With the development of autonomous development
technology, the need for additional applications to be used
inside and outside the vehicle is increasing. As a result of the
literature review, many applications have been developed to
display vehicle data directly on the monitor, with reflections
on glass, and on hardware devices. These applications have
been developed only for a defined problem and for a
particular autonomous system. In this study, a basic
autonomous vehicle software infrastructure and mobile
Augmented Reality application that can work on Android
devices have been developed. The Mobile Augmented Reality
app serves inside and outside the vehicle. In addition, this
application has been shown to support multiple autonomous
system infrastructures.
The field of DL has matured a lot in the last decade and changed a lot in the last few years. New architectures scaled to be larger/deeper, take advantage of a large number of datasets and parallel computing power.
Supervised DL methods, namely, CNNs and RNNs, are the natural choice for researchers in the automotive domain.
Important aspects such as compute power requirements, model transparency, and interpretability, model compliance with vehicle safety standards, all of which are expected to appreciably impact the adoption rate of DL in the automotive industry.
A VISION-BASED REAL-TIME ADAPTIVE TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM USING VEHICULA...JANAK TRIVEDI
In India, traffic control management is a difficult task due to an increment in the number of vehicles for the same infrastructure and systems. In the smart-city project, the Adaptive Traffic Light Control System (ATLCS) is one of the major research concerns for an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) development to reduce traffic congestion and accidents, create a healthy environment, etc. Here, we have proposed a Vehicular Density Value (VDV) based adaptive traffic light control system method for 4-way intersection points using a selection of rotation, area of interest, and Statistical Block Matching Approach (SBMA). Graphical User Interface (GUI) and Hardware-based results are shown in the result section. We have compared, the normal traffic light control system with the proposed adaptive traffic light control system in the results section. The same results are verified using a hardware (raspberry-pi) device with different sizes, colors, and shapes of vehicles using the same method.
The field of DL has matured a lot in the last decade and changed a lot in the last few years. New architectures scaled to be larger/deeper, take advantage of a large number of datasets and parallel computing power.
Supervised DL methods, namely, CNNs and RNNs, are the natural choice for researchers in the automotive domain.
Important aspects such as compute power requirements, model transparency, and interpretability, model compliance with vehicle safety standards, all of which are expected to appreciably impact the adoption rate of DL in the automotive industry.
A VISION-BASED REAL-TIME ADAPTIVE TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM USING VEHICULA...JANAK TRIVEDI
In India, traffic control management is a difficult task due to an increment in the number of vehicles for the same infrastructure and systems. In the smart-city project, the Adaptive Traffic Light Control System (ATLCS) is one of the major research concerns for an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) development to reduce traffic congestion and accidents, create a healthy environment, etc. Here, we have proposed a Vehicular Density Value (VDV) based adaptive traffic light control system method for 4-way intersection points using a selection of rotation, area of interest, and Statistical Block Matching Approach (SBMA). Graphical User Interface (GUI) and Hardware-based results are shown in the result section. We have compared, the normal traffic light control system with the proposed adaptive traffic light control system in the results section. The same results are verified using a hardware (raspberry-pi) device with different sizes, colors, and shapes of vehicles using the same method.
Real-time parking slot availability for Bhavnagar, using statistical block ma...JANAK TRIVEDI
Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to find a real-time parking location for a four-wheeler. Design/methodology/approach-Real-time parking availability using specific infrastructure requires a high cost of installation and maintenance cost, which is not affordable to all urban cities. The authors present statistical block matching algorithm (SBMA) for real-time parking management in small-town cities such as Bhavnagar using an in-built surveillance CCTV system, which is not installed for parking application. In particular, data from a camera situated in a mall was used to detect the parking status of some specific parking places using a region of interest (ROI). The method proposed computes the mean value of the pixels inside the ROI using blocks of different sizes (8 Â 10 and 20 Â 35), and the values were compared among different frames. When the difference between frames is more significant than a threshold, the process generates "no parking space for that place." Otherwise, the method yields "parking place available." Then, this information is used to print a bounding box on the parking places with the color green/red to show the availability of the parking place. Findings-The real-time feedback loop (car parking positions) helps the presented model and dynamically refines the parking strategy and parking position to the users. A whole-day experiment/validation is shown in this paper, where the evaluation of the method is performed using pattern recognition metrics for classification: precision, recall and F1 score. Originality/value-The authors found real-time parking availability for Himalaya Mall situated in Bhavnagar, Gujarat, for 18th June 2018 video using the SBMA method with accountable computational time for finding parking slots. The limitations of the presented method with future implementation are discussed at the end of this paper.
The Autonomous car is about to enter the mass-market. The question is not about when it will happen but in which conditions, under which form or who will be the first car manufacturer to release an efficient and reliable final product. Entirely unexpected ways to deal with building up the AI frameworks for self-driving vehicles exist and most of them are horribly best in class and with extremely high equipment needs. The appropriate response presented during this paper proposes the AI fundamentally based framework to be as simple as conceivable with low equipment needs. A straight forward three layers profound, totally associated neural system was prepared to outline pictures from a forward looking QVGA camera to directing orders. Upheld an information picture the neural system should settle on one among the four offered orders (Forward, Left, Right or Stop). With least of the instructing information (250 pictures) the framework figured out how to follow the street ahead and keep in its path.The framework precisely learns essential street alternatives with exclusively the directing point in light of the fact that the contribution from the human driver. it had been near explicitly prepared to watch lines out and about. Contrasted with rather progressively confounded arrangements like express decay of the issue, similar to path identification and the board and convolutional neural systems simply like the conclusion to complete the process of learning arranged by the N-Vidia this technique demonstrated to be amazingly solid and affordable. we will in general attempt to demonstrate that this methodology would bring about better and lower equipment necessities so making the occasion of oneself driving vehicles simpler and more financially savvy. Simple counterfeit neural system, much the same as the one gave during this paper, is sufficient for relatively muddled technique like path keeping.
