marketing aspects of cultural distanceCarlos M. P. Sousa.docxalfredacavx97
marketing aspects of cultural distance
Carlos M. P. Sousa
There is a general consensus in the literature
that when firms decide to enter foreign
markets, they must adjust to a different cultural
environment and be prepared for challenges,
such as differences in language, lifestyles,
cultural standards, consumer preferences, and
purchasing power, among others (see GLOBAL
MARKETING STRATEGY; CROSS-CULTURAL
PSYCHOLOGY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR;
STANDARDIZATION/ADAPTATION OF
INTERNATIONAL MARKETING STRA-
TEGY; BASE OF THE PYRAMID MARKETS:
CULTURE INSIGHTS AND MARKETING
IMPLICATIONS). To assess these differences
between countries, a new body of literature has
emerged around the concept of cultural distance,
which has been used to measure the scope and
scale of these differences. The assumption is
that cultural differences between the home and
the foreign markets create a distance, which, in
turn, influences the activity of the firm in the
international arena. As a result, few concepts
in the international-marketing literature
have gained broader attention than ‘‘cultural
distance.’’ This concept has been identified as a
key variable in explaining the behavior of firms
in a vast array of areas including entry-mode
choice, foreign-market selection, level of control
(see MARKET ENTRY AND EXPANSION),
international-marketing strategies (see GLOBAL
MARKETING STRATEGY: PERSPECTIVES
AND APPROACHES), and performance (see
EXPORT PERFORMANCE). Mixed empirical
results, however, have been found in the
literature regarding the importance of this
construct. Whereas some studies have found
cultural distance to significantly influence the
activity of the firm in the international arena
(Barkema and Vermeulen, 1997), other studies
have found no significant or clear relationship
(Mitra and Golder, 2002).
Various reasons have been proposed to explain
these inconclusive results. On the one hand,
some scholars have argued that the preferences
and tastes of consumers in different countries are
converging to a global norm (Levitt, 1983), and
hence the effect of cultural distance is likely to
dilute progressively. The notion that national
cultures are converging appears to be plau-
sible considering the emergence of the Internet,
greater ease of information flow, and more
frequent/easier international travel. However,
this argument is disputed by Barkema and
Vermeulen (1997), who use data spanning almost
three decades (1966–1994) in their study, and
find that the effect of cultural distance does not
decrease over time, that is, that cultural values
and distances remain stable. This may be due
to the fact that such changes concern conver-
gences in superficial appearances of culture (i.e.,
symbols, heroes, and rituals) and that they
do not necessarily signal a convergence in the
values embedded in national cultures (Hofstede,
2006).
The inconsistencies could also be attributed to
the difficulty that exists in the conceptualization
and operationalization of the cultural-dis.
Luận Văn Thạc Sĩ Personal Cultulral Orientations On The Intention Of Online Purchase Books: Empirical Evidence From Vietnam đã chia sẻ đến cho các bạn nguồn tài liệu hoàn toàn hữu ích đáng để xem và theo dõi. Nếu như các bạn có nhu cầu cần tải bài mẫu này vui lòng nhắn tin nhanh qua zalo/telegram : 0934.536.149 để được hỗ trợ tải nhé!
Determinants of consumer purchase decisions in zero rated hotels in eldoretJoseph Musyoki
This documents examines the factors that affect the decisions of consumers when they are making purchases of good and services especially in the hospitality industry. it will enable the readers to understand the extent of the influence of the determinants of consumer behaviour
The Influencing Factors of Word of Mouth in Taiwan's Culture and Creative Mov...Anton Cheng
This study investigates how norms, narrative, and sales promotion influence word of mouth for cultural movies in Taiwan. The study hypothesizes that:
1. Norms and narrative positively impact brand familiarity and image.
2. Sales promotion positively impacts brand familiarity and image.
3. Brand familiarity and image then positively influence word of mouth.
The study will survey people in Taipei on a movie called "Cape No. 7" to test these hypotheses and provide insights on how to strengthen word of mouth for cultural movies.
Problems and Perspectives in Management, Volume 12, Issue 1, 2.docxbriancrawford30935
This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of culture on marketing communications between South African and German businesses. The study used a quantitative survey and qualitative interviews. Key findings included:
1) Critical cultural factors influencing marketing communications included language, value systems, religion, education levels, attitudes towards time, and communication and messaging styles.
2) South African value systems place importance on trust and price of products, while Germans emphasize quality over price.
3) Religious background has some influence on perceptions of marketing messages due to South Africa's cultural diversity, but religion does not strongly impact business communications with German partners.
4) Educational levels differ between the countries and marketing messages may need adaptation when targeting the general
marketing aspects of cultural distanceCarlos M. P. Sousa.docxalfredacavx97
marketing aspects of cultural distance
Carlos M. P. Sousa
There is a general consensus in the literature
that when firms decide to enter foreign
markets, they must adjust to a different cultural
environment and be prepared for challenges,
such as differences in language, lifestyles,
cultural standards, consumer preferences, and
purchasing power, among others (see GLOBAL
MARKETING STRATEGY; CROSS-CULTURAL
PSYCHOLOGY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR;
STANDARDIZATION/ADAPTATION OF
INTERNATIONAL MARKETING STRA-
TEGY; BASE OF THE PYRAMID MARKETS:
CULTURE INSIGHTS AND MARKETING
IMPLICATIONS). To assess these differences
between countries, a new body of literature has
emerged around the concept of cultural distance,
which has been used to measure the scope and
scale of these differences. The assumption is
that cultural differences between the home and
the foreign markets create a distance, which, in
turn, influences the activity of the firm in the
international arena. As a result, few concepts
in the international-marketing literature
have gained broader attention than ‘‘cultural
distance.’’ This concept has been identified as a
key variable in explaining the behavior of firms
in a vast array of areas including entry-mode
choice, foreign-market selection, level of control
(see MARKET ENTRY AND EXPANSION),
international-marketing strategies (see GLOBAL
MARKETING STRATEGY: PERSPECTIVES
AND APPROACHES), and performance (see
EXPORT PERFORMANCE). Mixed empirical
results, however, have been found in the
literature regarding the importance of this
construct. Whereas some studies have found
cultural distance to significantly influence the
activity of the firm in the international arena
(Barkema and Vermeulen, 1997), other studies
have found no significant or clear relationship
(Mitra and Golder, 2002).
Various reasons have been proposed to explain
these inconclusive results. On the one hand,
some scholars have argued that the preferences
and tastes of consumers in different countries are
converging to a global norm (Levitt, 1983), and
hence the effect of cultural distance is likely to
dilute progressively. The notion that national
cultures are converging appears to be plau-
sible considering the emergence of the Internet,
greater ease of information flow, and more
frequent/easier international travel. However,
this argument is disputed by Barkema and
Vermeulen (1997), who use data spanning almost
three decades (1966–1994) in their study, and
find that the effect of cultural distance does not
decrease over time, that is, that cultural values
and distances remain stable. This may be due
to the fact that such changes concern conver-
gences in superficial appearances of culture (i.e.,
symbols, heroes, and rituals) and that they
do not necessarily signal a convergence in the
values embedded in national cultures (Hofstede,
2006).
The inconsistencies could also be attributed to
the difficulty that exists in the conceptualization
and operationalization of the cultural-dis.
Luận Văn Thạc Sĩ Personal Cultulral Orientations On The Intention Of Online Purchase Books: Empirical Evidence From Vietnam đã chia sẻ đến cho các bạn nguồn tài liệu hoàn toàn hữu ích đáng để xem và theo dõi. Nếu như các bạn có nhu cầu cần tải bài mẫu này vui lòng nhắn tin nhanh qua zalo/telegram : 0934.536.149 để được hỗ trợ tải nhé!
Determinants of consumer purchase decisions in zero rated hotels in eldoretJoseph Musyoki
This documents examines the factors that affect the decisions of consumers when they are making purchases of good and services especially in the hospitality industry. it will enable the readers to understand the extent of the influence of the determinants of consumer behaviour
The Influencing Factors of Word of Mouth in Taiwan's Culture and Creative Mov...Anton Cheng
This study investigates how norms, narrative, and sales promotion influence word of mouth for cultural movies in Taiwan. The study hypothesizes that:
1. Norms and narrative positively impact brand familiarity and image.
2. Sales promotion positively impacts brand familiarity and image.
3. Brand familiarity and image then positively influence word of mouth.
The study will survey people in Taipei on a movie called "Cape No. 7" to test these hypotheses and provide insights on how to strengthen word of mouth for cultural movies.
Problems and Perspectives in Management, Volume 12, Issue 1, 2.docxbriancrawford30935
This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of culture on marketing communications between South African and German businesses. The study used a quantitative survey and qualitative interviews. Key findings included:
1) Critical cultural factors influencing marketing communications included language, value systems, religion, education levels, attitudes towards time, and communication and messaging styles.
2) South African value systems place importance on trust and price of products, while Germans emphasize quality over price.
3) Religious background has some influence on perceptions of marketing messages due to South Africa's cultural diversity, but religion does not strongly impact business communications with German partners.
4) Educational levels differ between the countries and marketing messages may need adaptation when targeting the general
CitedCascio, W. F., & Aguinis, H. (2019). Applied psychology VinaOconner450
This document discusses international dimensions of talent management. It covers several key topics:
1) It introduces different cultural dimensions that help distinguish cultures, such as individualism vs collectivism and vertical vs horizontal orientations.
2) It describes Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions that assessed differences across over 50 countries. The five dimensions are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, and long-term orientation.
3) It discusses recent advances in studying culture, such as considering units of analysis below the country level and recognizing dynamic cultural shifting within individuals.
This document is the title page and abstract for an article that investigates how visual merchandising elements in stores affect consumer emotional responses when shopping for intimate apparel. The authors conducted focus groups with 64 Chinese women ages 25-35 to understand how utilitarian and hedonic perspectives influence perceptions of store displays. They found that displays emphasizing feminine sexuality through mannequins, colors, lighting and props can trigger negative emotions that impact purchase intentions. The authors aim to explore how cultural and symbolic meanings associated with intimate apparel in East Asia shape responses to visual merchandising, in order to provide retailers with insights for improving atmospheric marketing strategies.
How Web Aesthetics Impact Online ShoppingRaja Sarkar
The business world is changing rapidly and it is getting restructured at an astonishing pace. Internet penetration has resulted in the commencement of a new era and has brought a completely new and important source of income for small, medium and big companies by servicing their customers through internet whether they are in their work place or at home. It is getting used as an easy and affordable means to transact business without any limitation of time, place or situation. Online shopping has created a new platform for the expansion and growth of business. This study examines the role and impact of aesthetic design in online shopping stores. Designing online shopping sites involves the application of knowledge from diverse fields such as marketing and human-computer interaction. This article is a collation of research findings from different areas to investigate the role of web aesthetics in shaping the mood and perception of consumers in favour of online shopping companies.
