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Teweti Major Project
Karl Benz is considered the inventor of the first practical modern automobile. In 1886, he patented a three-wheeled Motor Car that was powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by gasoline. This was the first true automobile. Benz went on to found his own car company, which still exists today as Daimler. While others had experimented with self-propelled vehicles prior, Benz's car worked similarly to how cars operate today and is seen as the first modern automobile.
Teweti Major Project
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- 2. 1 Acknowledgement: First of allI would like to give my sincere gratitude to my teacher Sir Ururu for his time and effort he had spent on helping me to complete this project. Also I would like to thank him for giving me the format and guideline of this project with which to work with. Not forgetting to thank my friends and classmates for their ideas they have given me on the topic that I am working with. Additionally, I want to give my special thank toward my teacher, Sir Kevin for his support in which he allowed me to complete my project in his computer lab, and also to the form 7’s for their help, support and encouragement to me while completing this project. Lastly I want to thank my girlfriend for lending me her laptop to use it and also for her time that she has spent with me on completing this project. I acknowledge all your help, support and love which enables me to complete this project. Everything are totally appreciated.
- 3. 2 Background Information: CAR BRIEFHISTORY AND OVERVIEW Cars have controls for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, making them progressively more complex. Examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by an internal combustion engine, fuelled by the combustion of fossil fuels. This causes air pollution and is also blamed for contributing to change and global warming. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries. Electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use. The costs include acquiring the vehicle, interest payments (if the car is financed), repairs and maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society include maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, and disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life. Road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence, and convenience. The societal benefits include economic benefits, such as job and wealth creation from the automotive industry, transportation provision, societal well-being from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from the taxes. The ability for people to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies. It was estimated in 2014 that the number of cars was over 1.25 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India and other newly industrialized countries What is a car? A Car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods. But in the beginning of transportation and the first idea and practice began in 15th century, In the early 15th century, the Portuguese arrived in China and the interaction of the two cultures led to a variety of new technologies, including the creation of a wheel that turned under its own power. By the 1600s, small steam-powered engine models were developed, but it was another century before a full-sized engine-powered automobile was created.
- 4. 3 And in the21th century progressed and computer technology began to be utilized. Features including Auto Transmission, Anti-lock brake, skid-control system, Side airbags, Remote keyless entry, and Automatic climate control vents, Cruise Control. How a car does moves? The system that transfers power from the engine to a car's wheels is called the drivetrain. The exact configuration of a drivetrain varies depending on which of the car's wheels power the car. The most common model found in many vehicles today is the front-wheel drive system. Another system, common in older vehicles, but also found in many sports cars, is rear-wheel drive. Lastly, some cars, especially those designed for off-road driving, use all four wheels to move the car. Thisis the picture for the firstidea and practice on the transportati on,whichis heldonthe 15th century. Thisis the pictures of a cars inthe 21st century
- 5. 4 In a front-wheeldrive car, the front-mounted engine powers the front wheels, which pull the car forward. A component called the "transaxle" combines the functions of the transmission and differential and distributes the engine's power to the wheels using half shafts. Since the front wheels must steer and drive the car, they use constant velocity, or CV, joints that maintain smooth power distribution even when wheels are turned completely to the left or right. In a classic rear-wheel drive car, power is transmitted from a front-mounted engine to the rear wheels, which push the car forward. The transmission is directly attached to the engine, which is longitudinally mounted, and a long driveshaft connects it to the differential, which is located at the rear axle. The differential then transfers the engine's power to the rear wheels. Who first discover a car? If we're talking about the first modern automobile, then it's Karl Benz in 1886. But long before him, there were strange forerunners to the today's cars, including toys for emperors, steam-powered artillery carriers, and clanking, creaking British buses. Humans have possessed knowledge of the wheel for several thousand years, and we've been using animals as a source of transportation for nearly that long. So, in some sense, the earliest forerunners of the car date back to the earliest mists of our prehistory. But perhaps a more useful way of thinking of the car is anything that could reasonably be called an "automobile" - in other words, any vehicle capable of propelling itself. In that case, we're at most talking about 439 years of car history.