The realistic mobility evaluation of vehicular ad hoc network for indian auto...ijasuc
In recent years, continuous progress in wireless communication has opened a new research field in
computer networks. Now a day’s wireless ad-hoc networking is an emerging research technology that
needs attention of the industry people and the academicians. A vehicular ad-hoc network uses vehicles as
mobile nodes to create mobility in a network.
It’s a challenge to generate realistic mobility for Indian networks as no TIGER or Shapefile map is
available for Indian Automotive Networks.
This paper simulates the realistic mobility of the Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). The key feature of
this work is the realistic mobility generation for the Indian Automotive Intelligent Transport System (ITS)
and also to analyze the throughput, packet delivery fraction (PDF) and packet loss for realistic scenario.
The experimental analysis helps in providing effective communication for safety to the driver and
passengers.
Artificial intelligence in transportation systemPoojaBele1
A presentation to show the use of artificial intelligence in transportation system.
Artificial Intelligence makes the transportation system more easier.
This presentation contains points to be studies in this field.
Vision-based real-time vehicle detection and vehicle speed measurement using ...JANAK TRIVEDI
In recent trends, digital information to the industrial integration for the intelligent transportation system (ITS)
field is gaining importance for the researcher, academia, and industrial persons. Visual information helps to
manage traffic systems in the industrial forum to build smart cities in developed countries. This paper presents
vision-based real-time vehicle detection and Vehicle Speed Measurement (VSM) using morphology operation and
binary logical process for an unplanned traffic scenario using image processing techniques. Vehicle detection and
VSM help to reduce the number of accidents and improve road network efficiency. The bounding box size for
vehicle detection is flexible according to vehicles’ sizes on the road. We test this system with different colors and
dimensions for a selected Region of Interest (ROI). The ROI sets using the two-line approach. Here, we compare
the proposed system with the inter-frame difference method and the blob analysis method with recall, precision,
and F1 performance parameters.
Conceptualization of IoT Powered Parking SystemIJERA Editor
In the present world, traffic congestion caused by vehicle is a frustrating problem and it has been growing exponentially. Car parking problem is one of the major contributor for this traffic congestion especially in urban cities. Currently the manual method where in the driver finds the parking area by luck and in most cases it leads to failure, if the driver is in a city with high vehicle density. As an alternative for this we proposed “IOT POWERED PARKING SYSTEM”. It mainly aims on deduction of time in finding the parking slots and also it avoids the unnecessary travelling through filled parking slots in a parking area. Thus by decreasing the fuel consumption which in turn reduces carbon elimination in our atmosphere.
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Transportation SystemsEITESAL NGO
Dr.Mohamed el Shenawy speech about applications of Artificial Intelligence in transportation systems
▪️Mentioning how can AI can change our future? And how Intelligent machines works starting with the Perception ➡️ Comprehension ➡️ Projection ➡️ Decision
▪️ AI graduation projects in Egyptian Universities
▪️ AI in self-driving cars
▪️AI in traffic management
#Artificial_Intelligence
#EiTESAL
Real-time parking slot availability for Bhavnagar, using statistical block ma...JANAK TRIVEDI
Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to find a real-time parking location for a four-wheeler. Design/methodology/approach-Real-time parking availability using specific infrastructure requires a high cost of installation and maintenance cost, which is not affordable to all urban cities. The authors present statistical block matching algorithm (SBMA) for real-time parking management in small-town cities such as Bhavnagar using an in-built surveillance CCTV system, which is not installed for parking application. In particular, data from a camera situated in a mall was used to detect the parking status of some specific parking places using a region of interest (ROI). The method proposed computes the mean value of the pixels inside the ROI using blocks of different sizes (8 Â 10 and 20 Â 35), and the values were compared among different frames. When the difference between frames is more significant than a threshold, the process generates "no parking space for that place." Otherwise, the method yields "parking place available." Then, this information is used to print a bounding box on the parking places with the color green/red to show the availability of the parking place. Findings-The real-time feedback loop (car parking positions) helps the presented model and dynamically refines the parking strategy and parking position to the users. A whole-day experiment/validation is shown in this paper, where the evaluation of the method is performed using pattern recognition metrics for classification: precision, recall and F1 score. Originality/value-The authors found real-time parking availability for Himalaya Mall situated in Bhavnagar, Gujarat, for 18th June 2018 video using the SBMA method with accountable computational time for finding parking slots. The limitations of the presented method with future implementation are discussed at the end of this paper.
The Autonomous car is about to enter the mass-market. The question is not about when it will happen but in which conditions, under which form or who will be the first car manufacturer to release an efficient and reliable final product. Entirely unexpected ways to deal with building up the AI frameworks for self-driving vehicles exist and most of them are horribly best in class and with extremely high equipment needs. The appropriate response presented during this paper proposes the AI fundamentally based framework to be as simple as conceivable with low equipment needs. A straight forward three layers profound, totally associated neural system was prepared to outline pictures from a forward looking QVGA camera to directing orders. Upheld an information picture the neural system should settle on one among the four offered orders (Forward, Left, Right or Stop). With least of the instructing information (250 pictures) the framework figured out how to follow the street ahead and keep in its path.The framework precisely learns essential street alternatives with exclusively the directing point in light of the fact that the contribution from the human driver. it had been near explicitly prepared to watch lines out and about. Contrasted with rather progressively confounded arrangements like express decay of the issue, similar to path identification and the board and convolutional neural systems simply like the conclusion to complete the process of learning arranged by the N-Vidia this technique demonstrated to be amazingly solid and affordable. we will in general attempt to demonstrate that this methodology would bring about better and lower equipment necessities so making the occasion of oneself driving vehicles simpler and more financially savvy. Simple counterfeit neural system, much the same as the one gave during this paper, is sufficient for relatively muddled technique like path keeping.
The realistic mobility evaluation of vehicular ad hoc network for indian auto...ijasuc
In recent years, continuous progress in wireless communication has opened a new research field in
computer networks. Now a day’s wireless ad-hoc networking is an emerging research technology that
needs attention of the industry people and the academicians. A vehicular ad-hoc network uses vehicles as
mobile nodes to create mobility in a network.
It’s a challenge to generate realistic mobility for Indian networks as no TIGER or Shapefile map is
available for Indian Automotive Networks.
