This document discusses managing short-term assets like accounts receivable and inventory for small businesses. It covers establishing credit policies for customers, using accounts receivable as financing, determining optimal inventory levels, and different inventory management systems. It also addresses determining the value of operating assets like equipment and property. The overall aim is to help small businesses effectively manage their assets.
A business may experience cash flow problems if it does not have enough cash to pay its liabilities. Common causes include low profits, overinvestment, too much stock, allowing too much customer credit, or unexpected changes. To improve cash flow, a business should manage working capital effectively by focusing on reducing debtors, creditors, and stock levels. It can also choose appropriate short-term financing like a bank overdraft or bank loan to meet temporary cash shortfalls. Maintaining a good cash flow forecast helps identify risks so problems can be addressed early.
This document discusses various concepts related to financial difficulties and bankruptcy prediction models. It defines key terms like financial distress, insolvency, and bankruptcy. It also describes univariate and multivariate analysis methods for predicting bankruptcy, including the times interest earned (TIE) ratio and Z-score model. Finally, it provides a case study of General Motors' financial distress and bankruptcy in 2008-2009.
The document discusses mergers and acquisitions. It provides an overview of different types of mergers like horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate mergers. It also gives examples of mergers and discusses reasons for companies to acquire other companies such as achieving economies of scale, gaining expertise, reducing competition to gain monopoly profits, achieving tax savings, diversifying, pursuing earnings growth, and managerial motives. The takeover process is also summarized including valuation, tender offers, merger arbitrage, tax and accounting issues, and obtaining board and shareholder approval. Case studies on the successful Adidas-Reebok merger and unsuccessful Microsoft-Nokia merger are presented.
Meeting 3 - Working capital Investment policy (Financial Management)Albina Gaisina
The document discusses factors that influence a company's working capital requirements such as its industry, seasonality, production policy, market conditions, and supply conditions. It also examines investment policies for current assets, including conservative, moderate, and aggressive approaches. Finally, it analyzes strategies for financing current assets, advocating the matching principle of using long-term financing for fixed and permanent current assets and short-term financing for fluctuating current assets.
The document provides an overview of short-term finance topics including the financial manager's responsibilities, goals of the firm, agency problem, calculating working capital, cash flow cycle, working capital investment policies, matching principle of funding working capital, investing surplus cash, efficient cash management strategies, credit standards policies, establishing credit terms, inventory types and costs, and requirements for just-in-time inventory management.
The document discusses managing finances during an economic crisis. It notes that the present scenario includes an economic slowdown, falling stock markets, potential liquidity crises for companies, and high debt burdens. This will impact businesses through cash flow issues, managing overhead costs, achieving competitive sales prices, and recovering outstanding customer payments. The document provides advice on dealing with the crisis by eliminating emotions, stopping cash bleed, getting help from professionals, budgeting and implementing plans, focusing on cash sales, managing pricing, controlling costs, and exploring alternatives to generate income. Case studies demonstrate using marginal cost concepts to improve pricing and profits.
Securing liquidity and reducing costs in the short-term demands a particular skillset. Seizing opportunities that arise when a market is in crisis demands another.
In this short webinar we will look at examples of the levers that might help you rapidly adapt your business to changing market situations – and discuss possible bold moves.
This document discusses trends in attorney compensation, specifically the increasing trend of basing compensation on client profitability. It provides details on how to calculate client profitability, including direct costs, overhead allocation, gross margin, and net profit. Using client profitability for compensation ensures firms operate competitively and empowers partners to improve profitability. While concerns exist, linking compensation to client profitability matures over time and incentivizes behavior aligned with the firm's financial interests.
A business may experience cash flow problems if it does not have enough cash to pay its liabilities. Common causes include low profits, overinvestment, too much stock, allowing too much customer credit, or unexpected changes. To improve cash flow, a business should manage working capital effectively by focusing on reducing debtors, creditors, and stock levels. It can also choose appropriate short-term financing like a bank overdraft or bank loan to meet temporary cash shortfalls. Maintaining a good cash flow forecast helps identify risks so problems can be addressed early.
This document discusses various concepts related to financial difficulties and bankruptcy prediction models. It defines key terms like financial distress, insolvency, and bankruptcy. It also describes univariate and multivariate analysis methods for predicting bankruptcy, including the times interest earned (TIE) ratio and Z-score model. Finally, it provides a case study of General Motors' financial distress and bankruptcy in 2008-2009.
The document discusses mergers and acquisitions. It provides an overview of different types of mergers like horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate mergers. It also gives examples of mergers and discusses reasons for companies to acquire other companies such as achieving economies of scale, gaining expertise, reducing competition to gain monopoly profits, achieving tax savings, diversifying, pursuing earnings growth, and managerial motives. The takeover process is also summarized including valuation, tender offers, merger arbitrage, tax and accounting issues, and obtaining board and shareholder approval. Case studies on the successful Adidas-Reebok merger and unsuccessful Microsoft-Nokia merger are presented.
Meeting 3 - Working capital Investment policy (Financial Management)Albina Gaisina
The document discusses factors that influence a company's working capital requirements such as its industry, seasonality, production policy, market conditions, and supply conditions. It also examines investment policies for current assets, including conservative, moderate, and aggressive approaches. Finally, it analyzes strategies for financing current assets, advocating the matching principle of using long-term financing for fixed and permanent current assets and short-term financing for fluctuating current assets.
