This document provides information on the diagnosis of anemia. It defines anemia and outlines the grading and classification systems. It discusses the prevalence of anemia globally and in India. The clinical presentation and diagnostic workup are described. Guidelines are provided on evaluating different types of anemia based on red blood cell indices, including iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, anemia of chronic disease, and hemolytic anemias. Diagnostic testing for specific conditions like sickle cell anemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency are also reviewed. The document emphasizes the importance of anemia as a public health problem and highlights approaches to differentiate between causes of anemia.
Title: Understanding Anemia: Causes, Types, Clinical Features, and Diagnostic Investigations
Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. It is a prevalent global health issue affecting people of all ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Understanding the causes, types, clinical features, and diagnostic investigations of anemia is crucial for effective management and treatment.
**Causes of Anemia:**
Anemia can result from various factors that disrupt the production, lifespan, or function of red blood cells. Some common causes include:
1. **Iron Deficiency:** Insufficient intake or absorption of iron, essential for hemoglobin synthesis, is a primary cause of anemia globally. It can stem from poor dietary intake, chronic blood loss (e.g., menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding), or increased demand during pregnancy.
2. **Vitamin Deficiencies:** Deficiencies in vitamins such as vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate (vitamin B9) can impair RBC production, leading to megaloblastic anemia.
3. **Chronic Diseases:** Conditions like chronic kidney disease, inflammatory disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), and infections can disrupt erythropoiesis (RBC production) or accelerate RBC destruction, causing anemia.
4. **Hemolytic Disorders:** Inherited or acquired conditions that increase the breakdown (hemolysis) of red blood cells, such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, or autoimmune hemolytic anemia, can result in anemia.
5. **Bone Marrow Disorders:** Diseases affecting the bone marrow, including leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and aplastic anemia, can lead to decreased RBC production and anemia.
**Types of Anemia:**
Anemia is classified based on the underlying mechanism or etiology, leading to several types:
1. **Iron-Deficiency Anemia:** Characterized by low iron levels, resulting in decreased hemoglobin synthesis and microcytic (small-sized) RBCs.
2. **Megaloblastic Anemia:** Caused by impaired DNA synthesis in RBC precursors due to deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate, leading to macrocytic (large-sized) RBCs.
3. **Hemolytic Anemia:** Occurs due to increased RBC destruction, either intravascularly (within blood vessels) or extravascularly (outside blood vessels), leading to various subtypes like autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hereditary spherocytosis, and sickle cell disease.
4. **Anemia of Chronic Disease:** Associated with chronic inflammation, infections, or malignancies, leading to impaired iron metabolism and decreased RBC production.
5. **Aplastic Anemia:** Results from bone marrow failure, leading to decreased production of all blood cell types, including RBCs.
**Clinical Features of Anemia:**
The clinical presentation of anemia can vary depending on its severity, underlying cause, and individual factors. Common clinical features include:
anemia is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues. Having anemia, also referred to as low hemoglobin, can make you feel tired and weak. There are many forms of anemia, each with its
Title: Understanding Anemia: Causes, Types, Clinical Features, and Diagnostic Investigations
Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. It is a prevalent global health issue affecting people of all ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Understanding the causes, types, clinical features, and diagnostic investigations of anemia is crucial for effective management and treatment.
**Causes of Anemia:**
Anemia can result from various factors that disrupt the production, lifespan, or function of red blood cells. Some common causes include:
1. **Iron Deficiency:** Insufficient intake or absorption of iron, essential for hemoglobin synthesis, is a primary cause of anemia globally. It can stem from poor dietary intake, chronic blood loss (e.g., menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding), or increased demand during pregnancy.
2. **Vitamin Deficiencies:** Deficiencies in vitamins such as vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate (vitamin B9) can impair RBC production, leading to megaloblastic anemia.
3. **Chronic Diseases:** Conditions like chronic kidney disease, inflammatory disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), and infections can disrupt erythropoiesis (RBC production) or accelerate RBC destruction, causing anemia.
4. **Hemolytic Disorders:** Inherited or acquired conditions that increase the breakdown (hemolysis) of red blood cells, such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, or autoimmune hemolytic anemia, can result in anemia.