George rossolatos seminar on branding, brand equity, brand semiotic models an...//disruptiVesemiOtics//
Seminar on Branding, brand equity, brand semiotic models and research methods
Tartu University, Estonia 13-14 May 2014
George Rossolatos MSc, MBA, PhD
//disruptiVesemiOtics// email: georgerossolatos123@gmail.com
http://uni-kassel.academia.edu/georgerossolatos
This document discusses the impact of e-commerce growth on big-box retailers and the retail real estate market. It explores how e-commerce has affected the landlord-tenant relationship for retailers through issues like "devil customers" and "showrooming." The document also analyzes how e-commerce may impact the value of retail real estate, finding that while some retail subsectors are more vulnerable, the importance of prime retail locations has increased as shopping becomes more of an entertainment activity. Research presented finds vacancy rates have diverged significantly between retail centers in prime versus poor locations since 2008.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
This document is a dissertation exploring factors that influence consumer purchase decision making within the UK fashion retail industry. It begins with an abstract and introduction providing context and rationale for the study. The literature review then covers topics like fashion in society, cultural symbols, consumer decision making, and self-image perception. The methodology section outlines the research questions, approach, data collection from 102 questionnaires, sample, and ethics. Findings are discussed related to motivational factors, in-store factors, and responses to cultural symbols. The conclusion reflects on limitations and recommendations. In under 3 sentences, this document presents a study investigating what factors influence fashion purchase decisions, reviews relevant literature, and discusses findings from questionnaires related to motivational drivers, retail environment, and
High School Application Essay Samples. FREE 8 School Essay Samples in MS Word...Veronica Diaz
High School Essay - 10+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. 005 High School Application Essay Examples Example Sample Essays For .... High school application essay - Write My Custom Paper.. Amazing High School Essay ~ Thatsnotus.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes research on cross-cultural variations in consumer behavior. It discusses how interest in cross-cultural consumer research has grown since the 1940s. Key areas of research covered include innovativeness, modernity, how culture interacts with consumer behavior, characteristics of firms operating globally, emerging research issues like the impact of the internet, and challenges of cross-cultural marketing. The document provides an overview of the history and development of research in this area.
The document discusses issues related to urban shopping malls in Australia. It provides background on the size and economic impact of the Australian shopping mall industry. The research objectives are to explore current and future consumer and retailer issues influencing mall success, likely future trends, and how malls can adapt. A literature review covers topics like shopper typologies, utilitarian vs. hedonic shopping motives, and the rise of experiential consumption. Interviews with industry experts revealed several themes, including the importance of food offerings, demand for innovation, and the need to leverage emerging technologies and define a strategic point of difference. The success of malls relies on their ability to evolve by determining their community role and harnessing new opportunities.
Article an integrative framework for cross cultural consumer behaviorgohar Iqbal
This document presents a framework for understanding cross-cultural consumer behavior. It discusses how culture, manifested in symbols, values, heroes and rituals, shapes consumer behavior. The framework integrates existing research and can help marketers better understand foreign consumers. It distinguishes between emic and etic definitions of culture - an emic view focuses on understanding from the culture's perspective, while an etic view compares cultures. The framework identifies areas needing further research to understand the relationships between cultural manifestations and dimensions of consumer behavior.
Customer Decision Making Style, Based On Bugis –Makassar Culture in Indonesiainventionjournals
This document summarizes a research article about customer decision making styles based on the Bugis-Makassar culture in Indonesia. The article explores how cultural characteristics and desires of consumers in Makassar, influenced by the Bugis culture, impact their purchasing decisions. Previous research on consumer decision making has focused on demographic and economic factors or compared decision making across different countries and cultures. However, there is a lack of research specifically examining decision making based on the local Bugis-Makassar culture. The article aims to address this gap by exploring the customer decision making model and factors considered in the purchase process according to the Bugis-Makassar cultural background. Understanding local cultural influences can help marketers better predict customer
This study examined the influence of environmental knowledge, attitudes, environmental concern, and social influence on the green purchase intentions of American and Chinese consumers. A survey was conducted in Shanghai, China with 200 American and 200 Chinese consumers. The results found a significant relationship between the independent variables and green purchase intention. Significant differences were also found between the individualistic American consumers and collectivistic Chinese consumers, except for environmental concern. The study provides recommendations for marketers based on the findings.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Understanding the ConsumerCulture and Cultural Change1.docxmarilucorr
Understanding the Consumer
Culture and Cultural Change
1
Understanding Culture
Culture is the lens through which consumers view products and try to make sense of their own and other people’s behaviour..
Culture dictates the manner of how people consume, the priority of needs and wants they attempt to satisfy.
Consumption choices cannot be understood without considering the cultural context in which they are made.
Therefore:
Culture determines
the overall priorities that a consumer attaches to different activities and products
the success or failure of specific products and services.
What is Culture?
Culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
(Edward B. Tylor, 1871)
What is the difference between the two?
Culture is "the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another."
(Hofstede, 1991, p.5)
3
Definitions of Culture
“Culture may be defined as a set of values, ideas, artefacts, and other meaningful symbols that help individuals to communicate, interpret, and evaluate as members of society.“ (Engel, Blackwell & Miniard, 1990, p. 3).
‘Culture is a society’s personality and describes what people have in common. It is the total sum of learned beliefs, values, and customs that direct the consumer behaviour of members of a particular society’ (Schiffman et al., pp. 282)
4
(adapted from Douglas & Craig, 2011)
Consumer
CULTURE
Cognition
Attitude
Values
Patterns of
Consumption
Choices
Information seeking
Disposal?
Macro
Micro
Meso
Situational Factors
Macro: The types of macroenvironmental variables, which condition consumer behavior, include economic variables such as GNI per capita, income distribution,
GNP, income distribution, government exp, population- purchasing power and variety of options available
The demographic factors such as population size and rate of growth, levels of education, socio-cultural factors such as cultural values, religion and geographic factors such as climate or topography. While each of these different factors can be clearly identified, it is important to remember that they interact with each other, as well as conditioning variables at other levels of context.
Meso: within country differences in ethics groups, language, lifestyle, culture, topography
In China, for example, there are marked differences in the economic infrastructure, consumer purchasing power and distribution channels between different regions (Batra, 1997; Cui and Liu, 2000).
Micro: Local level info on market, economy
This is defined here as consisting of the basic physical infrastructure in a village, town or city, including roads, water, electricity, the market infrastructure, i.e. the number and type of stores avail ...
The Wooing(s) of Marketing by Systemic Cybernetics approache(s)Federica Palumbo
Research Poster presented at Consumer Culture Theory Conference "Mapping Consumer Culture. Latitudes, Legends and Declination". June 26-29, Helsinki, Finland.
The Role of Culture in User Interface Design A Focus on International StudentsDoaa Elrayes, M.A
The document summarizes literature on the role of culture in user interface design. It discusses two approaches - localized design for homogeneous cultures and internationalized design for diverse cultures. However, it notes these approaches may not fully address the needs of international students who are immersed in both their home and host cultures. The document proposes investigating whether a hybrid design approach combining local and international principles could better serve international students' personal and academic needs.
An Old Model For A New Age Consumer Decision Making In Participatory Digital...Martha Brown
This document summarizes and evaluates how the traditional EKB consumer decision-making model from 1968 may need to be updated for the modern era of participatory digital culture. It discusses how participatory culture has empowered consumers and made the decision process more collective and networked as people share information online. The document also presents two fictional scenarios to illustrate how participatory dynamics can influence individual decisions. It concludes that while the EKB model still provides a basic framework, the decision process is now more "always on" and integrated across online and offline channels due to social influences.
Attaining Expertise
You are training individuals you supervise on how to attain expertise in your field.
Write
a 1,050- to 1,200-word paper on the processes involved with attaining expertise, using your assigned readings in Anderson. Explain how these processes apply to attaining expertise in your current field or in the field you plan to enter. Focus on the cognitive processes that are involved in mastering knowledge and skills.
Include
a title page and references list consistent with APA guidelines.
Click
the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
.
attachment Chloe” is a example of the whole packet. Please follow t.docxcelenarouzie
This document provides instructions for writing a PR packet that includes a pitch letter, news release, feature release, fact sheet, executive biography, and media alert following the example and format provided in the attachment. The writer has already completed the news release part of the packet and included it in the attached example for reference in completing the rest of the packet.
More Related Content
Similar to Available online at www.sciencedirect.comh 61 (2008) 806–8.docx
CitedCascio, W. F., & Aguinis, H. (2019). Applied psychology VinaOconner450
This document discusses international dimensions of talent management. It covers several key topics:
1) It introduces different cultural dimensions that help distinguish cultures, such as individualism vs collectivism and vertical vs horizontal orientations.
2) It describes Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions that assessed differences across over 50 countries. The five dimensions are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, and long-term orientation.
3) It discusses recent advances in studying culture, such as considering units of analysis below the country level and recognizing dynamic cultural shifting within individuals.
This document is the title page and abstract for an article that investigates how visual merchandising elements in stores affect consumer emotional responses when shopping for intimate apparel. The authors conducted focus groups with 64 Chinese women ages 25-35 to understand how utilitarian and hedonic perspectives influence perceptions of store displays. They found that displays emphasizing feminine sexuality through mannequins, colors, lighting and props can trigger negative emotions that impact purchase intentions. The authors aim to explore how cultural and symbolic meanings associated with intimate apparel in East Asia shape responses to visual merchandising, in order to provide retailers with insights for improving atmospheric marketing strategies.
How Web Aesthetics Impact Online ShoppingRaja Sarkar
The business world is changing rapidly and it is getting restructured at an astonishing pace. Internet penetration has resulted in the commencement of a new era and has brought a completely new and important source of income for small, medium and big companies by servicing their customers through internet whether they are in their work place or at home. It is getting used as an easy and affordable means to transact business without any limitation of time, place or situation. Online shopping has created a new platform for the expansion and growth of business. This study examines the role and impact of aesthetic design in online shopping stores. Designing online shopping sites involves the application of knowledge from diverse fields such as marketing and human-computer interaction. This article is a collation of research findings from different areas to investigate the role of web aesthetics in shaping the mood and perception of consumers in favour of online shopping companies.
George rossolatos seminar on branding, brand equity, brand semiotic models an...//disruptiVesemiOtics//
Seminar on Branding, brand equity, brand semiotic models and research methods
Tartu University, Estonia 13-14 May 2014
George Rossolatos MSc, MBA, PhD
//disruptiVesemiOtics// email: georgerossolatos123@gmail.com
http://uni-kassel.academia.edu/georgerossolatos
This document discusses the impact of e-commerce growth on big-box retailers and the retail real estate market. It explores how e-commerce has affected the landlord-tenant relationship for retailers through issues like "devil customers" and "showrooming." The document also analyzes how e-commerce may impact the value of retail real estate, finding that while some retail subsectors are more vulnerable, the importance of prime retail locations has increased as shopping becomes more of an entertainment activity. Research presented finds vacancy rates have diverged significantly between retail centers in prime versus poor locations since 2008.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
This document is a dissertation exploring factors that influence consumer purchase decision making within the UK fashion retail industry. It begins with an abstract and introduction providing context and rationale for the study. The literature review then covers topics like fashion in society, cultural symbols, consumer decision making, and self-image perception. The methodology section outlines the research questions, approach, data collection from 102 questionnaires, sample, and ethics. Findings are discussed related to motivational factors, in-store factors, and responses to cultural symbols. The conclusion reflects on limitations and recommendations. In under 3 sentences, this document presents a study investigating what factors influence fashion purchase decisions, reviews relevant literature, and discusses findings from questionnaires related to motivational drivers, retail environment, and
High School Application Essay Samples. FREE 8 School Essay Samples in MS Word...Veronica Diaz
High School Essay - 10+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. 005 High School Application Essay Examples Example Sample Essays For .... High school application essay - Write My Custom Paper.. Amazing High School Essay ~ Thatsnotus.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes research on cross-cultural variations in consumer behavior. It discusses how interest in cross-cultural consumer research has grown since the 1940s. Key areas of research covered include innovativeness, modernity, how culture interacts with consumer behavior, characteristics of firms operating globally, emerging research issues like the impact of the internet, and challenges of cross-cultural marketing. The document provides an overview of the history and development of research in this area.
