This document describes a wireless radiation monitoring system using Zigbee technology. The system consists of two units: a monitoring unit that detects radiation using a GM counter and sends the measured counts wirelessly via Zigbee; and a readout unit that receives the counts via Zigbee and displays them on an LCD screen. The monitoring unit processes the GM counter pulses to remove noise before counting and transmitting the readings. Tests of the system showed deviations within 4% of a certified device and the Zigbee network can extend the range using additional router nodes. The wireless design reduces costs compared to wired systems and provides multiple transmission paths.
Easy to swallow wireless telemetry is an engineered invention to make a step forward in medical history . Now a days electronic equipments making world a better place to live . Hope life becoming easy day to day using electronic gadgets. Now its turn to create a revolution in medical history.
Development of biomedical technologies is an urgent necessity to improve diagnostic services.
Electronic pill technology is a more recent development.
A small miniaturized electronic pill can reach all areas such as small intestine.
Easy to swallow wireless telemetry is an engineered invention to make a step forward in medical history . Now a days electronic equipments making world a better place to live . Hope life becoming easy day to day using electronic gadgets. Now its turn to create a revolution in medical history.
Development of biomedical technologies is an urgent necessity to improve diagnostic services.
Electronic pill technology is a more recent development.
A small miniaturized electronic pill can reach all areas such as small intestine.
This Presentation prescribes recommendation for compliance guidelines on EMF emission for Cell sites and other locations during commissioning and integration.
Wirelessmobilechargingthroughmicrowaves2 r aviRavi Kumar
WIRELESS CHARGING
INTRODUCTION Always the recharging of mobile phone batteries has always been a problem for us. This problem will be solved after our proposal………!!!!!!!! In this paper a new proposal has been made so as to make the recharging of the mobile phones is done automatically as you talk in your mobile phone!
3. The microwave signal is transmitted from the transmitter along with the message signal using special kind of antennas called slotted wave guide antenna at a frequency is 2.45 GHz Thus the more you talk, the more is your mobile phone charged!!!!!!! This is new isn’t?!!
4. What Is Microwaves????? Microwaves are good for transmitting information from one place to another because microwave energy can penetrate haze, light rain and snow, clouds, and smoke. Shorter microwaves are used in remote sensing. These microwaves are used for radar like the Doppler radar used in weather forecasts
5. Microwaves > Frequency Range: 3GHZ to 300GHZ > Remort Sensing. > Communication Industry. >2.45GHZ ISM Band.
6. TRANSMITTER DESIGN The MAGNETRON is a self-contained microwave oscillator that operates differently from the linearbeam tubes, such as the TWT and the klystron. ——Magnetron is used to produce high-power output required in radar and communications equipment —Microwaves used in mobile communication are also produced by similar Oscillators
7. Magnetron - Construction
8. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
9. WHAT’S RECTANNAE??? What’s rectannae you are confused…….it’s nothing but the combination of rectifier and antenna. Antenna is to receive the microwave signal and it just feed the signal to rectifier . Rectifier is to convert the AC signal to PULSATING DC signal.
10. RECEIVER DESIGN The basic addition to the mobile phone is going to be the rectenna. A rectenna is a rectifying antenna, a special type of antenna that is used to directly convert microwave energy into DC electricity.
11. ADVANTAGES Use of separate chargers is eliminated. Electricity is saved The phone can be charged anywhere anytime. Wireless energy transfer can potentially recharge the mobile phones without chords. Only one microwave transmitter can serve to all the service providers in that area. The need of different types of chargers by different manufacturers is totally eliminated.
12. DISADVANTAGES The transmitter and receiver also should be very powerful devices as the distance increases. Slower Charging. Wireless transmission of the energy causes some drastic effects to human body, because of its radiation. More costly.
Analysis Of Ofdm Parameters Using Cyclostationary Spectrum SensingOmer Ali
Defining Software Defined Radios, Cognitive Radios, the need for spectrum sensing and an insight on the Cyclostationary parameters that better help in feature detection in Cognitive Radios
A Model for Monitoring GSM Base Station Radiation Safety in NigeriaIJERA Editor
A guideline for measuring the radio frequency (RF) emissions from the base transceiver stations deployed by Global System Mobile Communications operators in Nigeria is proposed. The guide includes the procedures for measuring the emitted RF power and for determining whether or not the emission exceeds the maximum permissible limits in Nigeria airspace.
