The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Determination of Stability Constants and Gibbs Free Energies of Cefotaxime Zn...ijtsrd
Cefotaxime is a synthetic lactam antibiotic that is active against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Cefotaxime is able to chelate metal ions due to the presence of C=O, NH2, COOH, COOR, NH and NO electron donating groups. The stability constants and Gibbs free energies of cefotaxime Zn II were determined colorimetrically at 25 and 40 oC using continuous variation and mole ratio methods. The formation of Zn II complex with cefotaxime was studied colorimetrically at an absorption maximum of 430 nm at different temperatures. The data showed that Zn II and cefotaxime combine in the molar ratio of 1 2 at pH 7.4 with ionic strength maintained using 0.1M KNO3. Calculated stability constants values were 1.96 x 105 and 1.28 x 105 using continuous variation method and 1.11 x 105 and 1.11 x 105 using mole ratio methods at 25 and 40 oC respectively. Calculated GO for the complex were 3.01 x 104 and 3.06 x 104 J using continuous variation method and 2.88 x 104 J and 3.02 x 104 J using mole ratio method at 25 and 40 oC respectively. The stability constant results suggested that cefotaxime used in the study is a good chelating agent and can be an efficient antidote in the therapy of Zn II overload or poisoning. O. V. Ikpeazu | I. E. Otuokere | K. K. Igwe "Determination of Stability Constants and Gibbs Free Energies of Cefotaxime-Zn(II) Complex at Different Temperatures" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31797.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/31797/determination-of-stability-constants-and-gibbs-free-energies-of-cefotaximeznii-complex-at-different-temperatures/o-v-ikpeazu
Determination of 8-Hydroxy-2 Deoxyguanosine in Pseudomonas Fluorescens Freeze...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Oxidative DNA damage is involved in the f cell death induced by freeze-dried powder during storage. Cell 8-hydroxy-2’deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is widely accepted as a biomarker of the “freeze-dried bacteria” oxidative DNA damage. The aim of this study was to introduce a method for determination 8-oxodG in cell freeze-dried samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In the tested range of 0.5 µmol L-1 to 1.0 nmol L-1, the calibration curve was linear (r2=0.9995) and the limit of detection was 0.05 µmol L-1. The used method did not allow highlighting the presence in the samples of the 8OH within the limits of detection. A more successful method (more sensitive) would be needed to detect possibly the 8OH.
Antioxidant potentials of tannic acid on lipid peroxidation induced by severa...Premier Publishers
Various prospective studies have indicated the antioxidant potency of tannic acid in several models. However, there is no clear-cut evidence revealing that the reported antioxidant properties of tannic acid remains potent regardless of the lipid sources and pro-oxidants employed for the oxidative assault. Hence, this study sought to investigate the antioxidant properties of tannic acid against cerebral and hepatic lipid peroxidation induced by several pro-oxidants (Iron (II) sulfate, Sodium nitroprusside, cyclophosphamide and acetaminophen) in vitro. Rats were decapitated under mild ether anesthesia and the tissues were rapidly dissected, placed on ice, weighed and immediately homogenized in cold 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 (1/10, w/v). The homogenates were centrifuged for 10 min at 4000 g to yield a pellet that was discarded and a low-speed supernatant (S1). Our results indicated that Fe (II) showed the highest pro-oxidative effects in both tissues lipids. Furthermore, tannic acid demonstrated potent inhibitory effects against lipid peroxidation in both tissues lipids regardless of the pro-oxidant employed. To this end, there is a dire need to exploit the protective benefits of tannic acid as a potential exogenous antioxidant against lipid peroxidation with a view to providing solution to the global oxidative stress menace.
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than al...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
BACKGROUND:
The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW) and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
RESULTS:
The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B-complex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
KEYWORDS:
Allicin; Astrocytes; GFAP; Myelin Figure; Oligodendrocyte; Purkinje cells
Determination of Stability Constants and Gibbs Free Energies of Cefotaxime Zn...ijtsrd
Cefotaxime is a synthetic lactam antibiotic that is active against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Cefotaxime is able to chelate metal ions due to the presence of C=O, NH2, COOH, COOR, NH and NO electron donating groups. The stability constants and Gibbs free energies of cefotaxime Zn II were determined colorimetrically at 25 and 40 oC using continuous variation and mole ratio methods. The formation of Zn II complex with cefotaxime was studied colorimetrically at an absorption maximum of 430 nm at different temperatures. The data showed that Zn II and cefotaxime combine in the molar ratio of 1 2 at pH 7.4 with ionic strength maintained using 0.1M KNO3. Calculated stability constants values were 1.96 x 105 and 1.28 x 105 using continuous variation method and 1.11 x 105 and 1.11 x 105 using mole ratio methods at 25 and 40 oC respectively. Calculated GO for the complex were 3.01 x 104 and 3.06 x 104 J using continuous variation method and 2.88 x 104 J and 3.02 x 104 J using mole ratio method at 25 and 40 oC respectively. The stability constant results suggested that cefotaxime used in the study is a good chelating agent and can be an efficient antidote in the therapy of Zn II overload or poisoning. O. V. Ikpeazu | I. E. Otuokere | K. K. Igwe "Determination of Stability Constants and Gibbs Free Energies of Cefotaxime-Zn(II) Complex at Different Temperatures" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31797.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/31797/determination-of-stability-constants-and-gibbs-free-energies-of-cefotaximeznii-complex-at-different-temperatures/o-v-ikpeazu
Determination of 8-Hydroxy-2 Deoxyguanosine in Pseudomonas Fluorescens Freeze...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Oxidative DNA damage is involved in the f cell death induced by freeze-dried powder during storage. Cell 8-hydroxy-2’deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is widely accepted as a biomarker of the “freeze-dried bacteria” oxidative DNA damage. The aim of this study was to introduce a method for determination 8-oxodG in cell freeze-dried samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In the tested range of 0.5 µmol L-1 to 1.0 nmol L-1, the calibration curve was linear (r2=0.9995) and the limit of detection was 0.05 µmol L-1. The used method did not allow highlighting the presence in the samples of the 8OH within the limits of detection. A more successful method (more sensitive) would be needed to detect possibly the 8OH.
Antioxidant potentials of tannic acid on lipid peroxidation induced by severa...Premier Publishers
Various prospective studies have indicated the antioxidant potency of tannic acid in several models. However, there is no clear-cut evidence revealing that the reported antioxidant properties of tannic acid remains potent regardless of the lipid sources and pro-oxidants employed for the oxidative assault. Hence, this study sought to investigate the antioxidant properties of tannic acid against cerebral and hepatic lipid peroxidation induced by several pro-oxidants (Iron (II) sulfate, Sodium nitroprusside, cyclophosphamide and acetaminophen) in vitro. Rats were decapitated under mild ether anesthesia and the tissues were rapidly dissected, placed on ice, weighed and immediately homogenized in cold 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 (1/10, w/v). The homogenates were centrifuged for 10 min at 4000 g to yield a pellet that was discarded and a low-speed supernatant (S1). Our results indicated that Fe (II) showed the highest pro-oxidative effects in both tissues lipids. Furthermore, tannic acid demonstrated potent inhibitory effects against lipid peroxidation in both tissues lipids regardless of the pro-oxidant employed. To this end, there is a dire need to exploit the protective benefits of tannic acid as a potential exogenous antioxidant against lipid peroxidation with a view to providing solution to the global oxidative stress menace.
