2B2 36C2B?H2 EC292 H2?8
52A2D 5:=2E2? @=69 C:CD6 D6B9252A 2=@B H2?8 5:C6B2A 52A2D
6?6?DE2?67:C:6?C:CE2DE6C:?,642B22D62D:C67:C:6?C:6C:?52A2D
5:DE=:C2? C63282: 36B:ED
P
O

192. a. Mesin Carnot
7:C:6?C: 6C:? 2B?@D 5:A6B@=69 56?82? 42B2 6?882?D: EC292
56?82? 23./ 9

193. C69:?882 23./ 9
6?;25:

194. P
2D2E

195. P
O

196. -6=29 5:3292C 329G2 E?DE CE2DE 82C :562= 6?6B8: 52=2
C632?5:?8 56?82? CE9E ED=2 C69:?882 E?DE 6C:? 2B?@D
23./ 9
52A2D 5:DE=:C C63282: 36B:ED

197. P
O

198. )6?882?D:2? 36C2B2? 2=@B 6?;25: CE9E ED=2 52=2
6?6?DE2? 67:C:6?C: C63E29 6C:? 36B52C2B2? A252 6?6B8: 52=2
C632?5:?8 56?82? CE9E $6=F:? 6?E?;E2? 329G2

199. O

200. $6D6B2?82?
CE9E B6C6BF@:B D:?88: $

201. CE9E B6C6BF@:B B6?529 $
Gambar 8.11
Siklus mesin ideal Q1 dan suhu
fungsi reservoir diubah seluruhnya
menjadi usaha W dengan efisiensi
100%.
Kata Kunci
• efisiensi mesin
Gambar 8.12
Perubahan kalor menjadi kerja:
Q1 = kalor masuk;
Q2 = kalor dilepaskan;
W = usaha yang dilakukan;
T1 = suhu reservoir tinggi; dan
T2 = suhu reservoir rendah.

202. b. Mesin Otto
6C:?(DD@6BEA22?6C:?2=@BH2?8AB:?C:A6B;2?H236B52C2B2?
C:=EC (DD@ )252 C:=EC (DD@ D6B52A2D 5E2 AB@C6C 25:232D: 52? 5E2
AB@C6C :C@9@B: )6B92D:2? .#2
)252.#2 O52?O6BEA22?AB@C6C25:232D:C652?82?
O52?O6BEA22?AB@C6C:C@9@B:52AE?252=292=@BH2?8
2CE52=2C:CD6C652?82?

203. 252=292=@BH2?86=E2B5:=6A2C2?
@=69 C:CD6 7:C:6?C: 52B: C:=EC (DD@ 5:?H2D22? 56?82? A6BC222?
Contoh 8.8
$
$
T
T
T
T
T
480 K
T
190 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI

204. O

205. ,:=EC (DD@ 32?H2 5:2A=:2C:2? A252 6C:? @D@B 322B
c. Mesin Diesel
6C:? 5:6C6= 6BEA22? 6C:? 2=@B H2?8 AB:?C:A 6B;2?H2
6?88E?22?C:=EC5:6C6=)252C:=EC5:6C6=D6B52A2D5E2AB@C6C25:232D:
C2DE AB@C6C :C@32B: 52? C2DE AB@C6C :C@9@B: )6B92D:2? .#2

206. )B@C6C 52B: 6 6BEA22? AB@C6C :C@32B: O 52? O
6BEA22?AB@C6C25:232D:52?AB@C6CO6BEA22?AB@C6C:C@9@B:
)B:?C:A 6B;26C:? 5:6C6= 92A:B C22 56?82? 6C:? @DD@ 2B6?2 C6E2
AB@C6CA2526C:?5:6C6=C2256?82?6C:?@DD@64E2=:AB@C6C:C@32B:
7:C:6?C: 3636B2A2 6C:? 5:DE?;E2? A252 #-
p
V
A
Q1
B
C
Q2
D
Gambar 8.13
Dua proses adiabatik dan dua proses
isokhorik pada siklus Otto.
#-
7:C:6?C:636B2A26C:?
/*33*/
'*3*/3*
6C:?@3:=36?C:?

207. O

208. 6C:?5:6C6=

209. O
-EB3:?E2AA632?8:D?E=:B
-EB3:?E2AA632?8:D32DE32B2
Gambar 8.14
Siklus diesel
p
V
A
Q1
B
C
Q2
D
,63E29 6C:? 2B?@D 6:=:: 67:C:6?C:
#:2 CE9E B6C6BF@:B D:?88:
$
D6?DE2?=2936C2B?H2CE9EB6C6BF@:BD:?88:282B67:C:6?C:6C:?6?;25:
56?82?
2?882A2?CE9EB6C6BF@:BB6?529D:526?82=2:A6BE3292?
7#
)6BD22D6?DE2?CE9EB6C6BF@:BB6?529

210. A252
O

211. O

212. $

213. $
$65E2D6?DE2?CE9EB6C6BF@:BD:?88:56?82?6A6B8E?22?

214. H2?8D6=29
5:9:DE?8D25:E?DE
O

215. O
O
$
$
#25:CE9EB6C6BF@:BD:?88:H2?85:3EDE92?252=29
$
Pembahasan Soal
Sebuah mesin Carnot yang
menggunakan reservoir suhu tinggi
800 K, memiliki efisiensi 40%. Agar
efisiensinya naik menjadi 50%, suhu
reservoir suhu tinggi dinaikkan
menjadi ....
a. 900 K d. 1.180 K
b. 960 K e. 1.600 K
c. 1.000 K
Soal UMPTN Tahun 1990
Pembahasan:
Keadaan 1:
= 40%
T1 = 800 K
= 1 – 2
1
40%
= 1 – 2
800 K
T2 = 480 K
Keadaan 2:
= 50%
T2 = 480 K
= 1 – 2
1
50%
= 1 –
1
T1 = 960 K
Jawaban b

216. Sumber: Jendela Iptek: Energi, 1997
Termodinamika 191
Tes Kompetensi Subbab C
2+,/-)%-.#5,5-4*)/
,63E296C:?2B?@DH2?86?88E?22?B6C6BF@:B
CE9E D:?88:
$ 6:=:: 67:C:6?C:

217. .?DE
6?2:2?67:C:6?C:?H26?;25:
36B2A256B2;2D
CE9EB6C6BF@:BD:?88:92BEC5:?2:2?

218. 6C:? 2B?@D H2?8 36BCE9E B6C6BF@:B D:?88:
L
6:=::67:C:6?C:
7:C:6?C:52B:6C:?D6BC63ED
5:D:?82D2? 6?;25:
6B2A2 56B2;2D CE9E
B6C6BF@:BD:?88:92BEC5:?2:2?
6C:? 2B?@D 6?6B:2 2=@B 52B: B6C6BF@:B H2?8
36BCE9ED:?88:

220. L52?6=6A2C2??H2A252CE9E
B6?529

221. L-6?DE2?67:C:6?C:6C:?2B?@DD6BC63ED
6C:? A6?5:?8:? BE2?82? 6?H6B2A 2=@B C636C2B
;@E=652=2G2DEC6@?#:2CE9EBE2?82?
22?5:A6BD292?2?C636C2B

222. LC652?82?CE9E
=:?8E?82?D6A2DA63E2?82?2=@B252=29

223. L
6B2A22952H2=:CDB:H2?85:3EDE92?
,63E296C:?6?H6B2A2=@BC636C2B
#@E=652B:
C63E29B6C6BF@:B36BCE9E
$52?63E2?8?H2
C636C2B

