International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Authors:
Heather Jacobs, Francesco Tubiello, Rocío Cóndor
FAO -- Climate, Energy and Tenure Division
Asia Pacific Regional Workshop on NAMAs Vientiane, Laos
22-25 April, 2014
1. Agriculture is an important socio-economic sector
2. Agriculture is an important GHG emitter
3. Synergies between Mitigation, Adaptation and Food Security: An opportunity for agriculture NAMAs
Authors:
Heather Jacobs, Francesco Tubiello, Rocío Cóndor
FAO -- Climate, Energy and Tenure Division
Asia Pacific Regional Workshop on NAMAs Vientiane, Laos
22-25 April, 2014
1. Agriculture is an important socio-economic sector
2. Agriculture is an important GHG emitter
3. Synergies between Mitigation, Adaptation and Food Security: An opportunity for agriculture NAMAs
THE PROBLEMS OF INCREASE OF EFFICIENT USE OF ARABLE LAND, AND THE WAYS OF IT...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/
This presentation was presented during the Eurasian Soil Partnership workshop that was held on 29 February - 02 March 2016 in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
The Foodie platform hub aims at enabling in an easy manner the (re)use of open data in the agricultural domain in order to create new applications that provide added value to different stakeholder groups.
Energy consumption pattern in wheat production in sindhsanaullah noonari
Wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) is the main staple food for most of the population and largest grain source o the
country. It occupies the central position in formulating agricultural policies. It contributes 13.1 percent to the
value added in agriculture and 2.7 percent to GDP. Area and production target of wheat for the year 2012-13 had
been set at 9045 thousand hectares and 25 million tons, respectively. Wheat was cultivated on an area of 8805
thousands hectares, showing a decrease of 3.6 percent over last year’s area of 9132 thousand hectares. However,
a bumper wheat crop of 24.2 million tons has been estimated with 3.9 percent increase over the last year’s crop
of 23.3 million tons. The prospects for wheat harvest improved with healthy fertilizer off-take and reasonable
rainfall during pre-harvesting period. Energy is a necessary of life for human beings all over the world due to its
function in strengthening the security and contentment of the people. Energy demand is growing with the
passage of time due to infrastructural and industrial development. Energy is required to perform all the human
activities. It is need for food preparation, water heating and cooling, for lighting, for production of goods etc.
The study was focused on all types of energy (fossil fuels, chemicals, animals dung, animate etc). A sample of
60 farmers was selected from study area. A pre tested questioner was used to collect data from selected
respondents through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production function was
applied to analyze the data. Result shows that wheat farmer achieved highest amount of net energy which was
calculated as small, medium and large farmers is 1368336.88, 1698003.79 and1702527.75 MJ/acre respectively.
In production of wheat large, medium and small farmers achieve amount of net energy which was calculated
41525.06, 38590.99, 39095.33 MJ/acre. The impact of various energy inputs on yield was studied. The share of
various energy types in total cost of production was estimated. Commercial energy (diesel and electricity)
consumed highest amount of energy in production of wheat.
Status of Agricultural Food Sector: Basis for A Proposed Continuity PlanIJAEMSJORNAL
This study described the status of agriculture in the province of Nueva Ecija. It determined the current situation of the farming business in Nueva Ecija in terms of agricultural land use, its statistical profile on agriculture, crops grown by cities and municipalities and the presence of support agencies in maintaining the continuous development of farming and other forms of agriculture therein. Based on its agriculture profile, land, mostly irrigated shares the biggest portion in terms of its usage for food production. Rice, corn, onion and tomatoes are the major crops being grown in cities and municipalities. Findings revealed that rice and corn share the biggest in domestic consumption. For support agencies, bank and business agencies are found in support for farmers while the government mostly provides seminars. It was also revealed that other seeds for crops are introduced as a farmer’s option and lesser in choosing for an investment in their income. As their contingency plan, farmers opt to sell and engage in driving rather than farming during lean months. Pest attacks constitute the main problem encountered by farmers, while seeding management is a priority. The above findings point to certain sustainability that requires improvement and a continuity plan to match up with the continuous supply of goods from the farms to the demands of an increasing population for its consumption.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
THE PROBLEMS OF INCREASE OF EFFICIENT USE OF ARABLE LAND, AND THE WAYS OF IT...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/
This presentation was presented during the Eurasian Soil Partnership workshop that was held on 29 February - 02 March 2016 in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
The Foodie platform hub aims at enabling in an easy manner the (re)use of open data in the agricultural domain in order to create new applications that provide added value to different stakeholder groups.
Energy consumption pattern in wheat production in sindhsanaullah noonari
Wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) is the main staple food for most of the population and largest grain source o the
country. It occupies the central position in formulating agricultural policies. It contributes 13.1 percent to the
value added in agriculture and 2.7 percent to GDP. Area and production target of wheat for the year 2012-13 had
been set at 9045 thousand hectares and 25 million tons, respectively. Wheat was cultivated on an area of 8805
thousands hectares, showing a decrease of 3.6 percent over last year’s area of 9132 thousand hectares. However,
a bumper wheat crop of 24.2 million tons has been estimated with 3.9 percent increase over the last year’s crop
of 23.3 million tons. The prospects for wheat harvest improved with healthy fertilizer off-take and reasonable
rainfall during pre-harvesting period. Energy is a necessary of life for human beings all over the world due to its
function in strengthening the security and contentment of the people. Energy demand is growing with the
passage of time due to infrastructural and industrial development. Energy is required to perform all the human
activities. It is need for food preparation, water heating and cooling, for lighting, for production of goods etc.
The study was focused on all types of energy (fossil fuels, chemicals, animals dung, animate etc). A sample of
60 farmers was selected from study area. A pre tested questioner was used to collect data from selected
respondents through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production function was
applied to analyze the data. Result shows that wheat farmer achieved highest amount of net energy which was
calculated as small, medium and large farmers is 1368336.88, 1698003.79 and1702527.75 MJ/acre respectively.
In production of wheat large, medium and small farmers achieve amount of net energy which was calculated
41525.06, 38590.99, 39095.33 MJ/acre. The impact of various energy inputs on yield was studied. The share of
various energy types in total cost of production was estimated. Commercial energy (diesel and electricity)
consumed highest amount of energy in production of wheat.
