This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of culture on marketing communications between South African and German businesses. The study used a quantitative survey and qualitative interviews. Key findings included:
1) Critical cultural factors influencing marketing communications included language, value systems, religion, education levels, attitudes towards time, and communication and messaging styles.
2) South African value systems place importance on trust and price of products, while Germans emphasize quality over price.
3) Religious background has some influence on perceptions of marketing messages due to South Africa's cultural diversity, but religion does not strongly impact business communications with German partners.
4) Educational levels differ between the countries and marketing messages may need adaptation when targeting the general
AN ANALYSIS OF ETHNOCENTRISM IN A GLOBALIZED BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTDarian Pruitt
This document summarizes a research article about overcoming ethnocentrism in intercultural business communication. The research article explores how globalization has increased diversity in workplaces but also challenges like ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism can negatively impact business relationships and understanding between cultures if not addressed. The research aims to provide a model for overcoming ethnocentrism in multicultural work environments. It reviews literature on how ethnocentrism affects communication between cultures and discusses challenges of unifying diverse cultures in business.
Communication Is The Most Fundamental Element. Cross...Lindsey Jones
The document discusses the importance of understanding cultural differences in business communication. It states that as globalization has increased interdependence between businesses internationally, cross-cultural communication has become a major challenge. A lack of understanding of cultural differences can negatively impact business performance and partnerships. Specifically, it can lead to cross-cultural communication issues, differences in workplace etiquette across cultures, and not understanding different organizational hierarchies in other cultures. Understanding cultural differences is vital for businesses conducting international operations.
Business relationships cross cultural analysisshibrah76
This document summarizes a research paper that compares cultural attitudes in business relationships between Hong Kong and Portugal. The paper uses Hofstede's cultural dimensions of individualism/collectivism and power distance to compare the two regions, which Hofstede's model rates as similarly in those dimensions despite their different histories. The research found that in some cases, attitudes aligned with Hofstede's dimensions, but organizational culture in Portugal influenced attitudes more than national culture in the individualism dimension. The paper aims to understand how well Hofstede's cultural dimensions can explain business relationship attitudes in the two regions.
This document discusses the influence of culture in international business. It begins by defining culture and identifying key elements that shape a culture, such as social structure, language, communication, religion, and values according to various scholars. It then examines cultural dimensions proposed by Edward Hall, including how concepts of time, space, property, and agreements differ across cultures. Understanding these cultural factors is important for businesses operating internationally to avoid conflicts from cultural misunderstandings.
Intercultural Communication within the Aviation Organization.docxmariuse18nolet
Intercultural Communication within the Aviation Organizations in the United Arab Emirates
Introduction
Businesses have been developing massive ideas aiming at expanding their markets. The expansion is expected to go beyond the boundaries of the countries of origin of those businesses. The whole world comprises of different nations with different cultural backgrounds. On the other hand, communication is central to the day to day running of businesses. In order to win a customer’s attention in your product, there is the need to establish polite and gainful relations with the customers that are made through communication. Organizations in the Aviation industry are some of the organizations that expect to deal with different cultures most of the times since they offer their services across the world. Therefore, these organizations are characterized by intercultural communication within the organizations themselves and also with their customers. Intercultural communication is a form of communication used to share information throughout different social groups and cultures. According to Pillar (2011), intercultural communication describes communication procedures and problems that naturally appear within societies that are composed of people from different ethnic backgrounds. Intercultural communication is helpful in business since it builds cultural intelligence in customer service and other business communication practices (Knapp, 1987). The study will help in developing an understanding of intercultural communication in the aviation industry in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The understanding will help in fine tuning the customer service towards meeting customer requirements.
Purpose of the study
The main purpose of the topic is to see the communication in regard with intercultural communication within organization in UAE. Private aviation organizations in the UAE include Empire aviation group, Dana ExecuJet, Gama Aviation, Medex Aviation, Prestije Jet, Emirates Aviation Services, FJR Private Flight. To ease the analysis, three private aviation organizations Aerovista, Emirates Aviation Services and the Etihad will be chosen in this research . The paper aims at finding out the effectiveness of internal intercultural communication in the United Arab Emirates Aviation industry.
Rationale of the study
The study is important since UAE is multi-cultural, and her aviation industry comprises of people from various cultural identities. Therefore, effective inter-cultural communications are important for the industry to function properly. The study will help in understanding the most commonly used mode of communication within the UAE. It will also generate more knowledge on the reasons for the commonality of a certain language or mode of communication. The cultural group with the largest number of customers will also be identified. The question of the way communication is carried out between the UAE aviation companies and their clients and .
Cross-Cultural Misunderstanding in Businesses Language MisinterprMargenePurnell14
Cross-Cultural Misunderstanding in Businesses: Language Misinterpretation in Perspective
Deborah Odiong Eyoma
Schiller International University
EN 200 : Cross-Cultural Communication
Professor Xiaoyu Li
24TH March 2022
CROSS-CULTURAL MISUNDERSTANDING IN BUSINESSES: LANGUAGE MISINTERPRETATION IN PERSPECTIVE
Communication is a basic part of life, which facilitates both verbal and non-verbal interactions and information exchange between humans and animals. In humans, effective communication also includes understanding the emotion and intentions behind the information. It further involves the ability to unambiguously convey or receive a message in order to gain the full meaning of the message and make the other person feel heard and understood (Robinson, Segal, & Melinda, 2020). Generally, learning and business are human endeavours that critically require effective communication. Business simply connotes an organisation or enterprise engaged in commercial, industrial or professional activities (Adam Hayes, Margaret James, 2021). Communication in business is vital to ensuring effective transfer of goods and services, particularly across different cultures.
Several businesses have failed due to language-induced cross-cultural misunderstandings. A case in point is when Colgate, a toothpaste company, introduced a product called “Cue” in France but suffered backlash and eventual closure because the name of the product, at the time in France, was the name of a famous pornographic magazine (desconeguts, 2014). This article shall therefore, briefly discuss a language-induced failure that occurred in Panasonic as it attempted to introduce its product to a new market. Thereafter, the study shall identify key challenges to cross-cultural communications before proffering strategies to address them.
Aim of the study
The aim of this study is to draw lessons from a case study of previous failures in business occasioned by their inability to understand the language and nuances of other cultures with a view to proffering solutions to prevent the reoccurrence of such blunders.
Definitions of Key Terminologies
The study will first define some key terminologies, such as culture, language and communication as well as cross-cultural communication. Culture is defined as the ways of life of a people, including their arts, beliefs and institutions, passed down through generations; it further comprises of their language, religion, norms of behaviour amongst many others (LaMorte, 2016). Language and Communication are variables that are distinct but interdependent, as one aids or facilitates the other. Language is predominantly a human activity; it is a medium that aids transmission of feeling and thoughts, while communication can be described as a way of interchanging ideas which can be verbal or non-verbal. `Cross-cultural communication connotes the way interactions or transmission of information takes place across different cultures ...
This document discusses the development of cultural indicators and debates around measuring the value of arts and culture. It notes that cultural indicators have evolved from primarily measuring instrumental socio-economic impacts to also measuring intrinsic impacts. There remains debate around the best methodologies for cultural measurement, with qualitative and mixed methods now seen as better able to capture the complex intrinsic values of cultural experiences than quantitative methods alone. Overall cultural indicators are seen as important for articulating the value of culture, though continued research is needed to develop robust, locally-specific measurement approaches.
AN ANALYSIS OF ETHNOCENTRISM IN A GLOBALIZED BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTDarian Pruitt
This document summarizes a research article about overcoming ethnocentrism in intercultural business communication. The research article explores how globalization has increased diversity in workplaces but also challenges like ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism can negatively impact business relationships and understanding between cultures if not addressed. The research aims to provide a model for overcoming ethnocentrism in multicultural work environments. It reviews literature on how ethnocentrism affects communication between cultures and discusses challenges of unifying diverse cultures in business.
Communication Is The Most Fundamental Element. Cross...Lindsey Jones
The document discusses the importance of understanding cultural differences in business communication. It states that as globalization has increased interdependence between businesses internationally, cross-cultural communication has become a major challenge. A lack of understanding of cultural differences can negatively impact business performance and partnerships. Specifically, it can lead to cross-cultural communication issues, differences in workplace etiquette across cultures, and not understanding different organizational hierarchies in other cultures. Understanding cultural differences is vital for businesses conducting international operations.
Business relationships cross cultural analysisshibrah76
This document summarizes a research paper that compares cultural attitudes in business relationships between Hong Kong and Portugal. The paper uses Hofstede's cultural dimensions of individualism/collectivism and power distance to compare the two regions, which Hofstede's model rates as similarly in those dimensions despite their different histories. The research found that in some cases, attitudes aligned with Hofstede's dimensions, but organizational culture in Portugal influenced attitudes more than national culture in the individualism dimension. The paper aims to understand how well Hofstede's cultural dimensions can explain business relationship attitudes in the two regions.
This document discusses the influence of culture in international business. It begins by defining culture and identifying key elements that shape a culture, such as social structure, language, communication, religion, and values according to various scholars. It then examines cultural dimensions proposed by Edward Hall, including how concepts of time, space, property, and agreements differ across cultures. Understanding these cultural factors is important for businesses operating internationally to avoid conflicts from cultural misunderstandings.