224. ;@E=6A252CE9E

225. $2B:52D2D6BC63ED
D6?DE2?=29
2 67:C:6?C:6C:?52?
3 EC292H2?852A2D5:=2E2?
,63E296C:?2B?@D6:=::67:C:6?C:
#:2CE9E
B6C6BF@:B D:?88:
$ D6?DE2?=29 36C2B?H2 CE9E
B6C6BF@:B D:?88: 282B 67:C:6?C: 6C:? 6?;25:
56?82? 2?882A2? CE9E B6C6BF@:B B6?529 D:52
6?82=2:A6BE3292?
D. Hukum II Termodinamika
!EE -6B@5:?2:2 6?H2D22? D6?D2?8 662=2? 6?6B8: H2:DE
6?6B8:D:5252A2D5:4:AD22?2D2E5:EC?292?6=2:?2?92?H252A2D5:E329
52B: C2DE 36?DE 6?6B8: 6 36?DE 6?6B8: =2:??H2 !EE -6B@5:?2:2
D:52632D2C:3282:2?2A6BE3292?6?6B8:D6BC63ED36B=2?8CE?8%2:?92=?H2
56?82?!EE -6B@5:?2:2 H2?8 6:=:: 32D2C2?32D2C2? D6BD6?DE
,63E29 6C:? 52A2D 36B86B2 5:C63232? 252?H2 6?6B8: 2=@B H2?8
5:36B:2?A2526C:?D6BC63EDC642B2D6BEC6?6BECD6D2A:C632=:?H2D:52
E?8:? 6?6B8: 86B2 EC292 52A2D 636B:2? 2=@B C642B2 D6BEC
6?6BEC )252 6?H2D22??H2 D:52 252 C63E29 6C:? AE? H2?8 366B;2
6?H6B2A 6?6B8: 2=@B 52? 6?8E329 C6=EBE9?H2 6?;25: EC292
6B:ED:?:92=92=H2?836B2:D2?56?82?!EE-6B@5:?2:2
H2?8 6BEA22? 6C:AE=2? 52B: A6?822D2?A6?822D2? H2?8
5:=2E2? @=69 -6*/ -/$, 52? -53*53
6?EBED $6=F:? 52? )=2?4 D:52 E?8:? 63E2D 6C:? H2?8
366B;2 52=2 CE2DE C:=EC 6?6B:2 2=@B 52B: C2DE B6C6BF@:B 52?
6?8E329 C6=EBE9 2=@B D6BC63ED 6?;25: EC292

226. 6?EBED=2EC:ECD:52E?8:?63E2D6C:?H2?8366B;252=2
C2DEC:=EC6?823:=2=@B52B:B6C6BF@:BH2?86:=::CE9EB6?529
52? 636B:2??H2 A252 B6C6BF@:B H2?8 6:=:: CE9E D:?88: D2?A2
66B=E2? EC292 52B: =E2B
6C:?2B?@DH2?8366B;25:2?D2B2B6C6BF@:BCE9E52?B6C6BF@:B
H2?8 36BCE9E

227. 6?892C:=2? 67:C:6?C: H2?8 D:?88:
#25: 6?EBED $6=F:? 52? )=2?4 D:52 E?8:? CE2DE 6C:? 92?H2
6:=:: C63E29 B6C6BF@:B 52? D:52 E?8:? C63E29 6C:? 6:=::
67:C:6?C:
#:267:C:6?C:
2=@BH2?85:C6B2A52B:=:?8E?82??H2
22?5:E329C6=EBE9?H26?;25:EC292.C2926C:?C6242:?:5:C63ED
6C:?,-!,!/00))+%(!;6?:C65E2$6?H2D22??H2D:522526C:?C6A6BD:
:DE G2=2EAE? 2C:9 66?E9: !EE -6B@5:?2:2
Tokoh
Nikolaus Otto
Pada 1876, seorang warga negara
Jerman, Nikolaus Otto menjadi orang
pertama yang membuat dan menjual
mesin 4 tak yang kemudian menjadi
dasar pembuatan kebanyakan mesin.
Ia menamakan mesinnya Silent Otto
karena mesin tersebut mampu
bekerja tanpa menimbulkan
kebisingan. Salah satu ciri mesin 4 tak
adalah tekanan kompresinya. Jika
bahan bakar berupa gas yang
dimampatkan, akan lebih banyak
energi yang dilepaskan. Gagasan ini
pertama kali dikembangkan oleh
Alphone Beau de Rochas (1815–
1891) yang berkewarganegaraan
Prancis, tetapi justru Otto yang
menyukseskan ide tersebut.

228. 6?EBED =2EC:EC 6C:? C6=2=E 66B=E2? EC292 =E2B 282B 52A2D
6:?5292? 2=@B 52B: D6A2D H2?8 36BCE9E B6?529 6 D6A2D H2?8
36BCE9ED:?88:6C:?C6A6BD::?:5:C63ED6C:?A6?5:?8:?:C2=?H2=62B:
6C 52? A6?5:?8:? BE2?82? 2D2E %- +* %/%+*!-
1. Proses Reversibel dan Irreversibel
)B@C6CAB@C6CA2526C:?2=@B252H2?836BC:72D-!1!-.%!(52?252AE=2
H2?8 36BC:72D %--!1!-.%!( D:52 B6F6BC:36= )B@C6C -!1!-.%!( 6BEA22?
AB@C6CH2?836B=2?8CE?8C2?82D=232DC69:?882AB@C6C?H252A2D5:2?882A
C63282: B2?82:2? 62522? C6D:32?8 ,6=EBE9 AB@C6C D6BC63ED 52A2D
5:6B;22?C642B2632=:2?D2?A26?8E32936C2BEC292H2?85:=2E2?
2D2E 2=@B H2?8 5:A:?5292?
)B@C6CB6F6BC:36=C6AEB?2D:5252A2D5:D6?DE2?52=26?H2D22?2B6?2
AB@C6C:?:D2D6B32D2C)B@C6C:?:;E826?896?52:D:52252?H286C62?
82?88E2? 2=:B2? E52B2 C6BD2 72D@B A6?8E329 2=@B 52? EC292 =2:??H2
)B@C6C H2?8 252 A252 6?H2D22??H2 252=29 AB@C6C :BB6F6BC:36= )252
AB@C6C ?H2D2 :C2=?H2 2C:9 5:D6E2? 86C62? H2?8 6?H63232?
252?H2 A2?2C H2?8 9:=2?8 2D2E 2=:B2? 82C H2?8 36BE329
2. Mesin Pendingin (Refrigerator)
!EE-6B@5:?2:236BA682?86A252646?56BE?82?2=2:29
C:72D 2=@B H2?8 C6=2=E6B232D C642B2 CA@?D2? 52B: 36?52 36BCE9E D:?88:
636?52H2?836BCE9EB6?52964E2=:;:2252EC292=E2BH2?862C2
6:?5292? 2=@B 52B: C:CD6 36BCE9E B6?529 6 =:?8E?82? H2?8
36BCE9E =63:9 D:?88: )252 6C:? A6?5:?8:? C:CD6 6?823:= 2=@B

229. 52?6=6A2C2?2=@B52AE?EC292H2?85:=2E2?252=29,:=EC
6C:? A6?5:?8:? 52A2D 5:=:92D A252 .#2
$6D6B2?82? 8232B
2=@B H2?8 5:=6A2C2? A252 CE9E D:?88:

230. 2=@B H2?8 5:C6B2A A252 CE9E B6?529

231. EC292 H2?8 5:=2E2? 52B: =E2B
.EB2? 52H2 C63E29 6C:? A6?5:?8:? 5:?H2D22? 56?82? @67:C:6?
52H2 8E?2 ,642B2 2D62D:C 52A2D 5:DE=:C2? C63282: 36B:ED
Contoh 8.9

232. 192 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI

234. O
%62B:6C52?A6?5:?8:?BE2?82?6:=::@67:C:6?52H28E?252=2
;2?82E2?

235. C2A2:56?82?,62:?D:?88:?:=2:C62:?32:6C:?
A6?5:?8:? D6BC63ED
W
Q1
T1
Q2
T2
Gambar 8.15
Perubahan kerja menjadi kalor.
Tantangan
untuk Anda
Mengapa AC menggunakan
freon? Apakah freon dapat
digantikan oleh gas lain?
-6A6B2DEB5:52=2C63E29=62B:6C252=29O
L=E:526B;2H2?85:2A2D2?
5:52=2?H26?8632?8A252D6A6B2DEBC636C2B

236. L-6?DE2?=29@67:C:6?
52H28E?2=62B:6CD6BC63ED
7#
:6D29E:

237. O

238. $

239. $
6?82?6?88E?22?A6BC222?