The document discusses issues related to urban shopping malls in Australia. It provides background on the size and economic impact of the Australian shopping mall industry. The research objectives are to explore current and future consumer and retailer issues influencing mall success, likely future trends, and how malls can adapt. A literature review covers topics like shopper typologies, utilitarian vs. hedonic shopping motives, and the rise of experiential consumption. Interviews with industry experts revealed several themes, including the importance of food offerings, demand for innovation, and the need to leverage emerging technologies and define a strategic point of difference. The success of malls relies on their ability to evolve by determining their community role and harnessing new opportunities.
Article an integrative framework for cross cultural consumer behaviorgohar Iqbal
This document presents a framework for understanding cross-cultural consumer behavior. It discusses how culture, manifested in symbols, values, heroes and rituals, shapes consumer behavior. The framework integrates existing research and can help marketers better understand foreign consumers. It distinguishes between emic and etic definitions of culture - an emic view focuses on understanding from the culture's perspective, while an etic view compares cultures. The framework identifies areas needing further research to understand the relationships between cultural manifestations and dimensions of consumer behavior.
Customer Decision Making Style, Based On Bugis –Makassar Culture in Indonesiainventionjournals
This document summarizes a research article about customer decision making styles based on the Bugis-Makassar culture in Indonesia. The article explores how cultural characteristics and desires of consumers in Makassar, influenced by the Bugis culture, impact their purchasing decisions. Previous research on consumer decision making has focused on demographic and economic factors or compared decision making across different countries and cultures. However, there is a lack of research specifically examining decision making based on the local Bugis-Makassar culture. The article aims to address this gap by exploring the customer decision making model and factors considered in the purchase process according to the Bugis-Makassar cultural background. Understanding local cultural influences can help marketers better predict customer
This study examined the influence of environmental knowledge, attitudes, environmental concern, and social influence on the green purchase intentions of American and Chinese consumers. A survey was conducted in Shanghai, China with 200 American and 200 Chinese consumers. The results found a significant relationship between the independent variables and green purchase intention. Significant differences were also found between the individualistic American consumers and collectivistic Chinese consumers, except for environmental concern. The study provides recommendations for marketers based on the findings.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Understanding the ConsumerCulture and Cultural Change1.docxmarilucorr
Understanding the Consumer
Culture and Cultural Change
1
Understanding Culture
Culture is the lens through which consumers view products and try to make sense of their own and other people’s behaviour..
Culture dictates the manner of how people consume, the priority of needs and wants they attempt to satisfy.
Consumption choices cannot be understood without considering the cultural context in which they are made.
Therefore:
Culture determines
the overall priorities that a consumer attaches to different activities and products
the success or failure of specific products and services.
What is Culture?
Culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
(Edward B. Tylor, 1871)
What is the difference between the two?
Culture is "the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another."
(Hofstede, 1991, p.5)
3
Definitions of Culture
“Culture may be defined as a set of values, ideas, artefacts, and other meaningful symbols that help individuals to communicate, interpret, and evaluate as members of society.“ (Engel, Blackwell & Miniard, 1990, p. 3).
‘Culture is a society’s personality and describes what people have in common. It is the total sum of learned beliefs, values, and customs that direct the consumer behaviour of members of a particular society’ (Schiffman et al., pp. 282)
4
(adapted from Douglas & Craig, 2011)
Consumer
CULTURE
Cognition
Attitude
Values
Patterns of
Consumption
Choices
Information seeking
Disposal?
Macro
Micro
Meso
Situational Factors
Macro: The types of macroenvironmental variables, which condition consumer behavior, include economic variables such as GNI per capita, income distribution,
GNP, income distribution, government exp, population- purchasing power and variety of options available
The demographic factors such as population size and rate of growth, levels of education, socio-cultural factors such as cultural values, religion and geographic factors such as climate or topography. While each of these different factors can be clearly identified, it is important to remember that they interact with each other, as well as conditioning variables at other levels of context.
Meso: within country differences in ethics groups, language, lifestyle, culture, topography
In China, for example, there are marked differences in the economic infrastructure, consumer purchasing power and distribution channels between different regions (Batra, 1997; Cui and Liu, 2000).
Micro: Local level info on market, economy
This is defined here as consisting of the basic physical infrastructure in a village, town or city, including roads, water, electricity, the market infrastructure, i.e. the number and type of stores avail ...
The Wooing(s) of Marketing by Systemic Cybernetics approache(s)Federica Palumbo
Research Poster presented at Consumer Culture Theory Conference "Mapping Consumer Culture. Latitudes, Legends and Declination". June 26-29, Helsinki, Finland.
The Role of Culture in User Interface Design A Focus on International StudentsDoaa Elrayes, M.A
The document summarizes literature on the role of culture in user interface design. It discusses two approaches - localized design for homogeneous cultures and internationalized design for diverse cultures. However, it notes these approaches may not fully address the needs of international students who are immersed in both their home and host cultures. The document proposes investigating whether a hybrid design approach combining local and international principles could better serve international students' personal and academic needs.
An Old Model For A New Age Consumer Decision Making In Participatory Digital...Martha Brown
This document summarizes and evaluates how the traditional EKB consumer decision-making model from 1968 may need to be updated for the modern era of participatory digital culture. It discusses how participatory culture has empowered consumers and made the decision process more collective and networked as people share information online. The document also presents two fictional scenarios to illustrate how participatory dynamics can influence individual decisions. It concludes that while the EKB model still provides a basic framework, the decision process is now more "always on" and integrated across online and offline channels due to social influences.
Similar to Available online at www.sciencedirect.comh 61 (2008) 806–8.docx (20)
Attaining Expertise
You are training individuals you supervise on how to attain expertise in your field.
Write
a 1,050- to 1,200-word paper on the processes involved with attaining expertise, using your assigned readings in Anderson. Explain how these processes apply to attaining expertise in your current field or in the field you plan to enter. Focus on the cognitive processes that are involved in mastering knowledge and skills.
Include
a title page and references list consistent with APA guidelines.
Click
the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
.
attachment Chloe” is a example of the whole packet. Please follow t.docxcelenarouzie
This document provides instructions for writing a PR packet that includes a pitch letter, news release, feature release, fact sheet, executive biography, and media alert following the example and format provided in the attachment. The writer has already completed the news release part of the packet and included it in the attached example for reference in completing the rest of the packet.
AttachmentFor this discussionUse Ericksons theoretic.docxcelenarouzie
Attachment
For this discussion:
Use Erickson's theoretical framework to explore adolescent attachment and its developmental impact.
Choose two issues related to adolescent attachment (for example, attachment relationships with parents and peers, or the nature of attachment system in adolescence) and describe possible implications for adult life.
Support your response with APA-formatted citations from scholarly sources, including both those provided in this unit and any additional evidence you may have researched.
.
Attachment and Emotional Development in InfancyThe purpose o.docxcelenarouzie
Attachment and Emotional Development in Infancy
The purpose of this discussion is to consider the stages of attachment from birth to one year, and emotional development and psychosocial crisis in infancy.
Briefly discuss attachment patterns and what you see as the most significant impact on the development of attachment.
Describe strategies that caretakers can implement to promote the child's ability to regulate emotions as he or she develops.
Remember to appropriately cite any resources, including the textbook, that you use to support your thinking in your initial post.
.
ATTACHEMENT from 7.1 and 7.2 Go back to the Powerpoint for thi.docxcelenarouzie
ATTACHEMENT from 7.1 and 7.2
Go back to the Powerpoint for this week and reread slides 12 and 13
Select at least 5 bullet points that you think are important because they affect the way justice is carried out in the State and or at the local level.
Write your entry explaining why you chose those 5 elements. Why are they important. What would you change?
.
Attached the dataset Kaggle has hosted a data science competitio.docxcelenarouzie
Attached the dataset
Kaggle has hosted a data science competition to predict category of crime in San Francisco based on 12 years (From 1934 to 1963) of crime reports from across all of San Francisco’s neighborhoods (time, location and other features are given).
I would like you to explore the dataset attached visually using Tableau and uncover hidden trends:
Are there specific clusters with higher crime rates?
Are there yearly/ Monthly/ Daily/ Hourly trends?
Is Crime distribution even across all geographical areas or different?
.
Attached you will find all of the questions.These are just like th.docxcelenarouzie
Attached you will find all of the questions.
These are just like the others I put up before. they need to be awnsered individually. Please use APA format with in text citations and references. My book is at least required as one of the references:
Harr, J. S., Hess, M. H., & Orthmann, C. H. (2012).
Constitutional law and the criminal justice system
(5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
This assignment needs to be done by Friday by 11:00 P.M Eastern Time.
.
Attached the dataset Kaggle has hosted a data science compet.docxcelenarouzie
Attached the dataset
Kaggle has hosted a data science competition to predict category of crime in San Francisco based on 12 years (From 1934 to 1963) of crime reports from across all of San Francisco’s neighborhoods (time, location and other features are given).
I would like you to explore the dataset attached visually using Tableau and uncover hidden trends:
Are there specific clusters with higher crime rates?
Are there yearly/ Monthly/ Daily/ Hourly trends?
Is Crime distribution even across all geographical areas or different?
.
B. Answer Learning Exercises Matching words parts 1, 2, 3,.docxcelenarouzie
B. Answer Learning Exercises
* Matching words parts 1, 2, 3, and 4
* Definitions
*Matching Terms and Definitions 1, 2
C. Answer the following questions base in chapter 1:
1. Define Word root, mention 5 examples.
2. Define Suffixes, mention 5 examples.
3. Define Prefixes, mention 5 examples.
4. Some prefixes are confusing because they are similar in spelling, but opposite in meaning, those are call Contrasting Prefixes; mention 5 examples and their meaning.
.
B)What is Joe waiting for in order to forgive Missy May in The Gild.docxcelenarouzie
B)What is Joe waiting for in order to forgive Missy May in “The Gilded Six-Bits”? How does period of deliberation affect his forgiveness of her – does it make more of less sincere? What does this say about their relationship going into the future?
C) How is Dave in “The Man Who Was Almost A Man” not a man? Is there one central force preventing him from becoming a man? How does he go about overcoming this? Is it even possible for him to do so?
.
B)Blanche and Stella both view Stanley very differently – how do the.docxcelenarouzie
B)Blanche and Stella both view Stanley very differently – how do they see him and what does this view say about themselves? What causes Stella to continue to return to Stanley? Does she really trust him? Does she ultimately sacrifice her sister for him?
C) What is the difference between how Blanche presents herself and what she really is? Why does she choose to present herself so differently?