Intercultural Communication within the Aviation Organization.docxmariuse18nolet
Intercultural Communication within the Aviation Organizations in the United Arab Emirates
Introduction
Businesses have been developing massive ideas aiming at expanding their markets. The expansion is expected to go beyond the boundaries of the countries of origin of those businesses. The whole world comprises of different nations with different cultural backgrounds. On the other hand, communication is central to the day to day running of businesses. In order to win a customer’s attention in your product, there is the need to establish polite and gainful relations with the customers that are made through communication. Organizations in the Aviation industry are some of the organizations that expect to deal with different cultures most of the times since they offer their services across the world. Therefore, these organizations are characterized by intercultural communication within the organizations themselves and also with their customers. Intercultural communication is a form of communication used to share information throughout different social groups and cultures. According to Pillar (2011), intercultural communication describes communication procedures and problems that naturally appear within societies that are composed of people from different ethnic backgrounds. Intercultural communication is helpful in business since it builds cultural intelligence in customer service and other business communication practices (Knapp, 1987). The study will help in developing an understanding of intercultural communication in the aviation industry in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The understanding will help in fine tuning the customer service towards meeting customer requirements.
Purpose of the study
The main purpose of the topic is to see the communication in regard with intercultural communication within organization in UAE. Private aviation organizations in the UAE include Empire aviation group, Dana ExecuJet, Gama Aviation, Medex Aviation, Prestije Jet, Emirates Aviation Services, FJR Private Flight. To ease the analysis, three private aviation organizations Aerovista, Emirates Aviation Services and the Etihad will be chosen in this research . The paper aims at finding out the effectiveness of internal intercultural communication in the United Arab Emirates Aviation industry.
Rationale of the study
The study is important since UAE is multi-cultural, and her aviation industry comprises of people from various cultural identities. Therefore, effective inter-cultural communications are important for the industry to function properly. The study will help in understanding the most commonly used mode of communication within the UAE. It will also generate more knowledge on the reasons for the commonality of a certain language or mode of communication. The cultural group with the largest number of customers will also be identified. The question of the way communication is carried out between the UAE aviation companies and their clients and .
Cross-Cultural Misunderstanding in Businesses Language MisinterprMargenePurnell14
Cross-Cultural Misunderstanding in Businesses: Language Misinterpretation in Perspective
Deborah Odiong Eyoma
Schiller International University
EN 200 : Cross-Cultural Communication
Professor Xiaoyu Li
24TH March 2022
CROSS-CULTURAL MISUNDERSTANDING IN BUSINESSES: LANGUAGE MISINTERPRETATION IN PERSPECTIVE
Communication is a basic part of life, which facilitates both verbal and non-verbal interactions and information exchange between humans and animals. In humans, effective communication also includes understanding the emotion and intentions behind the information. It further involves the ability to unambiguously convey or receive a message in order to gain the full meaning of the message and make the other person feel heard and understood (Robinson, Segal, & Melinda, 2020). Generally, learning and business are human endeavours that critically require effective communication. Business simply connotes an organisation or enterprise engaged in commercial, industrial or professional activities (Adam Hayes, Margaret James, 2021). Communication in business is vital to ensuring effective transfer of goods and services, particularly across different cultures.
Several businesses have failed due to language-induced cross-cultural misunderstandings. A case in point is when Colgate, a toothpaste company, introduced a product called “Cue” in France but suffered backlash and eventual closure because the name of the product, at the time in France, was the name of a famous pornographic magazine (desconeguts, 2014). This article shall therefore, briefly discuss a language-induced failure that occurred in Panasonic as it attempted to introduce its product to a new market. Thereafter, the study shall identify key challenges to cross-cultural communications before proffering strategies to address them.
Aim of the study
The aim of this study is to draw lessons from a case study of previous failures in business occasioned by their inability to understand the language and nuances of other cultures with a view to proffering solutions to prevent the reoccurrence of such blunders.
Definitions of Key Terminologies
The study will first define some key terminologies, such as culture, language and communication as well as cross-cultural communication. Culture is defined as the ways of life of a people, including their arts, beliefs and institutions, passed down through generations; it further comprises of their language, religion, norms of behaviour amongst many others (LaMorte, 2016). Language and Communication are variables that are distinct but interdependent, as one aids or facilitates the other. Language is predominantly a human activity; it is a medium that aids transmission of feeling and thoughts, while communication can be described as a way of interchanging ideas which can be verbal or non-verbal. `Cross-cultural communication connotes the way interactions or transmission of information takes place across different cultures ...
This document discusses the development of cultural indicators and debates around measuring the value of arts and culture. It notes that cultural indicators have evolved from primarily measuring instrumental socio-economic impacts to also measuring intrinsic impacts. There remains debate around the best methodologies for cultural measurement, with qualitative and mixed methods now seen as better able to capture the complex intrinsic values of cultural experiences than quantitative methods alone. Overall cultural indicators are seen as important for articulating the value of culture, though continued research is needed to develop robust, locally-specific measurement approaches.
This document discusses the relationship between culture, communication, and human resource management in educational institutions in Nigeria. It provides context on the Nigerian educational system and defines key concepts like culture, communication, and human resource management. The document establishes that culture and communication are important for effective human resource management. Efficient use of human resources and developing their potential requires suitable corporate culture and communication.
Cenyue Wang RE Group 6 - Discussion Board QuestionCOLLAPSET.docxsleeperharwell
Cenyue Wang
RE: Group 6 - Discussion Board Question
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
With the rapid development of the economy, the development of enterprises has already shown a pattern of diversified development. More and more enterprises have gone abroad, and many foreign-funded enterprises have come to China for development. All these have brought a lot of opportunities for economic development at home and abroad. According to the course materials, I notice that the necessity of corporate intercultural adaptation. Intercultural communication is the study and practice of communication across cultural contexts (Bennet). Intercultural communication is a way to deal with relations among individuals from these gatherings that focus on the acknowledgment and regard of social contrasts, looks for the objective of common adjustment prompting biculturalism as opposed to straightforward osmosis, and supports the improvement of intercultural affectability with respect to people and associations to empower empathic understanding and equipped coordination of activity across social contrasts (Bennet). Based on the presentations and case analysis, adapting intercultural is the process of positive change in order to adapt to a new culture. This process can involve changing someone's beliefs and attitudes, knowledge, and skills. In cross-border trade, companies come into contact with people with different cultural backgrounds. These people often use different languages and have different customs and styles. These differences often lead to trouble. The external cultural features include language and eating habits, while the internal cultural features include beliefs, attitudes, and values. Successful acculturation includes adhering to the original values, customs, and beliefs while actively respecting the new culture and treating the two cultures fairly and unbiased.
All in all, what I learned from course, presentation and case analysis is, business leaders should recognize the cultural differences in foreign trade, attach importance to the cultivation of employees' intercultural adaptability and the improvement of their intercultural communication skills. Due to the acceleration of globalization, the cross-cultural adaptability of an enterprise is particularly important for its development, the organizations and companies should identify cultural differences and develop cultural identity.
Bennett, M. (n.d.). Intercultural Communication. Retrieved from https://www.idrinstitute.org/resources/intercultural-communication/
Bottom of Form
Lin Xiang
RE: Group 6 - Discussion Board Question
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
Thanks to technology and travel, it is easier than ever to communicate with people in different parts of the world. So, intercultural communication is becoming more necessary for solving problems and achieving success, particularly in business. “Lack of knowledge of another culture can lead, at the best, to embarrassing or amusing mistakes in communication,” accor.
Manuela Guilherme, The European Public Sphere in Cosmopolitan Societies: A critical approach to multilingualism and interculturality in professional education.
in Providus conference Diversity Management in Public Administration Organisations: Lessons from Best Practice, June 2011.
INTERCULTURAL NEGOTIATION IN MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS. THE INTEGRATION OF THE...Liviu Warter
This document summarizes a research article about intercultural negotiation in mergers and acquisitions. It discusses how culture impacts negotiation between parties in cross-border M&As. Culture can influence negotiation at the cognitive, belief/value, and identity levels. There are many factors that influence the negotiation process, including structural, strategic, and cultural factors. Intercultural negotiation aims to clarify goals, define relationships, communicate issues, develop options, and reach agreements between different cultures. The integration of cultural dimensions into negotiation is complex as culture incorporates many components.
INTERCULTURAL NEGOTIATION IN MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS. THE INTEGRATION OF THE...Iulian Warter
This document summarizes a research article about intercultural negotiation in mergers and acquisitions. It discusses how culture impacts negotiation between parties in cross-border M&As. Culture can influence negotiation at the cognitive, belief/value, and identity levels. There are many factors that influence the negotiation process, including structural, strategic, and cultural factors. Intercultural negotiation aims to clarify goals, define relationships, communicate issues, develop options, and reach agreements between different cultures. The integration of cultural dimensions into negotiation is complex as culture incorporates many components.
1) Culture can be defined in many ways and encompasses both material and non-material aspects of a society. Non-material aspects include symbols, language, values, and norms that are learned and shared.
2) Globalization has increased connections between countries and the spread of ideas and business practices worldwide. Understanding different cultural values and effective cross-cultural communication is important for international business.
3) Hofstede studied IBM employees around the world and identified five cultural dimensions, including power distance, that influence mental programming and societal norms around equality and power structures.
Managing Cultural Integration in Cross-Border Mergers and AcquisitionsDenison Consulting
Cross-border M&A has become one of the leading approaches for firms to
gain access to global markets. Yet there has been little progress in the
research literature exploring the role that culture may play in the success
of these ventures. Poor culture-fit has often been cited as one reason why
M&A has not produced the outcomes organizations hoped for (Cartwright & Schoenberg, 2006). Cross-border M&A has the added challenges of having to deal with both national and organizational culture
differences. In this chapter we review the literature on cultural integration
in cross-border M&A and provide a framework designed to help manage
the integration process throughout the M&A lifecycle. This framework
presents culture assessment and integration as a crucial component to
reducing poor culture-fit as a barrier to M&A success.
Extract from a report relating to the impact of cultural differences on globalisation. Written from the perspective of consumer behaviour during the #coronavirus crisis. Report is part of a BA (Hons) Marketing degree submission.