The document provides an overview of short-term finance topics including the financial manager's responsibilities, goals of the firm, agency problem, calculating working capital, cash flow cycle, working capital investment policies, matching principle of funding working capital, investing surplus cash, efficient cash management strategies, credit standards policies, establishing credit terms, inventory types and costs, and requirements for just-in-time inventory management.
The document discusses managing finances during an economic crisis. It notes that the present scenario includes an economic slowdown, falling stock markets, potential liquidity crises for companies, and high debt burdens. This will impact businesses through cash flow issues, managing overhead costs, achieving competitive sales prices, and recovering outstanding customer payments. The document provides advice on dealing with the crisis by eliminating emotions, stopping cash bleed, getting help from professionals, budgeting and implementing plans, focusing on cash sales, managing pricing, controlling costs, and exploring alternatives to generate income. Case studies demonstrate using marginal cost concepts to improve pricing and profits.
Securing liquidity and reducing costs in the short-term demands a particular skillset. Seizing opportunities that arise when a market is in crisis demands another.
In this short webinar we will look at examples of the levers that might help you rapidly adapt your business to changing market situations – and discuss possible bold moves.
This document discusses trends in attorney compensation, specifically the increasing trend of basing compensation on client profitability. It provides details on how to calculate client profitability, including direct costs, overhead allocation, gross margin, and net profit. Using client profitability for compensation ensures firms operate competitively and empowers partners to improve profitability. While concerns exist, linking compensation to client profitability matures over time and incentivizes behavior aligned with the firm's financial interests.
VIRIMAYI CHINYAMA -Managing cash capital fianancing supply chainVirimayi Chinyama
This document discusses managing cash and capital as well as financing the supply chain. It covers monitoring key aspects of working capital like inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable and cash flow. Supply chain transactions can be financed through bank credit lines, supplier credit terms and various loan options. The capital structure, or sources of funding from owners versus lenders, is also addressed. Having too much debt poses risks but low-cost borrowing can boost profits if managed effectively.
This document discusses various types of financial ratios used to analyze a business, including profitability ratios like gross profit margin, liquidity ratios that measure ability to meet obligations, efficiency ratios such as return on capital employed and stock turnover, gearing ratios that assess borrowing risk, and investment appraisal ratios like average rate of return. Profitability ratios examine returns after costs. Liquidity ratios measure short-term financial health. Efficiency ratios assess capital usage and inventory levels. Gearing ratios evaluate borrowing levels. Investment appraisal ratios are used to analyze project profitability over time.
This document discusses ratio analysis for financial statement evaluation. It begins by defining financial analysis and its primary tools of financial statements and ratios. It then outlines various ratio categories including liquidity, investment/shareholders, gearing, profitability, and financial. Specific ratios are defined within each category, such as current ratio, acid test, earnings per share, and asset turnover. Notes are provided on ratio calculation and limitations of ratio analysis for financial evaluation.
The document discusses working capital management and its relationship to supply chain management. It defines key terms like working capital, cash conversion cycle, and provides objectives of working capital management. It also outlines metrics that impact a company's profit/loss and balance sheet. Additionally, it discusses how optimizing working capital management and supply chain management can increase profitability, liquidity, and value creation through improved efficiency.
Types of Businesses, costs, revenue and barriers to growthbwellington
This document provides an overview of business concepts including:
- The main reasons people start businesses are to make a profit and there are different types of business ownership structures like proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations.
- Corporations are created to raise capital, limit liability, and expand operations.
- Businesses must manage costs like fixed costs, variable costs, and total costs to earn a profit since profit is revenue minus costs.
- Understanding costs, revenues, and factors like economies and diseconomies of scale is essential for business success.
This document discusses stock control and operations. It defines stock as raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods. It notes the benefits of holding stock such as discounts on large orders and avoiding running out. However, it also lists the costs of holding stock like opportunity costs and storage costs. The document also discusses choosing reliable suppliers based on price, quality, and availability. It states that poor purchasing can lead to overstocking or understocking. Finally, it defines economic stock level as the optimal level to minimize holding and running out costs, and lists factors that influence determining stock levels like demand, seasonality, and cash flow.
Account receivable and Inventory Management lecture 11,12,13ASAD ALI
The document discusses current asset management of accounts receivable and inventory. It provides an overview of accounts receivable management including establishing credit policies, credit terms, and collection policies. It explains why firms accumulate accounts receivable and inventory and defines key terms. The document also discusses finding the optimal level of accounts receivable and inventory using methods like the economic order quantity model. It analyzes the benefits and costs of different inventory and accounts receivable levels.
The document discusses various methods for valuing intellectual property, including market-based comparable transactions, cost-based historical cost replacement, and income-based approaches like discounted cash flow analysis and excess profits methods. It notes challenges with each method and emphasizes that modern valuation commonly uses a discounted cash flow approach to determine the net present value of a business's expected future cash flows.
How to Develop and Successfully Present Business CasesEMEX
Energy Managers often identify opportunities for energy reduction, however, the work does not stop once an opportunity is identified. The second, and often more important step, is to create a business case that explains to the management team the reasons that the project is beneficial so they can make the necessary funds available.
This session provides practical steps for developing successful business cases but will also expand on how to assess new innovative technologies.