250 words each
.
b) What is the largest value that can be represented by 3 digits usi.docxcelenarouzie
b) What is the largest value that can be represented by 3 digits using radix-3?
c) Why do you think that binary logic is much more commonly used than ternary logic? Be brief.
The ASCII code for the letter E is 1000101, and the ASCII code for the letter e is 1100101. Given that the ASCII code for the letter M is 1001101, without looking at Table 2.7, what is the ASCII code for the letter m?
.
b$ E=EE#s{gEgE lEgEHEFs ig=ii 5i= l; i € 3 r i.Er1 b €€.docxcelenarouzie
b$ E=EE#s{gEgE lEgEH:*EFs ig=ii 5i= l; i € 3 r ?: i.Er
1 b €€ :p€ i 3= ?it'.-'-;;= -av.-;i ;5 li,ii ;Ei+:,;i; ;iiEE: : =,E s*Ess€E;!;riit n*=! i : *:i;i-;r; >: z:t=; iE b y
ts E E :E ! i E Fif ; E5- a = '\Y q?i
s ss irf : if *:g€ E€?;i11€"ib
*Ei E;; ; ii:E; iFE rea arE E
=J 5s s€; E; ; ; E+ >E pE Eg€3?€;
T *1 : Eiij tj ALi q€5 ;E ij: ef ,,
il s$ F; E iir E;iiiE;!?;;; iE
s
=
a se; ! i 1? € 4l;i'i:iiiE
s '!{ ET;t 7 F a: -E:E = i;E EF E[:EHgSXgiFEE€€1[:
I'r I
z
rrl
F
(,
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
"l
nl
3l
f-<
|
rvll
=t<l
(t.l
<i
FIil
AI
iiiigiiiEi€ii; ii iii fi€ EtF Eii
iiiiiiliililii!iii,ii+iilEii
ii Eii3;€:
:;'': r**iiii Ii* iiii i3ff esli fii
)-V(.)Li
rrrLr(g
I .= q)-
i
-aA *(aoc>-s o.
d!i >--'
L Y(!
(.,, : ch
B j s
A'
6;bo
!
d9F\t/\JdG
Li Li {-J q,
cJqJF
-t-t ,-1 \1,, **-+HLrrFl
A-t-
YA3 c;i
otrtrCq
-(h
d \,, ':- H)
Y/ G{ \Jv P ): .->-F U "-3: b-Hp^Lr;n
v
H:E bu='-
E;:2
*r \L/
-
dl
{-J (1
F{Joo: ?;,EHX('
_c d.a
ue d trFV U
= ^a
Pa .:E
(h
I
L
!
(-
(h
a
L
I
L
!
ra
!]
(h
I
a.)
!
:J
!J
rJ)
a
(-.
L
(-
l-r
rb
bD.
{-J
>-
p
't
'h
bt
I
>-
E
+.)
(t
a
lrl
ic)
iLi
iU
r!,ul
'u)
bD
fTl
i
q)
lbo
()
>-
(<.
(-
!J
!
Li
fi,
(-
!]
tro
rc
!
)|t
fr
F
t-
v)
)>-
U)
bo
J(-
.FJ
a-J
>-
(h
(4
bo
(t) .
(4
.\4
Ix
bD
!
(-
,rl
(h
ri
oo
t1
bo,
tiF
s-
!J
bo
(:
!i
(-
g3 e
?€c.)a\ U)
€trqc
*H-cU l- a.r
6r *gYa Rl .i
Fr--
H-
#9-t
:G=Lri-Y
dE
'A -IJ 0./ qJ -r Lr \{-tr c*€ N y o(g=HH$F(-
--.il-.rJCtr
-iX t{.= a.)Yh^Y^f<!JH;E F U 7 3.
B+T'.Y o v (hi; I E€ s F
P* z Ix g s'= Y cd lr ts(s c.)Yo;: e g_q 5.2 EiE:I EI I E*a.9: ?
5T] g H I ; U
Fd=lFg;; =iioa F
.-
'=
=4cr
b t
IJI'L,Y
r- <g.'I $ (4 X
atbEc/'= *;ger€t H
t": F F:9 ;.
wvvgvL
(g .t U l-i v qJ .:
-
al
^n-E;5.s: b ry
9 ?, r€ X + E
E i 9.epe t €.
o H:.=t ? >'!+ I5D; j E-
'.!v--.--J
LJ-
qJ 4, ^'E-Q
Lr
='h-E 7s.9 I ':-
7.Lrxn.^l9G)rE 1oil.= 3 >l E
A t< ':: Lr ^ \;€-t 9.''jS .€t1 .. +: d'- -!ur!:(!
tll A A .Fvv*qr-,5q
_ l+tvl-r^U)
-.c9e-c 9 c
(t):.Y!, '{, atr4-rf, - ii
ti C (h'-
U< CdG
-
d)
* . d
?1V 9.- U
.r F. hD !?
-(14\1,\t, a1 .i r'__+
JrA!,
YDg,
=
C
^H7t.nYYvF
CJ A.r or I
C
A
v v
! u--o.=
H_
YOcdP
=5 d H--,.:
:--Jv
J.-.- xn cD
=-a
-ia
-7-i)
-J-l-
- t=7/
l*G 3i rs .::.e:;:.I sr
i$gF $ K;€FE;.;:;E;T ! g3:E;Eig€Eft F E:€Eir;:i A =€F;!: .s" €:iEH+3:
f33l$ frS$5lEf
r;;; s I:Eg€ g€i
ii$i F ;{ i5l EiE';<SE I xllrjij*l:
;;:! i i;rgjii€
E€:g i ;.: ?g; lF g
;:;E j* ;E€;Esr5Et*i 3-' a;i€lie
I Iti$EEt i€lii tsiit it ti3i i;it}i
i *I1€
'
*g iiiit
iu } i\ r F * 5i glliE iEs
iii ?iIi:i liii iiis i* ii$ i: ii€iiill
ii li};jiligig 5i;si; r ii ;iis;
Ii=rs
i;iiitlliil r: tiiisl iii igff iiiiiijiii€ii{ii1{l iiRr:i # sN #,;?;:?iru
€t;9€gE g.E€E ststE r +EER€+E93
: ii={'4=; t1 i €- v x H3t
'-i'-! d+ YnP c ,;:i =:1='=::<; " .= j y U ! c ,;
!rT.i EEY
d
=
s"13 o g u
-c-t3==cat)
='-
L 'l :- !
F€=Y?E€fi
-Es i.:;* = E,j: A,;ab;T
-E c.EE5E=-89.;!;-.
b r r;l=:; i*;;l===-:j: - X: a1=
== .
B A S I C L O G I C M O D E L D E V E L O P M E N T Pr.docxcelenarouzie
B A S I C L O G I C M O D E L D E V E L O P M E N T
Produced by The W. K. Kellogg Foundation
53535353
Developing a Basic Logic
Model For Your Program
Drawing a picture of how your program will achieve results
hether you are a grantseeker developing a proposal for start-up funds or a
grantee with a program already in operation, developing a logic model can
strengthen your program. Logic models help identify the factors that will
impact your program and enable you to anticipate the data and resources
you will need to achieve success. As you engage in the process of creating your
program logic model, your organization will systematically address these important
program planning and evaluation issues:
• Cataloguing of the resources and actions you believe you will need to reach intended
results.
• Documentation of connections among your available resources, planned activities and
the results you expect to achieve.
• Description of the results you are aiming for in terms of specific, measurable, action-
oriented, realistic and timed outcomes.
The exercises in this chapter gather the raw material you need to draw a basic logic
model that illustrates how and why your program will work and what it will accomplish.
You can benefit from creating a logic model at any point in the life of any program.
The logic model development process helps people inside and outside your
organization understand and improve the purpose and process of your work.
Chapter 2 is organized into two sections—Program Implementation, and Program
Results. The best recipe for program success is to complete both exercises. (Full-size
masters of each exercise and the checklists are provided in the Forms Appendix at the
back of the guide for you to photocopy and use with stakeholder groups as you design
your program.)
Exercise 1: Program Results. In a series of three steps, you describe the results you
plan to achieve with your program.
Exercise 2: Program Resources and Activities by taking you through three steps
that connect the program’s resources to the actual activities you plan to do.
Chapter
2
W
B A S I C L O G I C M O D E L D E V E L O P M E N T
Produced by The W. K. Kellogg Foundation
54545454
The Mytown Example
Throughout Exercises 1 and 2 we’ll follow an example program to see how the logic
model steps can be applied. In our example, the folks in Mytown, USA are striving to
meet the needs of growing numbers of uninsured residents who are turning to Memorial
Hospital’s Emergency Room for care. Because that care is expensive and not the best
way to offer care, the community is working to create a free clinic. Throughout the
chapters, Mytown’s program information will be dropped into logic model templates for
Program Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation.
Novice Logic modelers may want to have copies of the Basic Logic Model Template in
front of them and follow along. Those read.
B H1. The first issue that jumped out to me is that the presiden.docxcelenarouzie
B H
1. The first issue that jumped out to me is that the president and two vice presidents were the ones to develop the program. Our lecture notes and the text tell us that safety is one topic where management and employees can usually come to an agreement. Everyone wants a safe work environment. We are also taught that consultation is the best way to approach health and safety at work. Again, this means involving more than three people at the company. For starters, I would recommend that the safety program be dismantled and reconstructed by a committee consisting of at least 50% employees, not just senior leadership. I would keep this committee as small as possible and not have it controlled by one person only. The committee should be formed of employees from all sections and representing all possible departments where health and safety are potential issues.
2. The first issue that jumped out to me is that the president and two vice presidents were the ones to develop the program. Our lecture notes and the text tell us that safety is one topic where management and employees can usually come to an agreement. Everyone wants a safe work environment. We are also taught that consultation is the best way to approach health and safety at work. Again, this means involving more than three people at the company. For starters, I would recommend that the safety program be dismantled and reconstructed by a committee consisting of at least 50% employees, not just senior leadership. I would keep this committee as small as possible and not have it controlled by one person only. The committee should be formed of employees from all sections and representing all possible departments where health and safety are potential issues.
N S
1. 1.Top of Form
There could be a number of problems with CMI's safety awareness plan. One major one is that they could not be promoting safety. That is the first step into getting the program to work...employee involvement. First the awareness program was developed by the president and the vice presidents. A safety awareness program can be more successful if employees are involved in the development, and remain involved as it is adjusted and refined. Rules should be in place, and employers must ensure that those rules are followed and enforced consistently. Incentives and competition could be another way to promote safety in the work place. Our text cites that having employees work in teams and have them determine the incentives will keep them involved and promote safety. Also, of course keeping employees up to date on all rules will also promote safety.
2. I think the supervisor's response to employee complaints about John Randall is not appropriate at all. Even thought it is difficult, home problems should not be brought into the work place. Especially if coworkers are complaining about someone's behavior. This does not promote safety at all. To say that Randall will get over it and to disclose that he has personal problems is.
b l u e p r i n t i CONSUMER PERCEPTIONSHQW DQPerception.docxcelenarouzie
b l u e p r i n t i CONSUMER PERCEPTIONS
HQW DQ
Perceptions Impact
Your Market?