Status of Agricultural Food Sector: Basis for A Proposed Continuity PlanIJAEMSJORNAL
This study described the status of agriculture in the province of Nueva Ecija. It determined the current situation of the farming business in Nueva Ecija in terms of agricultural land use, its statistical profile on agriculture, crops grown by cities and municipalities and the presence of support agencies in maintaining the continuous development of farming and other forms of agriculture therein. Based on its agriculture profile, land, mostly irrigated shares the biggest portion in terms of its usage for food production. Rice, corn, onion and tomatoes are the major crops being grown in cities and municipalities. Findings revealed that rice and corn share the biggest in domestic consumption. For support agencies, bank and business agencies are found in support for farmers while the government mostly provides seminars. It was also revealed that other seeds for crops are introduced as a farmer’s option and lesser in choosing for an investment in their income. As their contingency plan, farmers opt to sell and engage in driving rather than farming during lean months. Pest attacks constitute the main problem encountered by farmers, while seeding management is a priority. The above findings point to certain sustainability that requires improvement and a continuity plan to match up with the continuous supply of goods from the farms to the demands of an increasing population for its consumption.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
An understanding of the electronic bipolar resistance switching behavior in C...IJRES Journal
In this study, TiO2 films and devices were prepared by sol-gel method. The bipolar resistive switching
phenomena was observed in the Cu/TiO2/ITO device. The conduction mechanism of devices were analyzed. It was
found that the conduction mechanism is dominated by space charge limited current in high resistance state, and
Schottky emission in low resistance state.
Dynamic Modeling for Gas Phase Propylene Copolymerization in a Fluidized Bed ...IJRES Journal
A two-phase model is proposed for describing the dynamics of a fluidized bed reactor used for
polypropylene production. In the proposed model, the fluidized bed is divided into an emulsion and bubble
phase where the flow of gas is considered to be plug flow through the bubbles and perfectly mixed through the
emulsion phase. Similar previous models, consider the reaction in the emulsion phase only. In this work the
contribution of reaction in the bubble phase is considered and its effect on the overall polypropylene production
is investigated the kinetic model is combined with hydrodynamic model in order to develop a comprehensive
model for gas-phase propylene copolymerization reactor. Simulation profiles of the proposed model were
compared with those of well mixed model for the emulsion phase temperature. The simulated temperature
profile showed a lower rate of change compared to the previously reported models due to lower polymerization
rate. Model simulation showed that about 13% of the produced polymer comes from the bubble phase and this
considerable amount of polymerization in the bubbles should not be neglected in any modeling attempt.
Structural aspect on carbon dioxide capture in nanotubesIJRES Journal
In this work we reported the carbon dioxide adsorption (CO2) in six different nanostructures in order
to investigate the capturing capacity of the materials at nanoscale. Here we have considered the three different
nanotubes including zinc oxide nanotube (ZnONT), silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) and single walled carbon
nanotube (SWCNT). Three different chiralities such as zigzag (9,0), armchair (5,5) and chiral (6,4) having
approximately same diameter are analyzed. The adsorption binding energy values under various cases are
estimated with density functional theory (DFT). We observed CO2 molecule chemisorbed on ZnONT and
SiCNT’s whereas the physisorption is predominant in CNT. To investigate the structural aspect, the tubes with
defects are studied and compared with defect free tubes. We have also analyzed the electrical properties of tubes
from HOMO, LUMO energies. Our results reveal the defected structure enhance the CO2 capture and is
predicted to be a potential candidate for environmental applications.
DDOS Attacks-A Stealthy Way of Implementation and DetectionIJRES Journal
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm provides various host service [paas, saas, Iaas over the internet.
According to a self-service,on-demand and pay as you use business model,the customers will obtain the cloud
resources and services.It is a virtual shared service.Cloud Computing has three basic abstraction layers System
layer(Virtual Machine abstraction of a server),Platform layer(A virtualized operating system, database and
webserver of a server and Application layer(It includes Web Applications).Denial of Service attack is an attempt
to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended user. In DOS a user or organization is
deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have.A Successful DOS attack is a highly
noticeable event impacting the entire online user base.DOS attack is found by First Mathematical Metrical
Method (Rate Controlling,Timing Window,Worst Case and Pattern Matching)DOS attack not only affect the
Quality of the service and also affect the performance of the server. DDOS attacks are launched from Botnet-A
large Cluster of Connected device(cellphone,pc or router) infected with malware that allow remote control by an
attacker. Intruder using SIPDAS in DDOS to perform attack.SIPDAS attack strategies are detected using Heap
Space Monitoring Algorithm.
Congenital Malaria: Correlation of Umbilical Cord Plasmodium falciparum Paras...IJRES Journal
The vertical (trans-placental) transmission of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum from
pregnant mother to fetus during gestational period was investigated in a clinical research involving 43 full term
pregnant women in selected Hospitals in Jimeta Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria. During the observational study,
parasitemia was determined by light microscopic examination of umbilical and maternal peripheral blood film
for the presence of the trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. Correlational analysis was then carried on the
result obtained at p<0.05.><0.05) was established between maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord
blood parasitemia with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.762. Thus, in a malaria endemic area like Yola,
Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a stable transmission of parasite, there is a high probability of vertical
transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasite from mother to fetus during gestation that can be followed by
the presentation of the symptoms of malaria by the newborn and other malaria related complications. Families
are advised to consistently sleep under appropriately treated insecticide mosquito net to avoid mosquito bite and
subsequent infestation.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Percepción de los mexicanos sobre la tv nacional contra la internacionalMarianaVazquezB
El siguiente trabajo fue realizada para la materia de Opinión Pública en el Colegio de Imagen Pública y se habla de la percepción de que tienen los mexicanos de la televisión nacional comparándose con la internacional
Yield Forecasting to Sustain the Agricultural Transportation UnderStochastic ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Agricultural transportation is a major part of the United States’ transportation systems. This system follows a complex multimodal network consisting of highway, railway, and waterways which are mostly based on the yield of the agricultural commodities and their market values. The yield of agricultural commodities is dependent on stochastic environment such as weather conditions, rainfall, soil type and natural disasters. Different techniques such as leaf growth index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and regression analysis are used to forecast the yield for the end of harvest season. The yield forecasting techniques are used to predict the agricultural transportation needs and improve the cost minimization. This study provides a model for yield forecasting using NDVI data, Geographical Information System (GIS), and statistical analysis. A case study is presented to demonstrate this model with a novel tool for collecting NDVI data.
Measuring the economic performance of smallholder organic maize farms; Implic...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The use of chemical inputs in conventional agriculture is associated with some health and environmental issues. This led to a call for more sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture without health issues. However, there is low participation in organic farming in Nigeria, which could be linked to less knowledge about its profitability. The study investigated smallholder organic maize farming profitability in Northern Nigeria. We employed descriptive statistics, profitability analysis, and a multiple regression model to analyse data collected from 480 maize farmers. The results revealed that organic maize farmers had a gross profit of USD 604.81 per hectare, a 0.46 profit ratio, a 0.54 gross ratio, a 0.32 operating ratio, a benefit-cost ratio of 1.85, and a 0.85 return on capital invested. Thus, organic maize farming is a productive and profitable venture. Organic manure, compost manure, farm size, selling price, cooperative membership, extension contact, access to credit, irrigation, education, and major occupation were factors that enhanced organic maize farming’s net profit. However, seed and transportation costs negatively influenced organic maize farming's net profit. Therefore, government and development agencies must intervene to make organic farming more sustainable and profitable by subsidizing seed costs and providing f inancial assistance to farmers.