This chapter discusses mergers and acquisitions (M&A). It covers key concepts like different types of M&A deals and reasons for them. It also explains accounting practices and defensive tactics. Some reasons for M&A that can benefit shareholders are reducing costs and creating synergies. However, diversification alone does not create value. The chapter outlines methods of M&A, factors in valuing transactions, and evidence on outcomes. It concludes with divestitures and corporate restructurings that change ownership structure.
This document provides an introduction to financial management. It discusses that finance uses accounting information together with other information to make decisions that affect a firm's market value. There are three primary decision areas in finance: investment decisions, financing decisions, and dividend decisions. The goal of a firm should be to maximize stock price in order to maximize owners' wealth. Important concepts in finance include focusing on market values rather than book values and cash flows rather than accounting income.
Portfolio Management, Active, Passive, Discretionary Portfolio management services and Non-Discretionary Portfolio management services
OBJECTIVES OF PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT:
Stable Current Return
Marketability
Tax Planning
Appreciation in the value of capital
Liquidity
Safety of the investment
Risk management - Controllo finanziario Manager.it
The document outlines an agenda for a risk management presentation covering the following topics:
1. Performing a financial check-up of the company
2. Re-identifying the company's core competencies
3. Managing risks related to accounts receivable, production/inventory, cash, people, and an in-depth discussion of risk management
It then discusses evaluating the company's current financial position by understanding its assets and liabilities, cash flows, profits and costs. Historical financial data is reviewed to learn lessons. Key risks are identified relating to asset values, inventory, product costs and wastage. Strategies for risk mitigation such as cost control, layoffs and disposal of unneeded assets are presented.
This document discusses cash management strategies and models for determining optimal cash balances. It explains concepts like cash flows, cash conversion cycle, and motives for holding cash. It also outlines efficient cash management techniques like speeding up collections and delaying payments. Finally, it describes the Baumol and Miller-Orr models for calculating optimal cash balances based on factors like transaction costs, interest rates, and cash flow variances. The Miller-Orr model accounts for uncertain cash flows by setting upper and lower cash balance limits.
Kiran Kumar has a PhD in finance from the Indian Institute of Science. He has over 20 research papers and has received five best research paper awards. He is currently an associate professor at IIM Indore and has previously held positions at the National Institute of Securities Markets and ISB. His research focuses on high frequency data analysis, market microstructure, and derivatives.
Finance involves making investment and funding decisions to allocate resources and generate returns. The three major corporate finance decisions are investments, financing, and dividends. Investments should earn returns above the hurdle rate, financing should minimize costs, and excess cash should be returned to shareholders if no high-return investments exist. The traditional goal of corporate finance is to maximize
The document discusses various financial ratios used to evaluate the financial health and performance of a business. It defines ratios that measure leverage, liquidity, profitability, and efficiency. These include the debt-to-asset ratio, quick ratio, current ratio, net profit margin, return on investment, and return on equity. Calculating and analyzing these ratios helps owners and managers assess the business's solvency, working capital management, profit generation, and use of assets and equity.
Student copy of year 11 business_stock_control_2Patrick Rubix
This document discusses stock control methods for businesses. It defines different types of stock like materials, semi-finished goods, and finished goods. It also defines key stock levels like maximum, re-order, and minimum stock levels. The document then discusses advantages and disadvantages of holding stock, like being able to meet demand but also costs of storage. It introduces Just-in-Time stock control where businesses hold no stock and order materials as needed. Finally, it discusses advantages and disadvantages of different stock control methods in terms of costs, prices, and production needs.
Financial statements provide essential information about a company's financial performance and position over a period of time. The key financial statements are the income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flows, and statement of retained earnings. Ratio analysis is used to evaluate a company's liquidity, asset management, debt management, and profitability by calculating financial ratios and comparing them over time and to other companies. While financial statement analysis provides useful insights, results must be interpreted carefully due to limitations such as differences in accounting treatments between companies.
Student copy of year 11 business_stock_control_2Patrick Rubix
This document discusses stock control methods for businesses. It defines key stock levels like maximum, re-order point, and minimum levels. Businesses hold stock to meet demand fluctuations but it ties up money and space. Just-in-time control aims to hold no stock by ordering materials only as needed, as seen in car manufacturing. Different methods balance costs of stock against risks of stock-outs for production. Considerations include price breaks for bulk orders versus fuel use of small frequent orders.
The document provides guidance on proper stock control procedures for retailers. It discusses the importance of accurate inventory counts and effective stock management. Key aspects covered include planning inventory levels, receiving and verifying deliveries, sorting and counting stock, using location tickets and barcode scanners, and ensuring accurate record keeping. Personnel must be trained and follow defined processes to complete an organized and accurate stocktake.
This document provides an overview of various accounting concepts related to financial accounting. It discusses accounting treatments for bad debts, methods for writing off bad debts such as direct write-off and provision methods. It also covers topics such as aging schedules, percentage of sales method, bad debt recovery, stock/inventory costing methods including FIFO, LIFO, weighted average. The document also discusses perpetual and periodic inventory systems, accounting for property, plant and equipment, depreciation methods, revaluation of assets, amortization of intangibles, depletion and more.
Cash flow is the flow of money in and out of the business. Managing your cash flow is vital for business survival and growth, even if you have existing cost savings programs in your organization.
The impact of disasters such as COVID-19 has driven the global economy into a recession and many businesses are only just trying to survive. Before taking drastic actions such as cutting salaries and staff, you might want to review your current cash flow performance to stem unnecessary cash outflow and eliminate waste in your processes.