241. Termodinamika 193

242. $
Tes Kompetensi Subbab D
2+,/-)%-.#5,5-4*)/
,E9E5:52=2C63E29=62B:6C252=29OL=E:52
6B;2H2?85:2A2D2?5:52=2?H26?863E?
A252CE9E

243. L-6?DE2?=29@67:C:6?52H28E?2
=62B:6CD6BC63ED

244. ,6;E=2922?2?52=2=62B:6C6?892C:=2?
2=@BC636C2B

245. ##:2@67:C:6?52H28E?2=62B:
6C D6BC63ED
-6?DE2?=29 6?6B8: =:CDB: H2?8
5:A6B=E2?=62B:6CE?DE6:?5292?2=@BH2?8
5:92C:=2?22?2?
6C:?A6?5:?8:?BE2?82?6?H6B2A2=@BC636C2B
# 52=2 G2DE C6@? ,E9E BE2?82?
5:A6BD292?2? C636C2B L C652?82? CE9E
=:?8E?82?D6A2DA63E2?82?2=@B252=29

246. L
-6?DE2?=2952H2=:CDB:H2?85:3EDE92?
,E2DE6C:?A6?5:?8:?36B52H26B;2

247. G2DD#:2
CE9EBE2?8A6?5:?8:?OL52?CE9EE52B25:=E2B

248. L2?882A6C:?:562=36B2A22=@B2C:E
H2?8 52A2D 5:C6B2A 6C:? A6?5:?8:? 52B: BE2?8
A6?5:?8:??H2C6=22
6?:D
,E2DE32?8E?2?96?525:5:?8:?2?56?82?C63E29
6C:?A6?5:?8:?:562=,E9E5:=E2B32?8E?2?

249. L52?
5:52=232?8E?2?L#:22=2DA6?5:?8:?D6BC63ED
36B6E2D2?
$,$,G2DD36B2A2A2?2CH2?8
5:6=E2B2?52B:32?8E?2?D6BC63EDC6D:2A;2
Rangkuman
$2=@B6BEA22?C2=29C2DE36?DE6?6B8:H2?852A2D
36BA:?52952B:CE2DE=:?8E?82?6CE2DEC:CD62D2E
C632=:?H2$2=@B36BA:?52952B:CE9ED:?88:6CE9E
H2?8=63:9B6?529
)

250. )25262522?D62?2?D6D2AEC292H2?85:=2E2?
82C252=29

251. , ,

252. O,
#:282C6=2E2?6CA2?C:A6?8632?82?EC292
36B?:=2:A@C:D:7H2?86?H63232?F@=E636BD2329
2D2E

253. #:2 82C 5:2A2D2? EC292 36B?:=2: ?682D:7
%:?8E?82?6=2E2?EC292A252C:CD6C69:?882

254. 2CH2?836B25252=2BE2?8D6BDEDEA52A2D5:E329
62522??H26=2=E:3636B2A2AB@C6C
2 )B@C6CC@D6B2=D6B;25:A252CE9ED6D2A.C292
H2?85:=2E2?82C252=29* =?

255. 3 )B@C6CC@9@B:D6B;25:A252F@=E6D6D2A.C292
H2?85:=2E2?82C252=29
,
4 )B@C6CC@32B:D6B;25:A252D62?2?D6D2A.C292
H2?85:=2E2?82C252=29
,

256. O,
5 )B@C6C5:232D:D6B;25:A25262522?C:CD682C
D:52 6?82=2: A6BDE2B2? 2=@B 56?82?
=:?8E?82?)252AB@C6C:?:D6B;25:A6BE3292?CE9E
D62?2?52?F@=E6.C292H2?85:=2E2?82C
252=29

257. *O

258. !EE-6B@5:?2:25:BEEC2?C63282:36B:ED
,6;E=292=@BH2?85:36B:2?6A252C:CD65:A22:
C6328:2? @=69 C:CD6 E?DE 6=2E2? EC292
,6=:C:96?6B8:OC2256?82?A6BE3292?6?6B8:
52=252B:C:CD6H2:DE
$2A2C:D2C2=@B52B:CE2DEI2D5:567:?:C:2?C63282:
32?H2?H22=@BH2?85:A6B=E2?E?DE6?2:2?
CE9EI2DD6BC63EDC636C2BC2DE6=F:?2D2EC2DE56B2;2D
46=C:EC
$2A2C:D2C2=@BE?DEAB@C6C:C@9@B:1D6D2A
/

259. *
$2A2C:D2C2=@BE?DEAB@C6C:C@32B:
,D6D2A
A

260. *
!E3E?82?2?D2B2A56?82?F252=29
AO/*
)252C:=EC2B?@D82C6?6B:22=@B52B:B6C6BF@:B
36BCE9ED:?88:52?6=6A2C2=@B

261. 6B6C6BF@:B36BCE9E
B6?529,:=EC2B?@D6BEA22?52C2B52B:6C:?5:6C6=
6C:?2B?@DH2:DE6C:?H2?8A2=:?8:562=
7:C:6?C:6C:?6BEA22?A6B32?5:?82?2?D2B236C2B
EC292H2?852A2D5:=2E2?@=69C:CD6D6B9252A2=@B
H2?85:C6B2A
5:A6B@=69

262. $

263. $
$
#25:@67:C:6?52H28E?2=62B:6CD6BC63EDC636C2B

264. Peta Konsep
!EE-6B@5:?2:26:=::6C:AE=2?C63282:
36B:ED
2 -:52E?8:?63E2DCE2DE6C:?H2?852A2D
6?8E329 2=@B H2?8 5:D6B:2 6?;25: EC292
C6=EBE9?H252=2C2DEC:=EC
3 $2=@BD:52A6B?296?82=:BCA@?D2?52B:36?52
36BCE9EB6?529636?5236BCE9ED:?88:
4 6C:?2B?@DH2?8366B;25:2?D2B2B6C6BF@:B
36BCE9E52?B6C6BF@:BH2?836BCE9E

265. 56?82?

266. 2267:C:6?C:?H2D:?88:
2.0%*/.*,
!EE-6B@5:?2:2
)B@C6C
C@D6B2=
)B@C6C
C@9@B:
)B@C6C
C@32B:
)B@C6C
5:232D:
Refleksi
A252
194 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI
$2A2C:D2C$2=@B
-62?2?
-6D2A
/@=E6
-6D2A
,:=EC-6B@5:?2:2 !EE-6B@5:?2:2
P

267. P

268. P
63292C
63292C
63292C 63292C
A252
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda tentu telah
memahami Hukum I Termodinamika dan proses-proses
yang dapat terjadi di dalamnya. Adapun Hukum II
Termodinamika mempelajari tentang perlunya usaha
luar dan konsep kapasitas kalor pada proses-proses
termodinamika. Dari keseluruhan materi bab ini, bagian
manakah yang menurut Anda sulit? Coba diskusikan
dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
Dari pemahaman yang Anda peroleh, coba
sebutkan beberapa manfaat yang dapat diterapkan
dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
76C:6?C:6C:?
)B@C6C+6F6BC:36= )B@C6CBB6F6BC:36=
6C:?)6?5:?8:?
6C:?2B?@D 6C:?(DD@
6C:?:6C6=
4@?D@9?H2

269. Termodinamika 195
!EE-6B@5:?2:26?H2D22?329G2
2 2=@BD:5252A2D2CE652=252?6=E2B
52B:CE2DEC:CD6
3 6?6B8:252=2962=
4 6?6B8:52=2252=2962=
5 CE9E252=29D6D2A
6 C:CD6D:526?52A2DEC29252B:=E2B