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Review: Nonlinear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate VariabilityIJRES Journal
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart
rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the
sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at
the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine
released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a
decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators
appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of
the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the
heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4
Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a
valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system.
Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease
mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive
values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. This paper
presents the linear and nonlinear to analysis the HRV.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
A Short Report on Different Wavelets and Their StructuresIJRES Journal
This article consists of basics of wavelet analysis required for understanding of and use of wavelet
theory. In this article we briefly discuss about HAAR wavelet transform their space and structures.
A Case Study on Academic Services Application Using Agile Methodology for Mob...IJRES Journal
Recently, Mobile Cloud Computing reveals many modern development areas in the Information
Technology industry. Several software engineering frameworks and methodologies have been developed to
provide solutions for deploying cloud computing resources on mobile application development. Agile
methodology is one of the most commonly used methodologies in the field. This paper presents the MCCAS a
Web and Mobile application that provide feature for the Palestinian higher education/academic institutions. An
Agile methodology was used in the development of the MCCAS but in parallel with emphasis on Cloud
computing resources deployment. Also many related issues is discussed such as how software engineering
modern methodologies (advances) influenced the development process.
Wear Analysis on Cylindrical Cam with Flexible RodIJRES Journal
Firstly, the kinetic equation of spatial cylindrical cam with flexible rod has been established. Then, an
accurate cylindrical cam mechanism model has been established based on the spatial modeling software
Solidworks. The dynamic effect of flexible rod on mechanical system was studied in detail based on the
mechanical system dynamics analytical software Adams, and Archard wear model is used to predict the wear of
the cam. We used Ansys to create finite element model of the cam link, extracted the first five order mode to
export into Adams. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics of spatial cylindrical cam
mechanical system with flexible rod is closed to ideal mechanism. During the cam rotate one cycle, the collision
in the linkage with a clearance occurs in some special location, others still keep a continuous contact, and the
prediction of wear loss is smaller than rigid body.
An improved fading Kalman filter in the application of BDS dynamic positioningIJRES Journal
Aiming at the poor dynamic performance and low navigation precision of traditional fading
Kalman filter in BDS dynamic positioning, an improved fading Kalman filter based on fading factor vector is
proposed. The fading factor is extended to a fading factor vector, and each element of the vector corresponds to
each state component. Based on the difference between the actual observed quantity and the predicted one, the
value of the vector is changed automatically. The memory length of different channel is changed in real time
according to the dynamic property of the corresponding state component. The actual observation data of BDS is
used to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional fading Kalman filter
and the method of the third references, the positioning precision of the algorithm is improved by 46.3% and
23.6% respectively.
Positioning Error Analysis and Compensation of Differential Precision WorkbenchIJRES Journal
Positioning error is a widely problem exists in mechanism, the important factors affecting machining
precision. In order to reduce the error caused by positioning problem processing, based on the differential
workbench as the research object, using the method of theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the
analysis of positioning error mechanism and source of complete differential precision workbench error
compensation, improve the accuracy of the device, provides a method for the application of modern machine
tools. table.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
The Low-Temperature Radiant Floor Heating System Design and Experimental Stud...IJRES Journal
In order to analyze the temperature distribution of the low-temperature radiant floor heating system
that uses the condensing wall-hung boiler as the heat source, the heating system is designed according to a typical
house facing south in Shanghai. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of the supply water
temperature on the thermal comfort of the system. Eventually, the supply water temperature that makes people in
the room feel more comfortable is obtained. The result shows that in the condition of that the outside temperature
is 8~15℃ and the relative humidity is 30~70%RH, the temperature distribution in the room is from high to low
when the height is from bottom to top. The floor surface temperature is highest, but its uniformity is very poor.
When the heating system reaches the steady state, the air temperature of the room is uniform. When the supply
water temperature is 63℃ The room is relatively comfortable at the above experimental condition.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
In the process of oil and gas exploitation of mudstone-fractured reservoir in Daqing oilfield, the
permeability of fracture is easily affected by the influence of stress change, which is shown by the sensitivity of
the permeability to the stress. With the extension of time mining in the fractured mudstone reservoir, fracture
stress sensitivity is obvious in vast decline of production and great influence on reduced yields. In order to
reasonably determine the way of developing method, working system and the exploitation rate of the reservoir,
correspondingly protecting reservoir productivity, improve ultimate recovery. On the basis of the previous
research on the stress sensitivity of fractured mudstone, this essay studied the critical closing pressure of the
simulated underground fractured mudstone under the laboratory condition.
Correlation Analysis of Tool Wear and Cutting Sound SignalIJRES Journal
With the classic signal analysis and processing method, the cutting of the audio signal in time
domain and frequency domain analysis. We reached the following conclusions: in the time domain analysis,
cutting audio signals mean and the variance associated with tool wear state change occurred did not change
significantly, and tool wear is not high degree of correlation, and the mean-square value of the audio signal
changes in the size and tool wear the state has a good relationship.
Reduce Resources for Privacy in Mobile Cloud Computing Using Blowfish and DSA...IJRES Journal
Mobile cloud computing in light of the increasing popularity among users of mobile smart
technology which is the next indispensable that enables users to take advantage of the storage cloud computing
services. However, mobile cloud computing, the migration of information on the cloud is reliable their privacy
and security issues. Moreover, mobile cloud computing has limitations in resources such as power energy,
processor, Memory and storage. In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of privacy with saving and
reducing resources power energy, processor and Memory. This is done through data encryption in the mobile
cloud computing by symmetric algorithm and sent to the private cloud and then the data is encrypted again and
sent to the public cloud through Asymmetric algorithm. The experimental results showed after a comparison
between encryption algorithms less time and less time to decryption are as follows: Blowfish algorithm for
symmetric and the DSA algorithm for Asymmetric. The analysis results showed a significant improvement in
reducing the resources in the period of time and power energy consumption and processor.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference without u...IJRES Journal
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated bandgap reference (BGR) without using op-amp
is presented in this paper. It is based on second-order curvature correction principle, which is a weighted sum of
two voltage curves which have opposite curvature characteristic. One voltage curve is achieved by first-order
curvature-compensated bandgap reference (FCBGR) without using op-amp and the other found by using W
function is achieved by utilizing a positive temperature coefficient (TC) exponential current and a linear
negative TC current to flow a linear resistor. The exponential current is gained by using anegative TC voltage to
control a MOSFET in sub-threshold region. In the temperature ranging from -40℃ to 125℃, experimental
results implemented with SMIC 0.18μm CMOS process demonstrate that the presented BGR can achieve a TC
as low as 2.2 ppm/℃ and power-supply rejection ratio(PSRR)is -69 dB without any filtering capacitor at 2.0 V.