To run your business effectively, you need to balance the timing and amount of your expenses with those of your income. This training presentation explains the various areas you need to consider when managing and improving cash flow in your business.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain what cash flow means
2. Understand the cash flow cycle and importance of cash flow to a business
3. Identify major causes of cash flow problems
4. Define strategies to improve cash flow
5. Gain knowledge on eliminating waste to improve cash flow
6. Learn how to forecast cash flow
CONTENTS:
1. Introduction to cash flow
2. Causes of cash flow problems
3. Strategies to improve cash flow
4. Improving cash flow through waste elimination
5. Cash flow forecasting
To download this complete presentation, please visit: http://www.oeconsulting.com.sg
VIRIMAYI CHINYAMA -Managing cash capital fianancing supply chainVirimayi Chinyama
This document discusses managing cash and capital as well as financing the supply chain. It covers monitoring key aspects of working capital like inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable and cash flow. Supply chain transactions can be financed through bank credit lines, supplier credit terms and various loan options. The capital structure, or sources of funding from owners versus lenders, is also addressed. Having too much debt poses risks but low-cost borrowing can boost profits if managed effectively.
This document discusses various types of financial ratios used to analyze a business, including profitability ratios like gross profit margin, liquidity ratios that measure ability to meet obligations, efficiency ratios such as return on capital employed and stock turnover, gearing ratios that assess borrowing risk, and investment appraisal ratios like average rate of return. Profitability ratios examine returns after costs. Liquidity ratios measure short-term financial health. Efficiency ratios assess capital usage and inventory levels. Gearing ratios evaluate borrowing levels. Investment appraisal ratios are used to analyze project profitability over time.
This document discusses ratio analysis for financial statement evaluation. It begins by defining financial analysis and its primary tools of financial statements and ratios. It then outlines various ratio categories including liquidity, investment/shareholders, gearing, profitability, and financial. Specific ratios are defined within each category, such as current ratio, acid test, earnings per share, and asset turnover. Notes are provided on ratio calculation and limitations of ratio analysis for financial evaluation.
The document discusses working capital management and its relationship to supply chain management. It defines key terms like working capital, cash conversion cycle, and provides objectives of working capital management. It also outlines metrics that impact a company's profit/loss and balance sheet. Additionally, it discusses how optimizing working capital management and supply chain management can increase profitability, liquidity, and value creation through improved efficiency.
Types of Businesses, costs, revenue and barriers to growthbwellington
This document provides an overview of business concepts including:
- The main reasons people start businesses are to make a profit and there are different types of business ownership structures like proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations.
- Corporations are created to raise capital, limit liability, and expand operations.
- Businesses must manage costs like fixed costs, variable costs, and total costs to earn a profit since profit is revenue minus costs.
- Understanding costs, revenues, and factors like economies and diseconomies of scale is essential for business success.
This document discusses stock control and operations. It defines stock as raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods. It notes the benefits of holding stock such as discounts on large orders and avoiding running out. However, it also lists the costs of holding stock like opportunity costs and storage costs. The document also discusses choosing reliable suppliers based on price, quality, and availability. It states that poor purchasing can lead to overstocking or understocking. Finally, it defines economic stock level as the optimal level to minimize holding and running out costs, and lists factors that influence determining stock levels like demand, seasonality, and cash flow.
Account receivable and Inventory Management lecture 11,12,13ASAD ALI
The document discusses current asset management of accounts receivable and inventory. It provides an overview of accounts receivable management including establishing credit policies, credit terms, and collection policies. It explains why firms accumulate accounts receivable and inventory and defines key terms. The document also discusses finding the optimal level of accounts receivable and inventory using methods like the economic order quantity model. It analyzes the benefits and costs of different inventory and accounts receivable levels.
The document discusses various methods for valuing intellectual property, including market-based comparable transactions, cost-based historical cost replacement, and income-based approaches like discounted cash flow analysis and excess profits methods. It notes challenges with each method and emphasizes that modern valuation commonly uses a discounted cash flow approach to determine the net present value of a business's expected future cash flows.
How to Develop and Successfully Present Business CasesEMEX
Energy Managers often identify opportunities for energy reduction, however, the work does not stop once an opportunity is identified. The second, and often more important step, is to create a business case that explains to the management team the reasons that the project is beneficial so they can make the necessary funds available.
This session provides practical steps for developing successful business cases but will also expand on how to assess new innovative technologies.
This chapter discusses mergers and acquisitions (M&A). It covers key concepts like different types of M&A deals and reasons for them. It also explains accounting practices and defensive tactics. Some reasons for M&A that can benefit shareholders are reducing costs and creating synergies. However, diversification alone does not create value. The chapter outlines methods of M&A, factors in valuing transactions, and evidence on outcomes. It concludes with divestitures and corporate restructurings that change ownership structure.
This document provides an introduction to financial management. It discusses that finance uses accounting information together with other information to make decisions that affect a firm's market value. There are three primary decision areas in finance: investment decisions, financing decisions, and dividend decisions. The goal of a firm should be to maximize stock price in order to maximize owners' wealth. Important concepts in finance include focusing on market values rather than book values and cash flows rather than accounting income.
