Modal Auxiliaries, helping verbs and their usage, ability, advisability, permission, possibility, wishes, hypothesis in present, hypothesis in past, conditional sentences in present, conditional sentences in past, supposed or imaginary conditions and their imaginary results, how to show compulsion, Probability, lack of compulsion, how to show necessity, how to express wishes, how to show courage , possibility, lack of compulsion, how to show logical necessity, desirability, primary Auxiliaries types and usage.

1. AUXILIARIES AND MODALS
Dr Ganesh D Patil, Principal, Resource Person, M.A.(English) B.Ed.,TESOL,SIATP (MoE), JCITrainer
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 1

2. TYPES OF AUXILIARIES
Auxiliaries
Primary
Function
HelpingVerb
with other
Verbs
Do/
Doing/Doing/done
Is /am
/are/was/were/
tobe/ being/
Been
To DoType
Do,Does
, Doing,
Done,
did,done
To Have
Have
/Had/Having
Also come as Main
Verb Alone
Modal
Can Function only as
HelpingVerbs
Can, Could, May, Might, Shall,
Will, Should, Would, Must,
Ought to, Dare, Let
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 2

3. PRIMARY AUXILIARIES
Helping as well
as MainVerbs
TobeType
Being= State
Is/am/are= Present State
Was/were Past state
InTenses/To show orders/
Arrangements /Passive Voince
To Do type
1.To Frame Questions in Simple
Tenses (ActiveVoice)
2.To Make Emphatic Requests
3.To say things with emphasis
n SimpleTenses
To have type
1.To show
Possession
2. In Perfect and
Continuous Perfect
Tenses
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 3

4. TO BETYPE PRIMARY AUXILIARY
1.To Show Present State/Condition :
 e.g. I am happy. ( in happy state)
Rohit is cheerful ( in cheerful state)
Mrunmayee was tired. ( inTired Physical/Mental state)
2.To show order/arrangement/ command in Present/Future ‘ is to’ ‘ am to’ ‘are to’
e.g. Divya is to compete the documents tomorrow. (because she is ordered or/As per
arrangement she has been given that work)
3. To show arrangement in the past ‘ was to’ ‘were to’ or Order in the Past
e.g. Neeraj Chopra, Indian javelian Sensation, was to play in the world championship
last month. ( Arrangement in the Past)
4. In SimpleTenses PassiveVoice and ContinuousTenses :
e.g.The students are trained by the coach. Or I am painting a picture.
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 4

5. TO DOTYPE – PRIMARY AUXILIARIES
 Usage :
 1.Do /Does/Did –To ask questions in Simple Present, Simple Past
 (To ask question about Present Habit/ Usual happenings/ Past event)
 e.g.1. Do you speak English? ( Asking about Present(usual) Habit)
 2.What does Geeta Phogat do in her workout?( Daily/ Usually)
 3.Where did you win the world championship last year? (Happening in the past)
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 5

6. TO DOTYPE – PRIMARY AUXILIARIES
 USAGE : SLIDE 2
 2. To say things with emphasis in Simple Present/ Simple Past
 e.g. I did write all notes yesterday. (Action of writing is emphasized with ‘did’)
 SachinTendulkar did like singing. (Action of liking is emphasized with ‘did’)
 3.To Make Emphatic Request usin do…
 e.g. Do come for my birthday party. [Certain force in the request]
 Do report early from tomorrow. [Certain force in the request]
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 6

7. Usage : I) To Show Possession, ownership
e.g. 1.Dev has an aeroplane.
2.Amar has a banglow in Nashik.
3. I have a long arm.
2) In Perfect and Continuous PerfectTenses
(have/has+V3) (Had + v3) & (shall will + have + v3)
e.g. 1.Aryan has seen this movie two times.
2. Akanksha will have set up her company by 39th of her age.
3. Pratap had opened the book and started reading till then.
3)To Show informal Compulsion with additional force (Have to +V1)
e.g. You have to complete the paper in 10 minutes.
You have to pay the EMI within to day. ( Compare ‘Must and Have to’ )
HAVETYPE – PRIMARY AUXILIARIES
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 7