While the range of the supply voltage is from 1.7 to 3.0 V, the output voltage line regulation is about1 mV/ V
and the maximum TC is 3.4 ppm/℃.
Thesummaryabout fuzzy control parameters selected based on brake driver inten...IJRES Journal
In this paper, the brake driving intention identification parameters based on the fuzzy control are
summarized and analyzed, the necessary parameters based on the fuzzy control of the brake driving intention
recognition are found out, and I pointed out the commonly corrupt parameters, and through the relevant
parameters , I establish the corresponding driving intention model.
A fast and effective impulse noise filterIJRES Journal
In order to eliminate the high density salt and pepper noise effectively in the image, this paper
proposes a new algorithm that can eliminate the noise .Other similar algorithms need to adjust the filtering
window in the image which is polluted by different concentration of noise constantly. The proposed algorithm
use the fixed small scale of filtering window only, at the same time of filter, it can reserve the detail of the image
features well. The proposed algorithm extracted the noise points from the contaminated image firstly, according
to the relationship between the gray value of signal points and noise points, then determine which is the real
noise. The experimental results show us that the proposed algorithm achieved satisfactory result in filter out
noise, especially in the treatment of the images that have high levels of noise pollution, and it is better than
other algorithm.
Design of the floating-type memristor emulator and its circuit implementationIJRES Journal
Memristor is a kind of nonlinear resistance with memory ability. The resistance of the memristor
changes depending on the charge quantity or the magnetic flux passing through it. As a basic two-terminal
device, the memristor should be connected with other electronic devices in any form and not limited to the
grounding-type. In this paper, a new memristor emulator is proposed based on HP memristor model and then a
floating-type memristor emulator is designed. Finally, the corroding physical circuits are built to verify the
correctness of the design.
Synergistic Effect of Halide Ions on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel i...IJRES Journal
The inhibition effect of alkyl substituted piperdin-4-one with thiosemicarbazones on mild steel
corrosion in 1N sulphuric acid solution was studied by weight loss method and electrochemical techniques. The
influence of halides viz., KCl, KBr and KI on the corrosion inhibition of thiosemicarbazones were also
investigated. Results show that alkyl substituted piperidin-4-one with thiosemicarbazones alone provided
satisfactory inhibition on the corrosion of mild steel and it was also found that the inhibition efficiency increased
synergistically in the presence of halide ions. The synergistic effect of halide ions was found to follow the order:
KI > KBr > KCl. The inhibitor reduced the corrosion rate through adsorption.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
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* Importance and benefits of vector search
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B0141124
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 1 Issue 4ǁ August. 2013 ǁ PP.11-24
www.ijres.org 11 | Page
Economic Model Evaluation of Largest Sugar-beetProduction in
U.S. States of North Dakota and Minnesota
Kambiz Farahmand1
, Vahidhossein Khiabani2
,Nimish Dharmadhikari3
,Anne
Denton4
1,2
(Industrial and manufacturing engineering/ North Dakota State University, USA)
3
(Transportation and Logistics/ North Dakota State University, USA)
4
(Computer Science / North Dakota State University, USA)
ABSTRACT : A comprehensive economic model of sugar-beet growing, transportation, and processing has
been developed for the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota in the U.S. to analyze the critical cost
attributes and parameters. A methodology for the use of baseline data for production costs of sugar-beet farms,
transportation and sugar-beet processing costs at the factory level along with criteria that could be used as
means of measuring benefits realized by the partners/growers is developed. The main purpose of the proposed
economic analysis is to incorporate changes in critical attributes directly as a result of forecast model(s) using
remote senor data (NDVI), in-situ sensor data (plant height), etc. in order to maximize yield and profits, and to
minimize associated costs at each phase of production.
Keywords-Economic Model, Sugar-beet, American Crystal Sugar Company, NDVI, In-Situ Sensor, Yield
Prediction
I. INTRODUCTION
Sugar-beet production in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and North Dakota is a Co-op operation
managed by American Crystal Sugar Company (ACSC). As the largest sugar-beet producer in the United States,
which is owned by about 2800 shareholders who raise nearly 40% of the nation’s sugar-beet acreage and
produces about 17% of America’s sugar, ACSC operates five sugar processing facilities in Crookston, East
Grand Forks, and Moorhead, Minnesota; Drayton and Hillsboro, North Dakota; and in Sidney, Montana, (under
the name Sidney Sugars Incorporated). The company’s technical services center and corporate headquarters are
also located in Moorhead, MN [1].
In Fiscal Year 2012, shareholders received an average gross beet payment of $58.67 per ton, which
translated to $1,212 on a per acre basis. These payments were the second and fourth highest, respectively in
ACSC’s history. Factories produced 26 million hundredweight of sugar and 602,000 tons of agri-products from
September 8, 2011 to May 5, 2012.
In this article we considered only the five locations in Red River Valley. They are located at Crookston, East
Grand Forks, and Moorhead in Minnesota; and Drayton and Hillsboro in North Dakota. The sugar beet
producing farms are located in both Minnesota and North Dakota in the Red River Valley. Counties and facility
locations are shown in Figure 1 [2].
2. Economic Model Evaluation of Largest Sugar-beet Production in U.S. States of ND and MN
www.ijres.org 12 | Page
Figure 1 : Sugarbeet production: Counties and Facilities.
The cost associated with the transportation is used in the economic analysis. There are a total of 10
million plantable acres for all crops in the Red River Valley. In 2011, ultimately 452,000 acres were planted
with the last acres seeded on June 20. Pre-pile harvest began on September 6 and was followed by full stockpile
harvest on October 1. The 2011 crop averaged 20.7 tons per acre with 18.0 percent sugar content. Total tons
delivered equaled 9.2 million from 443,000 acres.
The sugar-beet crop is regulated by the ACSC and the shareholders based on storage and processing
capacity. For each share of stock members can grow 0.88 acres (0.88 acres/share of ACSC). ACSC employs 24
agronomists who travel to farm, to work with growers, and to collect data. The boundaries of the growing region
are from South of Kent, MN to the Canadian border and from east to west in the Red River Valley.
Smit et al., [3] studied tactical level decisions related to growing sugar-beet. They described a method of
allocating fixed costs to crops in the cropping plan and included in PIEteR, a bio-economic model for sugar-beet
growing. Quota regulations restrict the amount of sugar-beet which can be delivered for the full quota price.