Portfolio Management, Active, Passive, Discretionary Portfolio management services and Non-Discretionary Portfolio management services
OBJECTIVES OF PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT:
Stable Current Return
Marketability
Tax Planning
Appreciation in the value of capital
Liquidity
Safety of the investment
Risk management - Controllo finanziario Manager.it
The document outlines an agenda for a risk management presentation covering the following topics:
1. Performing a financial check-up of the company
2. Re-identifying the company's core competencies
3. Managing risks related to accounts receivable, production/inventory, cash, people, and an in-depth discussion of risk management
It then discusses evaluating the company's current financial position by understanding its assets and liabilities, cash flows, profits and costs. Historical financial data is reviewed to learn lessons. Key risks are identified relating to asset values, inventory, product costs and wastage. Strategies for risk mitigation such as cost control, layoffs and disposal of unneeded assets are presented.
This document discusses cash management strategies and models for determining optimal cash balances. It explains concepts like cash flows, cash conversion cycle, and motives for holding cash. It also outlines efficient cash management techniques like speeding up collections and delaying payments. Finally, it describes the Baumol and Miller-Orr models for calculating optimal cash balances based on factors like transaction costs, interest rates, and cash flow variances. The Miller-Orr model accounts for uncertain cash flows by setting upper and lower cash balance limits.
Kiran Kumar has a PhD in finance from the Indian Institute of Science. He has over 20 research papers and has received five best research paper awards. He is currently an associate professor at IIM Indore and has previously held positions at the National Institute of Securities Markets and ISB. His research focuses on high frequency data analysis, market microstructure, and derivatives.
Finance involves making investment and funding decisions to allocate resources and generate returns. The three major corporate finance decisions are investments, financing, and dividends. Investments should earn returns above the hurdle rate, financing should minimize costs, and excess cash should be returned to shareholders if no high-return investments exist. The traditional goal of corporate finance is to maximize
The document discusses various financial ratios used to evaluate the financial health and performance of a business. It defines ratios that measure leverage, liquidity, profitability, and efficiency. These include the debt-to-asset ratio, quick ratio, current ratio, net profit margin, return on investment, and return on equity. Calculating and analyzing these ratios helps owners and managers assess the business's solvency, working capital management, profit generation, and use of assets and equity.
Student copy of year 11 business_stock_control_2Patrick Rubix
This document discusses stock control methods for businesses. It defines different types of stock like materials, semi-finished goods, and finished goods. It also defines key stock levels like maximum, re-order, and minimum stock levels. The document then discusses advantages and disadvantages of holding stock, like being able to meet demand but also costs of storage. It introduces Just-in-Time stock control where businesses hold no stock and order materials as needed. Finally, it discusses advantages and disadvantages of different stock control methods in terms of costs, prices, and production needs.
Financial statements provide essential information about a company's financial performance and position over a period of time. The key financial statements are the income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flows, and statement of retained earnings. Ratio analysis is used to evaluate a company's liquidity, asset management, debt management, and profitability by calculating financial ratios and comparing them over time and to other companies. While financial statement analysis provides useful insights, results must be interpreted carefully due to limitations such as differences in accounting treatments between companies.
Student copy of year 11 business_stock_control_2Patrick Rubix
This document discusses stock control methods for businesses. It defines key stock levels like maximum, re-order point, and minimum levels. Businesses hold stock to meet demand fluctuations but it ties up money and space. Just-in-time control aims to hold no stock by ordering materials only as needed, as seen in car manufacturing. Different methods balance costs of stock against risks of stock-outs for production. Considerations include price breaks for bulk orders versus fuel use of small frequent orders.
The document provides guidance on proper stock control procedures for retailers. It discusses the importance of accurate inventory counts and effective stock management. Key aspects covered include planning inventory levels, receiving and verifying deliveries, sorting and counting stock, using location tickets and barcode scanners, and ensuring accurate record keeping. Personnel must be trained and follow defined processes to complete an organized and accurate stocktake.
This document provides an overview of various accounting concepts related to financial accounting. It discusses accounting treatments for bad debts, methods for writing off bad debts such as direct write-off and provision methods. It also covers topics such as aging schedules, percentage of sales method, bad debt recovery, stock/inventory costing methods including FIFO, LIFO, weighted average. The document also discusses perpetual and periodic inventory systems, accounting for property, plant and equipment, depreciation methods, revaluation of assets, amortization of intangibles, depletion and more.
Cash flow is the flow of money in and out of the business. Managing your cash flow is vital for business survival and growth, even if you have existing cost savings programs in your organization.
The impact of disasters such as COVID-19 has driven the global economy into a recession and many businesses are only just trying to survive. Before taking drastic actions such as cutting salaries and staff, you might want to review your current cash flow performance to stem unnecessary cash outflow and eliminate waste in your processes.
To run your business effectively, you need to balance the timing and amount of your expenses with those of your income. This training presentation explains the various areas you need to consider when managing and improving cash flow in your business.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain what cash flow means
2. Understand the cash flow cycle and importance of cash flow to a business
3. Identify major causes of cash flow problems
4. Define strategies to improve cash flow
5. Gain knowledge on eliminating waste to improve cash flow
6. Learn how to forecast cash flow
CONTENTS:
1. Introduction to cash flow
2. Causes of cash flow problems
3. Strategies to improve cash flow
4. Improving cash flow through waste elimination
5. Cash flow forecasting
To download this complete presentation, please visit: http://www.oeconsulting.com.sg
Working capital management — factors determining working capital — estimation of working capital —inventory management techniques — receivables management — management of cash and marketable securities — techniques of cash management — committees on working capital and their findings and recommendations.