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than al...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
BACKGROUND:
The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW) and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
RESULTS:
The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B-complex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
KEYWORDS:
Allicin; Astrocytes; GFAP; Myelin Figure; Oligodendrocyte; Purkinje cells
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIANDROGENIC E...Dr. Pradeep mitharwal
The present paper deals with synthesis and characterization
of some new chromium (III) Schiff base complexes using microwave irradiation
technique as well as conventional heating. The S∩N donor benzothiazolines, 1-
(2-furanyl) ethanone benzothiazoline (Bzt1N
∩
SH), 1-(2-thienyl) ethanone
benzothiazoline (Bzt2N
∩
SH) and 1-(2-pyridyl) ethanone benzothiazoline
(Bzt3N
∩
SH) were prepared by the condensation of ortho-aminothiophenol with
respective ketones in ethanol.
Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme that helps break down potentially harmful oxygen molecules in cells. This might prevent damage to tissues. It is being researched to see if it can help conditions where harmful oxygen molecules are believed to play a role in disease.
Undergraduate Thesis
Metabolite Consumption and production patterns in Fed-Batch and Perfusion Cell cultures using WAVE™ 25 single-use cell culture bioreactor systems.
Impact of carbon nanomaterials on the formation of multicellular spheroids by...Татьяна Гергелюк
This paper investigates the effect of different concentrations of nanostructured materials: fullerene-like (С60), onion-like carbon (OLC) and ultra dispersed diamonds (UDD) on the formation of multicellular spheroids (MS). Chemical composition and purity of nanomaterials is controlled by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The strength and direction of the impact of nanomaterials on the cell population was assessed using microphotography of multicellular spheroids culture and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results demonstrated that UDD and OLC reduced adhesion and cohesive ability of cells and stimulated generation of cell spheroids of ~ 3 ∙ 10 mm3 in significant amount. The fullerenes reduced in the main cell adhesion to substrate that led to formation of cell aggregates of ~ 5 ∙ 10-3 mm3. The results could be useful for achievement of the directed cell growth in three-dimensional culture.
Impact of carbon nanomaterials on the formation of multicellular spheroids by...Татьяна Гергелюк
This paper investigates the effect of different concentrations of nanostructured materials: fullerene-like (С60), onion-like carbon
(OLC) and ultra dispersed diamonds (UDD) on the formation of multicellular spheroids (MS). Chemical composition and purity of
nanomaterials is controlled by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The strength and direction of the impact of
nanomaterials on the cell population was assessed using microphotography of multicellular spheroids culture and Pearson's correlation
coefficient. The results demonstrated that UDD and OLC reduced adhesion and cohesive ability of cells and stimulated generation of cell
spheroids of ~ 3 ∙ 10 mm3 in significant amount. The fullerenes reduced in the main cell adhesion to substrate that led to formation of
cell aggregates of ~ 5 ∙ 10-3 mm3. The results could be useful for achievement of the directed cell
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIANDROGENIC E...Dr. Pradeep mitharwal
The present paper deals with synthesis and characterization
of some new chromium (III) Schiff base complexes using microwave irradiation
technique as well as conventional heating. The S∩N donor benzothiazolines, 1-
(2-furanyl) ethanone benzothiazoline (Bzt1N
∩
SH), 1-(2-thienyl) ethanone
benzothiazoline (Bzt2N
∩
SH) and 1-(2-pyridyl) ethanone benzothiazoline
(Bzt3N
∩
SH) were prepared by the condensation of ortho-aminothiophenol with
respective ketones in ethanol.
Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme that helps break down potentially harmful oxygen molecules in cells. This might prevent damage to tissues. It is being researched to see if it can help conditions where harmful oxygen molecules are believed to play a role in disease.
Undergraduate Thesis
Metabolite Consumption and production patterns in Fed-Batch and Perfusion Cell cultures using WAVE™ 25 single-use cell culture bioreactor systems.
Impact of carbon nanomaterials on the formation of multicellular spheroids by...Татьяна Гергелюк
This paper investigates the effect of different concentrations of nanostructured materials: fullerene-like (С60), onion-like carbon (OLC) and ultra dispersed diamonds (UDD) on the formation of multicellular spheroids (MS). Chemical composition and purity of nanomaterials is controlled by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The strength and direction of the impact of nanomaterials on the cell population was assessed using microphotography of multicellular spheroids culture and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results demonstrated that UDD and OLC reduced adhesion and cohesive ability of cells and stimulated generation of cell spheroids of ~ 3 ∙ 10 mm3 in significant amount. The fullerenes reduced in the main cell adhesion to substrate that led to formation of cell aggregates of ~ 5 ∙ 10-3 mm3. The results could be useful for achievement of the directed cell growth in three-dimensional culture.
Impact of carbon nanomaterials on the formation of multicellular spheroids by...Татьяна Гергелюк
This paper investigates the effect of different concentrations of nanostructured materials: fullerene-like (С60), onion-like carbon
(OLC) and ultra dispersed diamonds (UDD) on the formation of multicellular spheroids (MS). Chemical composition and purity of
nanomaterials is controlled by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The strength and direction of the impact of
nanomaterials on the cell population was assessed using microphotography of multicellular spheroids culture and Pearson's correlation
coefficient. The results demonstrated that UDD and OLC reduced adhesion and cohesive ability of cells and stimulated generation of cell
spheroids of ~ 3 ∙ 10 mm3 in significant amount. The fullerenes reduced in the main cell adhesion to substrate that led to formation of
cell aggregates of ~ 5 ∙ 10-3 mm3. The results could be useful for achievement of the directed cell
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In-vitro biological activities of the free new H4L ( indole-7-thiocarbohydrazone) ligand and its Ni(II), Pd(II) , Pt(II),
Cu(II), Ag(I), Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes are screened against two cancerous cell lines, that revealed significant
activity only for [Cu2Cl2(H4L)2(PPh3)2] after 72 h treatment by the highest tested concentrations. The Copper(I)
complex was characterized by X-ray Crystallography and the NMR spectra, whereas it has been confirmed to have
momentous cytotoxicity against ovarian, breast cancerous cell lines (Caov-3, MCF-7). The apoptosis-inducing
properties of the Cu(I) complex have been investigated through fluorescence microscopy visualization, DNA
fragmentation analysis and propidium iodide flow cytometry.
Anticancer Activity of New Di-Nuclear Copper (I) ComplexTaghreed Al-Noor
In-vitro biological activities of the free new H4L ( indole-7-thiocarbohydrazone) ligand and its Ni(II), Pd(II) , Pt(II),
Cu(II), Ag(I), Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes are screened against two cancerous cell lines, that revealed significant
activity only for [Cu2Cl2(H4L)2(PPh3)2] after 72 h treatment by the highest tested concentrations. The Copper(I)
complex was characterized by X-ray Crystallography and the NMR spectra, whereas it has been confirmed to have
momentous cytotoxicity against ovarian, breast cancerous cell lines (Caov-3, MCF-7). The apoptosis-inducing
properties of the Cu(I) complex have been investigated through fluorescence microscopy visualization, DNA
fragmentation analysis and propidium iodide flow cytometry.