When the deliveries are smaller than the quota over a number of years, the quota will be reduced. However,
when the deliveries are larger than quota over a number of years, the quota will not be enlarged. They developed
a module in PIEteR to compare the marginal returns and the costs of an increase of the area by one ha. They
calculated marginal changes and showed these calculations cannot easily be extended to more significant
changes. Seed, ware potato, and sugar-beet had the highest returns above allocated variable costs, but when
allocated fixed costs were also taken into account, sugar-beet appeared to be more profitable than seed potato.
Ebenezer et al., [4] investigated the feasibility of integrating an ethanol producing plant into an existing sugar
processing plant that uses sugar-beet pulp (SBP) as feedstock. They evaluated the feasibility of using SBP as the
feedstock in an existing sugar processing plant to ethanol from an economic standpoint. The sugar-beet industry
3. Economic Model Evaluation of Largest Sugar-beet Production in U.S. States of ND and MN
www.ijres.org 13 | Page
already has many built in production advantages that favor the production of high performance fuels at existing
sugar-beet processing plants. First, there are large quantities of SBP already concentrated with no additional
transportation cost. Second, energy consumption would be minimal. Flannery et al., [5] examined the predicted
costs-benefit analysis of five hypothetical GM crops cultivated in Ireland. The cropping regimes of the four
listed crops were compared with equivalent, hypothetical GM scenarios. All figures used were based on crop
production data for Ireland and include variable and some element of fixed costs: materials (seed, fertilizers,
herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, growth regulators), machinery hire (plowing, tilling, sowing, spraying,
fertilizer spreading, harvesting), and miscellaneous costs (interest and transport). They reported that the
economic performance of the technology varies significantly between crops and traits. When disease pressure
and/or weed concentration is high, it is predicted that specific GM crops will economically outperform
conventional crops, based on the cost of chemicals and their application.
Bangsund et al., [2] provided expenditure information by sugar-beet processing and marketing cooperatives.
They estimated economic impacts using input-output analysis for production in Minnesota and North Dakota
entities in fiscal 2011. Direct economic impacts from sugar-beet production (i.e., production outlays and
producer returns) were estimated using cost-of-production budgets and payments to sugar-beet growers, as
reported by the cooperatives.
Brookes and Blume [6] explored the potential economic and environmental impacts/benefits of using
current commercialized crop biotechnology in Ukraine. They summarized the potential impacts of each trait and
crop combination. In almost all cases, the adoption of GM technology is likely to result in a net increase in the
levels of profitability for adopting farmers. They examined both the farm level and the national (aggregated)
level impacts. The environmental impacts examined were changes in pesticide use and impacts on greenhouse
gas (carbon) emissions. They also examined the following crop and trait issues: soybeans, maize, oilseed
rape/canola and sugar-beet: (HT), where Maize: insect resistance (IR: targeting ECB and corn rootworm pests).
Adenäuer and Heckelei [7] examined two alternative behavioral models, expected profit maximization and
utility maximization, with respect to their ability to contribute to an explanation of observed supply behavior
and consequently for a more realistic simulation response to policy changes than previous approaches. Their
analysis showed how much two alternative behavioral models can contribute to explain observed sugar
production. Yield uncertainty plays an important role under the framework of production quotas since a low
yield can lead to considerable income losses if production quotas are not filled. Despite considerable differences
between countries and farms, a significant amount of C-sugar production cannot be explained by these models.
Lzarus [8] reported enterprise budgets with detailed estimates of the costs and returns expected for traditional
food and feed crops (corn grain, soybeans, spring wheat, sugar-beets, and alfalfa hay) as well as potential energy
crops (grassland crops, hybrid poplar trees, willow trees, and corn stover) in Minnesota. The energy crop
production costs are intended to include delivery to the final processing plant, so transportation costs and storage
losses are considered. Load size is a critical variable, but is highly speculative at this point given that large
volume biomass logistics systems are still under development. The maximum load size may be constrained by
either weight or volume, depending on the density of the material. Newcomb et al., [9] analyzed the
effectiveness of utilizing satellite images in increasing crop yield and quality. The objectives of their research
were to 1) improve yield and quality of crops following sugar-beet in rotation; 2) improve sugar-beet quality
following rotations on fields, which have been cycled utilizing precision farming methods; 3) reduce grower
production costs; and 4) enhance protection of soil and water resources.
Labarta et al., [10] mentioned gross revenue can be stabilized through crop diversification; therefore,
farmers would have another reason to adopt longer crop rotations with legumes. Bârsan and Luca [11] analyzed
the economic efficiency of the irrigation of the sugar-beet crops cultivated with the aim of obtaining bioethanol.
Mukhwana [12] investigated soil processes and economic factors defining agricultural sustainability in dry-land
winter wheat and irrigated sugar-beet cropping systems. Their objectives were to 1) determine how soil organic
matter pools, microbial populations and diversity and profitability are impacted by diversified dryland winter
wheat cropping systems; and 2) determine how soil organic matter pools, microbial populations and diversity
and profitability are impacted by alternative irrigated sugar-beet crop rotations and irrigation methods. They
mentioned the need for further research to make more conclusive statements about the relative economic
performance of various sugar-beet systems. This is because it is entirely possible that systems with the highest
gross revenue also have the highest production costs, and potentially even negative net revenue.
El Benni and Finger [13] applied variance decomposition approach using data to quantify the direct and
indirect effects of yields, prices and costs on net revenue variability at the farm level. Furthermore, they
investigated relevance of different risk sources across crops and the influence of farm characteristics on their
risk profile. The results show that costs play only a minor role in determining income variability, but price and
4. Economic Model Evaluation of Largest Sugar-beet Production in U.S. States of ND and MN
www.ijres.org 14 | Page
yield risks are of outmost importance and very crop specific. May [14] developed a multivariate model, that
considers economic and social-psychological variables to explain farmers’ behavior to study exclusively
farmers’ cropping decisions. The model can be used to graphically identify behavioral patterns across farmers.
The aim was to predict the crop allocations made by sugar-beet growers in response to the Sugar Regime reform
introduced in 20th February 2006. The multivariate model integrates a number of different approaches into a
single framework to study economic and non-economic drivers that influence farmers’ strategic cropping
decisions. Howitt [15] developed a method to calibrate nonlinear CES production functions in agricultural
production models using a minimum data set that usually restricts the modeler to a linear program. This
approach has some characteristics of econometric and programming models which makes it more flexible to
production specification than linear or quadratic programming models. The resulting models are shown to
satisfy the standard microeconomic conditions. KAMEYAMA [16] introduced the primary model framework
for regional agricultural production model, focusing on land use by crops and assessing the impact of climate
change. They used Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) for calibrating the land allocation in Adana
province. They considered the impact of climate change only as the yield change (reduction) of crops.