The document discusses various paths to entrepreneurship and small business ownership, including starting a new business, franchising an existing business, purchasing an existing business, and inheriting a family business. It provides advice on increasing the chances of startup success, performing due diligence when purchasing a business, and strategies for valuing and structuring an acquisition. Key steps include developing a business plan, securing financing, and gradually transferring ownership to ensure a successful transition.
Inventory management helps companies track inventory from purchase to sale in order to ensure there are sufficient stock levels to meet customer demand. It aims to balance having enough inventory without overstocking, which ties up cash. Effective inventory management requires identifying trends to time orders correctly and prevent stockouts. Formulas can help calculate optimal reorder points, safety stock levels, and order quantities. Demand planning is also important for inventory management to project future requirements.
This document discusses working capital, which refers to the capital required for meeting the day-to-day operational needs of a business like paying creditors, wages, and purchasing raw materials. It defines working capital and discusses the different types like gross and net working capital. It also covers the components, needs, causes and effects of excessive and inadequate working capital. Finally, it discusses various approaches to determining the appropriate working capital requirements and techniques for managing working capital components like inventory, cash, and receivables.
WORKING CAPITAL CYCLE
STRUCTURE OF WORKING CAPITAL
OPERATING CYCLE
THEORY OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
FINANCING AND POLICIES OF WORKING CAPITAL
WORKING CAPITAL POLICIES
IMPACT OF WORKING CAPITAL POLICIES
OPTIMAL SIZE OF CURRENT ASSETS
REGULATION OF BANK FINANCE
Working capital management involves determining the appropriate level and financing of current assets, such as cash, inventory, and accounts receivable. It aims to balance holding costs of current assets with costs of shortages. Key aspects include calculating net working capital as current assets minus current liabilities, understanding operating cycles involving days of inventory and receivables outstanding, and choosing financing strategies like matching asset and liability maturities or relying more on long-term or short-term funds. The optimal working capital strategy minimizes total relevant costs subject to meeting business needs.
Working capital refers to the funds used to meet daily business expenses. It includes current assets like cash and inventory needed to operate on a day-to-day basis. Proper management of working capital, accounts receivable, accounts payable and inventory is important for business liquidity and efficiency. Techniques to manage inventory include determining optimal stock levels, ABC analysis of inventory items and just-in-time systems. Sources of working capital include both long-term sources like equity and loans as well as short-term sources like trade credit, commercial paper and bank finance.
Working Capital_Cash Operating Cycle_Inventory ManagementTonny Bbale
This document discusses various aspects of working capital management including:
- Definitions of working capital and its key components like cash, receivables, inventory, and payables.
- The objectives of working capital management are profitability and liquidity. There is sometimes a conflict between these two objectives when decisions are made.
- Key concepts covered include the cash operating cycle, economic order quantity (EOQ) formula, ABC inventory classification, and just-in-time (JIT) techniques.
- Materials requirements planning (MRP) is introduced as a production planning technique that maintains low inventory levels by ordering only what is needed based on the bill of materials and production schedule.
Meeting 5 - Working capital (Financial Reporting and Analysis)Albina Gaisina
This document discusses working capital, including its definition, types, management, and policies. Working capital is defined as the money available for day-to-day operations and is calculated as current assets minus current liabilities. There are different types of working capital such as gross, net, permanent, and temporary working capital. Management of working capital involves monitoring ratios and key financial metrics. Effective policies help ensure sufficient liquidity while minimizing risk, including restricting cash investments, monitoring receivables and payables, and reviewing inventory levels regularly. Conservative and aggressive working capital strategies also impact risk and profitability differently.
This document discusses various cash, inventory, and accounts receivable management techniques. It begins by outlining cash management, inventory management, and accounts receivable management. It then provides details on managing cash and marketable securities, determining optimal cash balances using the Baumol and Miller-Orr models, inventory management techniques like ABC analysis, EOQ, and JIT, and elements of an effective credit policy for accounts receivable management.
Inventory management involves properly tracking and accounting for a company's inventory. The objective is to balance inventory investment with good customer service by avoiding under-stocking or over-stocking. Key aspects of inventory management include purchasing processes, tracking inventory levels and movements, costing methods like FIFO and LIFO, and key metrics like inventory turnover and days in inventory. Proper documentation and forms are needed to track inventory receipts, issues, and costs.
Inventory management involves properly tracking and accounting for a company's inventory. The objective is to balance inventory investment with good customer service by avoiding under-stocking or over-stocking. Key aspects of inventory management include purchasing processes, tracking inventory levels and movements, costing methods like FIFO and LIFO, and key metrics like inventory turnover and days in inventory. Proper documentation and forms are needed to support inventory accounting and valuation.
Warehousing plays an important role in integrated logistics strategies. Warehouses bridge the time gap between production and consumption by storing goods until customers require them. This allows for steady production and distribution. Key benefits of warehouses include enabling regular production, creating time utility, storing surplus goods, stabilizing prices, and minimizing risks. Warehouses come in private, public, and third-party varieties. Private warehouses offer more control but are costly to establish and maintain. Public warehouses are owned by independent operators and rented to multiple clients.
This document discusses working capital management and inventory management. It defines working capital and its sources, including short term sources like factoring, installment credit, bank overdrafts, commercial papers, and letters of credit. Long term sources include equity capital and loans. It also discusses estimating working capital needs using different approaches. The document then defines inventory and its management, including inventory turnover ratio and inventory control techniques like ABC analysis.