This document discusses the essential skills needed for developing intercultural competence. It identifies several key skills, including finding similarities rather than differences between cultures, getting rid of preconceptions and stereotypes, cultivating a flexible and open mind, learning about other cultures, demonstrating tolerance for diverse cultures through active listening and empathy, and showing respect. Developing these skills can help individuals better understand and interact with people from different cultural backgrounds.
This document discusses how the language policies of multinational corporations may influence language learning decisions in other institutions. It argues that while some claim corporations push English in an imperialistic way, others believe there is no single dominant institution that could spread English globally. The document examines how corporate language policies get proliferated throughout society, potentially leading to misconceptions about the value of English and counterproductive policies in other institutions like education. It questions whether concepts like neoliberalism are useful or just ambiguous terms used to condemn political opponents.
This document provides an overview of the relationships between language, thought, and culture from an applied linguistics perspective. It discusses key concepts like the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which suggests that the structure of a language influences the worldview of its speakers. While the strong version of linguistic relativity has been rejected, the document notes there is still an influence of language on thought. Research problems in applied linguistics are also examined, such as balancing description with prescription and addressing linguistic and educational concerns.
This document provides an overview of intercultural communication and cultural differences. It defines culture and why cultures differ, and discusses types of cultural communication including cross-cultural, international, multicultural, and intercultural communication. Examples of cultural differences in business are provided around gestures, touch, masculinity and femininity, and the separation of power. The importance of intercultural communication for international business success is outlined. Globalization and a multicultural workforce are two trends driving greater intercultural communication needs. Guidelines for effective intercultural communication include dos like avoiding assumptions and don'ts like considering other traditions backward. The conclusion emphasizes that not practicing effective intercultural communication can damage business deals.
Cultural Intelligence: Bridging the Cultural Differences in the Emerging MarketsJIANGUANGLUNG DANGMEI
In the emerging markets, cross border management has become a big challenge among the organizations. Researchers
have suggested that a high IQ and emotional intelligence may not be sufficient to successfully handle the global situations,
interaction and complexity tasks for an organization due to diversity in cultures. As organizations rely on the emerging
markets for revenue growth and expansion, they need to familiarize with different cultures and need to communicate
well with other cultures. If these cultural differences are not well managed, misunderstanding and conflict may rise in
the business across the world and organizations could be at risk if management fails to deal with the cultural difference.
Fortunately, researchers have recognized that cultural intelligence is a critical factor to overcome the challenges of cultural
differences. The realities of contemporary organizations demonstrated that cultural intelligence has vital implications for
individuals and organizations in the globalization as cultural diversities require organizations to interact with people from
a variety of backgrounds. When the cultural diversity is handled properly by incorporating cultural intelligence in the
organizations, it will be a competitive advantage for the organizations. Organizations operating in the cross border business now need to incorporate cultural intelligence to overcome the challenges of cultural differences in the emerging markets.
This document summarizes the challenges American companies face regarding organizational culture when operating in Serbia. It discusses Hofstede's model of national cultural dimensions and how Serbian and US cultures differ based on this framework. Specifically, Serbian culture scores higher in power distance and uncertainty avoidance, while the US scores higher in individualism. The paper also examines types of organizational culture and notes that hierarchies are most common in Serbian companies, while adhocracy cultures are rare. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding these cultural differences to help American businesses adjust their practices when operating abroad in Serbia.
You have collected the following documents (unstructured) and pl.docxbriancrawford30935
You have collected the following documents (unstructured) and plan to apply an index technique to convert them into an inverted index.
Doc 1?Information retrieval is the activity of obtaining information resources relevant to an information need from a collection of information resources. Searches can be based on full-text or other content-based indexing.
Doc 2?Information retrieval is finding material of an unstructured nature that satisfies an information need from within large collections.
Doc 3?Information systems is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.
In the process of creating the inverted index, please complete the following steps:
Remove all stop words and punctuation, and then apply Porter’s stemming algorithm to the documents. Thelist of stop words for this task is provided as follows:
Is, The, Of, To, An, A, From, Can, Be, On, Or, That, Within, And, Use
Create a merged inverted list including the within-document frequencies for each term.
Use the index created in part (b) to create a dictionary and the related posting file.
You may like to test the inverted index by using the following keywords:information, system, index
.
You have been working as a technology associate the information .docxbriancrawford30935
You have been working as a technology associate the information systems department at Corporation Techs for a while now. You have discovered so far that all of Corporation Techs’ computer systems share the same Class C public IP address range, including workstations along with servers providing authentication, e-mail, and both secure and public Web sites.
Your next task in this project is to construct a basic network design. An important requirement for the network design is to reduce the number of public addresses needed as the subnet lease results in very high ISP costs.
Tasks
Construct a basic network design, separating private and public services within the Corporation Techs’ network. To do so, you must:
Access the PCAP files using NetWitness Investigator, and browse the Nmap scan (XML format), topology fisheye chart (PDF format), and Nessus report (HTML format).
Identify vulnerabilities and clear-text information transfer.
Conduct research and determine the best network design to ensure security of internal access while retaining public Web site availability.
Identify any opportunities for reduced ISP costs through port redirection or address translation.
Design a network configuration, identifying network gateways, port or address redirection systems, and the location of hosts within private and protected network segments.
Create a professional report detailing the information above as supportive documentation for the network security plan.
Create a report that includes a basic network diagram and research results.
.
You have chosen to join WHO. They are particularly interested in.docxbriancrawford30935
You have chosen to join WHO. They are particularly interested in your microbiology skills since there have been many outbreaks of disease around the world. Now that you have reviewed your microbiology, you have been notified that you will be sent to one of two areas, West Africa, or the Middle East. In preparation, the Peace Corp would like you to choose one of these areas and complete a plan to deal with outbreaks or potential outbreaks in the area.
Choose an outbreak from those below to investigate.
Ebola or Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
Locate resources that will provide information about the infection, causing microbe, mode of infection, mode of spread, group or groups specifically susceptible, where outbreak occurred and when, clinical evaluation and diagnosis, infection control.
Find first person reports such as interviews or personal reports or journals on the outbreak. If you need help work with the librarian.
Design and submit an outline of the information you have uncovered. You will use this information to complete the project.
The outline should contain information and cited resources for:
Name of the disease chosen
Causing microbe
Mode of infection
Mode of spread
Group or groups specifically susceptible
Where outbreak occurred and when
Clinical evaluation and diagnosis
Infection control.
.
You have been tasked to present at a town hall meeting in your local.docxbriancrawford30935
You have been tasked to present at a town hall meeting in your local town or city to present the details about a new local policy that is being proposed. The presentation will need to define the problem, proposed solutions, risks, challenges, and funding opportunities/challenges. Topics may include local government changes to communities (for example, transportation, commercial enterprise effects on nearby townships, affordable housing construction, environmental effects of new/old business operations, addressing homelessness support, and others).
Using the
Policy Identification and Analysis Assignment Template [PPTX],
develop an 8–10 slide presentation in which you:
Analyze and define the problem to include possible political conflicts.
Identify risks and challenges.
Identify and construct policy alternatives and solutions.
Identify stakeholders and key roles.
Identify funding opportunities, challenges, and budget cost factors, to include saving measures.
Select supportive and evaluative criteria.
Identify incentives, subsidies, and potential benefits.
Draw conclusions in a thorough summary, including lessons learned.
Use the Internet or Strayer databases at the
Strayer Library
to locate at least three quality resources in this assignment.
Note
: Wikipedia and similar websites do not qualify as quality resources.
Use the
Policy Identification and Analysis Assignment Template [PPTX]
.
.
You have been tasked as the health care administrator of a major hos.docxbriancrawford30935
You have been tasked as the health care administrator of a major hospital to create a financial plan for your organization. What would you include in your financial plan? Compare an operating budget versus a capital budget? Include examples of each budget in a hypothetical department or unit of a hospital. Cite and reference your resources.
.
You have been tasked to devise a program to address the needs of.docxbriancrawford30935
You have been tasked to devise a program to address the needs of crime victims. To better understand what type of program to devise, you need to review some crime data. The crime data will help you to identify the various types of crimes being committed and how the various types of crime victims are impacted by their offenders. Select a source that compiles crime data. Describe why you selected that particular source and what type of data that source contains. Secondly, describe the basic goals of your proposed program and what types of services the program would provide to crime victims based on the various types of crimes. For example, what would be a program goal for a rape victim, and what type of program(s) or service(s) would be devised to address the victim’s needs (this could include gender, age, and group counseling sessions).
Assignment Guidelines
Select a source that compiles crime data.
Address the following in 750–1,000 words:
Why did you select that particular source? Explain in detail.
What type of data does that source contain? Describe in detail.
What are the basic goals of your proposed program? Explain in detail.
What types of services would the program provide to crime victims with regard to the various types of crime? Explain in detail.
Be sure to reference all sources using APA style.
.
You have been successful in your application for the position be.docxbriancrawford30935
You have been successful in your application for the position below and are invited to interview – time and date to be arranged.
Job Title: Social Care Worker – Residential services Panel
The social care worker will…
· work with children / young people, families and / or significant others, Social Work teams, other healthcare providers and agencies, schools, training agencies and community groups.
· care for, protect, and support vulnerable or dependent clients, individually or in groups, in conjunction with the wider multidisciplinary team and other relevant agencies. S/he will ensure the welfare of those under his / her care and will act as an advocate as appropriate.
· contribute to the planning and evaluation of individualised and group programmes of care, which are based on needs, identified in consultation with the client and others and delivered through day-to-day shared life experiences.
· work as part of a team to provide a safe, caring environment for resident clients/ children / young people with the primary aim of providing the intervention necessary to address the issues that are preventing them from fulfilling their outcomes.
· treat clients/ children/ young people and their families with dignity and respect, promoting a culture of unconditional positive regard at all times.
· recognise clients/ children / young people as expert through experience, promoting their participation in care planning, placement planning, decision-making and service delivery.