270. ,6;E=2982C:562=56?82?2CC2D6BD6?DE6?82=2:
A62A2D2?C642B225:232D:#:2252=296B;2
H2?8 5:=2E2? @=69 C:CD6 82C 52? 252=29
A6BE3292?CE9E52B:C:CD636B=2E
2
5
3
6
4
E2@=82C2B8@?6E2:C642B2:C@D6B2=A252CE9E
$52B:F@=E62G2=
6F@=E629:B
.C292H2?85:=2E2?82C2B8@?252=29
# @=$
2

271. ;@E=6 5 ;@E=6
3
;@E=6 6 ;@E=6
4 ;@E=6
,632?H2

272. 82C 96=:E H2?8 36BCE9E L
5:A2?2C2?C642B2:C@32B:C2A2:

273. L#:2D62?2?
82C96=:E

274. P
'

275. EC292H2?85:=2E2?82C
D6BC63ED252=29
2
# 5

276. #
3

277. # 6

278. #
4 #
,E2DE 82C H2?8 F@=E6?H2
A6B=292?=292?
5:A2?2C2?A252D62?2?D6D2AC69:?882F@=E6?H2
6?;25:

279. #:2EC292=E2B82CD6BC63ED
P
;@E=6
D62?2?82C252=29
2 P
'

280. 5

281. P
'

282. 3 P
'

283. 6 P
'

284. 4
P
'

285. )6B92D:2?A6B?H2D22?A6B?H2D22?36B:ED
)252AB@C6C:C@9@B:82CD:526=2E2?EC292

286. )252AB@C6C:C@32B:82CC6=2=E6?8632?8
)252AB@C6C25:32D:82CC6=2=E6?8632?8
)252AB@C6C:C@D6B:6?6B8:52=282CD6D2A
)6B?H2D22?H2?8C6CE2:56?82?@?C6AD6B@5:?2:2
252=29
2 52?

287. 5

288. 52?
3

289. 52?
6
52?
4 52?
#4/3
%:2 =:D6B 82C :562= 52=2 C:=:?56B 6C:? 5:6C6=
6?82=2:AB@C6C25:232D:A252D62?2?

290. 2D#:2
C6D6=29AB@C6C@AB6C:5:92C:=2?F@=E629:B%
56?82? 36C2B?H2D62?2?29:B252=29
2
2D 5
2D
3
2D 6
2D
4
2D
,6;6?:C82C:562=F@=E6?H2
%)252CE9E

291. L82C
D6BC63ED5:A2?2C2?A252D62?2?D6D2A

292. 2DC2A2:CE9E
?H2

294. L.C292H2?85:=2E2?82CD6BC63ED252=29
2 P

295. # 5
P
#
3 P
# 6 P
#
4
P

296. #
#:2F@=E682C:562=5:A6B36C2B5E22=:F@=E6C6E=2
52? D6B?H2D2 6?6B8: 52=2?H2 6?;25: 6A2D 2=:
C6E=2D62?2?82CD6BC63ED6?;25:
2 2=: 5
2=:
3

297. 2=: 6 @?CD2?
4

298. 2=:
,6;E=2982C6?82=2:C:=ECC6A6BD:A2528232B
36B:ED
,E9E 5: D:D: 252=29
$ 52? CE9E 5: D:D:
252=29
2
$ 5
$
3
$ 6
$
4
$
)6B92D:2?8B27:36B:ED:?:
B27: D6BC63ED 6?E?;E2? 9E3E?82? D62?2? ,
D6B9252AF@=E652B:C6;E=292CC282C:562=.C292
H2?85:=2E2?82CC6=22AB@C6CD6BC63ED252=29
2 # 5

299. #
3 # 6 #
4
#

300. )6B92D:2?8B27:36B:ED
Tes Kompetensi Bab 8
*-*)-)3-)345+7#/8/(1-*/(414%/,2+,/-)1%#5,5-4*)/
B
p (N/m2)
A
D
2
C
4
V (m3)
5
2
p (N/m2)
2
V (m3)
1 2
p (N/m2)
V (m3)
3
1
B
A
0 1 2
C

301. )2528B27:D6BC63EDCE2DE82C6?82=2:AB@C6C
$2=@BH2?85:3EDE92?E?DEAB@C6CD6BC63ED252=29
2
;@E=6 5 ;@E=6
3 ;@E=6 6

302. ;@E=6
4
;@E=6
,E2DEC:CD66?82=2:AB@C6C25:232D:)252C:CD6
5:=2E2?EC292
##:2A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2
C:CD6252=2952?2=@BH2?85:C6B2AC:CD6252=29
*5:A6B@=69
2 O
# 5 *
#
3
# 6 *
#
4
!

303. )25282C:562=@?@2D@:AB@C6CH2?8D6B;25:A252
36C2B2?36C2B2?7:C:CC642B2:C@32B:252=29
2 52?

304. *
3 52?
4
52?
5 *,52?

305. *
6 *,52?
.?DEAB@C6C25:232D:EC292H2?8D6B;25:A25282C
:562=@?@2D@:252=29
2
5

306. *
3 6 O

307. *
4 ,
,63E296C:?2B?@DC6D:2AC:=EC?H26?6B:26?6B8:
52B:B6C6BF@:BCE9ED:?88:C636C2B

308. #52?63E2?8
6?6B8:
#6B6C6BF@:BCE9EB6?5296C2B67:C:6?C:
6C:?D6BC63ED252=29
2 5
3
6
4
#4/3
196 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI
, ,
p
:28B2,O36B:ED6?E?;E2?AB@C6CCE2DE82C
52=2C2DEC:=EC5:E=2:52B:52?36B29:B5:
p (N/m2)
2B:8232BD6BC63ED36B2A229
2 EC292A252C6D:2AAB@C6C
3 EC292D@D2=82C
,632?H2@=82C6E2:C642B2:C@D6B2=A252CE9E
$C69:?882F@=E6?H236BE32952B:4
6?;25:
4
6B2A2EC292H2?85:=2E2?82C
7#-)124/8/#2*,54*/*%/(/414
,6;E=2982C:562=6?6A2D:BE2?836BF@=E64
2CC282CD6BC63ED

309. 852?36B2D@=6E=?H2

310. -6?DE2?=29D62?2?82CD6BC63EDA252CE9E

311. L

312. 2C:562=6?82=2:A62?D2A2?C642B225:232D:
C69:?882F@=E6?H236BEB2?8
=:D6B#:2F@=E6
2G2=?H2

313. =:D6B 52? D62?2??H2 2D@C76B
D6?DE2?=29D62?2?82CD6BC63EDC6D6=296?82=2:
A62A2D2?D6D2A2?%2A=246
2=2CE2DEAB@C6CCE2DE82C6?6B:22=@B
2=@B:-6B?H2D282C52A2D6=2E2?EC292C636C2B

314. ;@E=6!:DE?8=29A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=282C
2C6=2E2?EC292C636C2B
;@E=6A252AB@C6C
25:232D:6B2A22=@B:36C2BA6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2
82C2=@B:#
2C6?6B:22=@B
2=@B:6?892C:=2?EC292
C636C2B
;@E=66B2A2A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2
82C2=@B:#
)6B92D:2?8B27:,66C:?2B?@D36B:ED:?:
:6D29E:#2?H2?H22=@BH2?85:=6A2C
@=696C:?C6D:2AC:=EC252=29
2

315. # 5
#
3
# 6
#
4
#
#4/3
,63E296C:?2B?@DH2?8B6C6BF@:BCE9EB6?529?H2

316. L
6:=::67:C:6?C:
#:267:C:6?C:5:A6B36C2B6?;25:
B6C6BF@:BCE9ED:?88:?H292BEC5:?2:2?C636C2B
2

317. $ 5
$
3
$ 6
$
4 $
+6C6BF@:B36BCE9ED:?88:A2526C:?2B?@D252=29
$52?B6C6BF@:BCE9EB6?529?H2
$$2=@BH2?8
5:C6B2A@=696C:?52B:B6C6BF@:BCE9ED:?88:C636C2B
;@E=66C2BEC292H2?85:92C:=2?6C:?2B?@D
D6BC63ED252=29
2
# 5