The document discusses cash management and cash flow for businesses. It defines cash and cash equivalents, and explains their importance for businesses. It also discusses how to forecast cash needs through budgets and planning for cash receipts and disbursements. Additionally, the document provides tips for managing cash flows, including increasing inflows and decreasing outflows, and strategies for handling cash shortages.
- The document discusses the importance of accounting for small businesses and the different types of accounting needed - financial, managerial, and tax accounting.
- It explains key financial reports like the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement and how to set up an accounting system and budgets to project performance.
- The goal of accounting is to provide useful information for managing the business, meeting legal requirements, and evaluating financial performance.
- Working capital management focuses on a company's current assets and current liabilities. It aims to optimize the amount of funds tied up in short-term assets to balance liquidity needs with reducing opportunity costs.
- Key components of working capital include cash, inventory, accounts receivable, and accounts payable. Companies must determine the optimal level of each based on their sales levels and growth strategies.
- There are three main approaches to working capital management: relaxed, moderate, and restricted. The cash conversion cycle model also examines how long it takes for a company to convert cash outflows on inventory into cash inflows from sales.
- Working capital refers to short-term funds used for day-to-day operations, including current assets like inventory, accounts receivable, cash. It allows a company to operate smoothly by financing current assets.
- The goal of working capital management is to maintain sufficient liquidity to meet operating needs while avoiding excess or inadequate working capital levels, which are both problematic.
- Key concepts include gross working capital (total current assets), net working capital (current assets - current liabilities), and operating cycle (time from purchasing inventory to collecting cash from sales).
The document discusses the drivers and pressures for organizational change. It identifies that change comes from both external environmental pressures such as competition, regulations and technological changes as well as internal pressures like growth, leadership changes, and politics. Some of the key external pressures mentioned are globalization, hypercompetition, and reputation concerns. The document also examines why organizations may not change in response to environmental pressures or after crises, citing factors such as organizational learning difficulties and defensive priorities over innovation.
This document discusses evolutionary developmental biology and how changes in development can lead to evolutionary changes. It provides examples of modularity and molecular parsimony which help explain this. Modularity means parts of the body and DNA can develop differently. Molecular parsimony means organisms share developmental toolkit genes. The document then discusses specific examples like stickleback fish pelvic spines being due to different Pitx1 expression, and Darwin's finches having beak shape variations due to differing Bmp4 and Calmodulin expression levels. Mechanisms of evolutionary change include changes in location, timing, amount, or kind of gene expression.
Developmental plasticity allows an organism's phenotype to change in response to environmental conditions during development. There are two main types of phenotypic plasticity: reaction norms, where the environment determines the phenotype from a continuum of genetic possibilities, and polyphenisms, where discrete alternative phenotypes are produced. Examples include caterpillars changing appearance to match plant growth stages, frogs hatching early in response to vibrations, and temperature determining sex in crocodiles. Stressors like water levels can also influence development, as seen in spadefoot toads. Symbiotic relationships between organisms, like nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plant roots, are important to development and often involve vertical transmission from parents. Gut bacteria are also necessary for
This document discusses several genetic and environmental factors that can influence human development. Genetic factors like pleiotropy and mosaicism can result in syndromes with multiple abnormalities. The same genetic mutation can also produce different phenotypes depending on gene interactions. Environmental teratogens during critical periods of embryonic development can irreversibly damage organ formation, with alcohol, retinoic acid, and endocrine disruptors like bisphenol A and atrazine posing particular risks like fetal alcohol syndrome, cleft palate, lower sperm counts, and cancer. Both genetic and environmental heterogeneity contribute to the complexity of human development.
The endoderm forms the epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory systems. It gives rise to tissues like the notochord, heart, blood vessels, and parts of the mesoderm. The endoderm comes from two sources - the definitive endoderm and the visceral endoderm. The transcription factor Sox17 marks and regulates the formation of the endoderm. The endoderm lines tubes in the body and gives rise to organs like the liver, pancreas, lungs and digestive system through the formation of buds and pouches along the foregut.
The document summarizes the development of the intermediate mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm. The intermediate mesoderm forms the urogenital system including the kidneys, ureters, ovaries, fallopian tubes, testes and vas deferens. Kidney development occurs through the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros stages. The lateral plate mesoderm splits into somatic and splanchnic layers and forms the heart through the merging of cardiac progenitor cells from both sides of the embryo. The heart tube loops to the right to begin resembling the four-chambered adult heart.
The paraxial mesoderm lies just lateral to the notochord and gives rise to vertebrae, skeletal muscles, and skin connective tissue. It is divided into somites which then form dermomyotomes and sclerotomes. Dermomyotomes develop into dermatomes that make dermis and myotomes that form back, rib, and body wall muscles. Sclerotomes form the vertebrae and rib cage. Somitogenesis occurs through a clock-wavefront model where somites sequentially segment from cranial to caudal regions under the influence of signaling molecules like retinoic acid and FGF.
The document summarizes ectodermal placodes and the epidermis. It discusses how placodes give rise to sensory structures like the eye lens, inner ear, and nose. It describes the different cranial placodes that form sensory tissues and nerves, including the anterior placodes that form the pituitary gland and eye lens. The intermediate placodes form nerves involved in sensation of the face and hearing/balance. The epidermis derives from surface ectoderm under the influence of BMPs and forms the protective outer layer of skin and its appendages like hair, sweat glands, and teeth.