· contribute to the promotion of good links with neighbours, local community resources, i.e. schools, employment schemes and clubs, local Gardai and any other appropriate service.
· engage in reflective and evidence based practice
. That guideline to use to answer this question 1 to 3
1. Creative practice, reflective practice and team skills
It is important that the Social Care Worker can work independently as well as part of a wider healthcare team, building and maintaining relationships and understanding and valuing individuals and their respective professional roles. S/he should be able to identify the limits of their practice and know when to seek advice and additional expertise or refer to another professional. S/he should be able to give and receive feedback and to input their learning into their practice.
In the space below, please give an example of a situation where you were responsible for an individual piece of work with a service user/group of service users and which demonstrates your ability in the above areas
2
.
Flexibility, resilience and ability to deal with challenges.
An effective Social Care Worker demonstrates a commitment to providing a quality service. S/he is innovative and open to change in striving to ensure high standards in service delivery. Challenges can arise in many ways in the course of Social Care practice and an ability to manage adversity when it arises is an important professional skill.
In the space below, please give an.
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Similar to Problems and Perspectives in Management, Volume 12, Issue 1, 2.docx
This document discusses the relationship between culture, communication, and human resource management in educational institutions in Nigeria. It provides context on the Nigerian educational system and defines key concepts like culture, communication, and human resource management. The document establishes that culture and communication are important for effective human resource management. Efficient use of human resources and developing their potential requires suitable corporate culture and communication.
Cenyue Wang RE Group 6 - Discussion Board QuestionCOLLAPSET.docxsleeperharwell
Cenyue Wang
RE: Group 6 - Discussion Board Question
COLLAPSE
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With the rapid development of the economy, the development of enterprises has already shown a pattern of diversified development. More and more enterprises have gone abroad, and many foreign-funded enterprises have come to China for development. All these have brought a lot of opportunities for economic development at home and abroad. According to the course materials, I notice that the necessity of corporate intercultural adaptation. Intercultural communication is the study and practice of communication across cultural contexts (Bennet). Intercultural communication is a way to deal with relations among individuals from these gatherings that focus on the acknowledgment and regard of social contrasts, looks for the objective of common adjustment prompting biculturalism as opposed to straightforward osmosis, and supports the improvement of intercultural affectability with respect to people and associations to empower empathic understanding and equipped coordination of activity across social contrasts (Bennet). Based on the presentations and case analysis, adapting intercultural is the process of positive change in order to adapt to a new culture. This process can involve changing someone's beliefs and attitudes, knowledge, and skills. In cross-border trade, companies come into contact with people with different cultural backgrounds. These people often use different languages and have different customs and styles. These differences often lead to trouble. The external cultural features include language and eating habits, while the internal cultural features include beliefs, attitudes, and values. Successful acculturation includes adhering to the original values, customs, and beliefs while actively respecting the new culture and treating the two cultures fairly and unbiased.
All in all, what I learned from course, presentation and case analysis is, business leaders should recognize the cultural differences in foreign trade, attach importance to the cultivation of employees' intercultural adaptability and the improvement of their intercultural communication skills. Due to the acceleration of globalization, the cross-cultural adaptability of an enterprise is particularly important for its development, the organizations and companies should identify cultural differences and develop cultural identity.
Bennett, M. (n.d.). Intercultural Communication. Retrieved from https://www.idrinstitute.org/resources/intercultural-communication/
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Lin Xiang
RE: Group 6 - Discussion Board Question
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
Thanks to technology and travel, it is easier than ever to communicate with people in different parts of the world. So, intercultural communication is becoming more necessary for solving problems and achieving success, particularly in business. “Lack of knowledge of another culture can lead, at the best, to embarrassing or amusing mistakes in communication,” accor.
Manuela Guilherme, The European Public Sphere in Cosmopolitan Societies: A critical approach to multilingualism and interculturality in professional education.
in Providus conference Diversity Management in Public Administration Organisations: Lessons from Best Practice, June 2011.
INTERCULTURAL NEGOTIATION IN MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS. THE INTEGRATION OF THE...Liviu Warter
This document summarizes a research article about intercultural negotiation in mergers and acquisitions. It discusses how culture impacts negotiation between parties in cross-border M&As. Culture can influence negotiation at the cognitive, belief/value, and identity levels. There are many factors that influence the negotiation process, including structural, strategic, and cultural factors. Intercultural negotiation aims to clarify goals, define relationships, communicate issues, develop options, and reach agreements between different cultures. The integration of cultural dimensions into negotiation is complex as culture incorporates many components.
INTERCULTURAL NEGOTIATION IN MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS. THE INTEGRATION OF THE...Iulian Warter
This document summarizes a research article about intercultural negotiation in mergers and acquisitions. It discusses how culture impacts negotiation between parties in cross-border M&As. Culture can influence negotiation at the cognitive, belief/value, and identity levels. There are many factors that influence the negotiation process, including structural, strategic, and cultural factors. Intercultural negotiation aims to clarify goals, define relationships, communicate issues, develop options, and reach agreements between different cultures. The integration of cultural dimensions into negotiation is complex as culture incorporates many components.
1) Culture can be defined in many ways and encompasses both material and non-material aspects of a society. Non-material aspects include symbols, language, values, and norms that are learned and shared.
2) Globalization has increased connections between countries and the spread of ideas and business practices worldwide. Understanding different cultural values and effective cross-cultural communication is important for international business.
3) Hofstede studied IBM employees around the world and identified five cultural dimensions, including power distance, that influence mental programming and societal norms around equality and power structures.
Managing Cultural Integration in Cross-Border Mergers and AcquisitionsDenison Consulting
Cross-border M&A has become one of the leading approaches for firms to
gain access to global markets. Yet there has been little progress in the
research literature exploring the role that culture may play in the success
of these ventures. Poor culture-fit has often been cited as one reason why
M&A has not produced the outcomes organizations hoped for (Cartwright & Schoenberg, 2006). Cross-border M&A has the added challenges of having to deal with both national and organizational culture
differences. In this chapter we review the literature on cultural integration
in cross-border M&A and provide a framework designed to help manage
the integration process throughout the M&A lifecycle. This framework
presents culture assessment and integration as a crucial component to
reducing poor culture-fit as a barrier to M&A success.
Extract from a report relating to the impact of cultural differences on globalisation. Written from the perspective of consumer behaviour during the #coronavirus crisis. Report is part of a BA (Hons) Marketing degree submission.
This document discusses the essential skills needed for developing intercultural competence. It identifies several key skills, including finding similarities rather than differences between cultures, getting rid of preconceptions and stereotypes, cultivating a flexible and open mind, learning about other cultures, demonstrating tolerance for diverse cultures through active listening and empathy, and showing respect. Developing these skills can help individuals better understand and interact with people from different cultural backgrounds.
This document discusses how the language policies of multinational corporations may influence language learning decisions in other institutions. It argues that while some claim corporations push English in an imperialistic way, others believe there is no single dominant institution that could spread English globally. The document examines how corporate language policies get proliferated throughout society, potentially leading to misconceptions about the value of English and counterproductive policies in other institutions like education. It questions whether concepts like neoliberalism are useful or just ambiguous terms used to condemn political opponents.
This document provides an overview of the relationships between language, thought, and culture from an applied linguistics perspective. It discusses key concepts like the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which suggests that the structure of a language influences the worldview of its speakers. While the strong version of linguistic relativity has been rejected, the document notes there is still an influence of language on thought. Research problems in applied linguistics are also examined, such as balancing description with prescription and addressing linguistic and educational concerns.
This document provides an overview of intercultural communication and cultural differences. It defines culture and why cultures differ, and discusses types of cultural communication including cross-cultural, international, multicultural, and intercultural communication. Examples of cultural differences in business are provided around gestures, touch, masculinity and femininity, and the separation of power. The importance of intercultural communication for international business success is outlined. Globalization and a multicultural workforce are two trends driving greater intercultural communication needs. Guidelines for effective intercultural communication include dos like avoiding assumptions and don'ts like considering other traditions backward. The conclusion emphasizes that not practicing effective intercultural communication can damage business deals.
Cultural Intelligence: Bridging the Cultural Differences in the Emerging MarketsJIANGUANGLUNG DANGMEI
In the emerging markets, cross border management has become a big challenge among the organizations. Researchers
have suggested that a high IQ and emotional intelligence may not be sufficient to successfully handle the global situations,
interaction and complexity tasks for an organization due to diversity in cultures. As organizations rely on the emerging
markets for revenue growth and expansion, they need to familiarize with different cultures and need to communicate
well with other cultures. If these cultural differences are not well managed, misunderstanding and conflict may rise in
the business across the world and organizations could be at risk if management fails to deal with the cultural difference.
Fortunately, researchers have recognized that cultural intelligence is a critical factor to overcome the challenges of cultural
differences. The realities of contemporary organizations demonstrated that cultural intelligence has vital implications for
individuals and organizations in the globalization as cultural diversities require organizations to interact with people from
a variety of backgrounds. When the cultural diversity is handled properly by incorporating cultural intelligence in the
organizations, it will be a competitive advantage for the organizations. Organizations operating in the cross border business now need to incorporate cultural intelligence to overcome the challenges of cultural differences in the emerging markets.
This document summarizes the challenges American companies face regarding organizational culture when operating in Serbia. It discusses Hofstede's model of national cultural dimensions and how Serbian and US cultures differ based on this framework. Specifically, Serbian culture scores higher in power distance and uncertainty avoidance, while the US scores higher in individualism. The paper also examines types of organizational culture and notes that hierarchies are most common in Serbian companies, while adhocracy cultures are rare. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding these cultural differences to help American businesses adjust their practices when operating abroad in Serbia.