This paper simulates the realistic mobility of the Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). The key feature of
this work is the realistic mobility generation for the Indian Automotive Intelligent Transport System (ITS)
and also to analyze the throughput, packet delivery fraction (PDF) and packet loss for realistic scenario.
The experimental analysis helps in providing effective communication for safety to the driver and
passengers.
Artificial intelligence in transportation systemPoojaBele1
A presentation to show the use of artificial intelligence in transportation system.
Artificial Intelligence makes the transportation system more easier.
This presentation contains points to be studies in this field.
Vision-based real-time vehicle detection and vehicle speed measurement using ...JANAK TRIVEDI
In recent trends, digital information to the industrial integration for the intelligent transportation system (ITS)
field is gaining importance for the researcher, academia, and industrial persons. Visual information helps to
manage traffic systems in the industrial forum to build smart cities in developed countries. This paper presents
vision-based real-time vehicle detection and Vehicle Speed Measurement (VSM) using morphology operation and
binary logical process for an unplanned traffic scenario using image processing techniques. Vehicle detection and
VSM help to reduce the number of accidents and improve road network efficiency. The bounding box size for
vehicle detection is flexible according to vehicles’ sizes on the road. We test this system with different colors and
dimensions for a selected Region of Interest (ROI). The ROI sets using the two-line approach. Here, we compare
the proposed system with the inter-frame difference method and the blob analysis method with recall, precision,
and F1 performance parameters.
Conceptualization of IoT Powered Parking SystemIJERA Editor
In the present world, traffic congestion caused by vehicle is a frustrating problem and it has been growing exponentially. Car parking problem is one of the major contributor for this traffic congestion especially in urban cities. Currently the manual method where in the driver finds the parking area by luck and in most cases it leads to failure, if the driver is in a city with high vehicle density. As an alternative for this we proposed “IOT POWERED PARKING SYSTEM”. It mainly aims on deduction of time in finding the parking slots and also it avoids the unnecessary travelling through filled parking slots in a parking area. Thus by decreasing the fuel consumption which in turn reduces carbon elimination in our atmosphere.
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Transportation SystemsEITESAL NGO
Dr.Mohamed el Shenawy speech about applications of Artificial Intelligence in transportation systems
▪️Mentioning how can AI can change our future? And how Intelligent machines works starting with the Perception ➡️ Comprehension ➡️ Projection ➡️ Decision
▪️ AI graduation projects in Egyptian Universities
▪️ AI in self-driving cars
▪️AI in traffic management
#Artificial_Intelligence
#EiTESAL
The rapid growth that has taken place in Computer Vision has been instrumental in driving the advancement of Image processing techniques and drawing inferences from them. Combined with the enormous capabilities that Deep Neural networks bring to the table, computers can be efficiently trained to automate the tasks and yield accurate and robust results quickly thus optimizing the process. Technological growth has enabled us to bring such computationally intensive tasks to lighter and lower-end mobile devices thus opening up a wide range of possibilities. WebRTC-the open-source web standard enables us to send multimedia-based data from peer to peer paving the way for Real-time Communication over the Web. With this project, we aim to build on one such opportunity that can enable us to perform custom object detection through an android based application installed on our mobile phones. Therefore, our problem statement is to be able to capture real-time feeds, perform custom object detection, generate inference results, and appropriately send intruder alerts when needed. To implement this, we propose a mobile-based over-the-cloud solution that can capitalize on the enormous and encouraging features of the YOLO algorithm and incorporate the functionalities of OpenCV’s DNN module for providing us with fast and correct inferences. Coupled with a good and intuitive UI, we can ensure ease of use of our application.
The rapid growth that has taken place in Computer Vision has been instrumental in driving the advancement of Image processing techniques and drawing inferences from them. Combined with the enormous capabilities that Deep Neural networks bring to the table, computers can be efficiently trained to automate the tasks and yield accurate and robust results quickly thus optimizing the process. Technological growth has enabled us to bring such computationally intensive tasks to lighter and lower-end mobile devices thus opening up a wide range of possibilities. WebRTC-the open-source web standard enables us to send multimedia-based data from peer to peer paving the way for Real-time Communication over the Web. With this project, we aim to build on one such opportunity that can enable us to perform custom object detection through an android based application installed on our mobile phones. Therefore, our problem statement is to be able to capture real-time feeds, perform custom object detection, generate inference results, and appropriately send intruder alerts when needed. To implement this, we propose a mobile-based over-the-cloud solution that can capitalize on the enormous and encouraging features of the YOLO algorithm and incorporate the functionalities of OpenCV’s DNN module for providing us with fast and correct inferences. Coupled with a good and intuitive UI, we can ensure ease of use of our application.
13 9246 it implementation of cloud connected (edit ari)IAESIJEECS
Cloud robotics is an emerging field that is centred on the benefits of converged infrastructure and shared services of a cloud computing environment. In this paper, a system is designed with an autonomous Pick and Place robot to sense environmental data such as temperature and Motion, along with GPS coordinates and sends them on the cloud. The mobile robot is controlled using an LPC1764 microcontroller and communicates with the cloud via a CC3200 Launchpad. A private cloud is set up using Open Stack that provides Infrastructure as a Service. The collected data are stored in a cloud server which could be viewed through a mobile app and can be used to create awareness about the environmental changes of the location under study. A proof-of-concept prototype has been developed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.
PRO-VAS: utilizing AR and VSLAM for mobile apps development in visualizing ob...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The development of mobile apps with augmented reality (AR) would enhance the capability in visualizing the scene or environment. Any apps supported by computer aided design versions with 3D models makes the design more realistic, such as in the form of websites or mobile apps. However, the current features for online platforms for shopping are quite limited and lack 3D visualization features. This paper presents the development of a mobile application, pro-visualizer app called PRO-VAS, that utilizes AR for scanning and visualizing the environment. PRO-VAS acts as a product visualizer that applies visual simultaneous localization and mapping (VSLAM) for localization of the product in AR based systems.