UWB is RTLS (Real Time Location System)
* It is one of the most recent location technologies
* It is extremely precise 10-30cm.
* Tags are quite expensive
* It’s a technology that works well in “empty” environments, without people or assets moving around. Interference can play an important role and significantly affect the accuracy.
Automated system to detect rf leakage from microwave oven using raspberry pieSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This Presentation prescribes recommendation for compliance guidelines on EMF emission for Cell sites and other locations during commissioning and integration.
Wirelessmobilechargingthroughmicrowaves2 r aviRavi Kumar
WIRELESS CHARGING
INTRODUCTION Always the recharging of mobile phone batteries has always been a problem for us. This problem will be solved after our proposal………!!!!!!!! In this paper a new proposal has been made so as to make the recharging of the mobile phones is done automatically as you talk in your mobile phone!
3. The microwave signal is transmitted from the transmitter along with the message signal using special kind of antennas called slotted wave guide antenna at a frequency is 2.45 GHz Thus the more you talk, the more is your mobile phone charged!!!!!!! This is new isn’t?!!
4. What Is Microwaves????? Microwaves are good for transmitting information from one place to another because microwave energy can penetrate haze, light rain and snow, clouds, and smoke. Shorter microwaves are used in remote sensing. These microwaves are used for radar like the Doppler radar used in weather forecasts
5. Microwaves > Frequency Range: 3GHZ to 300GHZ > Remort Sensing. > Communication Industry. >2.45GHZ ISM Band.
6. TRANSMITTER DESIGN The MAGNETRON is a self-contained microwave oscillator that operates differently from the linearbeam tubes, such as the TWT and the klystron. ——Magnetron is used to produce high-power output required in radar and communications equipment —Microwaves used in mobile communication are also produced by similar Oscillators
7. Magnetron - Construction
8. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
9. WHAT’S RECTANNAE??? What’s rectannae you are confused…….it’s nothing but the combination of rectifier and antenna. Antenna is to receive the microwave signal and it just feed the signal to rectifier . Rectifier is to convert the AC signal to PULSATING DC signal.
10. RECEIVER DESIGN The basic addition to the mobile phone is going to be the rectenna. A rectenna is a rectifying antenna, a special type of antenna that is used to directly convert microwave energy into DC electricity.
11. ADVANTAGES Use of separate chargers is eliminated. Electricity is saved The phone can be charged anywhere anytime. Wireless energy transfer can potentially recharge the mobile phones without chords. Only one microwave transmitter can serve to all the service providers in that area. The need of different types of chargers by different manufacturers is totally eliminated.
12. DISADVANTAGES The transmitter and receiver also should be very powerful devices as the distance increases. Slower Charging. Wireless transmission of the energy causes some drastic effects to human body, because of its radiation. More costly.
Analysis Of Ofdm Parameters Using Cyclostationary Spectrum SensingOmer Ali
Defining Software Defined Radios, Cognitive Radios, the need for spectrum sensing and an insight on the Cyclostationary parameters that better help in feature detection in Cognitive Radios
A Model for Monitoring GSM Base Station Radiation Safety in NigeriaIJERA Editor
A guideline for measuring the radio frequency (RF) emissions from the base transceiver stations deployed by Global System Mobile Communications operators in Nigeria is proposed. The guide includes the procedures for measuring the emitted RF power and for determining whether or not the emission exceeds the maximum permissible limits in Nigeria airspace.
UWB is RTLS (Real Time Location System)
* It is one of the most recent location technologies
* It is extremely precise 10-30cm.
* Tags are quite expensive
* It’s a technology that works well in “empty” environments, without people or assets moving around. Interference can play an important role and significantly affect the accuracy.
Automated system to detect rf leakage from microwave oven using raspberry pieSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A first response microcontroller basedIJCI JOURNAL
This paper presents the microcontroller based advanced technique to design and development of a portable
radiation survey meter to measure low level gamma radiation using NAI(T1) scintillation detector. A
scintillation detector was used as radiation detector and a microcontroller PIC16F876 was used to control
the function of the developed system. The microcontroller generated square wave frequency at specified
pulse width to produce high voltage (+1200V) and regulates it. The high voltage was required to activate
the scintillation detector. Preamplifier and amplifier were designed to make the detector signal for the
further amplification. Microcontroller senses the pulses from the amplifier output and processes data by
software and displays the results. The microcontroller was programmed using a high level programming
language ‘C’ with PCWH compiler.