Bryophyllum Pinnatum: A Potential Attenuator of Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Str...IOSR Journals
Cadmium has been famously implicated in the stimulation of free radical production in biosystems resulting in oxidative deterioration of lipids, proteins and DNA, and initiating various pathological conditions in humans and animals. This study therefore, examined the antidotal and ameliorative capacity of crude ethanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on cadmium-induced oxidative stress using rabbit models. A total of fifteen rabbits (1.30±0.05kg) were used for the study. After two weeks of acclimatization, the rabbits were randomly rifted into three experimental groups- (N, CD & CB) with five animals per group. The control group (N) was injected normal saline intraperitoneally (3mg/kg body weight) and the test groups (CD & CB) were administered cadmium once daily by subcutaneous injection (3mg/kg body weight). The ethanolic extract of the plant was orally administered once daily at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight. The oxidative and antioxidative stress parameters were assessed in tissues. The results showed significant difference (p˂ 0.05)in treated groups relative to the control group with the exception of glutathione peroxidase activity in leg muscles. Therefore, the results obtained in this study confirmed the potency of the plant to annihilate cadmium toxicity in animals
Combined effects of copper and cadmium on Chlorella pyrenoidosa H.Chick: Subc...UniversitasGadjahMada
Disposal of waste into aquatic ecosystems may cause microalgae to be exposed to various metals, e.g. copper and cadmium. The effects caused by combinations of metals may be more serious. Evaluations of subcellular fate, bioaccumulation, and biological effects of metals on aquatic organisms are generally derived from experiments with individual metals. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of exposure of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium combined on subcellular accumulation, distribution, and growth. The algae were exposed for 72 h to copper at concentrations of 13 – 25 μmol L-1, cadmium at about 6 μmol L-1, and combinations thereof. The levels of copper and cadmium in subcellular organelles, heatdenaturated protein, metal-rich granules, and heat-stable protein were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Exposure of C. pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium in combination inhibited growth more strongly than copper and cadmium individually. Highest accumulation was observed in metal-rich granules and heat-stable proteins. Administration of both metals in combination affected their subcellular distribution: copper was mainly distributed into the metal-rich granules (70 - 80 %) and heat-stable proteins (9 - 24 %), cadmium in the metal-rich granules (88 - 98 %).
The Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Consciousness Energy Healing Tr...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
Silver oxide possesses antimicrobial properties and also has numerous applications in space research, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries.
It is not readily soluble in most of the solvents and highly sensitive to light. Thus, this study was executed to evaluate the impact of the Trivedi
Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the physicochemical and thermal properties of silver oxide using PSA, PXRD, and DSC analytical
techniques. The test sample was divided into two parts: one part was control sample and the other part was treated sample. The control sample did not
receive Biofield Energy Treatment; whereas the treated sample received the Biofield Energy Treatment remotely by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer,
Gopal Nayak. The particle size values of the treated silver oxide powder were significantly decreased at d10, d50, d90, and D(4,3) by 9.507%, 4.957%,
3.463%, and 4.787% respectively, thus the specific surface area was significantly increased by 7.647% compared with the control sample. The peak
intensities and crystallite sizes were significantly altered from -91.53% to 26.92% and -69.76% to 8.83%, respectively; however, the average crystallite
size was significantly decreased by 35.62% in the treated sample compared with the control sample.
All living organisms must eventually deteriorate and die. Seeds being living entities also go through series of changes, leading to reduction in seed quality, performance and stand establishment before they finally loose viability. Soon after the physiological maturity, seeds enter the storage phase and are exposed to ageing. Seed deterioration involves almost every system with in the seed, many enzymes and apparently all organelles are affected. Seed deterioration can be defined as “deteriorative changes occurring with time that increase seed’s vulnerability to external challenges and decrease the ability of seed to survive.”
Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant system of mitochondria play important roles in seed biology. Seed aging may be due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which causes lipid peroxidation, impairment of RNA and protein synthesis, and the degradation of DNA during storage.In developing or germinating seeds, major amounts of ROS are generated, which are highly toxic and thus generate oxidative stress in seed cells. Seeds have developed an array of defense strategies (antioxidant system) to cope up with oxidative stress. The scavenging of ROS largely depends on the availability of molecular antioxidants such as Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione reductase, Ascorbate –Glutathion system.
Oxidative damage caused by free radicals/ROS
• ROS exert various effects on seed biology, depending on their concentration. Excessive accumulation of ROS disturbs the redox homeostasis of the cell and initiates oxidative stress, thus leading to a reduction in seed viability.
• Free radicals can react with one another and with non-free radicals to change the structure and function of other atoms and molecules. If these are proteins (enzymes), lipids (membranes) or nucleic acids (DNA) normal biological functions compromised and deterioration increases.
• ROS causes membrane lipid peroxidation and changes in the enzymatic antioxidant systems, as well as changes occur in the structure of the cell membrane.
• Lipid peroxidation: oxidative degradation of lipids.
• Involves initiation, propagation, termination
• Due to this oxidative damage inner mitochondrial membrane will be degraded
Antioxidant systems in seed
• Seeds contain a complex system of antioxidant defenses to protect against the harmful consequences of activated oxygen species
• Mitochondrial matrix contains ROS scavenging systems, systems such as
• Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
• Catalase ( CAT)
• Glutathione peroxidase and
• Ascorbate - glutathione (ASA-GSH) cycle.
mitochondrial basis of seed aging .pptxRanjithaJH2
All living organisms must eventually deteriorate and die
Seeds being living entities also go through series of changes, leading to reduction in seed quality, performance and stand establishment before they finally loose viability
Soon after the physiological maturity, seeds enter the storage phase and are exposed to ageing
Seed deterioration involves almost every system in the seed. Almost all enzymes and organelles are affected
It is a complex process associated with numerous physiological alterations including lipid peroxidation, membrane disruption, DNA damage and impairment of protein synthesis.
Mitochondrial Functions :) Essential for aerobic metabolism.
b) Energy production through oxidative phosphorylation.
c) ATP producing power house of cell.
d) Involved in metabolic pathways:
1.Glycolysis
2.Krebs cycle
3.ETC
4.Oxidative phosphorylation
e)Maintain, replicate & transcribe their own DNA.
f) Production of free radicles or reactive oxygen species.
Mitochondrial activity in seed ageing:Generation of ROS mainly takes place at electron transport chain located on inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
Examples of ROS ; super oxide anion (O•2- )
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
hydroxyl radicles (•OH- )
The main theory of aging is the ‘free radical theory’ proposed by Harman (2006).
“It postulates that accumulation of free radicals in the cell is the underlying mechanism of aging in all living organisms”
Free radicals are the molecules that contain one or more unpaired electron in their outer orbit since these are formed from oxygen they are called ROS
Characteristics of ROS
Extremely reactive
Short life span
Generation of new ROS by chain reaction
Causes damage to various tissues
Oxidative damage caused by free radicals/ROS:ROS exert various effects on seed biology, depending on their concentration. Excessive accumulation of ROS disturbs the redox homeostasis of the cell and initiates oxidative stress, thus leading to a reduction in seed viability.
Free radicals can react with one another and with non-free radicals to change the structure and function of other atoms and molecules. If these are proteins (enzymes), lipids (membranes) or nucleic acids (DNA) normal biological functions compromised and deterioration increases.
ROS causes membrane lipid peroxidation and changes in the enzymatic antioxidant systems, as well as changes occur in the structure of the cell membrane.
Lipid peroxidation: oxidative degradation of lipids.