By Nicole Olynk Widmar and
Melissa McKendree, Purdue University
I aintaining existing mar-
kets for pork products,
I cultivating new markets
for existing products and
creating new products for new markets
are some avenues that the U.S. pork
industry has sought, and continues to
explore, for growth. When it comes to
maintaining markets, there are several
relationships that must be considered.
End consumers, whether in restaurant
or supermarket settings, are increas-
ingly interested in social issues and the
production processes employed in food
production. Livestock products (meat
and dairy products) certainly seem
to get the majority of the spotlight in
regard to consumers' concern for pro-
duction processes.
Shoppers in supermarkets and din-
ers in restaurants have increased access
to information via the Internet, and are
in constant communication with one
another via social media and alterna-
tive news sources about perceptions
of animal agriculture. Even though
most U.S. consumers are not directly
in contact with livestock, concern for
the treatment of animals, including
those employed in food production,
is evident — and increasing. While
in the past consumers were mainly
concerned with factors like the fat or
nutritional content of pork, for exam-
ple, today's savvy shoppers are con-
sidering other factors, like the welfare
of livestock (pigs), safety of workers
employed on farms and potential envi-
ronmental impacts (externalities) of
livestock operations.
Large-scale changes in production
practices are taking place in livestock
24 April 15, 2014
production due to pressures from vari-
ous interested parties. Changes such
as the discontinued use of gestation
stalls, for example, are being sought
via traditional regulatory channels in
some states, but are also being pushed
via non-traditional market channels.
Consider the cumbersome process
of changing regulations, versus the
oftentimes faster (and perhaps easier)
channel of influencing key market
actors. It is no surprise that consum-
ers' concerns are increasingly voiced to
supermarkets and restaurants which,
in turn, take action to satisfy their
customers by placing pressure on sup-
ply-chain players. Changes sought via
"the market," rather than legislation or
regulation, are increasingly common,
and the use of market channels for
communicating throughout the supply
chain is unlikely to stop anytime soon.
www.nationalhogfarmer.com
Figure 1. Reported Recollection of Exposure to Media
Stories Regarding Pig Welfare, by Source
7 0 %
0 %
Television Internet
Media source
Printed Magazines
Newspaper
Books I have not seen
any media stories
regarding pig
welfare.
Melissa McKendree (left) and Nicole Olynk Widmar
A national-scale study completed
at Purdue University by Nicole Olynk
Widmar, Melissa McKendree, and
Candace Croney in 2013 was focused
on assessing consumers' perceptions of
various por.
B R O O K I N G SM E T R O P O L I TA N P O L I CY .docxcelenarouzie
B R O O K I N G S
M E T R O P O L I TA N
P O L I CY
P R O G RA M
6
I . I N T R O D U C T I O N
A
s the global economy has become more integrated and urbanized,
fueled in large part by technology, major cities and metropolitan
areas have become key engines of economic growth. The 123 largest
metro areas in the world generate nearly one third of global output
with only 13 percent of the world’s population.
In this urban-centered world, the classic notion of a
global city has been upended. This report introduces
a redefined map of global cities, drawing on a new
typology that demonstrates how metro areas vary in
the ways they attract and amass economic drivers
and contribute to global economic growth in distinct
ways. New concerns about economic stagnation—in
both developing and developed economies—add
urgency to mapping the role of the world’s cities and
the extent to which they are well-positioned to deliver
the next round of global growth.1
Instead of a ranking or indexed score, which many
prior cities indices and reports have capably deliv-
ered,2 this analysis differentiates the assets and
challenges faced by seven types of global cities.
This perspective reveals that all major cities are
indeed global; they participate as critical nodes in
an integrated marketplace and are shaped by global
currents. But cities also operate from much differ-
ent starting points and experience diverse economic
trajectories. Concerns about global growth, productiv-
ity, and wages are not monolithic, and so this typology
can inform the variety of paths cities take to address
these challenges. For metro leaders, this typology
can also ensure better application of peer com-
parisons, enable the identification of more relevant
global innovations to local challenges, and reinforce a
city-region’s relative role and performance to inform
economic strategies that ensure ongoing prosperity.
This report proceeds in four parts. In the following
section, Part II, we explore the three global forces of
urbanization, globalization, and technological change,
and how together they are demanding that city-
regions focus on five core factors—traded clusters,
innovation, talent, infrastructure connectivity, and
governance—to bolster their economic competitive-
ness. Building on these factors, Part III outlines the
data and methods deployed to create the metropoli-
tan typology. Part IV explores the collective economic
clout of the metro areas in our sample and introduces
the new typology of global cities. Finally, Part V
explores the future investments, policies, and strate-
gies required for each grouping of metro areas. Within
the typology framework, we explore the priorities for
action going forward, including the implications for
governance.
REDEFINING
GLOBAL CITIES
THE SEVEN TYPES
OF GLOBAL METRO
ECONOMIES
7
U R B A N I Z AT I O N
The world is becoming more urba.
B L O C K C H A I N & S U P P LY C H A I N SS U N I L.docxcelenarouzie
B L O C K C H A I N &
S U P P LY C H A I N S
S U N I L W A T T A L
T E M P L E U N I V E R S I T Y
• To understand the power of blockchain systems, and the things they can do, it is important to
distinguish between three things that are commonly muddled up, namely the bitcoin currency,
the specific blockchain that underpins it and the idea of blockchains in general.
• Economist, 2015
WHAT IS BLOCKCHAIN?
• A technology that permits transactions to be recorded
– Cryptographically chains blocks in order
– Allows resulting ledger accessed by different servers
– Information stored can never be deleted
• A digital distributed ledger that is stored and maintained on multiple systems belonging to multiple
entities sharing identical information (Deloitte)
• Bitcoin was the first demonstrable use
HISTORY OF BLOCKCHAIN
T YPES OF BLOCKCHAINS
• public or permissionless blockchains
– everyone who wants to engage in the network can openly see all transactions. The technology is
transparent, and all who want to engage in making transactions on the blockchain can do so.
• private or permissioned blockchains
– closed and accessible only to a selected few who have permission to engage in the blockchain.
BLOCKCHAIN FEATURES
• A blockchain lets us agree on the state of the system, even if we don’t all trust each other!
• We don’t want a single trusted arbiter of the state of the world.
• A blockchain is a hash chain with some other stuff added
– Validity conditions
– Way to resolve disagreements
• The spread of blockchains is bad for anyone in the “trust business”
WHAT IS BITCOIN
• A protocol that supports a decentralized, pseudo-anonymous, peer-to-peer digital currency
• A publicly disclosed linked ledger of transactions stored in a blockchain
• A reward driven system for achieving consensus (mining) based on “Proofs of Work” for
helping to secure the network
• A “scare token” economy with an eventual cap of about 21M bitcoins
10
OTHER USES OF BLOCKCHAIN
• Supply Chain
• Online advertising
• Smart Contracts
• Voting
BENEFITS OF BLOCKCHAIN
• Consistent
• Democratic
• Secure and accurate
• Segmented and private
• Permanent and tamper resistant
• Quickly updated
• Intelligent – smart contracts
BARRIERS TO BLOCKCHAIN
ADOPTION
• Hype
• Finding the right balance in regulation
• Cybersecurity
• Ease of use over shared databases
• Lack of understanding and knowledge
SUPPLY CHAIN CHALLENGES
• Margin Erosion
• Demand changes
• Ripple Effect
• Supply Chain Risk Management
• Lack of end to end visibility
• Obsolescence of Technology
APPLICATIONS IN SUPPLY CHAINS
• Traceability
• International Trade
• Continuity of Information
• Data Analytics
• Visibility
• Digital contracts and payments
• Check fraud and gaming
EX AMPLES OF BLOCKCHAIN IN
SUPPLY CHAINS
• 300 Cubits
– Blokcchain technology for the shipping industry
• BanQu
– Payment for small businesses
• Bext360
– Social sustainability.
Año 15, núm. 43 enero – abril de 2012. Análisis 97 Orien.docxcelenarouzie
Año 15, núm. 43 / enero – abril de 2012. Análisis 97
Orientalizing New Spain:
Perspectives on Asian Influence
in Colonial Mexico1
Edward R. Slack, Jr.2
Resumen
E ste artículo investiga la totalidad de la influencia de Asia sobre la Nueva España que resultó de la conquista de Manila en 1571 y la re-gularización del comercio Transpacífico -comúnmente conocido como
los galeones de Manila o las naos de China- entre las Filipinas y Acapulco.
En sus inicios, una oleada constante de inmigrantes asiáticos, mercancías y
nuevas técnicas de producción influyeron mesuradamente en la sociedad y
la economía colonial mediante un proceso que el autor denomina “Orientali-
zación”. No obstante, en ninguna manera “Orientalización” se debe equiparar
con el concepto de Edward Said de “Orientalismo” por la relación histórica,
única e intima de la Nueva España con Asia a principios de la edad Moderna.
Abstract
This article examines the totality of Asia’s influence on New Spain that resulted
from the conquest of Manila in 1571 and the regularization of transpacific tra-
de – more widely known as the Manila Galleons or naos de China – between the
Philippines and Acapulco. In its wake, a steady stream of Asian immigrants,
commodities, and manufacturing techniques measurably impacted colonial
society and economy through a process the author calls “Orientalization.”
However, “Orientalization” should in no way be equated with Edward Said’s
1. Artículo recibido el 28 de octubre de 2011 y dictaminado el 16 de noviembre de 2011.
2. Eastern Washington University.
98 México y la Cuenca del Pacífico. Año 15, núm. 43 / enero – abril de 2012
Edward R. Slack, Jr.
concept of “Orientalism” because of New Spain’s uniquely intimate historical
relationship with Asia in the early Modern era.
Introduction
Contrary to popular belief, the Philippines Islands were more a colony of New
Spain (Nueva España) than of “Old Spain” prior to the nineteenth century.
The Manila galleons, or naos de China (China ships), transported Asian pro-
ducts and peoples to Acapulco and other Mexican ports for approximately
250 years. Riding this ‘first wave’
of maritime contact between
the Americas and Asia were tra-
velers from China, Japan, the
Philippines, various kingdoms in
Southeast Asia and India known
collectively in New Spain as chinos
(Chinese) or indios chinos (Chine-
se Indians), as the word chino/a
became synonymous with the
Orient. The rather indiscrimi-
nate categorizing of everything
“Asian” under the Spanish noun
for the Ming/Qing empire, its
subjects and export items is easily
discovered in a variety of sources
from that age. To illustrate, the
eig hteenth centur y works of
Italian adventurer Gamelli Carreri and the criollo priest Joachin Antonio
de Basarás (who evangelized in Luzon) nonchalantly refer to the Philippine
Islands as “la China.”3 Additionally, words such as chinería (Chinese-esque,
European/Mexican imitation of Chines.
Brand Guideline of Bashundhara A4 Paper - 2024khabri85
It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.comh 61 (2008) 806–8.docx
1. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
h 61 (2008) 806–812
Journal of Business Researc
Culture influences on emotional responses to on-line store
atmospheric cues
Lenita Davis a,⁎, Sijun Wang b,1, Andrew Lindridge c,2
a Department of Management and Marketing, Culverhouse
College of Commerce and Business Administration, University
of Alabama
b Department of International Business & Marketing, College of
Business Administration, California State Polytechnic
University, Pomona,
3801 W. Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, United States
c OU Business School, Michael Young Building, The Open
University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA United
Kingdom
Received 1 March 2007; received in revised form 1 May 2007;
accepted 1 August 2007
Abstract
On-line retailing created a global marketplace with an
innumerable array of competitors. Essential to on-line store's
ability to attract and retain
customers globally is its store atmospherics, which are design
elements used to garner attention and create a positive buying
environment [Kotler
4. mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.08.005
807L. Davis et al. / Journal of Business Research 61 (2008)
806–812
significant differentiating variable. Ensuring cultural
compatibil-
ity is a daunting task given the many different cultures that
exist.