318. #
3
# 6
#
4
#

319. .C292H2?85:=2E2?@=6982C:562=H2?86?82=2:
AB@C6C:C@9@B:52B:D62?2?,C2A2:,

320. 252=29
2
5 ,

321. /

322. 3 ,/ 6

324. 4 ,,

325. //

326. V
A
Q1
B
Q C 2
D
V(m3)
4 × 105
1 × 105
c
a b
d
1 3

327. Termodinamika 197
2C 52=2 CE2DE BE2?8 D6BDEDEA6?82=2: AB@C6C
52=2C2DEC:=EC52B:OOOOC6A6BD:5:28B2
,636B:ED
6B52C2B2?8B27:C:=ECD6BC63ED36B2A2EC292H2?8
5:=2E2?@=6982C
!:DE?8=2967:C:6?C:52B:CE2DE6C:?H2?8366B;2A252
B6C6BF@:BCE9EB6?529L52?B6C6BF@:BCE9ED:?88:

328. L
,63E296C:?2B?@D366B;25:2?D2B2B6C6BF@:BA2?2C
B
L 52? B6C6BF@:B 5:?8:? #:2 6C:? D6BC63ED
6?H6B2A2=@B
;@E=652?52A2D6=2E2?EC292
;@E=636B2A2CE9EB6C6BF@:B5:?8:??H2 A
1 4
p (N/m2)
4 × 105
V(m3)
C
1 × 105 D
5

329. Proyek Semester 2
,6A6BD:A252C66CD6BA6BD22H2?8=2=EA252C66CD6B:?:?52;E825:DE82C2?
E?DE6=2E2?68:2D2?C66CD6B282BA62922?@?C6A:C:2?52C62:?
6?:?82D52AE?68:2D2?C66CD6B:?:6?86?2:7=E:5252?B2?82:2?68:2D2?
H2?892BEC?52=2E2?36BC22D62?C66=@A@22?5:EB2:2?36B:ED:?:
)252 29:B 68:2D2? ?52 AE? 92BEC 6?HECE? =2A@B2? 29:B A6B4@322? 52?
6AB6C6?D2C:2??H25:9252A2?6=@A@=2:?52?8EBE:C:2?52
-
198 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI
Viskositas
5+5/(*4/
6?6?DE2?@67:C:6?66?D2=2?I2D42:B56?82?6?88E?22?!EE,D@6C
-4%/)/
-23E?8,D@6CD:?88:
45:26D6B4A6?H2B:?8

330. 86=2?8A632D2C

331. :CD2B
4
:B@6D6BC6BEA
O

332. '6B242(92ECC/-%,(!!)
8
8
):?C6D
@=2A6;2=3292?H2?8C2256?82?;2B:;2B:36B36523652
/+,2/$
-!+)!/!-2CC2;6?:C84
-6B@6D6B
%EA
203%522$0#/
2$0#/ 6?6?DE2?92B82F:C@C:D2C36B52C2B2?8B27:/4
2 .EB=2952?42D2DCE9EI2D42:B52=2D23E?8CD@6C56?82?6?88E?22?
D6B@6D6B8E?22?=EA282BA6?8EEB2?52A2D5:=2E2?56?82?=63:9D6=:D:
3 .EB52?42D2D2CC2;6?:CI2D42:B56?82?6?88E?22?2B6@6D6B8E?2
2?=EA282BA6?8EEB2?52A2D5:=2E2?56?82?=63:9D6=:D:
4 ):=:9C2=29C2DE3@=2A6;2=H2?8D6BC65:2A:=:9H2?864:=6E5:2?EEB
52?42D2D5:26D6B3@=256?82?6?88E?22?:B@6D6BC6BEA%2E2?
A6?8EEB2?E=2?8C632?H2
2=:56?82?A@C:C:H2?836B36523652
5 -:32?82CC23@=2A6;2=H2?822?5:8E?22?4EEAC2DE2=:A6?8EEB2?
)6B92D:2?A@C:C:C2=2?@=C636=E2=2DEEB5:A6B8E?22?
6 2CE2?3@=2652=2D23E?8CD@6CH2?8D6=295:36B:I2D42:BH2?822?
5:EEBF:C@C:D2C?H26E5:2?22D:86B23@=29:?8823@=25:2?882A
36B86B2=EBEC36B2DEB2?
7 6B:=29D2?5232D2C56?82?86=2?82G2DA6BD226D:23@=25:2?882A
D6=296?82=2:86B2=EBEC36B2DEB2?N45:2D2CA6BE22?I2D42:B
8 .EB;2B2H2?822?5:22D:456?82?636B:2?D2?5256?82?86=2?8
65E2
9 3:=3@=2H2?8D6=295:2CE2?D:B:C2?=2=E2CE2?632=:6
52=2D23E?8CD@6C2D:52?42D2DG2DEH2?85:D6AE93@=26D:2
36B86B2=EBEC36B2DEB2?C6A2?;2?84
: %2E2?=2?8298O9E?DE
2=:A6B4@322?A252;2B24H2?836B3652
365256?82?42B26?8E32965E5E2?A@C:C:86=2?865E2

333. 2$0#/
6?6?DE2?92B82F:C@C:D2CI2D42:B36B52C2B2?8B27:7E?8C:
/

334. 2 ):=:9
3E293@=256?82?2CC2;6?:CH2?8C22D6B3E2D52B:3292?H2?8
C2252?;2B:;2B:H2?836B3652

335. Proyek Semester 2 199
3 .EB=292CC252?;2B:;2B:C6D:2A3@=22C:?82C:?84EEAC2DE2=:
A6?8EEB2?
4 -6?DE2?52?EEB=29;2B22?D2B25E286=2?8A632D2CA252D23E?8,D@6C
5 .EB=29G2DEH2?85:A6B=E2?C6D:2A3@=2A6;2=E?DE6?6AE9;2B2
2?D2B265E286=2?8A632D2CH2?8CE5295:D6?DE2?D6BC63ED
/(0-)/4
6?82?6?88E?22?52D2A6B4@322?A6BD223E2D8B27:/4$6E5:2?
D6?DE2?@67:C:6?66?D2=2?I2D42:B36B52C2B2?8B27:D6BC63ED
-

336. 6?82?52D2A6B4@322?65E23E2D8B27:/

337. $6E5:2?D6?DE2?
@67:C:6?66?D2=2?I2D42:B36B52C2B2?8B27:D6BC63ED
2?5:?82?92C:=65E2A6B4@322?D6BC63ED6E5:2?36B:2?A6?;6=2C2??52
6?86?2:65E292C:=D6BC63ED
gelang satu
gelang dua
± 5 cm
y
Tabung Stokes

338. Tes Kompetensi Fisika
Semester 2
*-*)-)3-)345+7#/8/(1-*/(414%/,2+,/-)1%#5,5-4*)/
)6B92D:2?C:CD66C6D:32?82?A2528232B36B:ED
60° 30°
T1
T2
T3
O
w
Tm 3 1
200 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI
)6B92D:2?8232B36B:ED
45°
T3
6C2BD682?82?D2=:252=29
2
' 5
'
3

339. ' 6
'
4
'
)6B92D:2?8232B36B:ED
+6CE=D2? 52B: 65E2 82H2 A252 8232B D6BC63ED
D6B=6D25:
2 3O

340. 5 3
3 3
6 3

341. 4 3

342. )6B92D:2?8232B36B:ED
C
2D2?8H2?8A2?;2?8?H2
45:36B:3632?5:E;E?8
?H2C636C2B
'#:2A2?;2?8
452?2CC2
32D2?85:232:2?36C2BD682?82?D2=:252=29
2
' 5 '
3 ' 6
'
4
'
)6B92D:2?8232B36B:ED
2 m 1m 3 m
#:2C63E2932D2?8
H2?8
36B2D?H25:232:2?52?6
5E2 E;E?8?H2 5:82?DE?8
2?56?82?D2=:6E5:2?
52?5:36B:3632?2C:?82C:?82
'52?2

343. ':6D29E:

344. 52?