You have collected the following documents (unstructured) and pl.docxbriancrawford30935
You have collected the following documents (unstructured) and plan to apply an index technique to convert them into an inverted index.
Doc 1?Information retrieval is the activity of obtaining information resources relevant to an information need from a collection of information resources. Searches can be based on full-text or other content-based indexing.
Doc 2?Information retrieval is finding material of an unstructured nature that satisfies an information need from within large collections.
Doc 3?Information systems is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.
In the process of creating the inverted index, please complete the following steps:
Remove all stop words and punctuation, and then apply Porter’s stemming algorithm to the documents. Thelist of stop words for this task is provided as follows:
Is, The, Of, To, An, A, From, Can, Be, On, Or, That, Within, And, Use
Create a merged inverted list including the within-document frequencies for each term.
Use the index created in part (b) to create a dictionary and the related posting file.
You may like to test the inverted index by using the following keywords:information, system, index
.
You have been working as a technology associate the information .docxbriancrawford30935
You have been working as a technology associate the information systems department at Corporation Techs for a while now. You have discovered so far that all of Corporation Techs’ computer systems share the same Class C public IP address range, including workstations along with servers providing authentication, e-mail, and both secure and public Web sites.
Your next task in this project is to construct a basic network design. An important requirement for the network design is to reduce the number of public addresses needed as the subnet lease results in very high ISP costs.
Tasks
Construct a basic network design, separating private and public services within the Corporation Techs’ network. To do so, you must:
Access the PCAP files using NetWitness Investigator, and browse the Nmap scan (XML format), topology fisheye chart (PDF format), and Nessus report (HTML format).
Identify vulnerabilities and clear-text information transfer.
Conduct research and determine the best network design to ensure security of internal access while retaining public Web site availability.
Identify any opportunities for reduced ISP costs through port redirection or address translation.
Design a network configuration, identifying network gateways, port or address redirection systems, and the location of hosts within private and protected network segments.
Create a professional report detailing the information above as supportive documentation for the network security plan.
Create a report that includes a basic network diagram and research results.
.
You have chosen to join WHO. They are particularly interested in.docxbriancrawford30935
You have chosen to join WHO. They are particularly interested in your microbiology skills since there have been many outbreaks of disease around the world. Now that you have reviewed your microbiology, you have been notified that you will be sent to one of two areas, West Africa, or the Middle East. In preparation, the Peace Corp would like you to choose one of these areas and complete a plan to deal with outbreaks or potential outbreaks in the area.
Choose an outbreak from those below to investigate.
Ebola or Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
Locate resources that will provide information about the infection, causing microbe, mode of infection, mode of spread, group or groups specifically susceptible, where outbreak occurred and when, clinical evaluation and diagnosis, infection control.
Find first person reports such as interviews or personal reports or journals on the outbreak. If you need help work with the librarian.
Design and submit an outline of the information you have uncovered. You will use this information to complete the project.
The outline should contain information and cited resources for:
Name of the disease chosen
Causing microbe
Mode of infection
Mode of spread
Group or groups specifically susceptible
Where outbreak occurred and when
Clinical evaluation and diagnosis
Infection control.
.
You have been tasked to present at a town hall meeting in your local.docxbriancrawford30935
You have been tasked to present at a town hall meeting in your local town or city to present the details about a new local policy that is being proposed. The presentation will need to define the problem, proposed solutions, risks, challenges, and funding opportunities/challenges. Topics may include local government changes to communities (for example, transportation, commercial enterprise effects on nearby townships, affordable housing construction, environmental effects of new/old business operations, addressing homelessness support, and others).
Using the
Policy Identification and Analysis Assignment Template [PPTX],
develop an 8–10 slide presentation in which you:
Analyze and define the problem to include possible political conflicts.
Identify risks and challenges.
Identify and construct policy alternatives and solutions.
Identify stakeholders and key roles.
Identify funding opportunities, challenges, and budget cost factors, to include saving measures.
Select supportive and evaluative criteria.
Identify incentives, subsidies, and potential benefits.
Draw conclusions in a thorough summary, including lessons learned.
Use the Internet or Strayer databases at the
Strayer Library
to locate at least three quality resources in this assignment.
Note
: Wikipedia and similar websites do not qualify as quality resources.
Use the
Policy Identification and Analysis Assignment Template [PPTX]
.
.
You have been tasked as the health care administrator of a major hos.docxbriancrawford30935
You have been tasked as the health care administrator of a major hospital to create a financial plan for your organization. What would you include in your financial plan? Compare an operating budget versus a capital budget? Include examples of each budget in a hypothetical department or unit of a hospital. Cite and reference your resources.
.
You have been tasked to devise a program to address the needs of.docxbriancrawford30935
You have been tasked to devise a program to address the needs of crime victims. To better understand what type of program to devise, you need to review some crime data. The crime data will help you to identify the various types of crimes being committed and how the various types of crime victims are impacted by their offenders. Select a source that compiles crime data. Describe why you selected that particular source and what type of data that source contains. Secondly, describe the basic goals of your proposed program and what types of services the program would provide to crime victims based on the various types of crimes. For example, what would be a program goal for a rape victim, and what type of program(s) or service(s) would be devised to address the victim’s needs (this could include gender, age, and group counseling sessions).
Assignment Guidelines
Select a source that compiles crime data.
Address the following in 750–1,000 words:
Why did you select that particular source? Explain in detail.
What type of data does that source contain? Describe in detail.
What are the basic goals of your proposed program? Explain in detail.
What types of services would the program provide to crime victims with regard to the various types of crime? Explain in detail.
Be sure to reference all sources using APA style.
.
You have been successful in your application for the position be.docxbriancrawford30935
You have been successful in your application for the position below and are invited to interview – time and date to be arranged.
Job Title: Social Care Worker – Residential services Panel
The social care worker will…
· work with children / young people, families and / or significant others, Social Work teams, other healthcare providers and agencies, schools, training agencies and community groups.
· care for, protect, and support vulnerable or dependent clients, individually or in groups, in conjunction with the wider multidisciplinary team and other relevant agencies. S/he will ensure the welfare of those under his / her care and will act as an advocate as appropriate.
· contribute to the planning and evaluation of individualised and group programmes of care, which are based on needs, identified in consultation with the client and others and delivered through day-to-day shared life experiences.
· work as part of a team to provide a safe, caring environment for resident clients/ children / young people with the primary aim of providing the intervention necessary to address the issues that are preventing them from fulfilling their outcomes.
· treat clients/ children/ young people and their families with dignity and respect, promoting a culture of unconditional positive regard at all times.
· recognise clients/ children / young people as expert through experience, promoting their participation in care planning, placement planning, decision-making and service delivery.
· contribute to the promotion of good links with neighbours, local community resources, i.e. schools, employment schemes and clubs, local Gardai and any other appropriate service.
· engage in reflective and evidence based practice
. That guideline to use to answer this question 1 to 3
1. Creative practice, reflective practice and team skills
It is important that the Social Care Worker can work independently as well as part of a wider healthcare team, building and maintaining relationships and understanding and valuing individuals and their respective professional roles. S/he should be able to identify the limits of their practice and know when to seek advice and additional expertise or refer to another professional. S/he should be able to give and receive feedback and to input their learning into their practice.
In the space below, please give an example of a situation where you were responsible for an individual piece of work with a service user/group of service users and which demonstrates your ability in the above areas
2
.
Flexibility, resilience and ability to deal with challenges.
An effective Social Care Worker demonstrates a commitment to providing a quality service. S/he is innovative and open to change in striving to ensure high standards in service delivery. Challenges can arise in many ways in the course of Social Care practice and an ability to manage adversity when it arises is an important professional skill.
In the space below, please give an.
You have been hired as a project management consultant by compan.docxbriancrawford30935
You have been hired as a project management consultant by company XYZ to review the status of a CRM (Customer Relationship Management) implementation by their internal project manager. Project Manager has spent allot of time with stakeholders on request for additional features being added to the project, resulting in 7 CRs (total potential project impact of $400,000). You are to review and assess the available current data on the project and provide specific recommendations and prioritized next steps to the executive committee.
Start Date: March 2021
Planned Finish Date: September 2021
Current Phase: Implementation
Overall Percent Complete: 40%
Overall Approved budget: $1,000,000
Actual Cost to date: $650,000
Number of Change Requests submitted by stakeholders: 7
CPI = 0.45
SPI = 0.65
EV = $400,000
.
You have been hired to manage a particular aspect of the new ad.docxbriancrawford30935
You have been hired to manage a particular aspect of the new adult addictions center. It is your job to write a proposal to bring to the next board meeting so that funds can be allocated to initiate your plans. This is the brainstorming stage of the planning. Your proposal will need to be scrutinized by the board before it approves it. It is important to be as specific and detailed as possible to justify the needs of your department before going forward. It is also important to be realistic, but at the same time expand your ideas, goals, and aspirations into doable actions because this board wants you to think outside of the box.
MY ASSIGNED ROLE IS COMMUNITY RESOURCES
Community referrals and other needs (e.g., working with the justice system, local businesses, and nonprofit organizations)
Write a 900–1,200 word paper that addresses the following:
What is the department’s role within the organization, and what are its responsibilities?
What are the client needs or services that are addressed by this department?
What individuals and resources are needed to provide those services?
**** Paper must include ****
Abstract
Introduction
Conclusion
References for all of the sections, in APA style
.
You have been hired by Red Didgeridoo Technologies. They know th.docxbriancrawford30935
You have been hired by Red Didgeridoo Technologies. They know that they need to have network storage technologies, but their IT is a little lost. They want to have a scalable infrastructure to be able to expand and shrink the servers in their infrastructure when needed. In order to do this, they have purchased a license for VMware vSphere 6 Enterprise Plus.
NOTE:There must be at least 1 to 2 paragraphs per question.