Some researchers have dissenting views about including
cultural nuances at the website. Cole et al. (2000) feel cultural
differences do not affect on-line retailers' ability to attract and
retain customers, citing that established on-line stores such as
Amazon are globally successful using a standardized customer
interface. Johnston and Johal (1999) propose that the Internet is
beyond cultural influence and, therefore, not identifiable with
cultural classification schemes.
While researchers speculate about culture's influence on
Internet shopping behavior, no empirical evidence exists to
support either perspective (Chan and Tai, 2001). Current cross-
cultural research on shopping behavior is limited and fails to
make any direct comparisons or model on-line customer be-
havior (Chan and Tai, 2001). Calls for further cross-cultural
research, particularly in the on-line setting, are in academic
journals (Cole and O'Keefe, 2000) and the commercial press
(Forbes, 2000).
The research presented here addresses the shortcomings in
the current literature by assessing how behavioral and emotional
responses to on-line store atmospherics vary across two very
5. different cultural value systems: collectivism and individualism
(Hofstede, 1980). More specifically, the responses of Chinese
customers, a collectivistic culture, to on-line store atmospherics
are directly compared to the responses of Americans, an
individualistic culture. Understanding the differences between
these two cultures benefits on-line retailing since both represent
a sizeable share of the on-line retailing market. China is second
only to America in the number of Internet users (Horrigan and
Raine, 2003).
2. Literature review
Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952, p. 2) noted 186 definitions of
culture. Among these many definitions of culture a consistent
theme emerges “patterns, explicit and implicit, of or for
behavior
transmitted by symbols… [and] ideas and their attached values”
(emphasis added). Keesing (1974) further developed a theme of
symbols and attached values by defining culture as three
ideational themes: Cognitive (language), Structuralist (institu-
tions) and Symbolic culture. Symbolic culture has important
implications for understanding culture's influence on customers'
responses and interpretations of on-line retail store
atmospherics.
Symbolic culture has two components (Triandis and Vassiliou,
1972): objective culture (a physical object whose function is
publicly verifiable) and subjective culture (how a group
perceives
and controls their social environment through norms, roles,
rules,
and values). Given that store atmospherics are primarily
composed of signs and symbols, differences in symbolism or
the symbolic system of a culture would affect how customers
respond to an on-line store's design.
National cultures are often differentiated by the extent to which
6. citizens adopt values of collectivism and/or individualism. A
central tenet of collectivism is the need for individuals to form
groups where connectedness, mutual deference, or compromise
and social interdependence are actively encouraged (Tafarodi
and
Swann Jr., 1996). Chinese cultural traits are based upon col-
lectivism values (Hofstede, 1980; Gong, 2005; Sussman, 2000).
In
contrast, individualistic cultures encourage and enforce the
right of
individuals to be assertive, autonomous, creative, emotionally
independent, and reliant upon their own initiative (Hofstede,
1980;
Tafarodi and Swann, 1996; Triandis, 1988). Individualistic
cultural
traits and values are seen in western cultures such as America
and
the United Kingdom (Hofstede, 1980).
The values of collectivism and individualism create very
different symbolic-subjective cultures. When making judg-
ments, individualism encourages a direct focus on internal
responses to the context (Choi et al., 1999; Fletcher and Ward,
1988). Therefore, the symbolic-subjective culture of individu-
alism tends to place less importance on the context and cues and
instead emphasizes individual's responses to context (repre-
senting a low context culture). Collectivism promotes group
well-being and places a greater emphasis upon causal reasoning
and forming perceptions about social context, situational
constraints, and social roles (Miller, 1984; Morris and Peng,
1994; Oyserman et al., 2002; Triandis, 1995). The symbolic-
subjective culture of collectivism is context sensitive, therefore,
context is an important consideration when making decisions.
Therefore, a collectivist customer should give greater consid-
eration to the on-line store's signs and symbols when making
decisions than an individualistic customer.
7. Eroglu et al. (2001), using the Stimulus–Organism–
Response framework, categorized the signs and symbols used
in on-line stores to understand how they affect customers'
internal states and behaviors. On-line store cues were
categorized as having either low or high task relevance. The
low or high task relevance classification is based upon the
functionality of the cues in completing the shopping task. High
task relevant cues enable the purchasing process by providing
the necessary information to make purchases, such as: delivery,
pictures of merchandise, price, return policies and terms of sale.
Low task relevant cues are not essential in accomplishing the
shopping task (Eroglu et al., 2001) but instead are used to
establish the store image or provide a context for the shopping
experience, i.e. animation, background color, patterns and web
borders (Eroglu et al., 2001). Given that Chinese on-line cus-
tomers are from a high context culture, low task cues would be
an important element of their shopping experience.
H1. Chinese on-line customers, when compared to American
on-line customers, find (a) low task and (b) high task cues more
helpful in completing the shopping task.
Eroglu et al. (2001) found that the presence of low task
relevant cues (the stimulus) positively affects arousal (the
organism) which in turn leads to approach behavior among on-
line store customers (the response). Since Chinese on-line
customers are from a high context culture, they should
positively respond to the presence of low task relevant cues.
Chinese on-line customers ought to experience higher arousal
and pleasure when low relevant task cues are present versus
absent. The emphasis Chinese on-line customers place on
context is such that the relationship between the stimuli (low
task cues) and response (pleasure and arousal) should be
8. 808 L. Davis et al. / Journal of Business Research 61 (2008)
806–812
stronger for Chinese on-line customers than American on-line
customers. The following is hypothesized:
H2. The presence, rather than the absence, of low task relevant
cues positively affects the (a) arousal and (b) pleasure of
Chinese on-line customers.
H3. The positive relationship between the presence of low task
relevant cues and (a) arousal and (b) pleasure will be stronger
for
Chinese on-line customers than American on-line customers.
Eroglu et al. (2003) demonstrate that the presence of low task
relevant cues affects the level of pleasure that customers ex-
perience at the on-line store. However, the research presented
here
expects that the constraints of collectivistic culture, limits the
expression of pleasure with low task relevant cues. Collectivism
encourages the suppression of emotional expressions for the
sake
of group harmony (Oyserman et al., 2002) while the value
system
of individualism actively encourages the exploration and
expression of emotion (Oyserman et al., 2002). A conscious
inhibition of ongoing emotion-expressive behavior, such as
answering a survey on emotional responses, is one method of
suppressing emotions (Gross, 1998). Research confirms that
Chinese typically do not express their emotions publicly
(Kindle,
1982; Yau, 1994). Therefore, when asked, Chinese customers
should be more reticent about expressing their feelings than
American on-line customers (Chan and Tai, 2001; Yang, 1993).
9. H4. Overall, Chinese on-line customers when exposed to on-
line store atmospherics experience lower levels of (a) pleasure
and (b) arousal than American on-line customers.
An individual's ability to cognitively process their environ-
ment limits suppression of emotional expression. Humans have
limits to their cognitive capacity and therefore they have to be
selective when expending cognitive resources (Kahnemann,
1973). Felt arousal restricts attention capacity, subsequently
dec-
reasing their ability to cognitively process all of the
informational
elements within an environment (Easterbrook, 1959; Gross,
1998). The demand for cognitive resources inhibits an indivi-
dual's ability or inclination to suppress emotional responses.
Additionally, arousal often serves as a heuristic cue for positive
information (Bagozzi, 1997). Therefore, because the ability to
suppress is inhibited by arousal, and arousal is a heuristic cue
for
positive emotions, arousal positively affects the relationship
between low task cues and pleasure for Chinese customers. The
following is hypothesized:
H5. Arousal positively affects Chinese on-line customers'
shopping pleasure.
Researchhas determined thatpleasurable shopping experiences
lead to greater approach and less avoidance behavior (Donovan
and Rossiter, 1982; Hui and Bateson, 1991). Satisfaction,
pleasure
and approach are universal concepts, and may represent an etic
cultural response, i.e. a universal cultural value, applicable to
both
American and Chinese on-line customers.
H6. A pleasurable shopping experience leads to (a) approach
10. behavior and (b) greater levels of satisfaction, regardless of a
customer's cultural orientation.
H7. Increased satisfaction positively affects on-line customer's
approach behavior.
3. Method
3.1. Product category and website design
Following methods used in Eroglu et al.'s (2001) research, a
similar on-line shopping experiment was created. Two sets of
on-line stores were designed for China and the U.S.A. (four on-
line stores in total), all with the fictitious retailers name “Our
Store”. The on-line stores sold music compact discs (CDs),
which are a top selling product category for on-line retailers in
America and China (China National Network Information
Center Report, 2002; Forrester Research, 2004).
Navigation and site content were exactly the same for all on-
line stores, with variation only in relation to the presence of low
task relevant cues. One on-line store had both high and low task
cues, while the other had high task cues only, that is, the
presence
versus absence of background colors; the use of animated icons
versus text links only; and visual cues as an indication of secure
connection versus text only.
All the websites began with an introduction page with the
following links: “About Us” (a description of the company);
“Products” (a selection of seven different compact discs, picture
of
compact disc covers and a link to sample selected tunes from
the
albums); “Ordering Policies” (extensive information about ship-
ping, gift wrapping services, payment and order tracing
information
11. which included a link to the order form); “What people say
about
us” (a listing of testimonials from former customers and an
accompanying feedback form); and a “Site Map” (a listing of all
the
links in the website and a search feature). The site with low task
relevant cues had dark blue text (rather than black), a
photograph of
a compact disc on the introduction page, a grey background
with a
repeating oval background repeated on every page, a logo
indicating third-party approval (Better Business Bureau
affiliation
emblem), an animated icon (a dancing compact disc) next to
each
link and an animated Visa/MasterCard logo on the ordering
policies
page. By way of contrast, the site with high task cues only had a
white background and black text on every page, text and text
links
were used to indicate third-party approval, pricing information,
and
accepted methods of payment information. Pictures of the
product
and samples of the music were included at both sites since they
are
highly relevant to completing the shopping task and are
considered
a necessary part of completing a purchase.
Instrument equivalence across cultures was obtained by
using back-translation. The English language sites were
designed first and then translated into Mandarin by one of the
co-authors. Another person fluent in Mandarin translated the
site back into English. A few grammatical errors were found
and subsequently corrected. The process was repeated until all
12. the websites were accepted as being identical in their meaning.
3.2. Sample and procedure
The sample groups were comprised of 199 American
university undergraduates and 214 Chinese university
809L. Davis et al. / Journal of Business Research 61 (2008)
806–812
undergraduates in Beijing. The participants were 20–21 years of
age, their similarities in age and education satisfied the
category
equivalency needed to make cross-cultural comparisons. The
participants were similar in their familiarity with the Internet.