345. 36C2BD682?82?D2=:5: 52?5:
252=29
2
'52?
' 5
'52?
'
3
'52?
' 6
'52?
'
4
'52?
'
2DB@==:4:?
)6B32?5:?82?2CC236?52)

346. 52?)252=29
2

347. 5
3
6
4

348. ,63E2936?526:=::36B2D
'52?5:82?DE?8
52=2 62522? 5:2 C6A6BD: D2A2 A252 8232B
36B:ED6C2BD682?82?D2=:

349. 252=29
2

350. '
3
'
4
'
5
'
6

351. '
)6B92D:2?8232B36B:ED:?:
#:2D2=:4EEAE2DE?DE6?292?D682?82?2
C:E
3'36C2B2H2?82C:952A2D5:D292?
@=69D2=:D6BC63ED252=29
2
' 5
'
3
' 6
'
4
'
,:CD6A2528232B36B:ED36B25252=262522?
C6D:32?8
6C2B)
852?@67:C:6?86C6CD2D:C2?D2B2
)52?6;2252=29

352. 2CC2)

353. 252=29
2 8 5

354. 8
3

355. 8 6
8
4 8
F1 = 8 N
F2 = 12 N
y
x (m)
–1 0 1 2 3
37°
m2 m1
m3
53°
60°
60°
T1
T2
w
T1 T1
m2
60°
T2
T1
T2
w = 300 N
A C D B
w1 w2
A
T
B
w = 30 N

356. 5 m
2
1 2
Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 2 201
+2A2D2CC2C68EA2=6C252=298
EA2=2?
6CH2?8D6B2AE?852=22:B22?E?4E=5:2D2CA6B
E22?2:B56?82?F@=E6
2
3
4
5
6
,63E29A:A232B@6D6B5:82?D:56?82?A:A2H2?8=E2C
A6?2A2?8?H25E22=:?H2)252D62?2?E52B2=E2B
2D@C76BD:?88:B2C252=2A:A2252=29
2 4
3
4
4 4
5 4
6

357. 4
,63E29A:A2C:=:?56B=EBEC6:=::=E2CA6?2A2?8

358. 52?

359. ):A2D6BC63ED5:=6D22?C642B2
9@B:I@?D2=C652?82?2:B5:52=2?H26?82=:B52B:
2B29 A6?2A2?8 36C2B 6 A6?2A2?8 64:= #:2
646A2D2? 2BEC 5: A6?2A2?8 36C2B 252=29

360. C
646A2D2?2BEC5:A6?2A2?864:=252=29
2
C
3

361. C
4 C
5

362. C
6 C

363. ,63E2932=@?E52B236B2CC2836B:C:!6=:E !6
8
#:232=@?D6BC63ED92BEC6?82?82D
3632?
8 E52B2

364. 8
F@=E632=@?D6BC6
3ED252=29
2
3
4

365. 5
6
:6D29E:52D256D2;2?DE?82EI:2=:A6B6?:D
6C2B52H2H2?85:6=E2B2?2EI:;:2;2?DE?86@
A22?%52B2956?82?D62?2?B2D2B2D2
!8
E?DEC6D:2A56D22?252=294!8
)2
2
G2DD
3
G2DD
4
G2DD
5 G2DD
6 G2DD
,63E29A@A26?2:2?2:BC632?H2
C6D:?88:

366. 6E5:2? 6?82=:B2??H2 6 52=2 A:A2
36BD62?2?
)26C2BEC292252=29
2
P
#
3 P
#
4
P
#
5
P
#
6
P
#
:6D29E:2CC2;6?:C2:B=2ED
8 4
52?D62?2?
E52B2=E2B
'

367. #:22A2=C6=236B2525:
652=22?

368. D62?2?H2?85:2=2:2A2=C6=2
D6BC63ED252=29
2
A2
3 A2
4 A2
5
A2
6

369. A2
)6B92D:2?8232B36B:ED:?:
1
#:25:26D6B=E32?8
4F@=E62:BH2?86=E2B52B:
=E32?85:D:D:

370. C6D:2A6?:D252=29
2

371. A6B6?:D
3

372. A6B6?:D
4
A6B6?:D
5

373. A6B6?:D
6
A6B6?:D
,6D6=29 5:EEB 56?82? C63E29
2?@6D6B5:6D29E:D62?2?2:B5:
52=2C63E29D2?8:252=29
)2
)6B92D:2?8232B5:C2A:?8#:2
D6B;25: 63@4@B2? 5: D:D:

374. 646A2D2?2:BH2?86=E2B52B:D:D:D6BC63ED252=29
2

375. C
3
C
4
C
5

376. C
6 C
E2D23E?85::C:56?82?82C36B3652D6D2A:65E2?H2
36B252A252CE9EH2?8C22:6D29E: 52?
252=29 36B2D @=6E= 65E2 82C D6BC63ED 6?82?
56::2?36C2B@6?DEB2D2B2D2@=6E=65E2
82CD6BC63EDH2:DE, 52?,
22?36B2:D2?C2DEC22
=2:?6?EBEDBEEC
2 , ,
3 ,
4 ,
5 ,
6 ,
)2BD:6=A2BD:6=82C:562=6:=::C:72D2?D2B2=2:?
C6=2=E36B86B2

377. D:52C2=:?8D2B:6?2B:
36BDE3E2?=6?D:?8C6AEB?252?
D:526?8:ED:!EE'6GD@?D6?D2?886B2

378. )6B?H2D22?H2?836?2B252=29
2

379. 52?
3 52?
4

380. 52?
5
6 C6E236?2B

381. )252CE2DEC22D36C2BD62?2?E52B2=E2B4!8
=2DEEBD62?2?2?@6D6BD6B3E26?E?;E
2?329G2D62?2?5:52=2D2?8:252=29
4!8
,E9E82C52=2D2?8:L$6E5:2?2B6?2A62
?2C2?CE9ED2?8:?2:6?;25:
L-62?2?H2?8
5:DE?;E2?2?@6D6B252=29
2
4!8
3 4!8
4
4!8
5
4!8
6
4!8

382. ,63E29D2?8:36BF@=E6
%82C@C:86?A252CE9E

383. L52?D62?2?D2?8:

384. P
)2#:25:6D29E:)
@C:86?

385. 8 @=D62?2?E52B2=E2BP
)2
52?
# @=$2CC2@C:86?52=2D2?8:
D6BC63ED252=29
2
8
3

386. 8
4
8
5
8
6

387. 8

389. /@=E6
8 82C @C:86?

390. 8 @= A252
62522??@B2=252=29
2

391. P
O
3

392. P
O
4

393. P
O
5

394. P
O

395. 6

396. P
O

397. ,63E29D23E?8B62C:H2?8A2?;2?8?H2456?82?
A6?2A2?836B2DEB2?22?5:DEBE?2?56?82?E;E?8
D6B3E2652=252?2E2:BD2G2B82BD23E?8D6B:C:2:B
C6A6B6A2D328:2?D23E?8D6BC63ED92BEC5:D6A2D2?
5:652=22?D62?2?2D@C76B
)2
2
3
4
5
6

398. ,63E296C:?2B?@DH2?86?88E?22?B6C6BF@:B
CE9ED:?88:36BCE9E
$52?6:=::67:C:6?C:
82B67:C:6?C:?H26?;25:
CE9EB6C6BF@:BCE9E
D:?88:92BEC5:?2:2?6?;25:
2
$
3
$
4
$
5
$
6
$
202 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI

399. ,:=EC2B?@D5:32D2C:@=695E282B:CH2:DE
:C@32B:

400. 25:232D:
:C@F@=E6
:C@D6B:
)6B?H2D22?H2?836?2B252=29
2

401. 52?
3 52?
4

402. 52?
5
6 C6E236?2B

403. 7:C:6?C:6C:?2B?@DH2?836B@A6B2C:56?82?CE9EB6?529

404. 6=F:?52?36BCE9ED:?88:6=F:?252=29
2

405. 5
3
6
4

406. 6C:?2B?@D5:@A6B2C:2?2?D2B25E2B6C6BF@:B2=@B
2C:?82C:?8 36BCE9E 52?