1. Find and describe 2 distinct uses for a File Sharing Server which uses the sharing protocol named NFS (at least one of these must be a use specifically involving VMware vSphere 6 Enterprise Plus). List the advantages of using these implementations instead of using SMB or CIFS.
2. Find and describe 2 distinct uses (at least one of these must be a use which specifically involve VMware vSphere 6 Enterprise Plus) for iSCSI technology.
.
You have been hired by TMI to design an application using shell scri.docxbriancrawford30935
You have been hired by TMI to design an application using shell script programs. TMI
Case
Projects
needs you to design and create a new directory structure.
The company has several departments: accounting, sales, manufacturing, information tech-
nology, and headquarters. The accounting department has accounts receivable, accounts
payable, and payroll functions within it. The manufacturing department runs three shifts
and a weekend shift.The information technology department has five projects in progress.
The sales department has offices located in the West, East, North, and South.
First, design the Linux file system hierarchy on paper. Keep in mind that the depart-
ments, functions, shifts, regions, and projects need to translate into directories. Next, you
need to create this hierarchy on the Linux system. Create at least one empty file in each
directory. Use the department, function, shift, region, or project name as the filename
and include an extension of .dat.
.
You have been hired to evaluate the volcanic hazards associated .docxbriancrawford30935
You have been hired to evaluate the volcanic hazards of a dormant volcano showing signs of activity. To assess potential future eruptions, you would seek information about prehistoric eruptions by examining the volcano's field to understand eruption styles and magnitudes from similar past events to better predict future volcanic activity and hazards.
You have been hired as an assistant to the public health officer for.docxbriancrawford30935
You have been hired as an assistant to the public health officer for the state. The budget deficit has impacted your state, and with elections high on the list of worries, legislators are concerned about their public image and are contemplating reducing the public health budget for the state. You are being asked to prepare a presentation to persuade legislators not to cut public health spending.
Select a public health program/service that will be impacted by a recently proposed state budget cut.
Prepare a PowerPoint presentation to persuade legislators not to cut public health funding. Present the cost/benefit of the public health program/service, the expected impact of the proposed cut, and conclude with an alternative proposal.
The presentation should have a minimum of 15 slides (not including the reference slides).
Notes should be present with each slide describing the information on the slide.
Provide supporting information.
Use charts, graphs, and other visuals.
Please make sure to present some state and local data of the community that will be impacted by the cuts.
REQUIREMENTS:
- Length: Assignment should be at least 15 slides, not counting reference slides.
- Cite your sources and include reference slides.
.
You have been engaged to develop a special calculator program. T.docxbriancrawford30935
You have been engaged to develop a special calculator program. The requirements for this program are very specific, and are as follows:
Create a Windows Forms application in Visual Studio using C#. The interface should look similar to the following:
Create the following controls, as shown above:
Labels for “Enter Information,” “Name,” “Input 1,” and “Input 2”
3 textboxes, as shown in the picture above
Buttons for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
Buttons for calculating sine, cosine, and tangent (based on the first input textbox only)
A button that calculates modulus
A button that clears the textboxes
Write a method for each of these calculations that will accept the incoming numbers from the two input fields and return the calculated value.
This value should be displayed in a MessageBox window, which should also display the user’s name from the first textbox.
Please submit your zipped Visual Studio project.
.
You have now delivered the project to your customer ahead of schedul.docxbriancrawford30935
You have now delivered the project to your customer ahead of schedule, but slightly over budget. Now, it is time to reflect on what went well and what didn’t go so well. Based on feedback throughout the course, what would you have done differently in terms of scope, resources, and / or schedule, and why?
.
You have now delivered the project to your customer. The project was.docxbriancrawford30935
You have now delivered the project to your customer. The project was delivered ahead of schedule, as requested by your project sponsor, but over budget by 20 percent. Now, it is time to reflect on what went well and what didn’t go well. Based on feedback throughout the course, what would you have done differently in terms of scope, resources, and schedule, and why?
.
You have now experienced the work of various scholars, artists and m.docxbriancrawford30935
You have now experienced the work of various scholars, artists and musicians who have connected words to social justice.
Now, it is your turn. Write a poem, song, spoken word, lecture, or rap that captures the struggle, action or hope that exists in a social issue of black lives matter. Be creative; this is your opportunity to express your reflections and ideas in a personal and compelling way.
.
You have learned that Mr. Moore does not drink alcohol in the mornin.docxbriancrawford30935
You have learned that Mr. Moore does not drink alcohol in the mornings. He does not binge drink, and he does not drink on Sundays. He does, however, drink the other 6 days of the week. Mrs. Moore explains his pattern of drinking Monday through Friday with his partners as stated in the scenario above, but he does not drink at home on those days. She also informs you that he does drink on Saturdays at home, often starting in the afternoon and passing out by dinnertime. He has a history of being loud, frightening, and angry when under the influence of alcohol. You also learn that Mr. Moore’s father was a winemaker from Italy.
Your supervisor, Officer Steve, suggests that you apply your knowledge of issues surrounding alcohol abuse and alcohol addiction to this case and write a memo to him. The memo should include the proper headings: "To," "From," "Date," and "Re:." The docket number and probation case file number should be included in the "Re:" section. You are beginning to determine whether Mr. Moore has an issue with alcohol that needs to be further addressed.
In the memo, do the following:
Submit the assignment in the format of a memo.
Include the proper headings: "To," "From," "Date," and "Re:." The docket number and probation case file number need to be included in the "Re:" section.
Apply the facts of Mr. Moore's case to the definitions of alcohol abuse and alcohol addiction.
Apply these facts to the differences between alcohol use and abuse.
Apply these facts to the DSM-IV criteria for a diagnosis of alcohol abuse.
Apply these facts to the disease model of alcohol abuse.
Apply these facts to the role genetics and heredity may play in the transmission of alcohol abuse from one generation to another
.
.
You have been hired by a large hospitality firm (e.g., Marriot.docxbriancrawford30935
You have been asked to speak to the HR staff of a large hospitality firm about managing the project to relocate the company's headquarters office. To ease their fears of project failure, given past experiences, you will explain key elements of project management to them by comparing it to human resources management, which the staff understands well. Your explanation will address how using project management practices can help ensure the project is delivered successfully.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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Problems and Perspectives in Management, Volume 12, Issue 1, 2.docx
1. Problems and Perspectives in Management, Volume 12, Issue 1,
2014
172
Marcel Schnalke (South Africa), Roger B. Mason (South Africa)
The influence of culture on marketing communications: critical
cultural factors influencing South African and German
businesses
Abstract
The area of international communication possesses great
potential for research. This study is undertaken in order to
understand the influence of national culture on marketing
communications between South African and German
businesses. The study is undertaken as a cross-sectional
quantitative survey combined with qualitative in-depth
interviews to provide better understanding of the information
obtained from the survey. The data was collected with the
aid of a research questionnaire, which was emailed to the
research sample. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS
(Version 17.0) and descriptive analysis was carried out using
tables and figures as well as the application of inferential
statistics. The research sample was obtained from the
Membership Directory 2010/2011 of the Southern African-
German Chamber of Commerce and Industry with contact
details of 500 companies located in South Africa and
dealing with German businesses. Findings of the study revealed
the following as critical cultural factors to marketing
communication: language, value systems, religion, level of
education, attitude towards time, as well as the marketing
2. communication style and marketing messages. The study has
revealed the emergence of new challenges for companies
operating internationally. The national culture of each country
is highlighted as an area of importance whose variables
exert considerable influence on the communication process. In
light of the research findings, recommendations for
improving international communication between South African
and German companies are provided.
Keywords: cross-culture, national culture, marketing
communication, Germany, South Africa.
JEL Classification: M14, M16, M31, M37.
Introduction1
Globalization has increased people’s need to be
involved in international activities. Due to the fact
that people from different cultures become more and
more interdependent on each other, intercultural
communication is becoming a common issue to deal
with. Regarding the increasing importance of
intercultural communication, many scholars and
researchers have produced works on various topics
related to intercultural communication (Boroditsky,
2010). According to Samovar et al. (2007, p. 10),
“intercultural communication involves interaction
between people whose cultural perceptions and
symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the
communication event”. As summarized by Peltokorpi
(2010), intercultural communication has been defined
by various scholars as communicative encounters
between people or groups with different back-
grounds. ‘Intercultural’ means the comparison of
cultures in contact, which in the context of business,
refer to ‘intercultural business communication’.
Palmer-Slveira et al. (2008) state that, due to recent
3. developments in the business world, like the
expansion of the European Union and the growth of
some Asian economies, intercultural business
communication has become one of the most impor-
tant fields of research. According to Ablonczy-
Mihalyka (2009), globalization has also produced a
workforce with diverse cultural backgrounds at the
same workplace whose business encounters are at an
international level. Cultural differences between
Marcel Schnalke, Roger B. Mason, 2014.
employee’s and between businesses provide the
potential for misunderstanding and disagreement.
1. Literature review
1.1. Culture. According to de Mooij (2005), there are
different meanings of culture. The most common
definitions of culture are found in anthropological
literature. According to Albaum et al. (2002), culture is
human-made, so it is learned and is communicated
from one generation to another. This definition
corresponds with the statement of Keegan (2002) who
stated that cultures are ways of living built up by a
group of human beings, which are transmitted from
one generation to another. One of the most popular
definitions was given by Hofstede (2001, p. 9), who
stated that, culture is “the collective programing of the
mind that distinguishes the members of one group or
category of people from another”. In accordance with
Hofstede’s (2001) definition, Zhao (2011) stated that a
national culture is a set of collective beliefs and values
that distinguish people of one nation from those of
another.
4. 1.2. Elements of culture. Various authors have
written about the elements of culture and have tried
to explain its influence on the national culture and the
value and norm systems of a society. Elements of
culture like education, religion and language
influence the values and norms of a society (Cateora
and Graham, 2007; Samovar et al., 2007; Hill, 2011).