On-chip ultra low power optical wake-up receiver for wireless sensor nodes ta...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of distributed nodes deployed for monitoring the physical conditions and organizing collected data at the central control unit. Power consumption is the challenges in WSN as the network consists of wireless sensor nodes becomes denser. By utilizing WSN and visible light technology, a simple health monitoring system design can be approached that are smaller in size, faster and lower power consumption. This work focuses on design a low power optical wake-up receiver to reduce the energy consumption of each node in WSN. A wake-up receiver is designed to be always-on for detecting incoming signal and switches on the stand by protocol controller and WSN network for data transmission process. The characteristic of optical transmission and functional circuit of a wake-up receiver has been investigated. A low power optical wake-up receiver has been designed in 180nm Silterra CMOS process technology. The proposed wake-up receiver consumes only 443pW in standby mode and 1.89nW in active mode. The proposed optical wake-up receiver drastically reduces the power consumption by more than one third compared to other wake-up receivers which could be a milestone in the medical field if successfully conducted.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
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Visible light communication is a high-speed developing technique with LEDs for both lighting and data communication. In this paper, examined the visible light communication performance over Mach Zehnder Modulation via Optisystem simulation tool. Quality factor and BER values of different link distance are predicted by optisystem simulation tool. The planned system can support 5 Gbps data rate up to 50 meter of link distance with a Quality factor of 15.71 for without any external noise interruption. In the case of external noise influence, the planned VLC system performance is also investigated through simulation tool. Consider the external noise interruption, the designed system can support 2Gbps data rate up to 20-meter link distance of Quality factor of 11.935. Quality factor for the system without any external noise influence is better compared to the system with external noise influence.
A wearable UHF RFID tag antenna-based metamaterial for biomedical applicationsjournalBEEI
The development of miniature antennas for bio-medical applications has attracted the attention of many researchers in the last years. In this letter, we provide a miniature antenna for the RFID tag for identifying patients in African and European hospitals. The proposed antenna is designed on a flexible silicon substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 11.9 and a thickness of 1.6mm. An in-depth study of the proposed wearable antenna was made in free space and on human tissue. The achieved results showed good performance in terms of miniaturization, bandwidth, impedance matching and, reading distance. The presented tag antenna is designed and simulated by using CST-MWS solver and the results were validated by HFSS and both results are in good agreement.
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B010220709
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 10, Issue 2, Ver. II (Mar - Apr.2015), PP 07-09
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10220709 www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
Remote Readout of Radiation Using Wireless Communication
Rashmi Adatkar1
, Nisha Makwana2
, Nandini Mane3
, Rahul Kumar4
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
K.J. Somaiya Institute Of Engineering And Information Technology
Sion (E), Mumbai 400022, India
Abstract: In this paper, a solution of remote background radiation monitoring, based on the concept of
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), is presented. Radiation dose rate measured by the sensor node is sent to the
monitoring station through ZigBee wireless network operated on 2.4 GHz unlicensed Industrial Scientific
Medical (ISM) band. Power consumption of the sensor node is kept low by operating the node ZigBee radio with
low duty cycle: i.e by keeping the radio awake only during data transmission/reception. Two ATmega8
microcontrollers are programmed to perform interfacing, data processing, and control functions. Range of
coverage of the system is extendable via the use of ZigBee router(s).
Keywords: Zigbee, Wireless sensor network, Radiation monitoring using GM counter, Application of Zigbee.
I. Introduction
The project mainly focuses on detecting and measuring radiations. Gieger-muller(GM) counter is used
to detect the radiations. The project mainly consists of two units namely: A radiation monitoring unit and second
is read out unit. Radiation monitor instrument basically consists of radiation detector which will detect various
radiation like X-rays and gamma rays. GM counter produces output in the form of pulses. These pulses will in
the form of spikes mixed with the noise signals. To remove the noise the output is passed through various blocks
following the output of properly shaped rectangular pulses with noise interference. The pulses will be counted
and transmitted wirelessly though zigbee to readout unit. These registered counts will be displayed on 16 digit
two line LCD display.