Involves initiation, propagation, termination
Due to this oxidative damage inner mitochondrial membrane will be degraded
Seeds contain a complex system of antioxidant defenses to protect against the harmful consequences of activated oxygen species
Mitochondrial matrix contains ROS scavenging systems, system
Ameliorative potential of the quercetin on lead-induced testicular damage mor...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background
Quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid known for its potent antioxidant properties, has been investigated for its potential in counteracting the harmful effects of lead (Pb) toxicity, which induces apoptosis and oxidative damage in various human tissues. This study aims to assess the reparative effects of quercetin on lead-induced testicular damage.
Methods
Four groups, each comprising ten adult male albino rats, were randomly assigned as follows: Quercetin group, Pb group, Pb + Quercetin group, and control group. All treatments were administered orally via gavage daily for a duration of 30 days. Evaluation of sex hormone levels (serum testosterone, FSH, and LH), cytokines and inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1), lead concentration, oxidative and antioxidant stress markers (superoxide anion [O2−], MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH), and sperm characteristics were carried out.
Results
The results demonstrated a significant decline in sex hormones and antioxidants, accompanied by an increase in lead concentrations, cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and oxidative stress indicators (O2−, MDA), while SOD, CAT, and GSH levels were reduced. The Pb-intoxicated group exhibited a substantial increase in dead and abnormal sperm, along with significant reductions in sperm concentration and motility. Morphometrically, a marked decrease was observed in spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, spermatids, and sertoli cells per seminiferous tubule, as well as epithelial height. Furthermore, coadministration of quercetin exhibited notable benefits. It significantly elevated testosterone levels (P < 0.001), testicular SOD, CAT, and GSH activities, while decreasing MDA levels (P < 0.001). Quercetin also mitigated the deleterious effects of lead toxicity on sperm parameters and restored morphometric variations, including epithelial height.
Conclusions
Quercetin supplementation alongside lead exposure showed a potential for ameliorating degenerative changes caused by lead toxicity in the testicles. This cotreatment effectively reduced oxidative stress, cytokine levels, inflammatory mediators, and restored biochemical alterations, thereby improving morphometric parameters.
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 4, Issue 5 (May 2014), PP. 04-13
4
Determination of cadmium and zinc levels and oxidative status in
cadmium treated developing chick embryonic liver
Malekar Meena Bai1
, SK. Haseena Bhanu2
, Prof. K. Thyagaraju3
1-3
(Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India)
Abstract: In the present study Chick embryos of Bobcock strain were treated with different concentrations
(0.04, 0.05and 0.06 mg/egg) of CdCl2 on the day 10 (d10), day 11 (d11), day 12(d12) of embryonic
development. In this study metals like Cd, Zn were determined with ICP-OES in liver tissue of control and
treated groups at different time intervals. The levels of (GSH) and activity levels of antioxidant enzymes such as
glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide
dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured in liver tissue after different time intervals (24 h, 48h and
72 h) of CdCl2 exposure. Significant induction was observed in GST activity in liver tissue after 24 h, 48 h and
72 h. However, the GPx, GR, SOD, CAT and GSH levels were decreased in dose and time dependent manner.
In this study Cd retention in the liver increased with dose level of Cd and this inturn caused induction in the
levels of Zinc in liver tissue.
Keywords:Antioxidant enzymes, Chick embryonic liver, Cadmium, ICP-OES, Zinc
I. INTRODUCTION
Cadmium (Cd) is an industrial and environmental pollutant, arising primarily from battery,
electroplating, pigment, plastic, and fertilizer industries, and cigarette smoke [1]. Cd shows different
mechanisms of toxicity under different experimental conditions and in various species [2-6]. Once absorbed, Cd
is rapidly cleared from the blood and concentrates in various tissues.
The effects of Cd on antioxidative capacity are dual: on one hand, Cd can induce oxidative stress via
the inhibition of antioxidants, and on the other it activates several antioxidative components as a result of a
disturbed redox balance to consecutively induce signal transduction cascade. The mechanism of cadmium-
mediated acute hepatotoxicity has been the subject of numerous investigations and sufficient evidence has
emerged to reveal reasonable mechanisms for the toxic process, although some unexplained aspects still persist.
Acute hepatotoxicity involves two pathways: one for the initial injury produced by direct effects of cadmium
and the other for the subsequent injury produced by inflammation. Primary injury appears to be caused by the
binding of Cd2+
to sulfhydryl groups on critical molecules in mitochondria. Thiol group inactivation causes
stress, mitochondrial permeability transition and mitochondrial dysfunction. Secondary injury from acute
cadmium exposure is assumed to originate from the activation of Kupffer cells and a cascade of events
involving several types of liver cells and a large number of inflammatory and cytotoxic mediators [7].
As Cd shows a high affinity for thiols, the major thiol antioxidant, glutathione (GSH) that is highly
abundant in cells, is a primary target for free Cd-ions. Therefore Cd-induced depletion of the reduced GSH pool
[8] results in a disturbance of the redox balance leading to an oxidative environment. Under natural conditions
ROS are produced in organelles with a highly oxidizing metabolic rate or those possessing electron transport
chains, such as peroxisomes and mitochondria. Because Cd is a non redox-active, non-essential element, it
cannot induce ROS production directly.
The cellular redox status and antioxidant defense mechanisms are more sensitive and lower in the
embryo compared to adults [9-13]. Antioxidant defense mechanisms against free radical-induced oxidative
damage include the following (i) catalytic removal of free radicals and reactive species by factors such as CAT,
SOD, peroxidase and thiol-specific antioxidants; (ii) binding of proteins (e.g., transferrin, metallothionein,
haptoglobins, ceruloplasmin) to pro-oxidant metal ions, such as iron and copper; (iii) protection against
macromolecular damage by proteins such as stress or heat shock proteins; and (iv) reduction of free radicals by
electron donors, such as GSH, vitamin E, vitamin C, bilirubin and uric acid [14-20]. CAT, in animals, is a heme-
containing enzyme that converts H2O2 to water and O2 and these enzymes are largely localized in subcellular
organelles such as peroxisomes [21].
Upon absorption in the blood, cadmium binds to albumin and is transported to the liver. Cadmium-
induced liver damage increases hepatic enzymes [22]. Metallothionein (MT), a low molecular weight metal-
binding protein, binds cadmium where it is either stored in this conjugated form in the liver or transported to the
kidney. Once filtered through the renal glomerulus, the cadmium-MT complex is reabsorbed in the proximal
2. Determination of cadmium and zinc levels…
5
tubules and degraded to release free cadmium. It is this reactive cadmium ion that contributes to renal tubular
toxicity while accumulating in the cortex of the kidney [23].
Cadmium can compete with heavy metals such as Zinc for their binding sites on various proteins and
thus modulate their function. Zinc-binding sites such as zinc finger motifs of transcription factors and signal
transducers like PKC, or of metallo-enzymes of SOD, are all targets for cadmium occupation leading to non-
physiological regulation of the protein activities. Cadmium is believed to replace zinc in its binding site on
Zn/Cu SOD, inhibiting the enzyme leading to an increased production of ROS [24]. In a model that describes
the cadmium induced activation of the PKC-mediated signal transduction, Cd2+
substitutes for Zn2+
in the
regulatory domain of the enzyme thus exposing the putative protein–protein interaction site [25].