5. **Bone Marrow Disorders:** Diseases affecting the bone marrow, including leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and aplastic anemia, can lead to decreased RBC production and anemia.
**Types of Anemia:**
Anemia is classified based on the underlying mechanism or etiology, leading to several types:
1. **Iron-Deficiency Anemia:** Characterized by low iron levels, resulting in decreased hemoglobin synthesis and microcytic (small-sized) RBCs.
2. **Megaloblastic Anemia:** Caused by impaired DNA synthesis in RBC precursors due to deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate, leading to macrocytic (large-sized) RBCs.
3. **Hemolytic Anemia:** Occurs due to increased RBC destruction, either intravascularly (within blood vessels) or extravascularly (outside blood vessels), leading to various subtypes like autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hereditary spherocytosis, and sickle cell disease.
4. **Anemia of Chronic Disease:** Associated with chronic inflammation, infections, or malignancies, leading to impaired iron metabolism and decreased RBC production.
5. **Aplastic Anemia:** Results from bone marrow failure, leading to decreased production of all blood cell types, including RBCs.
**Clinical Features of Anemia:**
The clinical presentation of anemia can vary depending on its severity, underlying cause, and individual factors. Common clinical features include:
anemia is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues. Having anemia, also referred to as low hemoglobin, can make you feel tired and weak. There are many forms of anemia, each with its
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
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1. Diagnosis of a case of
Anemia
Dr. Md Shahid Iqubal
Deptt Of Medicine, Nmch
2. Definition of anaemia
• Anaemia is a condition in which the number of
red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity
is insufficient to meet physiologic needs, which
vary by age, sex, altitude, smoking, and
pregnancy status.
• The WHO criteria for anemia as hemoglobin (Hb)
levels <12.0 g/dL in nonpregnant women and
<13.0 g/dL in men(in adults).
• Anemia in pregnancy is defined as a hemoglobin
concentration of less than 11 g/dL .
3. DATA REPORTS
• It is a major public health problem
• Estimated prevalence of anemia in india is 42% in
women 15–59 years, 30% in men 15–59 years,
and 45% in adults >60 years.
• According to World Health Organization,
prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women
in developed countries is about 14%, whereas it is
still as high as 51% in the developing world
• The prevalence of anemia is 98% among the
pregnant females in this region of rural India.
4. Grading of anaemia
Grade of anemia Hb concentration
Mild Hb from lower limit of normal to 10g/dl
Moderate 10.0 to 7.0 g/dl
Severe <7.0 g/dl
6. Morphological classification of anemia
Microcytic anemia
(MCV<80fl)
Macrocytic anemia
(MCV>100fl)
Normocytic anemia
(MCV 80-100 fl)
Iron deficiency anemia Megaloblastic anemia Reticulocyte production
normal
Thalassemia Nonmegaloblastic anemia • Recent blood loss
• hemolytic anemia
Sideroblastic anemia • liver disease Reticulocyte production
deficient
Anemia of chronic disease • hemolytic anemia • Anemia of chronic
disease
• alcoholism • aplastic anemia
• myelodysplastic
syndrome
• chronic kidney disease
• hypothyroidism • hypothyroidism
7. Clinical presentation of anemia
Symptoms
• Fatigue
• Malaise
• Dyspnea and palpitation
• Syncope
• Dizziness
• Menorrhagia
• Loss of appetite
8. Diagnosis of anemia
History
• Diet history-vegeterian or nonvegeterian
• h/o-chronic blood loss(menorrhagia,hemorrhoids)
• h/o-drugs like anticancerous agents,
chloramphenicol,gold,penicillamine(aplastic anemia)
Dapsone,quinine(hemolytic anemia)
• Family history of anemia(thalassemia,sickle cell
anemia)
• h/o alcohol addiction
• h/o-renal disease,rheumatologic disease
• History of systemic symptoms like fever ,weight
loss,night sweats.