407. 56?82?

408. 7:C:6?C:6C:?D6BC63ED
52?36C2B?H2

409. L
82B67:C:6?C:?H2?2:
36C2BA6BE3292?

410. 252=29
2

411. $
3
$
4
$
5
$
6
$
!

412. ,63E296C:?DEB3:?622:E2A56?82?CE9E2G2=
L 52? 63E2?8?H2 A252 CE9E
L 7:C:6?C:
2C:E6C:?DEB3:?D6BC63ED252=29
2
3
4
5
6

413. )252 CE2DE AB@C6C 2=@B C632?H2
2=@B:
5:92?D2B2?A252C:CD6C652?82?C:CD66=2E
2? EC292
;@E=6 6C2B 6?6B8: H2?8 36BE329
52=2C:CD6D6BC63ED252=29
2
#
3

414. #
4

415. #
5 #
6 #
,63E296C:?A6?825E36B52H2
G2DD5:A22:E?DE
6?825E 8 2:B $6E5:2? CE9E 2:B ?2: 2:32D
252?H286C62?5:52=22:B6?82?6?82?882AC6E2
EC292 6?;25: 2=@B G2DE H2?8 5:3EDE92? 6C:?
E?DE366B;2282BCE9E2:B?2:L252=29
2

416. 6?:D
3

417. 6?:D
4 6?:D
5 6?:D
6 6?:D

418. Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 2 203
7#-)124/8/#2*,54*/*%/(/414
,63E29B@52H2?8@6?:?6BC:2?H2

419. 8

420. 52A2D
36BAED2B3632CA252CE3E52D2B-2=:5:=:=:D2?A252
D6A:B@52D6BC63ED52?A252E;E?8D2=:5:82?DE?82?
3632?
8#2B:;2B:CE3EB@52D6BC63ED252=29

421. 4
68:DE 3632? 5:=6A2C B@52 E=2: 36BAED2B 6B2A2
;2E929 36?52 D6BC63ED 92BEC ;2DE9 282B B@52
36B646A2D2?
AED2B2? C6@?

422. ,63E293@=232C6D6?886=:?5:?8D2?A2C6=:AA2523:52?8
:B:?8H2?8A2?;2?8?H256?82?CE5ED6:B:?82?
L#:2-3@=2

423. 4)

424. 852?3@=25:=6A2C2?D2?A2
646A2D2? 2G2= 52B: E;E?8 2D2C 3:52?8 36B2A229
646A2D2?=:?62B3@=2C22DD:325:E;E?832G293:52?8
,63E293@=2A6;2=6?886=:?5:?85:=2?D2:52D2B56?82?
1

425. C$6E5:2?3@=2D6BC63ED6=6G2D:D2?;22?
56?82?CE5ED
LD6B9252A3:52?89@B:I@?D2=#:282H2
86C63@=252?=2?D2:5:232:2?36B2A2296D:?88:2?
H2?852A2D5:42A2:3@=2D6BC63ED52B:52C2B=2?D2:
.52B2H2?836B2CC2;6?:C
8
5:=6G2D2?A252
C63E29A:A2H2?86:=::=E2CA6?2A2?8
4

426. #:25:EEB56?82?A:A2A:D@DA6B36522?D:?88:B2C2
5:52=22?@6D6B252=29
-6?DE2?F@=E6
E52B2H2?86?82=:B52=2G2DE6?:D
,6A@D@?8 2=E:?:E 52=2 E52B2 36B2D?H2
8
2=E:?:E

427. 8 4
#:236?52D6BC63ED5:82?
DE?82?A252C6ED2CD2=:52?5:46=EA2?52=2:?H2
:?H2
8 4
36B2A229D682?82?D2=:D6BC63ED
,63E29322:B6:=::D:?88:,63E29=E32?8A252
32 D6BC63ED 62?42B2? 2:B C6;2E9 4 #:2
A6B46A2D2?8B2F:D2C:#
C

428. D6?DE2?6D:?88:2?
2:B5:52=2322:BD6BC63ED
-6?DE2?=29B2A2D2CC282C6D2?8 @=
A252CE9E

429. L52?D62?2?2D
-6?DE2? 1BC 52B: CE2DE 82C H2?8 36B252 5: 52=2
C63E29D23E?8D6BDEDEA56?82?F@=E6=:D6B52?
D62?2?C636C2B
P
)2;:2B2A2D2CC282CD6BC63ED
O

430. 8 4
2C9:5B@86?

431. 8 @=52?82C?:DB@86?

432. 8 @=36B252A252CE9EH2?8C22-6?DE2?=29
A6B32?5:?82?
2
'!
''52?
3 1BC!1BC'
,63E29A6C2G2DA6?5:?8:?6:=::@67:C:6?52H28E?2
C636C2B#:2D6A6B2DEBB6C6BF@:BCE9ED:?88:252=29
L9:DE?8=29D6A6B2DEBB6C6BF@:BCE9EB6?529?H2

433. 204 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI
k1
k2
k3
k4
M
M
Tes Kompetensi Akhir
*-*)-)3-)345+7#/8/(1-*/(414%/,2+,/-)1%#5,5-4*)/
-6B9252A@@B5:?2D39@B:I@?D2=52?4F6BD:2=C63E29
36?52H2?836B86B26?8:ED:86B2A6=EBE6
AE?H2:@A@?6?@A@?6?646A2D2?H2?8
2 36C2B?H2D6D2AA2522B29352?36BE32936B2DEB2?
A2522B294
3 36C2B?H2D6D2AA2522B29452?36BE32936B2DEB2?
A2522B293
4 36C2B?H2D6D2A32:A2522B2932EAE?A2522B294
5 36C2B?H2 36BE329 36B2DEB2? 32: A252 2B293
2EAE?A2522B294
6 36C2B 52? 2B29?H2 D6BEC6?6BEC 36BE329
D6B9252AG2DE

434. )@C:C:C63E2936?525:?H2D22?56?82?A6BC222?
2JD
*DOD

435. +K,6D6=2936?5236B86B2
C6=22C6@?6=2;E2??H2252=29
2
5

437. C
3 C 6
C
4
C
!
)6B?H2D22? H2?8 D:52 36?2B 6?86?2: 9E3E?82?
2?D2B2A6B46A2D2?D2?86?C:2=86B2B@D2C:CE2DEA2BD:6=
52?36C2B2?36C2B2?CE5ED?H2252=29
2 A6B46A2D2?D2?86?C:2=6?E?;E2?A6BE3292?
36C2B6=2;E2?=:?62B52B:A2BD:6=
3 A6B46A2D2?D2?86?C:2=C6=2=E6:=::A2BD:6=H2?8
36B86B26=:?82B
4 A6B46A2D2? D2?86?C:2= 6:=:: A2BD:6= H2?8
36B86B256?82?=2;E=:?62BD6D2A
5 A6B46A2D2? D2?86?C:2= C632?5:?8 56?82?
A6B46A2D2?CE5ED52?;2B:;2B:
6 A6B46A2D2?D2?86?C:2=C6=2=E6?82B296AEC2D
=:?D2C2?6=:?82B?H2
)@C:C:C63E2936?52H2?85:=6A2B2?F6BD:2=62D2C
5:?H2D22?56?82?A6BC222?4

438. //

439. 56?82?
/52=2C6@?$646A2D2?2G2=36?52252=29
2 C 5 C
3

440. C 6 C
4
C
,63E2936?52H2?836B2D?H226=E?4EB632G29
56?82?646A2D2?D6D2AA252CE2DE3:52?8:B:?8H2?8
2C2B:52?8:B:?8D6BC63ED636?DECE5ED
L
D6B9252A9@B:I@?D2=$@67:C:6?86C62?2?D2B236?52
52?3:52?8D6BC63ED252=29
2

441. 2 5

442. 2
3

443. 6
4

444. ,63E2936?5236B2CC2

445. 85:5@B@?856?82?82H2
'2B296?52D2B$@67:C:6?86C62?6D:236?52
D6A2D22?36B86B2252=29
2
5
3

446. 6
4
#:2A6B46A2D2?8B2F:D2C:5:A6BE22?E:#52?
;2B:;2B:E:22A6B46A2D2?8B2F:D2C:5:CE2DED:D:
H2?836B;2B252B:A6BE22?E:252=29
2
# 5

447. #
3

448. # 6 #
4 #
,63E29A682C56?82?D6D2A2?
' 5:36B:3632?8
52?5:D2B:62D2C56?82?A6B46A2D2?