8. MODAL AUXILIARIES
Can = is/am/are able to
# Shows ability in present
#We can lift 200 kg weight.( =We are able to lift 200 kg)
# Mitesh can draw a picture. (= Mitesh is able to draw a picture)
# Asking for Informal or friendly permission
# Can you give me your book for a day?
# Can I take your bike for a while?
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 8

9. COULD
#To show ability in past :
 India could win a world cup in 1983. ( Could= was/were able to)( India did it)
 Lubdha could win 5 medals in a tournament. (she won 5 medals….)
#To show (least) possibility in present or future:
e.g. It could be dangerous to go out in the dark. (Least Possibility in Present or future)
#To MakeTactful Informal Request:
e.g. Could you please help me complete this project?
# Unrealized abilityPoential in the past…….‘Could have +PP’ / ‘Could have been + Past Participal’
e.g. I could have brought a book for you yesterday. ( But I did not….. I did not try ,I did not wish etc)
‘Could’ is the PastTense form of ‘Can’
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 9

10. MAY
 May I come in? (Formal Permission)
 Am I allowed to come in?
 May I see your book? (Formal Permission) = Am I allowed to see your book.
 Possibility in Present Or Future
 e.g. It may rain today.
 Manoj may win the match.
 Rohit sings a song.
 ConveyWishes:
e.g. May God bless you.
 May Diwali bring joy and success in your life!
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 10

11. MIGHT
 Less Possibility (‘Might’ instead OF ‘May’)
 e.g. It might rain today though there are clouds it is winter…
 John might pass the examination. (Least Possibility)
 Extra Politeness :
 In permission if might is used it shows ‘Extra Politeness’
 e.g. Might I take your book. (Rarely find these kind of expression)
# ‘Might’ pastTense of ‘May’
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 11

12. SHALL
 To show future action/happening – used after ‘I’ and ‘We’
 I shall write a letter tomorrow. (Less Certain)
 We shall win the match tomorrow (Less Certain)
 Compare ‘I shall’ and ‘I will ‘
 E.g. I will orWe will win the match. (Shows more certainty or Determination)
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 12

13. WILL
 Shows future action after ‘He /She/It /You/They’
 You will paint a picture in the competition next week.
 They will sing a song in the function tomorrow.
 Compare ‘He/she/it/ you/they will’ to He/she/it/you/they shall’
 You shall bring a book tomorrow morning.
(Order Command or Arrangement of a task/ Certain)
* You will bring a book tomorrow morning.( willingly no expernal order)
* Tactful Informal Polite Request:
Will you please give me your book today?
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 13

14. SHOULD
 1.Shows Advisability :
 You should drink a glass of milk everyday. (It is advisable for you to answer the)
 2.To show desirablility :
 Everyone should eat a few nuts everyday:
 (It is desirable for everyone to eat a few nuts everyday)
 3. To show duty or obligation:
You should bring your identity card everyday.
4. Hypothetical condition:
If It rained tomorrow, we shall watch the movie.
5.Unfulfilled Obligation in Past
You should have intimated you about the accident yesterday.
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 14

15. SHOULD
 To show Logical Necessity
 It is raining you should carry umbrella .
 Tripti should be studying now as she has a examination tomorrow.
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 15

16. WOULD
 1.To show habit in Past
 Rohit would play squash in the school days. (Now Discontinued)
 2 ‘Shall/will’ changes to ‘Should/would’ in Indirect Speech if the ReportingVerb is in the past
tense.
 E.g.Anil said to Manoj ,” I will help you achieve this figure” ( Direct)
 Anil told Manoj that he would help him that figure. (Indirect)
 3.In Hypothetical Sentence to show imagined/supposed/assumed situation , use simple past in the
conditional sentence, and to show its supposed or imagined result, use would + v1 / would +be +
V3
 If you became U.S President, you would live in the white house.
 If you were absent tomorrow, Ajay would take a charge.
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 16