• Obstetric and menstrual history
10. Investigation
• CBC
• Reticulocyte count
• ESR
• Peripheral blood smear
• LFT(recent viral hepatitis)
• RFT
• Iron profile
• LDH,uric acid
• Vitamin B12 and folic acid level
• Bone marrow examination
• Hg electrophoresis
• Flowcytometry
• Direct and indirect coombs test
• Screening test for hep A,B and C
13. Iron deficiency anemia
Cause-blood loss(menses,GI blood loss)
celiac disease,h.pylori infection
• History of pica(consumption of substances
such as ice, starch, or clay)
• koilonychia (“spoon nail”), and
glossitis(Plummer-Vinson's
syndrome) seen in severe iron
deficiency anemia
14. Investigations
• CBC and red cell indices-↓Hb, ↓MCV, ↓MCH, ↓MCHC
• Reticulocyte count-normal or decreased
• PBS –Microcytic and hypochromic
anisocytosis and poikilocytosis
• Iron profile-ferritin decreased (<10ng/ml in women and <20ng/ml
in men)
serum iron ↓,TIBC↑
• BM biopsy-absent or ↓ staining
for iron.
Severe iron deficiency anemia
(Normal serum iron-50-150µ/dL
Normal TIBC-300-360µ/dL)
15. Thalassemia
• The thalassemia syndromes are inherited
disorders of α- or β-globin biosynthesis.
• Alpha and beta thalassemia
Alpha beta thalassemia
Silent carrier Minor
trait intermedia
Hemoglobin H Major(cooley’s anemia)
hydrops fetalis
16. Diagnosis of Thalassemia
• The diagnosis of β Thalassemia major made
during childhood.
• Minor and intermedia remains asymptomatic
• On examination – jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly,
Investigation –
• CBC- ↓MCV, ↓MCH
• Reticulocytosis
• Peripheral smear-microcytic hypochromic RBCs
with poikilocytosis ,target cells
17. Peripheral blood smear of thalassemia
Microcytic and hypochromic
resembling severe iron-deficiency
anemia. Many elliptical and
teardrop-shaped red blood cells are
noted.
Target cells have a bull’s-eye
appearance
18. Diagnosis of Thalassemia contd….
• Hb electrophoresis is diagnostic for β –
thalassemia
• HbF(α2γ2), HbA2 (α2δ2) or both increased.
• In α thalassemia trait HbA2 and HbF levels are
normal.
(Normal HbF<1%,HbA2-2.5-3.5%)
• Hb H disease have increased β tetramers.
19. Differential diagnosis of Microcytic anemia
Tests Iron Deficiency Inflammation Thalassemia Sideroblastic
Anemia
smear Micro/hypo Normal
Micro/hypo
Micro/hypo
with targeting
variable
Serum
iron(μg/dL)
<30 <50 Normal to high Normal to high
TIBC(μg/dL) >360 <300 normal normal
Percent
saturation
<10 10-20 30-80 30-80
Ferritin(μg/L) <15 30-200 50-300 50-300
Hemoglobin
pattern on
electrophoresis
Normal Normal Abnormal with
β thalassemia;
Normal
21. Megaloblastic anemia
• Megaloblastic anemia is a term used to describe
disorders of impaired DNA synthesis in hematopoietic
cells but affects all proliferating cells.
• Due to folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency
Diagnosis-
• In addition to sx of anemia peripheral neuropathy,
paresthesias,
Seizures and dementia may found due to vit b12
deficiency
• On examination- Jaundice or splenomegaly
• Decreased vibratory and positional sense, ataxia,
22. Investigations of megaloblastic anemia
• Increased MCV & MCH,normal MCHC
• Low RBC ,WBC,and platelets
• Peripheral smear-oval macrocytes,anisocytosis,poikilocytosis,
Hypersegmented neutrophils
• LDH and indirect bilirubin are elevated
• Raised urine urobilinogen
• Serum vitamin B12 ,or folate or both decresed
(Normal serum vit B12levels 160–200 ng/L and normal serum folate
2 -15 μg/L)
• Serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine (HC) are
elevated in vitamin B12 deficiency; and only HC is elevated in folate
deficiency.
• Detecting antibodies to intrinsic factor is specific for the diagnosis
of PA.
23. Peripheral smear of megaloblatic anemia
Severe megaloblastic anemia Macro-ovalocytes
25. Aplastic anemia
• Aplastic anemia is pancytopenia with bone
marrow hypocellularity.