The use of precision agriculture techniques is becoming increasingly common in the US. For example, some of
the growers (of farm products, including of sugar-beets and dry beans), depend on global positioning system
(GPS) or infrared images captured by aerial photography to see from space what they cannot see from the
ground. This provides the farmers access to useful information that helps them in making informed decisions
about growing farm products. In addition, the availability of such technologies is helping farmers in conducting
tasks such as precision steering of tractors to space rows evenly.
There are also sensor technologies already being used in day-to-day farm operations, from which data
can be collected. For such technologies to be useful, it requires that interfaces for adding such sensors are
developed and made available.
GPS, satellite imagery, sensor technologies combined with meteorological information provide
enhanced capability for improving farm practices and productivity. At the same time this poses the challenges of
effectively analyzing the data and converting it to information that can be used by potential users.
The combination of ground-based and satellite-based remote sensing information, as well as weather data, could
be used to more effectively recognize and predict plant health changes during the growing season, and to
evaluate mitigation strategies based on data of past years. The economics of growing sugar-beets will include
farm production, transportation, and factory processing of the beets.
Considering the US strength in technology and agriculture, a comprehensive economic model is needed
to validate forecast models for increasing US competitiveness. Export of farm equipment worldwide is a major
economic factor in US, particularly in North Dakota.
II. OVERVIEW OF PROCESS
1.1 Operation
Growers are responsible for choosing the seed that they plant: tilling, planting, growing, harvesting,
and delivering the crop to the receiving stations. ACSC has 105 receiving stations for growers to deliver the load
to and five processing factories. Beets get unloaded at a receiving station in piles and the responsibility shifts
from grower to the ACSC. At pilers, the sugar-beet is cleaned and is piled 30’ tall x 240’ long for long term
storage through the winter. The beets need to stay cold and frozen for long term storage or otherwise they will
rot.
Once the truck is full to capacity, a new truck will take over loading the beets. The loaded trucks will
then drive to the nearest sugar-beet processing plant or receiving station. At the piler, beets are cleaned of dirt
and debris. Figure 2 depicts the storage and processing operation.
The sugar-beets are placed into a beater to remove mud and dirt and are then dumped into water-filled flumes
which use buoyancy to separate rocks and gravel. Clean beets are then sent to the slicers and the beets are sliced
to make cossettes that resemble cottage fries and shoestring potatoes. The cossettes are transported using
conveyer belt to a diffuser or extractor. Cossettes are soaked in hot water to dissolve and remove the sugar from
the sliced beets. Using osmosis, sugar is extracted from the cossettes that are immersed in hot water. The sugar
water is saved and impurities are removed from this solution using milk of lime treated with carbon dioxide gas.
Various stages of sugar-beet production are shown in Figure 2. The lime cake “mud” is separated from the juice.
The beet pulp is squeezed, dried and formed into pellets to be sold for livestock feed and pet food.
5. Economic Model Evaluation of Largest Sugar-beet Production in U.S. States of ND and MN
www.ijres.org 15 | Page
Figure 2: Storage and Processing Operation for Sugar-beet
Source: http://www.suedzucker.de/en/Zucker/Zuckergewinnung/
The sugar water is sent through a big round filter to clean it and remove other non-sugars. The juice
goes into a series of big tanks called evaporators where some of the water is boiled off. After this process, the
mixture contains more sugar than water. It is thick syrup which is again filtered to make sure it is very clean.
This syrup is placed in large white pans to allow additional evaporation at low temperatures. What remains is
thick heavy syrup which flows from one evaporator to another. During the crystallization process, the syrup is
boiled, stirred, and cooled, and crystals begin to form. The solution is called massecite which is a syrupy liquid
containing the grit of crystallization. The heavy liquid is centrifuged at 1,200 revolutions per minute and dried
using filtered, heated air. The last of the liquid exits through minute holes in the centrifuge wall, leaving pristine
white sugar crystals. The remaining bitter syrup is molasses, a product used in the manufacture of citric acid,
antibiotics, yeast and other products. The sugar is then packaged in various types of packaging for sale in stores
and restaurants and wholesale use. Various stages of sugar-beet processing are depicted in Figure 3.
1.2 Sampling
Load/trucks delivering the beets are sampled at 32% rate. This basically depends on the size of the
farm. Smaller farms get sampled 100% and larger farms at 25% rate (1 of every 4 trucks). A grower can have
multiple contracts in a field and based on that the sampling rate is determined. For example, a 150-acre field
could be sampled at 20% of loads delivered and a 20-acre field at 100%. Beet samples go to the Quality Control
lab in East Grand Forks and the sucrose content is analyzed and results are placed in the delivery records. Lab
results indicate: sugar and sugar less molasses.
1.3 Payments
Consider the sugar content of the sugar-beet sample is reported at 18% and 1% is loss to malaises in the
process and 0.5% is other losses, then the actual sugar content will be 16.5%. Average sugar content is about
17.75% sugar with a range of 16.5% – 19.5%. On the average, 350 lbs of sugar is produced per ton of sugar-
beet. Payment to the growers is based on recoverable sugar per ton. Payments are determined 15-30 days after
delivery on November 15. Dollars-per-Ton payment is spread over the entire coop for all stockholders, after
losses are calculated. There are two forecasts, first one is in November 31 and second in March 31 which
payments are made to growers. One final payment for the crop is made on November 5 of the following year. So
the last payment is adjusted based on average cost to the company.
6. Economic Model Evaluation of Largest Sugar-beet Production in U.S. States of ND and MN
www.ijres.org 16 | Page
Figure 3: Stages of Sugar-beet Processing
Source: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/96-325-x/2007000/article/10576-eng.htm
1.4 Prediction Models
Prediction models are more focused on tonnage of beets produced. Sugar content is highly affected by
the weather condition at the time of harvest. In 2011, average sugar payment was $59/Ton of beets (32 or 33
cents per lb. of sugar) with a range of $49 - $69 per ton. Other places in US paid up to $72/Ton in the same year.
Sugar-beet prices for the Red River Valley as compared to the rest of US are shown in Figure 4. Prediction of
yield and verifying process capability was implemented in 2006 for the first time. In 2006, 8% of the harvest
was left in the ground.
1.5 Harvest
When early harvest begins in early September or pre-pile (Sept.1 – Sept. 30), farmers mow the foliage
off the beet plants which is called topping and cut off the tops of the beets using a machine called rotor beater.