The main components of PRO-VAS are ARCore from Google for interactive purposes, and the depth mapping from red green blue depth (RGB-D) phone camera with point plane generator and markerless tracking method. The last component of the app is the set of objects from the unity store, which can be chosen in PRO-VAS for the scanned scene area. The app was tested in various environments involving different objects and has shown competitive results. In the future, more features and products can be added to the apps.
A major problem in day to day life is parking of vehicles especially the car parking at an appropriate place. And this issue indirectly leads to traffic congestion. This paper presents the basic concept of using server or cloud based smart parking services in smart cities as an important application of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. This system will be accessible through a mobile app or through the webpage provided and can be used to monitor or find the empty slots in that area.
Augmented Reality Design of Indonesia Fruit Recognition IJECEIAES
Augmented Reality (AR) is one of the popular technologies nowadays. Along with the technological advances, Augmented Reality is an effort to combine the real world and virtual worlds created through computers so that the boundary between the two becomes very thin because Augmented Reality allows users to interact in real-time with the system. Augmented Reality can be applied in various fields according to the needs of each user. One application is on Android-based mobile hardware applications. This research developed the Augmented Reality battle with some of the features more interactive, interesting and clearer information to facilitate the user in its operation. This Augmented Reality is applied to the Android mobile device with the name of FruitGarden. This paper presented of designing Augmented Reality for recognizing the fruit of Indonesia archipelago which will give a different view of performing the fruit image and information.
Abstract—This paper provides a brief overview of the Intelligent Traffic Management System based on Artificial
Neural Networks (ANN). It is being utilized to enhance the present traffic management system and human resource
reliance. The most basic problem with the current traffic lights is their dependency on humans for their working.
The technologies used in the making of this automated traffic lights are Internet of Things, Machine Learning and
Artificial Intelligence. The basic steps used in Internet of Things are reported along with different ANN trainings.
This ANN model can be used for the minimization of traffic on roads and less waiting time at traffic lights. As a
result, we can make traffic lights more automated which in turn eventually deceases our dependency on human
resources
Similar to Autonomous Vehicle and Augmented Reality Usage (20)
Total Ionization Cross Sections due to Electron Impact of Ammonia from Thresh...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In the present paper, we have employed modified Khare-BEB method [Atoms, (2019)] to evaluate total ionization cross sections by the electron impact for ammonia in energy range from the ionization threshold to 10 MeV. The theoretical ionization cross sections have been compared to the available previous theoretical and experimental results. The collision parameters dipole matrix squared M_j^2 and CRP also have been calculated. The present calculations were found in remarkable agreement with the available experimental results.
A Case Study on Small Town Big Player – Enjay IT Solutions Ltd., BhiladDr. Amarjeet Singh
Adequately trained Manpower is a problem that affects the IT industry as a whole, but it is particularly acute for Enjay IT Solution. Enjay's location in a semi-urban or rural area makes it even more difficult to find a talented employee with the right skills. As the competition for skilled workers grows, it becomes more difficult to attract and keep those workers who have the requisite training and experience.
Effect of Biopesticide from the Stems of Gossypium Arboreum on Pink Bollworm ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Pink bollworm and Lepidoptera development quickly in numbers which is a typical animal group that produces around 100 youthful ones inside certain days or weeks. This assault influences the harvests broadly in the tropical and sub-tropical temperature areas. Thus, to keep up with the yield of harvests the vermin ought to be kept away by utilizing pesticides. The unnecessary measure of the purpose of pesticides influences the dirt, land, and as well as human well-being, and contaminates the climate. Thus, an ozone-accommodating biopesticide is extracted from the stems of the Gossypium arboreum. Thus, the extraction of biopesticide from the stems of Gossypium arboreum demonstrated that the quantity of pink bollworm and Lepidoptera is diminished step by step in the wake of showering the arrangement on the impacted region of the plant because of the presence of the gossypol.
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in E-Commerce: The Possibility of Exploiti...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
E-Commerce has transformed business as we know over the past few decades. The rapid increasing use of the Internet and the strong purchasing power in Saudi Arabia have had a strong impact on the evolution of E-Commerce in the country. Saudi Arabia is yet another country that will release artificial intelligence power to fuel its growth in the economic world. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) applications that can facilitate e-commerce processes have been widely used. The impact of using artificial intelligence (AI) concepts and techniques on the efficiency of e-commerce, particularly has been overlooked by many prior studies. In this paper, a literature review was conducted to explore and investigate possible applications of AI in E-Commerce that can help Saudi Arabian businesses.
Factors Influencing Ownership Pattern and its Impact on Corporate Performance...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This study on factors influencing Ownership pattern and its impact on corporate performance has used five industries data viz Automobile industry, IT industry, Banking industry, Oil & Gas industry and pharmaceutical industry for five years from 2017 to 2021. First the factors influencing ownership pattern was identified and later its impact on corporate performance was analysed. Multiple Regression, ANOVA and Correlation was used in SPSS 28. Percentage of independent directors on the board and size of the company has significant impact on Indian Promotor holding and non-institutional ownership has significant impact on corporate performance.
An Analytical Study on Ratios Influencing Profitability of Selected Indian Au...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Every country with a well-developed transportation network has a well-developed economy. The automobile industry is a critical engine of the nation's economic development. The automobile industry has significant backward and forward links with every area of the economy, as well as a strong and progressive multiplier impact. The automotive industry and the auto component industry are both included in the vehicle industry. It includes passenger waggons, light, medium, and heavy commercial vehicles, as well as multi-utility vehicles such as jeeps, three-wheelers, military vehicles, motorcycles, tractors, and auto-components such as engine parts, batteries, drive transmission parts, electrical, suspension and chassis parts, and body and other parts. In the last several years, India's automobile sector has seen incredible growth in sales, production, innovation, and exports. India's car industry has emerged as one of the best in the world, and the auto-ancillary sector is poised to assist the vehicle sector's expansion. Vehicle manufacturers and auto-parts manufacturers account for a significant component of global motorised manufacturing. Vehicle manufacturers from across the world are keeping a close eye on the Indian auto sector in order to assess future demand and establish India as a global manufacturing base. The current research focuses on three automotive behemoths: TATA Motors, MRF, and Mahindra & Mahindra.