Bin and Sun (2003) noted that 52.9% of Chinese users of the
Internet are in their 20s and 30s, while 60% of Americans
Internet users are aged 18–54. Twenty year olds are large
consumers of compact discs. When surveyed about Internet
usage experience, using a scale ranging from 1 “Very Familiar”
through to 5 “Not Familiar at all”. Both sample groups had
extensive experience ( X
̄ China=2.49 versus X
̄ US=1.90, PN.05).
The university students met all these criteria.
The participants were randomly assigned to one of the two
different on-line stores designed for their country. They were
instructed to browse through the website and then evaluate the
experience by completing an on-line questionnaire. The ques-
tionnaire measured: approach/avoidance, arousal, helpfulness of
store cues, pleasure, satisfaction, Internet experience, and
cultural
values.
3.3. Measures and cross-national measurement invariance
13. The reliability of each measure used in the study was verified
in the following way:
Avoid/approach measure- The study used a previously
developed scale by Eroglu et al. (2003). The scale contains
the following semantic differential items: “How much would
you like to either avoid or approach this particular site while
shopping?”, “How much would you approach/avoid looking
around or exploring the Website?”, “Once at the site how much
did you enjoy exploring?”, and “How much time would you like
to spend looking around this site?” The scale's reliability was
α=.93 and α=.72 for the U.S.A. and China, respectively.
Satisfaction- Satisfaction was measured with a three item
Likert scale: “I was satisfied with my shopping experience at
the
site”, “I enjoyed visiting the site” and “Given a choice I would
probably go back to the site.” The scale reliability was α=.81
and
α=.77 for the U.S.A. and China, respectively.
Pleasure and arousal- These emotions were measured using a
Table 1
Model comparisons
χ2 df RMSEA CAIC CFI SRMR
semantic differential scale adopted from the Pleasure–Arousal–
Dominance scale (Mehrabian and Russell, 1974). Since Russell
(1979) found that pleasure and arousal adequately captures the
range of emotional responses, dominance was not included. The
following items were used to measure pleasure; happy/unhappy,
pleased/annoyed, and contented/melancholic, producing high
reliability of α=.94 for both countries. The items measuring
arousal were: aroused/unaroused, stimulated/relaxed, excited/
14. calm, frenzied/sluggish, jittery/dull, and wide-awake/sleepy,
producing reliability scores of α=.90 and α=.89 for the U.S.A.
and China, respectively.
value
Helpfulness- A listing of all the design elements/cues used to
Baseline model
(configural invariance)
577.20 196 .069 1111.17 .92 .061
Full metric invariance model 646.07 208 .072 1095.72 .91 .061
Factor variance
invariance model
656.57 218 .070 1035.96 .91 .072
create the on-line stores were provided to the participants (i.e.
background color, picture of the product, product samples, and
text fonts). Retrospectively, participant rated how helpful
individual on-line store cues were to the shopping experience
on a scale from 1–7, with 1 being not helpful at all and 7 being
very helpful. The averages of the scores are used to reflect the
overall helpfulness of both low and high task cues.
4. Analysis
4.1. Manipulation checks and measurement equivalence
The collectivism/individualism values of our participants were
measured using Hofstede's (1980) Collectivism/Individualism
Scale. The scale was reliable across both the Chinese and
U.S.A.
samples (α=.94 and .88, respectively) and a t-test confirmed that
the Chinese sample was significantly higher in collectivist
cultural
values than the American sample (t=4.46, Pb.001).
15. Using Steenkamp and Baumgartner's (1998) guidelines for
cross-national comparisons, the measurement equivalence of
the key measurement variables was tested using confirmatory
factor analysis. Scalar invariance of the measures must be
established so that the cross-country differences in the means of
the observed items may be attributed to the differences in the
means of the underlying constructs. Table 1 indicates no
differences in chi-square between the full metric invariance
model and the configural invariance model. The configural
invariance model also shows no increase from the baseline
model (i.e., with no constraints). The results confirm that our
measurements for all the constructs of interest were relevant
across the two countries and achieved full scalar invariance.
Thus the observed differences were comparable.
4.2. Hypotheses testing
H1 and H4 were confirmed with a series of t-tests.
Specifically, H1 stated that Chinese customers will perceive
higher helpfulness of both low/high task store cues. It was
supported for high task cues (X
̄ China=3.82 versus X
̄ US=3.33,
Pb.001) and for low task cues (X
̄ China=3.44 versus X
̄ US=2.86,
Pb.001). H4 stated that Chinese versus American customers
will experience lower levels of pleasure and arousal in the on-
line store visit. The hypothesis was also supported. Chinese
customers when exposed to store atmospherics experienced less
pleasure, than their American counterparts, (X
̄ China =4.87
versus X
̄ US=5.14, P=.025) and less arousal (X
̄ China=3.10
versus X
̄ US=3.93, Pb.001).
4.3. The Structural Model
Simultaneously the other hypothesized relationships are
tested using LISREL 8.3 (Joreskog and Sorbom, 1999) for both
16. Fig. 1. Stimulus organism response model for American
customers in an on-line store. ⁎⁎Significant (Pb.05).
⁎⁎⁎Significant (Pb.001).
810 L. Davis et al. / Journal of Business Research 61 (2008)
806–812
the U.S. and Chinese samples. For the U.S. model, the chi-
square statistic, which is highly influenced by a large sample
size, was significant [χ2 (85)=133.18, Pb.001]; however, all
other fit indices not as heavily influenced by sample size
indicated support for the hypothesized model (CFI=.99,
GFI=.92, NFI=.97, RMSEA=.054, and SRMR=.055; Bollen,
1989). Similarly, satisfactory fit indices were achieved for the
Chinese model (χ2 (85)=145.01; CFI=.98 GFI=.92, NFI=.96,
RMSEA=.058, and SRMR=.054). Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate the
path coefficients for both models.
The model, supported by the empirical data, indicated that the
Chinese were significantly different from our American sample
group. Specifically, the data supported H2a which predicted that
Chinese customers, when exposed to the site with low task
relevant cues, would experience higher levels of arousal than
those exposed to the non-low task cues website. The path
between the presence of low task cues and arousal was
significant with a coefficient of .34 (P=.05). The proposed
relationship was insignificant for the American model, with a
standardized coefficient of .07 (P=.20). Therefore, H3a was
supported, which stated that the relationship between the
presence/absence of low task cues and arousal would be
stronger
for Chinese versus American customers. H2b predicted that low
task cues would positively affect the Chinese customer's level
of
pleasure. The hypothesis is not supported by the data. The path
coefficient is insignificant with a standardized coefficient of .07
17. (P=.20). The relationship is significant in the American model
with a path coefficient of .30 (P=.049). Therefore, H3b which
stated that the relationship between the presence/absence of low
task cues and pleasure would be stronger for Chinese versus
American customers was not supported.
H5 predicted that arousal would positively affect the
relationship between Chinese customers pleasure. The path
from arousal to pleasure is significant with a coefficient of .36
Fig. 2. Stimulus organism response model for Chinese cu
(Pb.001). In fact, because the relationship between low task
relevant cues and pleasure is insignificant, arousal actually
mediates the relationship between low task relevant cues and
pleasure (Barron and Kenny, 1986). H6a predicts that a
pleasurable shopping experience leads to higher approach
intention. The Chinese data supports H6a, the path is significant
with a coefficient of .45 (Pb.001). H6b predicted that a
pleasurable shopping experience leads to greater levels of
satisfaction. The hypothesis is supported by the data, the path is
significant with a coefficient of .40 (Pb.001). The hypothesized
relationships concerning pleasure, approach and satisfaction is
supported by the U.S. data. The path coefficient from pleasure
to approach intention is .59 (Pb.001), and the path coefficient
from pleasure to satisfaction is .65 (Pb.001). The validity of
these findings is further confirmed by constructing a multi-
group SEM model. The baseline model, with no equal path
coefficient constraints is used as a benchmark to compare the
model fit indices changes. When constrained, the path from
pleasure to approach intends to be equal across American and
Chinese customers. The model fit indices demonstrated no
significant change from the baseline (Δχ2 (1)=2.92, P=.10).
Similarly, the constraint of the path from pleasure to
satisfaction
showed no significant change either (Δχ2 (1)=.64, P=.42).
The hypothesis that satisfaction would positively affect
approach intent, H7, was supported by both the U.S. and
18. Chinese data, the path coefficients are .34 (Pb.001) and .40
(Pb.001), respectively.
5. Discussion
The purpose of the research was to investigate how culture's
influence on responses to atmospheric cues differed between
American and Chinese on-line customers. The findings from the
research indicate that culture does affect the ways in which
stomers in an on-line store. ⁎⁎Significant (Pb.001).
811L. Davis et al. / Journal of Business Research 61 (2008)
806–812
American and Chinese on-line customers respond to
atmospheric
cues. The presence of low task relevant cues positively affected
the level of pleasure American customer's felt while shopping,
pleasure also positively affected their approach towards the on-
line store, those findings are consistent with previous research
(Eroglu et. al., 2003; Menon and Kahn, 2002). However, in the
Chinese sample, low task cues' effect on pleasure was mediated
by arousal and pleasure was predictive of Chinese customers'
approach behavior. Arousal as a mediating variable for pleasure
in
collectivistic culture has important implications for cross-
cultural
research. The current thinking is that induced arousal limits
cognitive capacity, causing potential customers to avoid the
store
as a way of preventing information overload (Menon and
Kennon, 2002). The theory is based upon individualistic
cultural
values and may not be applicable in cultures where context cues
are seen as central to communication and decision-making,
19. collectivism. Since collectivistic cultures place a greater value
on
causal reasoning and understanding context, their response to
arousal may be seen as a positive heuristic. Future research may
wish to further investigate the interaction of cultural values,
arousal and emotional responses.
Low task cues were more central to the decision-making
process for Chinese customers. When asked to evaluate cues,
Chinese respondents rated the cues as more helpful than
American customers. A central aspect of collectivism is the
need to suppress any sort of judgment or evaluation, however,
Chinese respondents strongly indicated that on-line store cues at
the website were helpful while shopping (Kim and Hakhoe,
1994; Sussman, 2000; Yeung and Tung, 1996). Therefore, the
desire or use of contextual cues must be profound given its high
rating by Chinese customers. Future research may want to
determine how cultural values affect the number and types of
cues needed to create an optimal shopping experience.
Cultural classifications are relevant to understanding cus-
tomer behavior on the Internet. The research presented here has
shown that the same stimuli can generate differing emotional
responses across cultures. The inter-relationships between
stimuli, emotions and behaviors can change with differing
cultural values. For example, the model presented here
demonstrates that arousal mediates the expression of pleasure
in collectivistic cultures while in individualistic cultures
arousal
and pleasure are distinct responses. Therefore, website design
for collectivist culture may have different aims than those
created for customers in an individualistic value system.
6. Managerial implications
Expanding Internet shopping globally requires that retailers
20. respond to cultural differences in their website designs and not
assume that “one design fits all”. The research clearly shows
that commonalties exist (e.g. pleasure affects satisfaction)
cultural differences do affect how customers respond to on-line
store atmospherics. These differences should influence how
retailers use various site design elements. For example, when
designing websites for an individualistic culture it is to the
retailers' advantage to use low task relevant cues to balance
both pleasure and arousal. These act as independent constructs.