II. Purpose Of The Project
Ionizing Radiation plays many roles integral to the existence of life. However, it can be, and has been
demonstrated to be, dangerous to biological systems [1]. A number of events have occurred throughout history
in which people have been exposed to dangerous amounts of radiation in their living and occupational
environments. These adverse effects of ionizing radiation in humans are the important considerations underlying
the development of safe radiation exposure limits; 0.5µSv/h for the general public and 27µSv/h for radiation
workers [2]. The monitoring of the environment background radiation will hasten the detection of heightened
radiation activity in good time for prompt response[4].
III. Current Situation
Many of the radiation monitoring systems are wired systems. Hence the cost of wiring, maintenance
and repairing cost also automatically increases. Also the path through which data travels is specific or decided.
Hence if any problem occurs in the path then there is no other path for data transmission. Hence the system is
not ideal in case of radiation monitoring. So a system with multiple paths and with proper data transmission has
to be developed. Hence a wireless system is better in solving the above problems. As in wireless medium, cost
for transmitter and receiver has to be considered and we get infinite paths while data transmission. Hence a
zigbee based radiation monitoring system will be developed.
IV. Circuit Discription
1. Hardware Components
Power supply, microcontroller at89c51, GM counter, Pulse Shaper And Comparator, Zigbee unit, Oriole LCD
display.
2. Software Components
Keil software, Protel.
2. Remote Readout of Radiation Using Wireless Communication
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10220709 www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
V. Block Diagram
Fig no.1 Monitoring unit to detect radiation
In monitoring unit the first block is GM detector block. A sufficiently high voltage is applied to GM
counter which detects the radiation and produces the output in the form of variable pulses. These pulses contain
the required radiation level and the noise pulses. To remove the noise pulses further the output is passed through
the pulse shaper and comparator block. In pulse shaper and comparator block a threshold level is set so that only
those pulses whose levels are higher than the threshold level are passed and the remaining noise pulses are
attenuated. The pulse shaper shapes these pulses to produce proper rectangular pulses. Now the output of this
block is will be the required rectangular output pulse. The next block is counter which counts the number of
pulses, the number of pulses corresponds to the level of radiation, the higher the number of pulses the higher is
the radiation. This count is given to microcontroller AT89C51 for transmitting it to display unit. An external
variable timer is also interfaced which gives the time period for which the radiation should be measured. In
Zigbee unit the count value is modulated with 4.3GHz frequency using OQPSK modulation. The count is then
wirelessly transmitted to the readout unit.
Fig no.2 Readout unit to display measured radiation
3. Remote Readout of Radiation Using Wireless Communication
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10220709 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
The range of Zigbee unit is about 100-300m. Hence the readout unit can be placed anywhere within the
range. The first block in the readout unit is the second Zigbee unit which is now acting as a receiver. It receives
the modulated signal sent by the first unit and demodulates it. Now the demodulated output i.e the count value
which is maximum of 16 bit in size is given to the port 0 and port 1 of second microcontroller. A LCD is
interfaced to the microcontroller to port 2 which can be used for displaying the count. Hence the value
corresponds to the level of radiation.
VI. Conclusion
The Wireless Background Radiation Monitoring System was tested at a radioactive waste storage
facility and the test confirmed its suitability for continuous monitoring, as results obtained from the system only
show deviation within +/-4% of those obtained using a certified radiation measuring device . The system range
of coverage obtained for both outdoor (line of sight) and indoor application can be extended by the introduction
of ZigBee router node(s) between the two units, in multi-hop peer to-peer topology. The depth of this extension
can be up to the 32 network hops allowable in ZigBee Pro wireless network.
Reference
[1]. Jaworowski Zbigniew, “Radiation Risks and Ethics”. Physics Today, Volume 52, Issue 9, pp. 24 – 29, 1999
[2]. Tsoulafanidis N. (1983), “Measurement and Detection of Radiation”. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation New York, pp. 486-487,
1983.
[3]. http://www.americas.fujielectric.com/sites/default/files/Fuji%20Electric%20Radiation%20Dept%20%20Remote%20Monitoring%2
0Technology_1.pdf
[4]. Ding Fei, Guangming Song, Kaijian Yin, Jianqing Li and Aiguo Song (2009), “A GPS Enabled Wireless Sensor Network for
Monitoring Radioactive Materials”. Sensor and Actuators A 155, Elsevier Publications, pp. 210-215, 2009