“Each of these ingredients plays an equally important
role in determining the nature and values of a
particular culture” (Lillis and Tian, 2010, p. 100)
Problems and Perspectives in Management, Volume 12, Issue 1,
2014
173
One of the elements of culture is education which
plays a major role in a society. At school, individuals
learn the substantial skills which are needed in a
modern society. Cultural norms, like respect for
others, obedience to authority, honesty, neatness and
being on time are taught at school (Hill, 2011).
Another cultural factor, of importance, is religion.
Cateora and Graham (2007) stated that the
importance of religion on the value systems of a
society and the effect of value systems on marketing
must not be underestimated. The influence of religion
is often quite strong. The issue of time is also treated
differently amongst different cultural groups. Cultural
attitudes towards time are reflected by different time
orientations. In a monochromic culture, time is seen
as having an economic value. Therefore, activities are
undertaken at one time and schedules and agendas
5. are respected. Polychronic cultures do multitasking,
i.e., doing two or more things at the same time
(Gillespie et al., 2007). “In cultures with this view,
people view the ability of being involved with many
issues involving other people all at once as more
important than completing an individual task by a
deadline” (Brodowsky et al., 2008, p. 246).
Language is also another cultural element of key
interest. Language is part of culture and plays a very
important role in it. According to Jiang (2000),
without language culture would not be possible,
because the former reflects culture and is
simultaneously influenced and shaped by it. Facts or
ideas or events that are communicable refer to shared
knowledge between people as well as beliefs and
attitudes which are shared with others. As stated by
Chaney and Martin (2010), there is a need for
understanding a common language to communicate
successively with people from other cultures.
Resultantly, several studies have examined the rela-
tionship between language and culture. Boroditsky
(2010) summarized different studies which measured
how people talk and think and identified people’s
understanding of space, time and causality could be
constructed by language. According to Boroditsky
(2010), several studies have shown causality between
the language being spoken and the way people think.
If a bilingual person switches from one language to
another, he/she starts to think differently. Hence, by
learning a new language, people also learn a new
world view.
The linkages between language and culture are also
evident in non-verbal and verbal communication.
Specific cultural behavioral patterns are learned and
6. culture is shared. Non-verbal communication is not
only influenced by factors such as gender and an
individual’s personal characteristics, but is also
affected by culture. People who are culturally,
linguistically and racially similar may be able to read
the non-verbal behavior of each other more
accurately (Gabbott and Hogg, 2000).
1.3. Marketing strategy. Companies are always
searching for competitive advantage and the
emerging global landscape defines the firm’s
opportunities and challenges. Open markets, rise in
discretionary income and modern tools for accessing
global markets provide great opportunities for
businesses to pursue their international customers.
Beside the opportunities for companies to enter a
global market, there are challenges as well. The
complexity of managing multiple markets and
coordinating the marketing communications strategy
as well as the difficulty of managing geographic,
cultural, political barriers are factors which hinders
the companies’ success in the global markets
(Cavusgil and Cavusgil, 2011). Therefore interna-
tional companies have to develop an international
marketing strategy
International marketing which is defined as the
“performance of business activities designed to
define plan, price, promote and direct the flow of a
company’s goods and services to the consumer/user
in more than one country” (Cateora and Graham,
2007, p. 9). Companies inform, persuade and remind
customers (directly and indirectly) about the products
and brands they sell through their marketing
communication. The focus is, therefore, placed on the
7. promotion (or marketing communication) element of
the international marketing mix.
According to Cheon et al. (2007), the general
requirements of effective marketing communication
can apply to global communication as well. This is
largely dependent on the environment and situation,
resulting in variances in the marketing communi-
cation between markets.
When planning an international marketing commu-
nication strategy, companies have to decide whether
to standardize, for example, have a single marketing
strategy in all operating countries or to adapt a
strategy to fit the unique dimensions of each local
market (Vrontis et al., 2009). Cross-cultural research
in advertising tries to connect observed differences
with cultural dimensions, mostly based on
frameworks such as the cultural dimensions of
Hofstede (2001) or Hall (1976). A growing trend in
advertising has been to combine a global advertising
strategy with local adaptations referring to cultural
differences of the target markets. Wilken and Sinclair
(2011) discovered that Coca Cola, McDonalds and
Colgate-Palmolive combined their global strategies
with local adaptations, the so called “glocalization”.
Every culture has its own social time and the social
context of individual cultures is one of the critical
issues for marketing managers by developing a
Problems and Perspectives in Management, Volume 12, Issue 1,
2014
8. 174
global marketing strategy (Harvey et al., 2008).
According to Harvey et al. (2008), time is the
competitive tool of the 21st century and a good
understanding of time can be “the key advantage for
a company in the future to withstand the market
dynamics”. The alignment of individual concepts of
social time to those that exist already in the
environment must be dynamic, given the changes in
the environment that exist between different
countries.
2. Research methodology
The study was undertaken as a quantitative survey
research combined with qualitative in-depth
interviews to help interpret the information obtained
from the survey. The sampling frame was based on
the Membership Directory 2010/2011 of the Southern
African-German Chamber of Commerce and Industry
with contact details of 500 companies located in
South Africa and dealing with German businesses.
From this Membership Directory, relevant staff
formed the sampling frame. The final number of
respondents depended on how many responded.
Thus, the final sample was a self-selected sample.
The instrument used to collect the required data was a
standardised questionnaire. It consisted of structured,
closed-ended questions which asked the respondents
to make choices among a set of alternatives (Sekaran
and Bougie, 2009). Questionnaires were sent via
email to the selected respondents at the companies
with a German background. Collected data was
9. cleaned to verify that the data values were correct as
well as to detect and remove errors and
inconsistencies, thereby improving quality (Rahm
and Do, 2000). Data was then entered into the SPSS
(Statistical Packages for Social Sciences, Version
17.0) and analyzed using appropriate statistical
methods.
3. Research findings
In Figure 1, the results of the responses about culture
and value systems are summarized. Four out of five
statements had a high level of agreement (between
81.4% and 91.6%), which confirms that the different
elements of culture do have an effect on marketing
communications. The statement about people’s
religious background had an agreement level that was
only 45.1%, with 38% of the respondents neither
agreeing nor disagreeing and 16.90% disagreeing
with the statement. This is interesting because it was
expected that all statements would have a high
agreement level since religious background is
strongly related to culture. One of the reasons for this
finding might be that the respondents interpreted the
questions in a different way than the researcher
intended.
Fig. 1. General cultural aspects of marketing communications
3.1. Influence of the value system on marketing
communications. Figure 1 indicates the opinion of
respondents about the way the South African value
system influences marketing communications with
German business partners. The findings from the
qualitative interviews highlighted two keys
characteristics that play a role in South Africa’s value
10. systems and which are important for German
companies operating in South Africa to know. The
first characteristic identified is trust. Together with
the marketing approach of word-of-mouth (WoM),
building trust can be the key factor for successful
business relationships in South Africa. If one can
create trust in one’s product, people will spread
WoM, which will have a positive effect and lower the
cost of promoting one’s product (Kim et al., 2009).
The second key factor identified in South Africa’s
value system is the price of the product. In general,
respondents felt that there is a tendency in South
Africa to rather buy the cheaper product which could
Problems and Perspectives in Management, Volume 12, Issue 1,
2014
175
lead to conflict with the German approach of quality
and high-priced products. This means, in terms of
marketing communications, that efforts should focus
on convincing the customer of the good quality of the
product, even if it is priced high. Despite these two
key factors, there seems to be an advantage for
international companies operating on the South
African market.
3.2. The role of the religious background on
marketing communications. Figure 1 also reflects
whether the religious background plays an important
role in developing a marketing communications
strategy. The qualitative research findings showed a
11. wide variety of responses. The overall feeling was
that one has to be aware of the religious background
and that it influences the perceptions of marketing
messages, which explains the overall agreement with
the statement of 45.1%. The high rating for neutral
(38%) can possibly be explained through different
interpretations of the statement. The respondents see
the religious background as important, especially for
the high cultural diversity within South Africa, but in
terms of the interpretation of the questions, people
thought of the marketing message itself. They stated
that they use a neutral approach with no religious
influence in their marketing messages, to simply
avoid any offense. The overall attitude was that
religion does not play a big role for marketing
communications with a German business partner. In
conclusion, the South African market is more
sensitive about religion compared to Germany.
3.3. The level of education and its influence on the
perception of the marketing messages. Figure 1
also summarizes opinions about how people’s level
of education influences their perception of specific
marketing messages. The high agreement (88.73)
with this statement in the quantitative study is
supported by the findings of the interviews.
Respondents felt that the educational level in
Germany is higher, compared to South Africa and
that technical literacy is often lower in South Africa
than in Germany, even in management positions. The
respondents stated that the educational level between
South Africa and Germany in business is at the least
on a similar level. As a result, the interviewees were
consistent in their belief that the levels of education
of the partners were suitable for successful marketing
communication. In conclusion, marketing communi-
12. cation with German business partners in the specific
fields of business operations is not problematic.
However, when a product is marketed to the general
public, there are big differences in the educational
level between South Africa and Germany and
companies would have to adapt their marketing
messages accordingly.
3.4. Language – written and non-written commu-
nication. Figure 2 illustrates the findings for the first
category of non-written communication, namely
speaking the business partners’ language. The first
statement shows a higher level of agreement
(52.86%) than of disagreement (15.71%). However,
the second statement shows similar levels of
agreement (38.57%) and disagreement (40%).