A Study on Factors Influencing the Financial Performance Analysis Selected Pr...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The growth of a country's banking sector has a significant impact on its economic development. The banking sector plays a critical role in determining a country's economic future. A well-planned, structured, efficient, and viable banking system is an essential component of an economy's economic and social infrastructure. In modern society, a strong banking system is required because it meets the financial needs of the modern society. In a country's economy, the banking system plays a crucial role. Because it connects surplus and deficit economic agents, the bank is the most important financial intermediary in the economy. The banking system is regarded as the economy's lifeline. It meets the financial needs of commerce, industry, and agriculture. As a result, the country's development and the banking system are intertwined. They are critical in the mobilisation of savings and the distribution of credit to various sectors of the economy. India's private sector banks play a critical role in the country's economic development. So The financial performance of private sector banks must be evaluated carefully.
An Empirical Analysis of Financial Performance of Selected Oil Exploration an...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
After the United States, China, and Japan, India was the world's fourth biggest consumer of oil and petroleum products. The nation is significantly reliant on crude oil imports, the majority of which come from the Middle East. The Indian oil and gas business is one of the country's six main sectors, with important forward links to the rest of the economy. More than two-thirds of the country's overall primary energy demands are met by the oil and gas industry. The industry has played a key role in placing India on the global map. India is now the world's sixth biggest crude oil user and ninth largest crude oil importer. In addition, the country's portion of the worldwide refining market is growing. India's refining industry is now the world's sixth biggest. With plans for Reliance Petroleum Limited to commission another refinery with a capacity of 29 MTPA next 16 to its 33 MTPA refinery in Jamnagar, Gujarat, this position is projected to be enhanced. As a consequence, the Reliance refinery would be the biggest single-site refinery in the world. Based on secondary data gathered from CMIE, the current research examines the ratios influencing the profitability of selected oil exploration and production businesses in India during a 10-year period.
Since 1991, thanks to economic policy liberalization, the Indian economy has entered an era in which Indian businesses can no longer disregard global markets. Prior to the 1990s, the prices of a variety of commodities, metals, and other assets were carefully regulated. Others, which were not rolled, were primarily dependant on regulated input costs. As a result, there was no uncertainty and, as a result, no price fluctuations. However, in 1991, when the process of deregulation began, the prices of most items were deregulated. It has also resulted in the exchange being partially deregulated, easing trade restrictions, lowering interest rates, and making significant advancements in foreign institutional investors' access to the capital markets, as well as establishing market-based government securities pricing, among other things. Furthermore, portfolio and securities price volatility and instability were influenced by market-determined exchange rates and interest rates. As a result, hedging strategies employing a variety of derivatives were exposed to a variety of risks. The Indian capital market will be examined in this study, with a focus on derivatives.
Theoretical Estimation of CO2 Compression and Transport Costs for an hypothet...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
SEI S.p.a. presented a project to build a 1320 MW coal-fired power plant in Saline Joniche, on the Southern tip of Calabria Region, Italy, in 2008. A gross early evaluation about the possibility to add CCS (CO2 Capture & Storage) was performed too. The project generated widespread opposition among environmental associations, citizens and local institutions in that period, against the coal use to produce energy, as a consequence of its GHG clima-alterating impact. Moreover the CCS (also named Carbon Capture & Storage or more recently CCUS: Carbon Capture-Usage-Storage) technology was at that time still an unknown and “mysterious” solution for the GHG avoiding to the atmosphere. The present study concerns the sizing of the compression and transportation system of the CCS section, included in the project presented at the time by SEI Spa; the sizing of the compression station and the pipeline connecting the plant to the possible Fosca01 offshore injection site previously studied as a possible storage solution, as part of a coarse screening of CO2 storage sites in the Calabria Region. This study takes into account the costs of construction, operation and maintenance (O&M) of both the compression plant and the sound pipeline, considering the gross static storage capacity of the Fosca01 reservoir as a whole as previously evaluated.
Analytical Mechanics of Magnetic Particles Suspended in Magnetorheological FluidDr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper, the behavior of MR particles has been systematically investigated within the scope of analytical mechanics. . A magnetorheological fluid belongs to a class of smart materials. In magnetorheological fluids, the motion of magnetic particles is controlled by the action of internal and external forces. This paper presents analytical mechanics for the interaction of system of particles in MR fluid. In this paper, basic principles of Analytical Mechanics are utilized for the construction of equations.
Techno-Economic Aspects of Solid Food Wastes into Bio-ManureDr. Amarjeet Singh
Solid waste is health hazard and cause damage to the environment due to improper handling. Solid waste comprises of Industrial Waste (IW), Hazardous Waste (HW), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Electronic waste (E-waste), Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) which depend on their supply & characteristics. Food waste or Bio-waste composting and its role in sustainable development is explained in food waste is a growing area of concern with many costs to our community in terms of waste collection, disposal and greenhouse gases. When rotting food ends up in landfill it turns into methane, a greenhouse gas that is particularly damaging to the environment. Composting is biochemical process in which organic materials are biologically degraded, resulting in the production of organic by products and energy in the form of heat. Heat is trapped within the composting mass, leading to the phenomenon of self-heating. This overall process provide us Bio-Manure.
Crypto-Currencies: Can Investors Rely on them as Investment Avenue?Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The purpose of this study is to examine investors’ perceptions about investing in crypto-currencies. We think that investors trust in crypto-currencies is largely driven by crypto-currency comprehension, trust in government, and transaction speed. This is the first study to examine crypto-currencies from the investor’s perspective. Following that, we discover important antecedents of crypto-currency confidence. Second, we look at the government's role in crypto-currencies. The importance of this study is: first, crypto-currencies have the potential to disrupt the current economic system as the debate is all about impact of decentralization of transactions; thus, further research into how it affects investors trust is essential; and second, access to crypto-currencies. Finally, if Fin-Tech companies or banks want to enter the bitcoin industry may not attract huge advertising costs as well as marketing to soothe clients' concerns about investing in various digital currencies The research sheds light on indecisiveness in the context of marketing aspects adopted by demonstrating investors are aware about the crypto.
Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) among Student of the Catanduanes S...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The Island Province of Catanduanes is prone to all types of natural hazards that includes torrential and heavy rains, strong winds and surge, flooding and landslide or slope failures as a result of its geographical location and topography. RA 10121 mandates local DRRM bodies to “encourage community, specifically the youth, participation in disaster risk reduction and management activities, such as organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management programs as part of youth programs and projects. The study aims to determine the awareness to disaster of the student of the Catanduanes State University. The disaster-based questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 636 students selected randomly from different Colleges and Laboratory Schools in the University
The Catanduanes State University students understood some disaster-related concepts and ideas, but uncertain on issues on preparedness, adaptation, and awareness on the risks inflicted by these natural hazards. Low perception on disaster risks are evidently observed among students. The responses of the students could be based on the efficiency and impact of the integration of DRR education in the senior high school curriculum. Specifically, integration of the concepts about the hazards, hazard maps, disaster preparedness, awareness, mitigation, prevention, adaptation, and resiliency in the science curriculum possibly affect the knowledge and understanding of students on DRR. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM.
The study further recommends that teachers and instructor must also be capacitated in handling disaster as they are the prime movers in the implementation of the DRRM in education. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM. Core subjects in Earth Sciences must be reinforced with geologic hazards. Learning competencies must also be focused on hazard identification and mapping, and coping with different geologic disaster.
The 1857 war was a watershed moment in the history of the Indian subcontinent. The battle has sparked academic debate among historians and sociologists all around the world. Despite the fact that it has been more than 150 years, this battle continues to pique the interest of historians. The war's causes and events that occurred throughout the conflict, persons who backed the British and anti-British fighters, and the results and ramifications, are all aspects of this conflict. In terms of outcomes, many academics believe that the war was a failure for those who started it. It is often assumed that the Indians who battled the British in this conflict were unable to achieve their goals. Many gains accrued to Indians as a result of the conflict, but these achievements are overshadowed by the dispute over the war's failure. This research effort focuses on the war's achievements for India, and the significance of those achievements.
Haryana's Honour Killings: A Social and Legal Point of ViewDr. Amarjeet Singh
Life is unpredictably unpredictable. Nobody knows what will happen in the next minute of their lives. In this circumstance, every human being has the right and desire to conduct their lives according to their own desires. No one should be forced to live a life solely for the benefit and reputation of others. Honour killing is defined as the assassination of a person, whether male or female, who refuses to accept the family's arranged marriage or decides to move her or his marital life according to her or his wishes solely because it jeopardizes the family's honour. The family's supreme authority looks after the family's name but neglects to consider the love and affection shared among family members. I have discussed honour killing in India in my research work. This sort of murder occurs as a result of particular triggers, which are also examined in relation to the role of the law in honour killing. No one can be released free if they break the law, and in this case, it is a felony that violates various regulations designed to safeguard citizens. This crime is similar to many others, but it is distinct enough to be differentiated in the report. When the husband is of low social standing, it lowers the position and caste of the female family, prompting the male family members to murder the girl. But they forget that the girl is their kid and that while rank may be attained, a girl's life can never be replaced, and that caste is less valuable than the girl's life and love spent with them.
Optimization of Digital-Based MSME E-Commerce: Challenges and Opportunities i...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The impact caused by the Covid-19 Pandemic on Micro and Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) was so severe and fatal
that not a few went out of business. The heavy burden is borne by MSME actors due to social restrictions imposed by the
government, the declining purchasing power of the people, a product that continues to decline until capital runs out. Plus
inadequate knowledge in carrying out marketing strategies and product innovations are the main trigger for the lack of
enthusiasm for MSME actors as well as bankruptcy. MSME digitalization-based e-commerce is an opportunity and the right
solution in dealing with the obstacles caused by the impact of Covid-19, as well as a challenge for MSME actors to design old
ways in new ways through digital business.
Modal Space Controller for Hydraulically Driven Six Degree of Freedom Paralle...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper presents the Modal space decoupled control for a hydraulically driven parallel mechanism has been presented. The approach is based on singular values decomposition to the properties of joint-space inverse mass matrix, and mapping of the control and feedback variables from the joint space to the decoupling modal space. The method transformed highly coupled six-input six-output dynamics into six independent single-input single-output (SISO) 1 DOF hydraulically driven mechanical systems. The novelty in this method is that the signals including control errors, control outputs and pressure feedbacks are transformed into decoupled modal space and also the proportional gains and dynamic pressure feedback are tuned in modal space. The results indicate that the conventional controller can only attenuate the resonance peaks of the lower eigenfrequencies of six rigid modes properly, and the peaking points of other relative higher eigenfrequencies are over damped, The further results show that it is very effective to design and tune the system in modal space and that the bandwidth increased substantially except surge (x) and sway (y) motions, each degree of freedom can be almost tuned independently and their bandwidths can be increased near to the undamped eigenfrequencies.
It is a known fact that a large number of Steel Industry Expansion projects in India have been delayed due to regulatory clearances, environmental issues and problems pertaining to land acquisition. Also, there are challenges in the tendering phase that affect viability of projects thus delaying implementation, construction phase is beset with over-runs and disputes and last but not the least; provider skills are weak all across the value chain. Given the critical role of Steel Sector in ensuring a sustained growth trajectory for India, it is imperative that we identify the core issues affecting completion of infrastructure projects in India and chalk out initiatives that need to be acted upon in short term as well as long term.
A blockchain is a decentralised database that is shared across computer network nodes. A blockchain acts as a database, storing information in a digital format. The study primarily aims to explore how in the future, block chain technology will alter several areas of the Indian economy. The current study aims to obtain a deeper understanding of blockchain technology's idea and implementation in India, as well as the technology's potential as a disruptive financial technological innovation.