In the present study, the influence of Cd on GSH, on the antioxidant defense system (AOS), its retention in
liver and its effect on Zinc levels in the liver of 13th
day chick embryo was analysed. After 24, 48 and 72 hours
of Cadmium exposure, the activities of enzymatic (SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx, GR and GST) components of the
system were determined.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Chemicals
Cadmium chloride (analytical standard), supplied by SD fine chemicals Ltd (India), was used for the
study. Saline was used for preparing suspensions of Cd (volume of injection was 100 µl per egg). Bovine serum
albumin (BSA), 5,5’-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), 1-chloro-2, 4 dinitrobenzene (CDNB) were
obtained from Sigma Chemical Company, USA. Standard solutions of Cadmium and Zinc metals were prepared
by dilution of 1000 ppm certified solution. Argon gas has been 99.99% purity. All other chemicals used were of
analytical grade obtained from local firms.
2.2 Egg procurement, in ovo injections and incubation
Fertile Bobcock strain eggs procured from the Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati and Sri
Balaji hatcheries, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India were administered with 40, 50 and 60 µg of Cd/egg,
separately with saline as vehicle. The injection volume was 100µl/egg according to the method of Blankenship
2003 [26]. The eggs were incubated with their broad ends up in an incubator. The eggs were rotated for every 1
hr and were examined through the Candler every day for the proper growth and viability. During all
experiments, the live embryos were maintained at 37.5±0.5˚C and a humidity of 70–75%, except for brief
intervals (60-120 seconds) required during the different treatment conditions. During this interval embryos
experienced ambient room temperature (29-30˚C).
2.3 Egg treatment and tissue processing
The egg shell was opened at the blunt end at the top to obtain access to the air cell, where the respective
test substance (100 μl) was injected directly on to the inner shell membrane. Covering the hole by wax could
ensure the embryos vitality for the remaining time until dissection and tissue collection. Chick embryonic liver
was collected on d13 after 24hr (d12), 48hr (d11) & 72hr (d10) initial administration of the test substance. The
liver of 13th
day was dissected out, weighed and washed using chilled saline solution. Tissue was minced and
homogenized (10% w/v) in appropriate buffer (pH7.4) and centrifuged (3000g for 10min). The resulting clear
supernatant was used for following antioxidant assays.
2.4 Estimation of Protein, GSH and antioxidant enzymes
The protein was determined according to the method of Lowry 1951 [27] using BSA as standard [28].
The estimation of total GSH was carried out by the method of Griffith, 1980 [29]. SOD activity was determined
according to the method of Misra and Fridovich, 1972 [30] at room temperature. CAT activity was measured in
the PMF by the method of Aebi, 1974 [31]. GR activity was determined by a slightly modified method of
Carlberg and Mannervik, 1985 [32]. at room temperature. GST activity was assayed by the conventional method
of Habig et al., 1974 [33]. GPx assay was carried out by monitoring the oxidation of NADPH in a recycling
assay as described by Wendel, 1981[34].
2.5 Cadmium and Zinc estimation
Tissue was homogenized with 1N Nitric acid. After digestion with 1N Nitric acid samples were
brought to a constant volume. The digested samples of tissue were analysed for Cd, Zn against suitable
standards in linear range by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP/OES) Optima 2100-
DV-Perkin Elmer which is a fast multi-element technique with a dynamic linear range and moderate-low
detection limits. The absorption wavelength was 228.802 nm for Cd and 206.200 nm for Zn.
2.6 Statistical analysis
All the data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (Mean±SD). Statistical significance between more
than two groups was tested using one way ANOVA. Values were considered significant at p<0.05.
3. Determination of cadmium and zinc levels…
6
III. RESULTS
3.1 Effect of Cadmium on antioxidant enzymes
3.1.1 Glutathione s-transferases (GSTs)
The levels of GST measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day
old chick embryo were represented in Fig 1; TABLE 1. The GST activity was significantly (p<0.05) increased
in treated liver in a dose dependent manner. The maximum percentage of induction was observed in 0.06 mg
CdCl2 treatment compared to controls. In 0.04 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 1.30, 1.32 and 1.33 fold increase in the
induction of GST activity in 24, 48 and 72 hrs treatment, was observed respectively. In 0.05 mg CdCl2 treated
embryos 1.33, 1.33 and 1.34 fold increase in the induction of GST activity in 24, 48 and 72 hrs treatment, was
observed. In 0.06 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 1.34, 1.34 and 1.37 fold increase in the induction of GST activity in
24, 48 and 72 hrs treatment, was observed compared to controls.
3.1.2 Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
The levels of SOD measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day
old chick embryo were represented in Fig 2; TABLE 2. The SOD activity was significantly (p<0.05) decreased
in treated liver in a dose dependent manner. The maximum decreased activity of SOD was observed in 0.06 mg
CdCl2 treatment compared to controls. In 0.04 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 0.73, 0.64 and 0.45 fold decrease in
the SOD activity in 24, 48 and 72 hrs treatment, was observed. In 0.05 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 0.53, 0.19 and
0.09 fold decrease was observed. In 0.06 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 0.18, 0.09 and 0.06 fold decrease in the
SOD activity in 24, 48 and 72 hrs treatment was observed compared to controls.
3.1.3 Catalase (CAT)
The levels of CAT measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day
old chick embryo were represented in Fig 3; TABLE 3. The CAT activity was significantly (p<0.05) decreased
in treated liver in a dose dependent manner. The maximum decreased activity of CAT was observed in 0.06 mg
CdCl2 treatment compared to controls. In 0.04 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 0.62, 0.54 and 0.45 fold decrease in
the CAT activity in 24, 48 and 72 hrs treatment, was observed. In 0.05 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 0.54, 0.40 and
0.28 fold decrease was observed. In 0.06 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 0.30, 0.18 and 0.10 fold decrease in the
CAT activity in 24, 48 and 72 hrs treatment was observed compared to controls.
3.1.4 Glutathione peroxidase (GPx)
The levels of GPx measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day
old chick embryo were represented in Fig 4; TABLE 4. The GPx activity was significantly (p<0.05) decreased
in treated liver in a dose dependent manner. The maximum decreased activity of GPx was observed in 0.06 mg
CdCl2 treatment compared to controls. In 0.04 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 0.69, 0.64 and 0.61 fold decrease in
the GPx activity in 24, 48 and 72 hrs treatment was observed. In 0.05 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 0.61, 0.62 and
0.60 fold decrease was observed. In 0.06 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 0.57, 0.38 and 0.33 fold decrease in the GPx
activity in 24, 48 and 72 hrs treatment was observed compared to controls.
3.1.5 Glutathione reductase (GR)
The levels of GR measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day
old chick embryo were represented in Fig 5; TABLE 5. The GR activity was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in
treated liver in a dose dependent manner. The maximum decreased activity of GR was observed in 0.06 mg
CdCl2 treatment compared to controls. In 0.04 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 0.66, 0.57 and 0.46 fold decrease in
the GR activity in 24, 48 and 72 hrs treatment was observed. In 0.05 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 0.55, 0.47 and
0.34 fold decrease was observed. In 0.06 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 0.37, 0.24 and 0.11 fold decrease in the GR
activity in 24, 48 and 72 hrs treatment was observed compared to controls.
3.2 Effect of Cadmium on non-enzymatic antioxidant; Glutathione (GSH)
The levels of GSH measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day old chick
embryo were represented in Fig 6; TABLE 6. The GSH activity was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in treated
liver in a dose dependent manner. The maximum decreased activity of GSH was observed in 0.06 mg CdCl2
treatment compared to controls. In 0.04 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 0.67, 0.57 and 0.47 fold decrease in the GSH
activity in 24, 48 and 72 hrs treatment was observed. In 0.05 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 0.54, 0.44 and 0.34 fold
decrease was observed. In 0.06 mg CdCl2 treated embryos 0.41, 0.30 and 0.20 fold decrease in the GSH activity
in 24, 48 and 72 hrs treatment was observed compared to controls.