The mowed vegetation and beet tops are left in the field. A sugar-beet lifter uses a rotating disk to grab and
remove the beets from the ground and place them into the vehicle. The beets are then dropped into a rotating
basket which lifts the beet and places them onto a conveyer belt which will load the beet into a truck driving
besides the tractor.
Sugar-beets have lower sugar content (about 13%) at that time. Beets are processed in 7-10 days. After
Oct. 1 full harvest begins and beets are mostly stored in piles for long term storage and later processing. ACSC
tracks completed/harvested fields, and growers are asked to identify their last load delivered to the receiving
stations. By Oct. 2 we may have 10,000 acres of completed/harvested field.
After 50% of completed harvest, yield is determined and capacity is analyzed and the determination is made to
leave certain percent of beets in the ground or not. Growers early on are asked to leave x% in the ground for late
harvest. Every grower will have to leave the same percentage of their acreage in the ground. However, this has
not happened since 2006. Early on going into harvest, if ACSC thinks that this may happen then the growers are
asked to leave 5%-10% in their field. Growers may want to harvest the best beets first so they get premium
prices for their beets as oppose to risk leaving it in the ground. Raw tonnage is increasing by 0.5 per acre per
year but the sugar content is steady. The larger the harvest, the more risk there is, since weather can deteriorate
the stored beet faster.
The more non-sugar present in the beet, the slower it is processed, therefore the higher the cost. 38000
tons/day of beets is 100% capacity of ACSC. Hillsboro and Grand Forks plants have had some capacity increase
in the last five years. In 1998, 350,000 tons was hauled back to the fields since they were rotting due to warm
winter weather. ACSC has a contractor who will identify farmers who will take discarded beets in their lands.
7. Economic Model Evaluation of Largest Sugar-beet Production in U.S. States of ND and MN
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ACSC will acquire right to the land and establishes a payment period for using the land to spread discarded
beets. Dollars/Ton payment is spread over the entire coop for all stockholders, after losses are calculated.
Figure 4: Sugar-beet Prices for the Red River Valley as compared to the National Average
1.6 Transportation
The transportation of sugar-beet crop from the farm to the plant and/or to piles is an important phase of
the sugar-beet harvest and cost of production. The transportation also includes secondary tasks such as
transportation of fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides with the use of tractor and combine.
ACSC has facilities located in five locations in Red River Valley. The sugar-beet producing farms are located in
both Minnesota and North Dakota in the Red River Valley. The transportation of sugar-beets from the farms to
the plants and storage pilers and then again from the pilers to the plant is a major cost to include travels from
each field to said locations. Distances are calculated using GPS locations from each farm and GIS data for roads
and highways.
III. ECONOMIC MODEL
Baseline data was collected to study the costs/benefits under the current system for farmers and
processing plants. The proposed data system will help farmers to optimize use of fertilizers, pesticide, and other
chemicals thus improving yield and reducing cost. Data can also help identify the sugar content of beets before
harvesting. Optimizing the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and other chemicals reduces their negative impact on
the environment. More effective identification of sugar content of beets will provide the farmer a time frame to
harvest and haul the beets to the processing plants for the most payout. Farmers are paid more for delivered
beets with higher sugar content. Data for the sugar-beet processing is collected according to the process flow
chart shown in Figure 5. Total cost calculated considering production (sugar-beet growing) cost, processing
(ACSC) cost, and transportation cost using the following equation:
TrProcProdTC (1)
Where TC denotes total production cost, Prod is the production cost, Proc is the processing cost, and Tr
is the transportation cost.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000/01
2002/03
2004/05
2006/07
2008/09
Minnesota
North Dakota
National Average
Sugarbeet Prices ($/Ton)
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Figure 5: Sugar-beet Production Process Flow chart
IV. MODEL EVALUATION/EMPIRICAL RESULTS
Baseline data from the grower side is collected for the following attributes: Production Direct
Expenses, Production Overhead Expenses, and Processing Direct Expenses. The cost associated with these
attributes could be found in FINBIN Farm Financial Database at http://www.finbin.umn.edu/ as shown in the
following tables:
Table 1: Sugar-beet Cost Analysis
Sugar-beet averages
All Farms 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007
Number of fields 1183 210 251 223 227 272
Number of farms 631 116 134 120 123 138
Acres 166.16 178.18 160.08 161.16 156.37 174.77
Yield per acre (ton) 21.88 17.51 26.72 21.69 20.61 22.33
Operators share of yield % 100 100 100 100 100 100
Value per ton 46.14 60.1 54.23 39.15 41.09 37.94
Total product return per acre 1,009.65 1,052.70 1,448.84 849.25 846.98 847.28
Crop insurance per acre 44.21 118.69 0.93 42.78 75.35 -
Other crop income per acre 11.07 7.24 3.77 4.77 5.59 29.09
Gross return per acre 1,064.93 1,178.62 1,453.55 896.81 927.92 876.37
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Table 2: Sugar-beet Direct Expenses
Sugar-beet averages
All Farms 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007
Number of fields 1183 210 251 223 227 272
Number of farms 631 116 134 120 123 138
Seed 116.05 155.34 155.3 131.39 90.42 59.48
Fertilizer 77.42 97.41 75.56 98.89 72.8 50.48
Crop chemicals 83.98 84.62 70.63 60.24 94.82 104.61
Crop insurance 22.46 24.6 24.45 22.03 21.89 19.84
Fuel & oil 66.83 79.46 67 54.04 73.8 61.2
Repairs 83.75 97.69 93.27 80.78 77.07 71.95
Custom hire 14.72 14.38 18.43 13.87 16.5 11.17
Hired labor 27.06 23.83 27.95 28.81 29.7 25.53
Land rent 98.42 121.17 104.71 94.82 90.95 83.49
Stock/quota leas 117.42 138.56 130.44 104.15 92.57 118.34
Machinery leases 2.34 4.53 3.2 1.69 1.51 0.99
Hauling and trucking 8.85 9.59 8.1 9.85 8.3 8.56
Marketing 0.27 0.34 0.05 0.04 0.84 0.15
Organic certification 0.53 2.76 - - - -
Operating interest 18.68 15.38 17.6 14.14 22.09 23.08
Miscellaneous 3.88 3.82 5.4 2.74 3.08 4.1
Total direct expenses per acre 742.63 873.47 802.11 717.47 696.35 642.96
Return over direct exp per acre 322.3 305.15 651.45 179.34 231.57 233.4
Table 3: Sugar-beet Overhead Expenses
Sugar-beet averages
All Farms 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007
Custom hire 5.05 4.57 3.56 4.43 3.73 8.14