Secondary sources such as reports, journals, papers, and websites were used to compile all the data. Current and relevant information were utilised to help understand the research goals. All the information is rationally organised to fulfil the objectives. The current research focuses on recommendations for enhancing India's Blockchain ecosystem so that it may become one of the best in the world at utilising this new technology.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
1. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 6 (December 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.6.6
39 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Autonomous Vehicle and Augmented Reality Usage
Dr. Yusuf UZUN1
and Mehmet BİLBAN2
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, TURKEY
2
Lecturer, Department of Computer Technologies, Necmettin Erbakan University, TURKEY
1
Corresponding Author: yuzun@erbakan.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
With the development of autonomous development
technology, the need for additional applications to be used
inside and outside the vehicle is increasing. As a result of the
literature review, many applications have been developed to
display vehicle data directly on the monitor, with reflections
on glass, and on hardware devices. These applications have
been developed only for a defined problem and for a
particular autonomous system. In this study, a basic
autonomous vehicle software infrastructure and mobile
Augmented Reality application that can work on Android
devices have been developed. The Mobile Augmented Reality
app serves inside and outside the vehicle. In addition, this
application has been shown to support multiple autonomous
system infrastructures.
Keywords— Augmented Reality, Deep Learning, Mobile
Application, Autonomous Vehicle
I. INTRODUCTION
Autonomous systems are defined as self-
navigating vehicles capable of detecting the outside world
using data from sensors. Autonomous systems include
industrial robots, UAVs, driverless automobiles,
unmanned underwater vehicles, unmanned agricultural
vehicles, unmanned aerial-space vehicles. As the
automobile industry has more consumer markets than other
areas, there has been a further increase in the
developments in the automotive sector. Autonomous
vehicle technology has progressed rapidly over the last
decade as a result of competition in artificial intelligence
technology and automotive technologies [1].
Augmented Reality (AR) technology goes back to
the 1960s. The first system infrastructure was developed
for both AR and Virtual Reality (VR). It is known that the
idea of how two-dimensional objects can be displayed in
three dimensions to the user in the real world is tried with
a limited number of computers [2].
AR is a technology used by many public or
private companies before developing autonomous systems.
This technology is used as a compass to guide many areas,
such as designed algorithms, system integration,
communication protocols, and display mode.
Autonomous vehicles will become the
indispensable technology of personal transportation in the
near future. Based on the question of how the human eye
perceives the real world, autonomous vehicle developers
sought ways to show how an autonomous vehicle
perceives the outside world, and decided that AR is one of
the technologies that can be used [3]. With this technology,
it is aimed to combine and display data from sensors and
cameras with real world objects. AR technology is a
technology that can easily show all complex situations
about speed, energy, road conditions and vehicle.
The fact that autonomous vehicles have attracted
great interest and the studies carried out by many state and
private institutions in this field has played a major role in
making autonomy the main subject in this study. In this
study, for an autonomous tool, the basic software
architecture was developed and the AR application was
built on it.
In this study, the developed AR application has
the infrastructure that can be used in the following
autonomous systems.
I. Self-Driving Vehicles
II. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
III. Unmanned Aerial – Spacecraft
IV. Unmanned Submarine Vehicles
V. Unmanned Agricultural Vehicles
VI. Thermal and Nuclear Power Plants
VII. Internet of Things Applications
An autonomous software architecture has been
developed using MIT-RACECAR, which MIT offers
developers as open source. All the software and hardware
infrastructure we have developed is designed to work on
this tool.
Mobile Augmented Reality application is an
Android based mobile application. This mobile application
is designed to work on all Android devices.
For Server-Client Architecture, software running
on the server has been developed. This software sends the
data it receives from the autonomous vehicle to the mobile
device. It also processes the data received from the
peripherals of the autonomous vehicle and shares it with
the mobile AR.
2. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 6 (December 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.6.6
40 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
II. METHODOLOGY
MIT-RACECAR is an open source 1/10 scale
autonomous vehicle platform for robotics research and
education. This platform has sensors and computer
hardware installed on the Traxxas RC chassis. The design
and development of RACECAR was done by the Lincoln
Laboratory's BeaverWorks Initiative, the Department of
Aeronautics and Space Science, and the Information and
Decision Systems Laboratory at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology [4]. RACECAR and its hardware
components are shown in Figure 1 [5].
Figure 1: MIT RACECAR
2.1 Converting RACECAR to an Autonomous Vehicle
Since a vehicle cannot perform humanoid driving
actions on its own, systems in which hardware and
software work together are used. The need analysis was
based on the question of how to make human driving
actions in a real world a robot. To enable autonomous
movement of a vehicle, different software and hardware
systems must be integrated. All components are shown in
Figure 2.
Figure 2: Autonomous Vehicle Components
2.2 ROS Architecture and Concepts
ROS is a framework for writing robot software. It
is used in many projects for research and commercial
purposes. Today, robotics application developers can
develop robot software with ROS quickly and flexibly [6].
Especially if more than one application wants to
communicate with each other, ie to send data, it will
benefit from the framework provided by ROS. When
sending and receiving data, it is more convenient to use
ROS instead of socket programming [7]. In order to create
nodes on ROS, we also need ROS client libraries to
broadcast services and messages.
ROS client libraries consist of code collections
with functions to implement ROS concepts. In this study,
the rospy client library developed for ROS was used.
The Rospy client library allows Python
programmers to quickly interface with ROS Threads,
Services, and Parameters. Rospy's design supports
application speed (ie developer time) based on runtime
performance. Thus, algorithms can be quickly prototyped
and tested [8].
2.3 Data Collection
In order to move the vehicle without a driver, data
must be collected on the road to be driven. Data were
collected in the northern part of Necmettin Erbakan
University Seydisehir Ahmet Cengiz Engineering Faculty
1st Floor. To collect data, a code was developed with the
Python programming language. This developed code takes
speed, angle and 30 visual / sec data from the vehicle
driving in the corridor and writes to the file. The area
where the data is collected has a large exterior window,
lights at different angles, and reflections from tiles on a
bright floor. All the collected data is used as a database for
end-to-end learning in later stages.
2.4 Deep Learning Network Structure
While Machine Learning techniques give good
results in grouping or clustering variables, accuracy
decreases as data size increases. Therefore, Deep Learning
is one of the most important developments in the field of
artificial intelligence. Deep learning is a field of study that
involves machine learning algorithms such as artificial
neural networks and the like, trying to model abstraction in
data. In other words, Deep Learning algorithms are an
ANN set that can better represent large-scale data sets.