17. WOULD – SLIDE 2
. 4.To make a tactful formal request:
 E.g. Would you please give me your book?
 Would you be kind enough to your car to Raman for 2 days?
 5.To show preference:
 I would rather drink tea than coffee.
 Mahesh would rather play chess than watching T.V. ( Mahesh would prefer playing
chess to watchingTV.)
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 17

18. MUST
 1. ‘Must’ Shows Formal compulsion :
 You must bring your identity card.
 2. ‘Must + have + Past Participle’
 Anand must have seen this movie last month.
 ( Speaker does not know but , he/she is sure)
 3. Compare ‘Must’ vs. ‘have to/has to’
 You must pay your premium on the fixed date. (Formal/Legal Compulsion)
 You have to pay the preminum.( Anyhow, informal force)
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 18

19. OUGHTTO
 Ought to shows Moral obligation/duty:
 You ought to speak respectfully with your teachers.
 Ought to = should , but ‘ought to’ has a moral force
 Ought to is used more or less like should to show…..Advisability, logical
necessity, desirablility, duty/obligation but it ought to has moral force
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 19

20. DARE/ NEED : SEMI MODALS
 Dare ….As a ordinary verb it means to be brave enough or courageous
enough to do or say something ( verb takes to after it.
 Manjeet dare not go in front of his father.
 Modal use of this verb are in negative and questions
 Dare I play one more game now?
 I daren’t reveal him the secret, lest he should lose his patience.
 ‘Dare’ as Modal :
 He dare not speak it. Or he dared not speak
 He dare not go Or he dared not go.
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 20

21. DARE SLIDE 2
 Dare I play one more game?
 Daren’t Amar open his mouth? ( no –s/es is added to theVerb)
 Dare he give a slogan? ( No –s is added in third person)
 AS ORDINARY VERB
 I dare to open the door. I do not dare to open the door.
 I dares to sing a song. I did not dare to sing a song
 He does not dare to sing that song. Does he dare to sing it
 He doesn’t dare to sing that song. Doesn’t he dare to sing it.
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 21

22. NEED
 NEED AS A MODAL
 E.g. I need not speak there. Need I speak there?
 Pari need not pay? Need Pari pay?
 Aryan needn’t pay? Needn’t Aryan pay?
 AS A MAINVERB
 I need it. I need to do it.
Lubdha needs the book. Lubdha needs to write it
Shristi does not need to collect book. Does she need to collect?
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 22

23. LET
 ‘Let’ always for the bare infinitive
 Let him open the book.
 Don’t let the negativity affect you.
 She let him to correct the answer.( Incorrect)
 # Remember : Let meaning allowed to/Permit to is not generally used in
Passive form instead use a verb like allow.
 She was let to stay up past curfew.
 Shw was allowed to stay past curfew.
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 23

24. MODAL + HAVE +V3/ MODAL + HAVE + BEEN +V3
Must have +V3/ would have been + 3
You must have completed one revision of all
subjects by now.
( the Speaker Speaking with surety about
some action not known to the speaker)
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt.
May have +V3 / may have been + v3
You may have completed one revision of
all subjects by now.
( the Speaker expressing possibility (not sure) about some
action not known to the speaker)
Might have + v3 / Might have been +V3
You might have completed 1 revision of
all subjects by now.
( the Speaker Speaking with least surety)
(least possibility, about some action not known to the
speaker)
24

25. WOULD HAVE+V3 & SHOULD HAVE +V3
Would have + v3 / woul have been + v3
#Would have +V3 /would have been + v3
e.g. If Maratha’s had won the Panipat war, the history would have changed.
(Supposed result of supposed condition)
# Should have + v3 / should have + Been + v3 Or ought to have + been + v3
You should have brought your admit card for the exam.
Designed by Dr Ganesh D Patil, M.A.(English) B.Ed. TESOL, SIATP, JCI TRAINER, D.Litt. 25