4. Determination of cadmium and zinc levels…
7
Table 1: Levels of GST measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day chick embryonic liver.
Units: µmoles of CDNB-GSH conjugates formed per minute per mg protein. Each value represents the mean ±
SD (n=6). Different letters are significantly different at the level of p < 0.05.
Fig.1. Levels of GST measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day
chick embryonic liver.
Data expressed as meanSD, p<0.05.
Table 2: Levels of SOD measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day chick embryonic liver.
Treatment 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs
Control 11.4180.532a
11.4180.532a
11.4180.532a
0.04mg CdCl2 8.410.511c
7.3850.565 b
5.210.532a
0.05mg CdCl2 6.1080.356 c
2.2130.582 b
1.1380.657 a
0.06mg CdCl2 2.1410.482 b
1.0810.455 a
0.7450.327 a
Units: The amount of enzyme required to inhibit 50% NBT (nitroblue tetrazolium) reduction/mg protein. Data
are expressed as mean SD; different letters are significantly different at the level of p < 0.05.
Fig.2. Levels of SOD measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day
chick embryonic liver.
Data expressed as meanSD, p<0.05.
Treatment 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs
Control 47.261 0.621a
47.261 0.621a
47.2610.621a
0.04mg CdCl2 61.9030.457a
62.851 0.558b
63.275 0.697b
0.05mg CdCl2 63.288 0.843a
63.721 0.529a
63.370 0.475a
0.06mg CdCl2 63.398 0.39a
63.721 0.533a
64.763 0.478b
5. Determination of cadmium and zinc levels…
8
Table 3: Levels of CAT measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day chick embryonic liver.
Treatment 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs
Control 11.3530.483a
11.3530.483a
11.3530.483a
0.04mg CdCl2 7.1260.300c
6.2430.618b
5.1480.667a
0.05mg CdCl2 6.1830.762a
4.580.512b
3.2830.625c
0.06mg CdCl2 3.4450.557c
2.1350.649b
1.2180.742a
Units: µmoles of H2O2 used per minute per mg protein. Data expressed as mean SD; different letters are
significantly different at the level of p < 0.05.
Fig.3. Levels of CAT measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day
chick embryonic liver.
Data expressed as meanSD, p<0.05.
Table 4: Levels of GPx measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day chick embryonic liver.
Treatment 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs
Control 0.1680.011a
0.1680.011a
0.1680.011a
0.04mg CdCl2 0.1160.078b
0.1080.0021a
0.1030.0024a
0.05mg CdCl2 0.1040.0033c
0.1000.0025b
0.0960.0023a
0.06mg CdCl2 0.0970.0015c
0.0640.0026b
0.0560.0034a
Units: µmoles of glutathione used per minute per g protein. Data expressed as mean SD; different letters are
significantly different at the level of p < 0.05.
Fig.4. Levels of GPx measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day
chick embryonic liver.
Data expressed as meanSD, p<0.05.
6. Determination of cadmium and zinc levels…
9
Table 5: Levels of GR measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day chick embryonic liver.
Treatment 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs
Control 9.2380.620a
9.2380.620a
9.2380.620a
0.04mg CdCl2 6.120.530c
5.3060.587b
4.3010.610a
0.05mg CdCl2 5.1310.599c
4.4200.563b
3.2150.517a
0.06mg CdCl2 3.4200.531c
2.2980.487b
1.1080.469a
Units: nanomoles NADPH oxidised /minute/ milligram protein. Data expressed as mean SD; different letters
are significantly different at the level of p < 0.05.
Fig.5. Levels of GR measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day
chick embryonic liver.
Data expressed as meanSD, p<0.05.
Table 6: Levels of GSH measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day chick embryonic liver.
Treatment 24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs
Control 29.7510.980a
29.7510.980a
29.7510.980a
0.04mg CdCl2 20.1750.557c
17.1310.567b
14.2230.592a
0.05mg CdCl2 16.1210.575c
13.1330.409b
10.1430.505a
0.06mg CdCl2 12.340.553c
9.1410.633b
5.9550.477a
Units: mg/g tissue. Data are expressed as mean SD; different letters are significantly different at the level of p
< 0.05.
Fig.6. Levels of GSH measured in the Cadmium treated group in relation to the control group of 13th
day
chick embryonic liver.
Data expressed as meanSD, p<0.05.
7. Determination of cadmium and zinc levels…
10
3.3 Analysis of Cadmium and Zinc levels in liver tissue
The ICP OES was used for the determination of Cadmium and Zinc concentration in liver (13th
day) of
control and treated groups. Cadmium and Zinc concentrations in liver tissue of developing chick embryo treated
with different concentrations of Cadmium at different time intervals were presented in TABLE 7, 8 & Fig 7, 8.
In this study Cadmium and Zinc levels in liver were increased with increased concentrations of Cadmium
exposure with increased time intervals.
Cadmium levels ranged from 0.107 – 0.793 ppm/500 mg wet tissue. The level of the cadmium in the
control group was 0.005 ppm/500 mg tissue. In Liver tissue treated with 0.04 mg of CdCl2 the retention of
Cadmium concentration at 24, 48 and 72 hr was 0.107 ppm/500 mg wet tissue, 0.113 ppm/500 mg wet tissue
and 0.196 ppm/500 mg wet tissue respectively (TABLE 7, Fig 7).
In Liver tissue treated with 0.05 mg of CdCl2 the retention of Cadmium concentration at 24, 48 and 72
hr was 0.306 ppm/500 mg wet tissue, 0.393 ppm/500 mg wet tissue and 0.412 ppm/500 mg wet tissue
respectively.
In Liver tissue treated with 0.06 mg of CdCl2 the retention of Cadmium concentration at 24, 48 and 72
hr was 0.715 ppm/500 mg wet tissue, 0.764 ppm/500 mg wet tissue and 0.793 ppm/500 mg wet tissue
respectively.
Zinc levels ranged from 0.826 – 0.973 ppm/500 mg wet tissue. The level of the Zinc in the control group
was 0.804 ppm/500 mg tissue. In Liver tissue treated with 0.04 mg of CdCl2 the Zinc concentration at 24, 48 and
72 hr was 0.826 ppm/500 mg wet tissue, 0.831 ppm/500 mg wet tissue and 0.854 ppm/500 mg wet tissue
respectively (TABLE 8, Fig 8).
In Liver tissue treated with 0.05 mg of CdCl2 the Zinc concentration at 24, 48 and 72 hr was 0.871
ppm/500 mg wet tissue, 0.905 ppm/500 mg wet tissue and 0.915 ppm/500 mg wet tissue respectively.
In Liver tissue treated with 0.06 mg of CdCl2 the Zinc concentration at 24, 48 and 72 hr was 0.926
ppm/500 mg wet tissue, 0.954 ppm/500 mg wet tissue and 0.973 ppm/500 mg wet tissue respectively.
Table 7: Heavy metal (Cadmium) concentration in tissue (500 mg wet weight) of 13th
-day old chick
embryo liver exposed to different concentrations of Cadmium during embryogenesis at different time
intervals (i.e., 24, 48 and 72 hr).