In this study, the end-to-end learning model
developed by NVIDIA for autonomous vehicles is used
[9]. The CNN structure is shown in Figure 3 [10]. This
network consists of the Keras Lambda function for image
normalization, three 5x5 convolution layers, two 3x3
convolution layers, and fully connected layers. This model
also includes conversion from RGB to YUV color space,
2x2 shifting on a 5x5 convolution layer.
3. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 6 (December 2019)
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41 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 3: NVIDIA Convolutional Neural Network [13]
CNNs have made a radical change in image
recognition [11], [12]. Prior to the widespread adoption of
CNNs, most image recognition operations were performed
by manual feature extraction followed by a classifier.
Together with the invention of CNNs, the features are
automatically learned from training examples. The CNN
approach is particularly powerful in image recognition
tasks because convolution captures the 2D nature of
images [9].
2.5 Augmented Reality Tracking and Tracking System
Architecture
In 1997, Azuma defined AR as a system that
fulfills 3 basic criteria [14]:
I. Real and virtual combination,
II. Real-time interaction,
III. System where 3D real and virtual objects are
together
Today, AR is defined as the technology that allows the
virtual images created in computer environment to be
placed and used in the real world. According to the actions
of the users, the positioning of the graphical objects
according to the most appropriate place is very important
for AR applications. Today, AR applications can be
divided into two groups according to their usage areas: 1)
Marker-based technology, 2) Markesless.
Marker-Based AR System: Marker-based tracking is
achieved by physically adding markers to the object to be
monitored. The markers must have a suitable design
according to the area to be used. Pointers placed on real
objects have already been introduced to the system. The
position of markers on real objects must be determined in
advance for quick and easy detection.
Markerless AR System: The Markerless method is a
method that performs object recognition without the need
for additional placement or pointers on the media. This
method performs object recognition by inference from
models created by computer-aided design (CAD) or from a
set of points representing an existing 3D object [15].
Markerless recognition ensures minimum process
readiness for users. Markerless object recognition requires
more complex operations than marker object recognition.
This method has not proved to be better than a marker-
based method [16].
2.6 Object Recognition with Android Neural Networks
and Tensor Flow Lite
Android Artificial Neural Networks Application
Programming Interface (UPA) is an Android C UPA
designed to perform compute-intensive operations for
machine learning on mobile devices. UPA is available on
all devices with Android 8.1 (UPA Level 27) or higher.
Android Artificial Neural Networks support the ability to
extract from previously trained and built-in models with
UPA.
The runtime of Android neural networks is
determined by optimally allocating the available workload
based on hardware features and application requirements
on the device, graphics processing units (GPUs), and
signal processors. Figure 4 shows the architecture of the
Android neural networks [17].
Figure 4: Android Artificial Neural Networks Application
Programming Interface [17]
4. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
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42 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Smartphones can take advantage of inference
operations on the device for machine learning tasks. In
general, it is common for mobile devices to use machine
learning models in the cloud. TensorFlow Lite enables
extraction in the mobile device. TensorFlow Lite supports
Android and iOS platforms. Figure 5 illustrates the mobile
platforms that TensorFlow Lite supports. The first step
involves converting a trained TensorFlow model to the
TensorFlow Lite file format (.tflite) using the TensorFlow
Lite converter. The converted model file is used in the
application [18].
Figure 5: TensorFlow Lite architecture [19]
In this study, TensorFlow Lite was added to the
Android application. At the same time, the previously
trained COCO SSD MobileNet V1 model was
incorporated into the autonomous Android mobile AG
application. At the same time with this provided model, 10
objects can be recognized and located in an image. This
model is trained to recognize 80 object classes [20].
2.6 Developing a Mobile AR Application for an
Autonomous Vehicle
We can control how an autonomous vehicle
perceives the outside world remotely or through in-vehicle
applications. Traditional mobile applications often operate
in a server-client architecture to provide an interactive
service. Mobile AR application developed in the study,
instant vehicle speed value change, simultaneous energy
consumption and real-time steering angle change on the
screen to show the data must be taken from the vehicle.
Data acquisition through the vehicle is provided by a
developed server. Figure 6 represents the communication
architecture between a server and mobile AR developed on
RACECAR.
Figure 6: RACECAR Server – Mobile AR
RESTful data communication architecture is used
between server and client. REST is expressed as
representative state transfer. Using the HTTP protocol,
GET and POST requests, such as requests to respond to
these requests in various formats is a flexible way of
communication.
IV. RESEARCH RESULTS
Mean square error (MSE) loss function was used as
the performance evaluation criterion during the training
phase of the autonomous vehicle. Figure 7 shows how the
values of the MSE loss function change as the number of
steps (epochs) for training and validation data sets
increases. The loss of MSE decreased rapidly after the 1st
epoch and was decreased by 5-8. epoch remains constant
between. 8-9. The epochs show a change but the error rate
is neglected as a result of the test operations.
Figure 7: MSE loss function graph
Figure 8 shows one of the objects recognized by
real-time mobile AR.
5. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 6 (December 2019)
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43 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 8: Identifying the Stop Sign
V. CONCLUSION
The Mobile AR application was designed and
developed for use on devices with Android operating
systems. This application has a substructure for internal
and external use. In the same way, it is shown how the
outside world is perceived with AR technology to make
the passengers traveling in the vehicle feel safer. The
energy, speed and steering changes of a vehicle performing
autonomous driving were monitored remotely by mobile
AR without driver and traveling passenger.
This infrastructure, which we have developed, is
intended to be useful in multiple autonomous systems, to
be modular, to be mobile and to contribute to the literature
by shedding light on some future problems.
As a result of the tests, the vehicle needs
continuous high battery values and unstable behaviors at
low voltage values (for 12.6V and below values) were
observed. In order not to put an extra burden on the
vehicle's power consumption, the electricity requirement of
the mobile device on which the mobile AR application
operates was not taken over the vehicle and was provided
from the mobile device's own battery.
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