• Inherited-fanconi anemia,dyskeratosis
congenita
• Acquired-radiation,drugs like cytotoxic
drugs,benzene,chloramphenicol,NSAIDS,sulfo
namides,gold,mercury,hydantoin,parvo
virus,hepatitis,EB virus,HIV-1
26. Diagnosis of aplastic anemia
• History-of bleeding,easy bruising,nose bleeds,heavy
menstrual flow
• Family history of hematologic ds
• Examination-petechiae and ecchymoses
• Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly are highly atypical of
aplastic anemia. Cafe au lait spots and short stature
suggest Fanconi anemia
• MCV-increased,reticulocytes are absent or few
• Peripheral smear-shows large erythrocytes and a paucity of
platelets and granulocytes.
• Bone Marrow-only red cells,residual lymphocytes,mainly
fat
• Chromosome studies of bone marrow cells for MDS
• Flow cytometry to rule out PNH.
27. Anemia of chronic kidney disease
• Primarily due to decreased endogenous EPO
production
• Other causes are-Diminished red blood cell
survival, Bleeding diathesis
• Iron deficiency
• Hyperparathyroidism/bone marrow fibrosis
• Chronic inflammation
• Folate or vitamin B12 deficiency
• Comorbid conditions: hypo-/hyperthyroidism,
pregnancy,
31. Diagnosis of hemolytic anemia
• General examination- Jaundice, pallor
• Other physical findings Splenomegaly; bossing of skull
• Hemoglobin level From normal to severely reduced
• MCV, MCH Usually increased
• Reticulocytes Increased
• Bilirubin Increased (mostly unconjugated)
• LDH Increased
• Haptoglobin Reduced to absent
• direct Coombs test [DAT] is an indicator of the presence of
antibodies attached to RBC.
• The indirect Coombs test indicates the presence of free antibody in
the plasma.
• A peripheral blood smear-in Intravascular hemolysis may show red
cell fragmentation (i.e., schistocytes,helmet cells)
32. Hereditary Spherocytosis
• Autosomal dominant
• Jaundice,splenomegaly,gall stones
• MCHC increased
• Peripheral smear-normocytic,spherocytes
• Screening test-osmotic fragility test
• Definitive dx by molecular studies of gene
33. Sickle cell anemia
• Due to point mutation in 6th place of beta
chain ,glutamic acid→valine
• On deoxygenation sickle cells are formed
Clinical presentation
• Vaso-occlusive crisis-acute chest
syndrome,pain crisis
• Aplastic crisis-by parvovirus B19
• Hemolytic crisis-gall stones
• infections
35. Diagnostic testing of sickle cell anemia
Sickling test
Sickling and solubility test –screening test of sickle cell anemia
36. Diagnostic testing of sickle cell anemia
• HPLC- Hb analysis by high performance liquid chromatography
homozygote
heterozygote
37. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
• X-linked disorder
• Reduced activity of G6PD
• Inability to remove H2O2
• Accumulated H2O2 leads to oxidation of
hemoglobin with precipitation of globin chains
• May Present as neonatal jaundice
• Incresed bilirubin and Hemoglobinuria.
38. Peripheral smear of G6PD
• On Peripheral smear-bite cells and heinz
bodies (precipitated Hb within RBCs).
39. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Warm antibody AIHA-by an IgG autoantibody
• Lymphoma,CLL,collagen vascular ds
Cold antibody AIHA-by an IgM autoantibody
• Seen in cold agglutinin ds,mycoplasma EB virus
Diagnosis-
• reticulocytosis,elevated LDH, and indirect
hyperbilirubinemia.
• Peripheral blood smear may show spherocytes, occasional
fragmented RBCs,
• Positive DAT(direct coombs test)
• Warm AIHA: IgG +and/or C3+
• Cold AIHA: IgG-and C3+
40. Take home message
• Anemia is one of the important cause of morbidity and
mortality in women.
• Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia
• Iron deficiency in adult male means GI blood loss until
proven otherwise.
• Hb electrophoresis is diagnostic for thalassemia
• Megaloblastic anemia may present as pancytopenia
• Reticulocytosis present in hemolytic anemia
• Microcytic hypochromic –iron deficiency anemia
• Macrocytic-megaloblastic anemia
• Normocytic normochromic-hemolytic anemia