Hired labor 39.84 48.73 46.97 35.06 31.61 36.6
Machinery leases 11.84 10.1 12.42 11.07 13.78 11.84
Building leases 1.29 2.34 1.52 1.31 0.96 0.5
Farm insurance 9.89 10.98 10.86 9.87 8 9.65
Utilities 6.75 7.87 8.08 7.13 4.92 5.84
Dues & professional fees 5.71 5.85 5.33 5.81 4.65 6.63
Interest 16.3 15.54 14.2 14.63 17.11 19.35
Mach & bldg depreciation 70.18 86.75 84.48 65.86 62.02 54.41
Miscellaneous 8.98 11.97 9.54 6.77 8.32 8.34
Total overhead expenses per acre 175.84 204.7 196.95 161.93 155.09 161.3
Total dir & ovhd expenses per acre 918.48 1,078.17 999.05 879.4 851.44 804.26
Net return per acre 146.45 100.45 454.5 17.41 76.48 72.1
Government payments 13.4 11.31 15.14 13.08 14.12 13.29
Net return with govt pmts 159.85 111.76 469.64 30.49 90.6 85.39
10. Economic Model Evaluation of Largest Sugar-beet Production in U.S. States of ND and MN
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Labor & management charge 97.65 116.87 105.84 95.06 94.01 80.28
Net return over lbr & mgt 62.2 -5.11 363.8 -64.57 -3.41 5.11
Cost of Production
Total direct expense per ton 33.94 49.87 30.02 33.08 33.78 28.79
Total dir & ovhd exp per ton 41.97 61.56 37.39 40.54 41.31 36.02
Less govt & other income 38.83 53.72 36.65 37.75 36.7 34.12
With labor & management 43.3 60.39 40.61 42.13 41.26 37.72
Net value per unit 46.14 60.1 54.23 39.15 41.09 37.94
Machinery cost per acre 266.29 304.76 291.4 242.5 261.92 236.03
Est. labor hours per acre 5.53 5.72 5.6 5.35 5.45 5.51
The sugar-beet processing cost data are collected from ACSC and can be validated by the 2011 Annual
report (ACSC, 2011). Table 4 calculates the payment per ton of beets and recovered sugar percentage from the
given sugar percentage, tons of sugar-beet purchased, sugar hundredweight produced and member gross beet
payment data. Figures 6-9 shows the trend for payment per tons of beet, member gross beet payment, tons of
sugar produced, sugar and recovered sugar percentages respectively for the fiscal years 2007-2011.
Table 4: Sugar-beet Processing Cost
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Sugar % 18.20% 18.10% 17.60% 16.70% 18.10%
Tons Purchased/harvested1
11911 11639 10349 9849 10902
Sugar Content of Sugar-beets 2168 2107 1821 1645 1973
Sugar Hundredweight Produced2
34814 34276 29611 27386 33494
Sugar produced Tons 1740.70 1713.80 1480.55 1369.30 1674.70
Recovered Sugar % 14.61% 14.72% 14.31% 13.90% 15.36%
Member Gross Beet Payment 1
$ 599,106 $ 547,480 $ 533,842 $ 520,686 $ 796,090
Payment Per Ton of Beets $ 50.30 $ 47.04 $ 51.58 $ 52.87 $ 73.02
Figure 6: Payment Per Ton of Beets
1
In Thousands
2
The short hundredweight is defined as 100 lb
11. Economic Model Evaluation of Largest Sugar-beet Production in U.S. States of ND and MN
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1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Sugar producedTons
Sugar producedTons
Figure 7: Member Gross Beet Payment
Figure 8: Tons of Sugar Produced
Figure 9: Sugar and Recovered Sugar Percentage
$400,000
$500,000
$600,000
$700,000
$800,000
$900,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Member Gross Beet Payment *
Member Gross Beet
Payment *
14%
15%
16%
17%
18%
19%
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Sugar %
Recovered Sugar %
12. Economic Model Evaluation of Largest Sugar-beet Production in U.S. States of ND and MN
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The cost associated with the transportation is also incorporated when performing the economic
analysis. The Geographical Information System (GIS) is used to calculate the cumulative cost of transporting
the annual yield from farms to the processing facilities. Locations of farms producing sugar-beet are acquired
from ACSC data. They provided locations with latitude and longitude and yield information. Latitude and
longitudes are then projected in GIS to produce the maps of all sugar-beet farms.
The Closest Facility analysis tool in ESRI® ArcGIS is used to generate the routes connecting origins with
destinations. The summation of the distances of the routes provides the total distance travelled from the farms to
the processing facilities. The cost of transportation is calculated with the help of this distance and total number
of trucks used to transport the harvested sugar-beets.
Data analysis for the transportation of sugar-beet is shown in Figures 10-12. Facility ID 5 stands for
Moorhead, 4 for Hillsboro, 3 for East Grand Forks, 2 for Drayton, and 1 for Crookston. To verify the results,
total yield per year was compared with the yield per year in ACSC 2012 annual report. The results were close
enough to confirm the analysis.
Figure 10: Sugar-beet Average Yield Transportation chart
Figure 11: Sugar-beet Average Mileage Transportation chart
1,500
1,700
1,900
2,100
2,300
2,500
2,700
2,900
3,100
3,300
3,500
5 4 3 2 1
Facility ID
2011
2010
2009
2008
AVG Yield
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
5 4 3 2 1
Facility ID
2011
2010
2009
2008
AVG Milage
13. Economic Model Evaluation of Largest Sugar-beet Production in U.S. States of ND and MN
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Figure 12: Sugar-beet Average Cost Transportation chart
Average yield per facility per farm reached a peak in most of the regions for year 2010 as shown in
Figure 10, where 2011 resulted in the lowest average yield. Based on data shown in Figure 12, the lowest
average cost of transportation per facility per farm for most regions was in 2009. The reason for this is not only
the lower yield leading to the least average yield in region 2, but also the lower cost of fuel for 2009. Average
diesel cost per gallon was above $3.00 for all years except in 2009 where the cost of fuel averaged around $2.68.
Analyzing the figures show increased cost of transportation for facility 2 (Drayton) in 2008 which is due to the
increase in yields for farms transportation (close) to Drayton (2).
V. CONCLUSION
We proposed a comprehensive economic model of sugar-beet production, processing and
transportation in the Minnesota and North Dakota in the U.S. Data were gathered from FINBIN and American
Crystal Sugar Company to analyze and define the important cost factorsfor profit and utility maximization. This
can be done through developing a data-driven decision support system incorporating sensor data, satellite
images, and weather information to allow farmers to improve the productivity of farm lands while reducing the
needed resources for growing their crops. This data-driven platform will be versatile and can be applied to any
crop. The proposed economic model will be helpful in building a data-driven platform in such a way to
maximize the profit.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation Partnerships for Innovation
program under Grant No. 1114363. We thank American Crystal Sugar Company for providing a significant
portion of the data used in this analysis.
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