Fig. 2. Non-written communication
The results show uncertainty as suggested by the
high level of “neutral” ratings. It might be that not
all of the respondents have contact with foreign, or
especially German, business partners. In Figure 3,
the findings of category two, written commu-
nication are presented. The results show high
levels of agreement and very low levels of
disagreement for all three statements. The results
of the quantitative research support the finding of
the review of the literature (Chaney and Martin,
2010). A comparison to South African preferences,
when it comes to the style of a marketing message,
will be provided in the summary of the qualitative
findings.
13. Problems and Perspectives in Management, Volume 12, Issue 1,
2014
176
Fig. 3. Written communication
Interviewees were asked if it is necessary to
communicate with business partners in their mother
tongue, and if it would improve business
relationships if they were able to speak the language
of their partner. The level of disagreement found in
the quantitative study (40%) is supported by the
responses of the qualitative interviews. The overall
consensus was that it is not essential for a South
African to speak German, in order to communicate
successfully. One of the reasons given was that
English is accepted as the official business language
and, therefore, Germans do not expect their business
partners to speak German. Furthermore, German
business people generally speak good English
because the German education system has established
English as the second language at most German
schools. Another reason was that German business
partners prefer to speak English with their English-
speaking business partners to improve their own
language skills. Although all respondents presented
the same opinion, namely that it is not necessary to
speak your business partners’ mother tongue, a
consistent belief was that it is seen as a mark of
respect if one speaks the other person’s language and
it would definitely improve the business relationship.
Figure 3 summarized the preferences of the South
14. African business partners when it comes to the style
of a marketing message. Marketing messages should
be in a casual style, straight to the point, in a simple
(“keep it simple”) and short style. The language
should not be fancy and the message should not
contain too much information or technical details. In
other words, it should be clear-cut and uncluttered.
3.5. Attitudes towards time. Figure 4 shows the
responses to time planning. The two statements show
similar levels of agreement, with a low level of
disagreement, but a relatively high level of uncertainty.
The findings show that time management plays an
important role for both South Africans and Germans.
Fig. 4. Economic time planning
It is interesting to note that the agreement level for the
statement of South African personal time planning is
higher than the level of agreement about the time
planning of German business partners. However, this
question was difficult to answer, because one does not
know exactly how strict a business partner is in
working to strict time schedules, which explains the
relatively high rate of uncertainty (21.74%). The
responses to the statement about time submissi-
veness/tenacity are captured in Figure 5.
Problems and Perspectives in Management, Volume 12, Issue 1,
2014
177
15. Fig. 5. Time submissiveness/tenacity
Levels of disagreement are low across this category,
implying that time management is important for both
South Africans and Germans. With agreement levels
of almost 90% on average, the first four statements
are consistent regarding the importance of time
management. All questions about the personal
attitude towards time were answered with high
agreement levels. This shows that South Africans
seem to be very time submissive, being punctual and
tenacious in completing working activities. The fifth
statement shows an interesting result in terms of an
uncertainty rating of 24.64% and an agreement level
under 70%. Germans are stereotypically seen as very
time conscious and reliable in keeping deadlines. The
level of disagreement is low, which indicates a
general agreement with the statement. However, one
in four respondents was uncertain about the
statement.
The findings of the qualitative study give deeper
insight into the topic of attitudes towards time. In the
qualitative interviews, respondents were asked about
the differences in attitudes towards time between
South Africans and Germans and how it affects their
business relationships. A common statement of all
interviewees was that Germans are, in general, very
punctual and more time conscious. Another result
was that Germans have a higher adherence to
deadlines than their South African business partners.
This finding provides general agreement with the
statement “German business partners always keep
deadlines” (Figure 5). The high uncertainty in
answering this question might be a result of the
wording of the statement, because a higher adherence
16. to deadlines does not mean that Germans ‘always’
keep deadlines.
The planning of a business activity, in Germany, is
done more in advance and with a stricter time
schedule of the planned event. South Africans do not
plan as much in advance but are more spontaneous.
This may then lead to pressure, and also frustration,
on both sides. South Africa has great diversity,
which would lead to big differences in attitudes
towards time. It was felt that White South Africans
have a more European-centered approach towards
time, whereas Black South Africans view time as
less important and have a lower time consciousness.
As a result, such a mix of different cultures could
influence the corporate culture and attitudes to-
wards time.
Another discovery was the existence not only of
cultural differences but also regional differences. In
coastal regions such as Durban and Cape Town,
respondents displayed a more relaxed attitude
towards time, unlike Johannesburg and Pretoria
respondents. This may be explained by the existence
of the highest levels of industry and competition
operating in Johannesburg and Pretoria. However,
respondents generally stated that business relation-
ships are not really affected by these differences in
attitude. German businesses are aware of the
differences in attitudes towards time, while South
Africans try to adapt to German standards.
4. Discussion
Respondents felt that the educational level in
17. Germany is higher, compared to South Africa and
that technical literacy is often lower in South Africa
than in Germany, even in positions of management.
Respondents stated that the educational level between
South African and German business is at least on a
similar level. As a result, the interviewees were
consistent with the response that companies have to
adapt or tailor their marketing messages to the level
of education of the target market. In conclusion,
Problems and Perspectives in Management, Volume 12, Issue 1,
2014
178
marketing communication with German business
partners in the specific fields of business is not
problematic. However, if a product is marketed to the
general public, the big differences in the educational
level between South Africa and Germany mean that
companies have to adapt their consumer marketing
messages.
Religion has an impact on the value system of a
society and the effect of value systems on marketing
must not be underestimated, which means that
religion often has quite a strong influence (Cateora
and Graham, 2007). The literature and the findings of
this study are not that clear whether religion has a big
influence on marketing communications. The results
of the question on the influence of the religious
background showed a wide variety of responses. The
consensus of the interviewees was that one has to be
aware of the religious background and that it can
18. influence the perceptions of marketing messages.
Religious background is seen as important, especially
for the high cultural diversity within South Africa.
For marketing communications with a German
partner, however, religion is not seen as a very
important factor. Consequently, South Africans are
more sensitive to religion than the Germans.
According to Thitthongkam et al. (2011), language
encompasses what people create to express values,
attitudes and norms. The study showed that it is a
mark of respect if business people can communicate
with their business partners in their mother tongue,
and business relationships can be improved if indi-
viduals can speak their business partners’ mother
tongue. The findings reflect the statement made by
Chaney and Martin (2010) who stated that there is a
need for understanding of a common language to
communicate successfully with people from other
cultures. The overall consensus, however, was that it
is not essential for South Africans to speak German,
because English is accepted worldwide as the official
language of business.
When asked about their marketing message
preferences, Germans stated that they preferred
simple, written, uncluttered and clear-cut messages.
South Africans, however, stated that they also prefer
simple, clear-cut and uncluttered messages, but with
a more casual style. They also stated that the
messages should contain less information.
Lastly, a difference in attitudes towards time was
discovered amongst German and South African
business people. The research revealed that there is
overall agreement about time planning, which means
19. working according to a schedule and planning daily
activities, in both countries. The result of the
quantitative study on time submissiveness/tenacity
indicated a high level of agreement, highlighting the
importance of time management. However, the
qualitative research pointed out that Germans are
more time conscious and have a higher adherence to
deadlines than their South African business partners.
This difference in attitude may be attributed to the
cultural diversity in South Africa. Amongst the
different cultural groups in South Africa, there are
different attitudes towards time, which may influence
the way South Africans relate to Germans. Although
these differences exist, they do not negatively
influence business relationships.
Conclusion and recommendations
The study was an investigation of the difficulties that
companies have when operating in foreign markets.
The following questions were asked, “What are the
main marketing communication problems that
companies have when they operate in foreign
markets?” and “What do successful international
companies do to avoid these communication
problems?” It can be summarized that the main
problem came about as a result of diverse cultures.
Research findings showed that the various cultural
elements were viewed in distinctively different ways.
The level of German education was felt to be higher
when compared with South African education levels.
Respondent’s from the two countries also displayed
variances in their views of time and religion.
Germans were discovered to be more time conscious
and less religious when compared with South
20. Africans. These variances are likely to be reflections
of the views and perceptions of the general public,
thereby requiring international communications
between the two countries to adapt accordingly. This
is, of course, important for marketers, but could also
be enlightening for managers in other business
functions, especially those who have to relate to
foreign customers, suppliers, partners or inter-
mediaries. Such functions could include purchasing,
logistics, finance, creditors, debtors as well as senior
managers and executives.
Although some companies seem to find it difficult to
adapt their marketing messages to suite different
cultural groups, successful international companies
often employ agents who know the target market in a
given country, to operate in that country. Another
option has been to work together with local
marketing agencies that are experts on the behavior
of the specific target market. The consumer
communication problems hinted at in this study could
indicate that classical advertising approaches such as
print media are not adequate to get messages across
in a dynamic cross-cultural business environment.
New media and Internet communication are maybe
the approaches which promise the most success for
communicating effectively. This is consistent with
Problems and Perspectives in Management, Volume 12, Issue 1,
2014
179
the statement made by Michaelidou et al. (2011),
who highlighted that new media and the Internet offer
21. new ways of communicating between companies and
between companies and their target audience.
These findings suggest that future research studies
should be carried out on larger population samples in
order to improve applicability of the results. Future
studies should also investigate the relationships
between multiple countries, as the current study
focused on only two countries, namely Germany and
South Africa. Studies should also be conducted on
other African countries and Germany as well as other
European countries and South Africa. Although the
study focused on marketing and communications, it
is probable that the findings about inter-cultural
communications will also be relevant to other
management activities. Thus, further research could
also focus on how the various cultural elements
possibly influence other aspects of international
management, for example, supervision of foreign
cultures, aspects of planning and control, leadership
approaches and human resource activities such as
selection of managers for foreign businesses or
performance appraisal of other cultures.
References
1. Ablonczy-Mihalyka, L. (2009). Business Communication
between People with Different Cultural Backgrounds,
Paper presented at Conference of the International Journal of
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