However, in a collectivist culture the primary focus should be to
increase arousal, which acts as a mediator for pleasure.
Websites
that deliberately make extensive use of low task cues that are
striking may work best in context sensitive cultures. The web-
design approach used for an individualistic culture may only be
minimally effective in a collectivist culture because pleasure is
not directly affected by web design, arousal mediates the
relationship. On the other hand creating web sites with the
intent
of increasing arousal, the strategy for collectivist cultures, may
repel customers from an individualistic culture because they
avoid environments they find overly stimulating.
Global on-line retailers seem to be responding to cultural
differences. As mentioned earlier in the paper, some researches
have asserted that it is unnecessary to adapt site design to
culture specifically because Amazon has become a global brand
using a uniform website layout and design. However, further
comparisons between American and Chinese Amazon shopping
sites reveal that while the layout and design is uniform, the
Chinese site has many more contextual cues. The Chinese
website displays twice as many products as the American site on
each web page and incorporates animation and scrolling text,
the American site does not. In summary then, to paraphrase the
comments of Javenpaa and Todd (1997), a well-designed
customer Internet interface does not depend on the use of high
21. technology but is merely one that supports the customer's
culture and their decision-making process.
7. Limitations and future research
There are a number of limitations that future research should
attempt to address. The first limitation is that the sample groups
were university students in China and America to ensure cross-
cultural equivalence. Future research should attempt to use
samples that reflect a broader range of Internet customers so
that
the generalizability of our findings can be tested.
The second limitation was the use of hypothetical shopping
sites. Every effort was made to provide a realistic experience,
in-depth interviews with both American and Chinese partici-
pants were conducted to ensure that they perceived the websites
as convincing and realistic. However, participants were not
allowed to make any purchases. Making an actual purchase
would increase the level of involvement with the shopping
experience, which could, in turn, change how the cues are
processed. Future research may want to explicitly address the
issue by using actual on-line retailing sites.
The research presented here represents an initial effort at
investigating the cultural differences of customer responses to
on-
line atmospheric store cues in an on-line setting. Consequently,
the effects of adding or manipulating specific low task cues
were
not investigated. Extensions of the research could examine how
customers respond to the changes in the appearance of specific
low task cues as a function of their cultural orientation.
The research provides empirical support for the assertion that
cultural differences affect the customer's response to on-line
22. store
atmospherics. While the types of emotions expressed by
customers are common across cultures, the inter-relationships
between emotions and the depth of expression vary
significantly.
812 L. Davis et al. / Journal of Business Research 61 (2008)
806–812
The study found that these differences affect the evaluation of
store cues used in the site design. More research is needed to
further understand the relationship between high context
cultural
values and responses to store atmospherics, particularly the
need
for arousal. Understanding how the relationship between
arousal,
information processing, behavior and decision-making are
affected by cultural orientation merits additional study.
References
Bagozzi Richard P. Goal-directed behaviors in marketing:
cognitive and
emotional factors. Psychol Mark 1997;14(6):49–53.
Barber, Wendy, Badrew Albert. Culturability. The merging of
culture and
usability. Proceedings of the 4th conference on human factors
and the web.
www.research.att.co/conf/hfweb/proceedings/barder/index.htm1
998.
Baron, RM, Kenny DA. The moderator–mediator distinction in
social
23. psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical
considerations.
J Pers Soc Psychol 1986;51:1173–82.
Bin, Chen, Sun Q, Shao Q. Cultural differences in e-commerce:
a comparison
between the U.S. and China. J Glob Inf Manag 2003;11(2):48–
55.
Bollen, Kenneth. Structural equations and latent variables. New
York, NY:
Wiley; 1989.
Chan, Ricky YK, Tai Susan. How do in-store environmental
cues influence
Chinese shoppers? A study of hypermarket customers in Hong
Kong. J Int
Consum Mark 2001;13(1):73–104.
Chau, Patrick, Cole Melissa, Massey Anne P, O'Keefe Robert
M. Cultural differences
in consumer's on-line behaviors. Commun ACM
2002;45(10):38–143.
China National Network Information Center. Statistical report
on internet
development in China, 1998–2000. www.cnic.com2000.
Choi, Incheol, Nisbett Richard E, Norenzayan Ara. Causal
attribution across
cultures: variation and universality. Psychol Bull
1999;125(1):47–53.
Cole, Melissa , O'Keefe Robert M. Conceptualising the
dynamics of
globalization and culture in electronic commerce. J Glob Inf
24. Technol Manag
2000;3(4):4–17.
Cole Robert M,, O'Keefe Melissa, Siala Haythem. From the user
interface to
the consumer interface. Inf Syst Front 2000;1(4):349–61.
Donovan, Robert J, Rossiter John R. Store atmosphere: an
environmental
psychology approach. J Retail 1982;58:34–57 (Spring).
Dube, Laurette, Chebat Jean-Charles, Morin Sylvie. The effects
of background
music on consumers' desire to affiliate in buyer–seller
interactions. Psychol
Mark 1995;12(4):305–18.
Easterbrook, JA. The effect of emotion on cue utilization and
the organization of
behavior. Psychol Rev 1959;66(3):183–201.
Eroglu, Sevgin, Machleit Karen , Davis, Lenita. Atmospheric
qualities of on-line
retailing: a conceptual model and implications. J Bus Res
2001;54(2):177–84.
Eroglu, Sevgin, Machleit Karen, Davis, Lenita M. Empirical
testing of a model
of on-line store atmospherics and shopper response. Psychol
Mark 2003;20
(2):139–50.
Fletcher, Graham JO, Ward, James C. Attribution theory and
processes: a cross-
cultural perspective. In: Bond Michael Harris, editor. The cross-
cultural
25. challenge to social psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1988.
Forbes “Cultural Web Faux Pas”, February 21st, 19. 2000.
Forrester Research. The forrester wave: consumer ISPs, Q4
2005 evaluation of top
consumer internet service providers across 25 criteria”.
www.forrester.com2004.
Gong, Wen. Chinese consumer behavior: a cultural framework
and implications.
J Am Acad Bus 2005;3(1/2):373–80.
Gross, James J. Antecedent and response focused emotion
regulation: divergent
consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. J Pers
Soc
Psychol 1998;74(1):224–37.
Hofstede, Geert T. Cultures and organizations: software of the
mind. London,
England: McGraw-Hill; 1980.
Hofstede, Frenkel T, Sternkamp Jan-Benedict EM, Wedel,
Michael.
International market segmentation based on consumer–product
relations.
J Mark Res 1999;36(1):1–17.
Horrigan, John B, Raine, Lee. Adoption of broadband to the
home. Pew internet
and American life project.
http://www.pewinternet.org/reports/toc.asp?
Report=632003.
Hui, Michael, Bateson, John. Perceived control and the effects
of crowding and
26. consumer choice on the service experience. J Consum Res
1991;18(2):
174–84.
Javenpaa, Sirrka L, Todd, Peter A. Consumer reactions to
electronic shopping
on the World Wide Web. Int J Electron Commer 1997;1(2):59–
88.
Johnston, Kevin, Johal Parminder. The Internet as a ‘virtual
cultural region’ are
extant cultural classifications schemes appropriate? Internet Res
1999;9(3):
178–87.
Joreskog, Karl G, Sorbom Dag. LISREL 8.3. Chicago, IL:
Scientific Software
International; 1999.
Kahneman, Daniel. Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall; 1973.
Keesing Roger M. Theories of culture. In: Casson RW, editor.
Language, culture
and cognition. New York, NY: Macmillan; 1974.
Kim, Uichol, Hakhoe, Han'guk. Individualism and collectivism:
theory, method,
and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1994.
Kim, Jinwoo W. An empirical study of navigation aids in
customer interfaces.
Behav. and Inf. Technol. 1999;18(3):213–24.
Kindle, Thomas I. A partial theory of Chinese consumer
behavior: marketing
27. strategy implications. Hong Kong J Bus Manag 1982;1:97–109.
Kotler, Phillip. Atmospherics as a marketing tool. J Retail
1974;49:48–64.
Kroeber, Alfred L, Kluckhohn, Clyde. Culture: a critical review
of concepts
definition. Pap Peabody Mus 1952.
Mehrabian, Arun, Russell, James A. An approach to
environmental psychology.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1974.
Menon, Satya, Kahn, Barbara. Cross-category effects of induced
arousal and
pleasure on the Internet Shopping Experience. J Retail
2002;78(1):31–40.
Miller Joel. Measurement in psychology: critical history of a
methodological
concept. Boston: MA; 1984.
Morris, Michael W, Peng, Kaiping. Culture and cause:
American and Chinese
attributions for social and physical events. Pers Soc Psychol
1994;67:949–71.
Oyserman, Daphna, Coon Heather, Kemmelmeier, Markus.
Rethinking
individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical
assumptions and
meta-analyses. Psychol Bull 2002;128:3–73.
Russell, James A. Affective space is bipolar. J Pers Soc Psychol
1979;37:345–56.
Russell, James A, Pratt Geraldine A. Description of the
affective quality
28. attributed to environments. J Pers Soc Psychol 1980;38:311–22.
Steenkamp, Jan-Benedict, Baumgartner, H. Assessing
measurement invariance
in cross-national consumer research. J Consum Res 1998:78–90
25(June).
Sussman, Nan M. The dynamic nature of cultural identity
throughout cultural
transitions: why home is no so sweet? Personal Soc Psychol Rev
2000;4(4):
355–73.
Szymanski, David M, Hise, Robert T. E-satisfaction: an initial
examination.
J Retail 2000;76(3):309–22.
Tafarodi, Romin W, Swann, Jr William B. Individualism–
collectivism and
global self-esteem. J Cross-cult Psychol 1996;30(5):620–40.
Triandis, Harry C. Individualism and collectivism: cross-
cultural perspectives
on self-ingroup relationships. J Pers Soc Psychol
1988;54(2):323–38.
Triandis, Harry C. Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO:
Westview
Press; 1995.
Triandis, Harry C, Vassiliou, Vaso A. Comparative analysis of
subjective culture.
In: Triandis HC, Vassiliou V, Vassiliou G, Tanaka Y,
Shanmugam AV, editors.
The analysis of subjective culture. New York, NY: John Wiley
29. and Sons; 1972.
Yang, Kuo-Shu. Chinese personality and its change. In: Bond
Michael Harris,
editor. The psychology of the Chinese people. Hong Kong:
Oxford
University Press; 1993.
Yau, Oliver HM. Consumer behavior in China: customer
satisfaction and
cultural values. London, UK: Routledge; 1994.
Yeung, Irene Y, Tung, Rosalie L. Achieving business success in
Confucian
societies: the importance of Guanxi (connections). Organ Dyn
1996;25(2):
45–63.
http://www.research.att.co/conf/hfweb/proceedings/barder/index
.htm
http://www.cnic.com
http://www.forrester.com
http://www.pewinternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report=63
http://www.pewinternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report=63Culture
influences on emotional responses to on-line store atmospheric
cuesIntroductionLiterature reviewMethodProduct category and
website designSample and procedureMeasures and cross-
national measurement invarianceAnalysisManipulation checks
and measurement equivalenceHypotheses testingThe Structural
ModelDiscussionManagerial implicationsLimitations and future
researchReferences