- The neural plate transforms into a neural tube through a process called neurulation regulated by proteins like BMP and transcription factors like Sox1, 2, and 3.
- Primary neurulation involves the elongation, bending, and convergence of the neural folds before their closure at the midline to form the neural tube. Key regulation events involve hinge points at the midline and dorsolateral edges.
- Neural tube defects can occur if closure fails, as in spina bifida where the posterior neuropore remains open, preventing proper spinal cord development.
Mammalian development begins with fertilization and cleavage of the egg. The egg develops membranes that allow development outside of water. In mammals, the placenta exchanges gases and nutrients between the embryo and mother. Cleavage is rotational, with zygotic genes activating later than other animals. Cells compact and the morula forms an inner cell mass and trophoblast cells. The trophoblast secretes fluid to form a blastocyst cavity. The inner cell mass forms the epiblast and hypoblast, which generate the embryo and extraembryonic tissues through gastrulation. Axis formation is guided by gradients of genes like HOX and left/right asymmetries are regulated by proteins including Nodal.
- Drosophila melanogaster is a useful model organism for studying development due to its short life cycle, fully sequenced genome, and ease of breeding.
- Early Drosophila development involves syncytial cleavage where nuclei divide without cell division, specifying the dorsal/ventral and anterior/posterior axes.
- Fertilization occurs when sperm enters an egg that has already begun specifying axes; maternal and paternal chromosomes remain separate during early divisions.
This document summarizes key patterns in animal development. It describes that animals undergo gastrulation where cells migrate to form germ layers and axes. Animals are categorized into 35 phyla based on features like germ layers, organ formation, and cleavage patterns. It describes that diploblastic animals have two germ layers while most are triploblastic with three germ layers. Triploblastic animals are further divided into protostomes and deuterostomes based on mouth formation. The document also provides examples of cleavage patterns in snails which are spirally arranged in either a dextral or sinistral pattern determined by maternal factors.
1) Sex determination in mammals is primarily determined by the XY sex determination system, with females having XX and males having XY. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes the development of testes.
2) The gonads are initially bipotential but develop into either ovaries or testes based on the sex chromosomes. Testes secrete AMH and testosterone to direct male development while ovaries secrete estrogens for female development.
3) Gametogenesis includes the process of meiosis which produces haploid gametes from diploid germ cells in the gonads. In females, oogenesis begins in the embryo but arrests until puberty while spermatogenesis only occurs at puberty in males.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells defined by their potency, including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos, pluripotent stem cells in the embryo, and multipotent adult stem cells. Stem cell regulation is controlled through extracellular signals from the stem cell niche and intracellular factors that influence gene expression and cell fate. Researchers have also induced pluripotency in adult cells by introducing genes that code for key transcription factors.
This document discusses cell-to-cell communication and how it allows for the development of specialized tissues and organs through three main mechanisms: cell adhering, cell shape changing, and cell signaling. It describes how cells interact at the cell membrane through various receptor and ligand proteins. These interactions can be homophilic or heterophilic, and occur through direct contact between neighboring cells (juxtacrine signaling) or over short distances (paracrine signaling). Differential adhesion and cadherins allow cells to sort themselves into tissues based on adhesion strengths. The extracellular matrix and integrins also influence cell communication and development.
Differential gene expression refers to the process where different genes are activated in different cell types, leading to cellular specialization. While all cells contain the full genome, only a small percentage of genes are expressed in each cell. Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including differential transcription, selective pre-mRNA processing, selective mRNA translation, and posttranslational protein modification. The most common mechanisms involve regulating transcription through epigenetic modifications of chromatin and the use of transcription factors.
The document summarizes key stages in animal development from fertilization through organogenesis. It begins with fertilization and cleavage, followed by gastrulation where the three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) are formed. During organogenesis, organs develop from the germ layers. Metamorphosis may also occur to transition organisms like frogs from immature to sexually mature forms. Examples are provided of developmental processes in frogs and other model organisms like fruit flies and plants. Cell behavior and patterning during these stages are also discussed.
The document discusses considerations for small businesses when hiring employees. It covers deciding when to hire an employee, defining job roles, writing job descriptions, attracting and evaluating candidates, selecting the right hire, training employees, rewarding and compensating employees, and managing ownership and dividends when there are family business partners involved. The key aspects of setting up an employee program for a small business are planning job roles, writing thorough job descriptions, developing fair hiring and review processes, providing training, and establishing clear compensation and ownership structures.
This document discusses various legal issues that small business owners should be aware of, including:
- Understanding the different types of laws (federal, state, local) that may apply to a small business.
- Hiring an experienced small business attorney to provide legal advice and represent the business as needed.
- Choosing an appropriate legal structure for the business, such as a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, or LLC.
- Protecting the business name as intellectual property and complying with regulations regarding contracts, liability, taxation and other legal matters.
This document discusses risk management and insurance for small businesses. It begins by defining risk for business owners and identifying common sources of risk such as financial investments, theft, nonpayment of debts, and natural disasters. It then examines risks related to a business's property, personnel, customers, and intangible property. The document provides strategies for managing these risks, such as developing policies and procedures, securing valuable assets, and obtaining different types of insurance. It concludes by discussing ways for businesses to share risk through joint ventures, industry groups, and government funding programs.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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