Dose 24 hr 48 hr 72 hr
Control 0.005±0.000a
0.005±0.000a
0.005±0.000a
0.04mg CdCl2 0.107±0.001b
0.113±0.001b
0.196±0.001b
0.05mg CdCl2 0.306±0.002c
0.393±0.001c
0.412±0.001c
0.06mg CdCl2 0.715±0.002d
0.764±0.001d
0.793±0.001d
Units: ppm/500 mg wet tissue weight. Each value represents the mean±SD (n=6). p < 0.05 compared with
control. (ppm - parts per million)
Fig.7. ICP-OES examination of Cadmium metal content in liver tissue of 13th
-day old chicks exposed to
different concentrations of Cadmium during embryogenesis at different time intervals (i.e., 24, 48 and 72
hr).
Data expressed as meanSD, p<0.05.
8. Determination of cadmium and zinc levels…
11
Table 8: Zinc concentration in tissue (500 mg wet weight) of 13th
-day old chick embryo liver exposed to
different concentrations of Cadmium during embryogenesis at different time intervals (i.e., 24, 48 and
72 hr).
Treatment 24 hr 48 hr 72 hr
Control 0.804±0.001a
0.804±0.001a
0.804±0.001a
0.04mg CdCl2 0.826±0.001b
0.831±0.001b
0.854±0.001b
0.05mg CdCl2 0.871±0.001c
0.905±0.002c
0.915±0.002c
0.06mg CdCl2 0.926±0.001d
0.954±0.002d
0.973±0.002d
Units: ppm/500 mg wet tissue weight. Each value represents the mean±SD (n=6). Different letters were
significantly different at the level of p < 0.05. (ppm - parts per million)
Fig.8. ICP-OES examination of Zinc metal content in liver tissue of 13th
-day old chicks exposed to
different concentrations of Cadmium during embryogenesis at different time intervals (i.e., 24, 48 and
72 hr).
Data expressed as meanSD, p<0.05.
IV. DISCUSSION
The results of the present investigation revealed that Cd induces significant alterations in the levels of
certain enzymatic antioxidant enzymes status in liver of 13th
day old chick embryo at all specific time intervals.
A number of reports concerning the chemical toxicology of metals which are released in the environment by
natural as well as anthropogenic sources have been increasing constantly. Cd has been recognized as one of the
most toxic environmental and industrial pollutants. It is an ubiquitous toxic metal that may induce oxidative
damage by disturbing the prooxidant antioxidant balance in the tissues. Liver, kidney, lung, testes, and heart are
the target organs following Cd exposure, with the severity of their intoxication dependent on the route, dose, and
duration of the exposure to the metal [35, 36]. Cadmium found a variety of uses in industry, craft and agriculture
owing to their physical and chemical properties. The environmental burden of Cadmium has been rising
substantially by smelter emission in air and waste sewage in water. Such environmental contamination of air,
water, soil and food is a serious threat to all living kinds.
The damaging action of Cd on the antioxidant defense system in liver tissue during Cd exposure has
been extensively studied. It has been reported that the sulfhydryl group of cysteine moiety of glutathione has a
high affinity for metals such as Cd, forming thermo-dynamically stable mercaptide complexes which are inert
and excreted via the bile [37, 38]. Exposure to Cd, originating from different sources-air, water, food-may
produce effects in organs such as kidneys, liver, lungs, cardiovascular, immune and reproductive systems [39].
Moreover, Cd is identified as a human carcinogen. Due to complex interactions between Cd ions and
metabolism, a diverse range of cellular responses is found in different organs after Cd-exposure.
The above discussion provides an insight into the role of reactive species in metal induced toxicity.
The direct damage may involve conformational changes of bio-molecules or alter specific binding sites. On the
other hand, indirect damage is a consequence of metal driven formation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species
involving superoxide, hydroxyl radicals or nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and/or endogenous oxidants.
9. Determination of cadmium and zinc levels…
12
Due to the ease of absorption, accumulation in tissues, and extremely long biological half-life in the body,
cadmium is considered one of the most hazardous heavy metals. Due to the exceptionally long biological half-
life (10-30 years) in the body, the toxicity of cadmium ions increases with advancing age and may persist after
the end of exposure [40]. In animals exposed to cadmium compounds, the ions of this metal are particularly
abundant in kidneys, heart and liver, and, to a lesser degree, in pancreas and brain [41]. This can induce
irreversible damage to these organs in addition to anemia, osteoporosis and carcinogenic (for kidney, lung,
prostate, testis and breast) and teratogenic lesions [42]. The effects at the cellular level are increased oxidative
stress, damage to mitochondria, disturbances in trace element (e.g. calcium and zinc) and vitamin metabolism,
and disruption of cell signaling pathways [43]. It is nutritionally nonessential and toxic, and it interacts with the
metabolism of three essential metals: calcium, zinc, and iron.
In the present study ICP OES analysis was performed to test out the level of accumulated Cadmium and its
effect on Zinc levels in the liver of treated as well as control groups. The result showed that maximum levels of
Cadmium and Zinc accumulated in liver treated with 0.06 mg CdCl2 at 72 hr. This result is also in accord with
previous result, suggesting that liver is the main organ for the accumulation of heavy metals. We observed that
the cadmium accumulation was continually increased in liver at a dose dependent manner and inturn caused the
induction of Zinc levels in liver tissues. It can be inferred from above studies that Cd affects the homeostasis of
essential metal like Zinc since it is an integral component of about 200 metalloenzymes including Cu/Zn
Superoxide Dismutase which plays an important role in protection against oxidative damage. This in turn
reflects its effect on antioxidant defense system. Cd also alters Zn distribution in body. Since the levels of Zinc
increased under Cadmium exposure, excess accumulation of Zinc within cells may disrupt functions of
biological molecules like Protein, enzymes and DNA, thus leading to toxic consequences. Thus the Cd and Zinc
concentration in the liver increased with dose level of Cd.
V. CONCLUSION
From the present study it can be concluded that Cd accumulation in liver of 13th
day old chick embryo is
associated with marked alterations in non enzymatic and enzymatic (SOD, CAT, GSH, GR, GPx and GST)
components of AOS and in Zinc levels.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank University Grants Commission and DRDO New Delhi, for providing financial support to carry out
our research work. Department of Biochemistry of Sri Venkateswara University is financially supported by
DST-FIST and UGC BSR, New Delhi.
REFERENCES
[1] AL Page, MM. El-Amamy, AC. Chang, Cadmium in the environment and its entry into terrestial food chain crops. In: Cadmium.
EC Foulkes (eds), Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986, 33-74.
[2] M. Iscan, T. Coban, BC. Eke, Differential combined effect of cadmium and nickel on hepatic and renal glutathione S-transferase of
the guinea pig, Environ Health Perspect, 102, 1994, 69-72.
[3] JM. Peters, JR. Duncan, LM. Wiley, CL. Keen, Influence of antioxidants on cadmium toxicity of mouse preimplantation embryos in
vitro, Toxicology 99, 1995, 11-18.
[4] R. Zikic, A. Stajn, Z. Saicic, M. Spasic, K. Ziemnicki, V. Petrovic, The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbic
acid content in the liver of goldfish (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch.) exposed to cadmium, Physiol Res 45, 1996, 479-481.
[5] L. Jamba, B. Nehru, MP. Bansal, Redox modulation of selenium binding proteins by cadmium exposures in mice, Mol Cell
Biochem, 177, 1997, 169-175.