449. C

450. #:2
#
C

451. 22A6BD23292?A2?;2?8A682CD6BC63ED
252=29
2

452. 5

453. 3

454. 6
4
,6@B2?8A6=2;2BH2?82CC2?H2
836B82?DE?8A252
E;E?8C63E29A682CC69:?882A682C36BD2329A2?;2?8
46?82?56::2?@?CD2?D2A682C36B?:=2:
2
' 5

455. '
3 ' 6
'
4
'
!
)682C5:CECE?C642B2C6B:52?A2B2=6=C6A6BD:8232B
36B:ED:?:
.;E?8A682C5:82?DE?8:3632?H2?8C2236C2B#:2
@?CD2?D2A682C''

456. '
''A6B32?5:?82?
A6B:@56CECE?2?C6B:52?A2B2=6=252=29
2 5

457. 3

458. 6

459. 4

460. !

461. Tes Kompetensi Akhir 205
B27:36B:ED6?E?;E2?86B22?C63E2936?52
36B2CC2
8A2523:52?852D2BD2?A286C62?2B6?2
A6?82BE982H2H2?836BE329E329
#:2646A2D2?36?52C22D.
252=29 C22
646A2D2?36?52C22D.252=29
C

462. A6BE3292?6?6B8::?6D:52B:.
C2A2:56?82?
.252=29;@E=6
36C2BEC29252B:.
C2A2:56?82?.
252=29;@E=6
)6B?H2D22?5:2D2CH2?836?2B252=29
2

463. 52?
5 C2;2
3 52?
6 52?

464. 4

465. 52?
!

466. 6?5236B2CC285:=6A2BF6BD:2=62D2C56?82?
646A2D2?2G2=
C6C2B?H26?6B8:A@D6?C:2=5:
D:D:D6BD:?88:H2?85:42A2:36?52252=29
2

467. # 5
#
3

468. # 6
#
4
#
,63E29 A682C H2?8 @?CD2?D2?H2 ' 5:36B: 3632?
36B2CC2)632?5:86D2B2?56?82?2A=:DE5@
?6B8:A@D6?C:2=3632?:DEA252C22D646A2D2??H2
2=:646A2D2?2C:E252=29
2
'

469. 5
'

470. 3
'

471. 6
'

472. 4

473. '

474. !

475. ,63E2932=@36B2CC2
85:5@B@?852B:52C2BCE2DE
3:52?8:B:?8H2?8A2?;2?8?H26D6B52?AE?42
3:52?8:B:?836B252
52B:D2?29#:23:52?8:B:?8
5:2?882A=:4:?52?A6B46A2D2?8B2F:D2C:E:
C

476. EC292H2?892BEC5:=2E2?E?DE6?5@B@?832=@
252=29
2
;@E=6 5
;@E=6
3
;@E=6 6
;@E=6
4
;@E=6
,63E29 @3:= 56?82? 2CC2 D@? 36B86B2 52B:
62522? 5:2 ,6C22D 6E5:2? 646A2D2??H2
6?;25: C6C2BEC292H2?85:=2E2?@=696C:?
@3:=D6BC63ED252=29
2
# 5
#
3
# 6
#
4

477. #
:2?D2B236?5236B86B236B:ED:?:36?52H2?822?
6?82=2:82H2A2=:?836C2B;:26?E3ED63@
9:?88236B96?D:252=29
2 36?5236B2CC2
856?82?=2;E

478. C
3 36?5236B2CC2
856?82?=2;E C
4 36?5236B2CC2
856?82?=2;E
C
5 36?5236B2CC2
856?82?=2;E C
6 36?5236B2CC2

479. 856?82?=2;E C
)6=EBE56?82?2CC2
8B252?646A2D2?
C
6?86?2:52?6?E3EC63E2932=@56?82?2CC2
8H2?85:25:2D2C3:52?852D2BD2?A286C62?
$646A2D2?A6=EBEC6D6=296?63EC32=@252=29
C$646A2D2?32=@2B6?2D6BD63ECA6=EBE
252=29
2
C 5
C
3
C 6
C
4 C
@=236B2CC28;2DE9D2?A2646A2D2?2G2=6
=2?D2: 52B: 6D:?88:2? $ 6D6B #:2 A6B46A2D2?
8B2F:D2C:#52?@67:C6?6=2CD:C:D2C3@=2D6B9252A=2?D2:
252=29 22A6B?H2D22?A6B?H2D22?D6?D2?83@=2
36B:ED:?:36?2B'!0(%
2 36C2B 646A2D2? A2?DE=2? H2?8 A6BD22
#$ C
3 36C2B 646A2D2? A2?DE=2? H2?8 65E2

480. #$ C
4 D:?88:2C:2=A2?DE=2?A6BD22 $
5 D:?88:2C:2=A2?DE=2?65E24 $
6 646A2D2?3@=2C22D6?E3E=2?D2:

481. #$ C
,63E29A6=EBE36B2CC2

482. 8B25:D6322?52B:
C63E29C6?2A2?62B29C63E2932=@36B2CC28
C69:?882A6=EBE36BC2B2?85:52=232=@2HED6BC63ED
2=@36B2HE?52??2:C6D:?88:
452B:62522?
C6E=2#:2A6B46A2D2?8B2F:D2C:
C

483. 646A2D2?
A6=EBEC6D6=296?86?2:32=@252=29
2
C 5

484. C
3

485. C 6

486. C
4
C

487. ,63E293@=22CD:36B2CC2
852=262522?5:2
6E5:2?5:AEE=C69:?8823@=26=E?4EB56?82?=2;E
C52?A6EE=3@=26?H6?DE93@=2C6=22
C6@?6C2B82H2A6EE=252=29
2

488. ' 5
'
3
' 6
'
4
'

489. ,63E2936?5236B@D2C:52B:62522?5:2C69:?882
52=2G2DEC6@?6:=::646A2D2?
B25 C
,63E29D:D:)36B252A25236?5252?36B;2B24
52B:CE3EB@D2C:?H2)6B46A2D2?D2?86?C:2=B2D2B2D2
H2?85::=::D:D:)D6BC63ED252=29
F (N)
s (m) peluru
balok

490. 2

491. C

492. 5
C

493. 3
C

494. 6

495. C

496. 4
C

499. )6B92D:2? 8232B 5: C2A:?8 ,63E29 A:B:?82?
9@@86?H2?86:=::2CC2)52?;2B:;2B:-5:AED2B
A252C2=29C2DED:D:5:82B:CC:?88E?8?H2@6?:?6BC:2
52B:A:B:?82?H2?85:AED2BD6BC63ED252=29
2

500. )-

501. 5

502. )-

503. 3

504. )-

505. 6

506. )-

507. 4 )-

509. ,63E293@=2A6;2=36B2CC2852?36B;2B:;2B:4
@=2D6BC63ED6?886=:?5:?85:A6BE22?;2=2?H2?8
2C2B2:32DC63E2982H25@B@?8

510. '#:23@=2
6?886=:?5:?8 C6AEB?2 22 A6B46A2D2? H2?8
5:2=2:3@=2A6;2=D6BC63ED252=29
2 C

511. 5 C

512. 3
C

513. 6

514. C

515. 4 C

517. )6B92D:2?C:CD6A2528232B36B:ED 2H282H2H2?8
366B;2A25236?5252=262522?C6D:32?8#:2
#
C

518. D682?82? 52? C:? 2C:?82C:?8
252=29
2
'52?
5
'52?
3
'52?
6
'52?
4
'52?