[6] M. Waisberg, P. Joseph, B. Hale, D. Beyermann, Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis, a review,
Toxicology 192, , 2003, 95-117.
[7] LE. Rikans, T. Yamano, Mechanisms of cadmium-mediated acute hepatotoxicity, J Biochem Mol Toxicol, 14, 2000, 110-117.
[8] E. Lopez, C. Arce, MJ. Oset-Gasque, Cadmium induces reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation in cortical
neurons in culture, Free Radic Biol Med, 40, 2006, 940–951
[9] PG. Wells, GP. McCallum, CS. Chen, JT. Henderson, CJJ. Lee, J. Perstin, TJ. Preston, MJ. Wiley, AW. Wong, Oxidative stress in
developmental origins of disease, teratogenesis, neurodevelopmental deficits, and cancer, Toxicol Sci 108, 2009, 4–18.
[10] H.J. Badham, L.M. Winn, In utero exposure to benzene disrupts fetal hematopoietic progenitor cell growth via reactive oxygen
species, Toxicol. Sci. 113(1), 2010, 207–215.
[11] J.M Davis, R.L. Auten, Maturation of the antioxidant system and the effects on preterm birth. Semin, in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
15(4), 2010, 191-195.
[12] C. Garrel, P.A. Fowler, K.H. Al-Gubory, Developmental changes in antioxidant enzymatic defences against oxidative stress in
sheep placentomes, J. Endocrinol, 205(1), 2010, 107–116.
[13] I.O. Imosemi, The role of antioxidants in cerebellar development, A review of literature, Int. J. Morphol, 31(1), 2013, 203-210.
[14] B. Halliwell, J. Gutteridge, Free radicals in biology and medicine, third ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999.
[15] A. Ferrari, C.I. Lascano, O.L. Anguiano, A.M. D'Angelo, A. Venturino, Antioxidant responses to azinphos methyl and carbaryl
during the embryonic development of the toad Rhinella (Bufo) arenarum Hensel, Aquatic Toxicol, 93(1), 2009, 37-44.
[16] C. Garrel, P.A. Fowler, K.H. Al-Gubory, Developmental changes in antioxidant enzymatic defences against oxidative stress in
sheep placentomes, J. Endocrinol, 205(1), 2010, 107–116.
[17] J.M. Mates, J.A. Segura, , F.J. Alonso, J. Márquez, Roles of dioxins and heavy metals in cancer and neurological diseases using
ROS-mediated mechanisms, Free Rad. Biol. Med,49(9), 2010, 1328-1341.
10. Determination of cadmium and zinc levels…
13
[18] B. Halliwel, Free radicals and antioxidants - quo vadis? Trends Pharmacol Sci, 32, 2011, 125-130.
[19] R.G. Ahmed, Maternal-newborn thyroid dysfunction, In the Developmental Neuroendocrinology, Ed R.G. Ahmed. Germany, Lap
Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH & Co KG, 2012a, 1-369.
[20] I. Rahman, Pharmacological antioxidant strategies as therapeutic interventions for COPD, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1822(5), 2012,
714-728.
[21] J. Limon-Pacheco, M.E. Gonsebatt, The role of antioxidants and antioxidant-related enzymes in protective responses to
environmentally induced oxidative stress, Mutat. Res. 674, 2009, 137-147.
[22] ASTDR. Toxicological profile for Cadmium. Available at: www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp.asp?id=48&tid=15, Accessed
November 30, 2010.
[23] L. Jarup, L. Hellstrom, T. Alfven, Low level exposure to cadmium and early kidney damage, The OSCAR study, Occup Environ
Med, 57, 2000, 668-672.
[24] R. Bauer, I. Demeter, V. Hasemann, JT. Johansen, Structural properties of the zinc site in Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase; perturbed
angular correlation of gamma ray spectroscopy on the Cu, 111Cd-superoxide dismutase derivative, Biochem Biophys Res Commun,
94, 1980, 1296–1302.
[25] D. Beyersmann, C. Block, A.N. Malviya, Effects of cadmium on nuclear protein kinase C, Environ. Health Perspect, 102, 1994,
177-180.
[26] A.L. Blankenship, K.N.M. Hilscherova, K.K. Coady, S.A. Villalobos, K. Kannan, D.C. Powell, S.J. Bursian, and J.P. Giesy,
Mechanisms of TCDD-induced Abnormalities and Embryo Lethality in White Leghorn Chickens, Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology Part C Toxicology Pharmacology, 136, 2003, 47–62.
[27] O.H. Lowry, N.J. Rosebrough, A.G. Farr, Randall, Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent, J.Biol.Chem, 193, 1951, 265-
275.
[28] C. Warburg, W. Christian, Determination of DNA content, Biochem, 2, 1941, 310-402.
[29] OW.Griffith, Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide using glutathione reductase and 2-vinylpyridine, Analytical
Biochemistry, 106, 1980, 207–212.
[30] H.P. Misra, I. Fridovich, The role of superoxide anion in the auto oxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide
dismutase, J.Biol.Chem, 247, 1972, 3170 -3175.
[31] H. Aebi, Catalase, In: Methods of enzymatic analysis, Vol. II, Bergmayer, H. U. (Ed.), Academic Press, New York, 1974, 673-683.
[32] I. Carlberg, B. Mannervik, Purification and characterization of flavor enzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver, J.Biol.Chem,
250, 1985, 5475-5480.
[33] WH. Habig WB. Jakoby, Assays for differentiation of glutathione S-transferases, Methods enzymol, 77, 1981, 398-405.
[34] Wendel A. Glutathione peroxidase: In enzymatic basis of detoxification, Jakoby W.W(Ed) Academic press, New York, 1, 1981, 333-
35.
[35] E. Casalino, C. Sblanco, C. Landriscina, Enzyme activity alteration by cadmium administration to rats, the possibility of iron
involvement, Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 346, 1997, 171- 179.
[36] A. Stanj, RV. Zikic, B. Ognjanovic, ZS. Saicic, SZ. Pavlovic, MM. Kostic, VM. Petrovic, Effect of cadmium and selenium on the
antioxidant defense system in rat kidneys, Comp Biochem Physiol, 117C, 1997, 167-172.
[37] W. Wang, N. Ballatori Endogenous glutathione conjugates, Occurrence and biological functions, Pharmacol. Rev, 50, 1998, 335–
356.
[38] P. Mohanpuria, N.K. Rana, S.K. Yadav, Cadmium induced oxidative stress influence on glutathione metabolic genes of Camellia
sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, Environmental Toxicology, 22, 2007, 368–374.
[39] BA. Fowler, Monitoring human populations for early markers of cadmium toxicity: a review, Toxicol Appl Pharm 238, 2009, 294–
300.
[40] GF. Nordberg, Historical perspectives on cadmium toxicology, Toxicol, Appl. Pharmacol, 238, 2009, 192-200.
[41] L. Jarup, A. Akesson, Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem, Toxicol Appl Pharm, 238(3), 2009, 201–208.
[42] L. Jarup, M. Berglund, CG. Elinder, Health effects of cadmium exposure—a review on the literature and a risk estimate, Scand J
Work Environ Health 24(S1), 1998, 1–51.
[43] H. Czeczot, M. Skrzyck, Cadmium – element completely unnecessary for the organism (in Polish), Postepy. Hig. Med, Dosw, 64,
2010, 38-49.