- 6. 5 In the picturethat is shown above is a picture of the first car that is first discover by Karl Benz. This a picture of a car that is made by Karl Benz but it is a Modern than the first car. Karl Benz patented the three-wheeled Motor Car in 1886. It was the first true, modern automobile. Benz also patented his own throttle system, spark plugs, gear shifters, a water radiator, a carburettor and other fundamentals to the automobile. Benz eventually built a car company that still exists today as the Daimler Group.
- 7. 6 Long history ofthe car Benz patented the first gasoline-powered car, but he wasn't the original visionary of self- propelled vehicles. Some highlights in the history of the car: Leonardo da Vinci had sketched a horseless, mechanized cart in the early 1500s. Like many of his designs, it wasn't built in his lifetime. In 1769, a Frenchman named Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot built a self-propelled vehicle with a steam engine. The cart moved at a walking pace and was abandoned. Sometime between 1832 and 1839, Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first electric carriage, which used a rechargeable battery that powered a small electric motor. The vehicles were heavy, expensive and required frequent recharging. They were abandoned in favour of gasoline-powered engines. Internal combustion engines Vital to the modern automobile is the internal combustion engine. This type of engine uses an explosive combustion of fuel to push a piston within a cylinder. The piston's movement turns a crankshaft that is connected to the car's wheels of a drive shaft. Like the car itself, the internal combustion engine has a long history. An incomplete list of developments includes: 1680: Christiaan Huygens, better known for his contributions as an astronomer, designed but never built an internal combustion engine fuelled by gunpowder. 1826: Englishman Samuel Brown altered a steam engine to burn gasoline and put it on a carriage, but this proto-automobile also never gained widespread adoption. 1858: Jean Joseph-Etienne Lenoir patented a double-acting, electric spark-ignition internal combustion engine fuelled by coal gas. He improved on that engine so it would run on petroleum, attached it to a three-wheeled wagon and travelled 50 miles. 1873: American engineer George Brayton developed a two-stroke kerosene engine. It is considered to be the first safe and practical oil engine. 1876: Nikolaus August Otto patented the first four-stroke engine in Germany. 1885: Gottlieb Daimler invented the prototype of the modern gasoline engine.
- 8. 7 Karl Benz, inventorof the first practical, modern automobile. Innovative and entrepreneurial Karl Benz gets the credit for inventing the automobile because his car was practical, used a gasoline-powered internal-combustion engine and worked like modern cars do today. Benz was born in 1844 in Karlsruhe, a city in southwest Germany. His father was a railway worker who died in an accident when Benz was 2 years old. Although poor, Benz's mother supported him and his education. He was admitted to the University of Karlsruhe at age 15 and graduated in 1864 with a mechanical engineering degree. Benz's first venture of an iron foundry and sheet-metal workshop flopped. However his new bride, Bertha Ringer, used her dowry to fund a new factory to build gas engines. With the profits Benz was free to start building a horseless, gas-powered carriage. Benz had built three prototypes of his Motor Car in private by 1888, when Bertha decided it was time for some press. Bertha took the latest model in the early morning and drove her two teenage sons 66 miles to her mother's home. She had to improvise repairs along the way with shoe leather, a hair pin and her garter. The successful trip showed Benz how to improve the car, and showed a dubious public that automobiles were useful. Benz demonstrated the Model 3 Motorwagen at the World's Fair in Paris the following year. Benz died in 1929, just two years after he merged with fellow car-maker Gottlieb Daimler's company to form what is today the Daimler Group, manufacturer of the Mercedes-Benz. What are the things that involve in the movement of a car? There are so many things that involve in the movement of a car, such as a battery of a car and as you see the battery of a car is used to supply the necessary current to the starter motor and ignition system while cranking to start the engine. It also supplies addition current when the demand is higher than the alternator can supply and acts as an electrical reservoir.
- 9. 8 The Advantageand Disadvantageofa Car Ease of transportation Families can go together by using car Fastcommunefrom one place to another Advantageto old andsick people Can loada lot of people Can protect yourself from the heat or rain It is goodfor the business The DisadvantageandDisadvantageof a Car Increase in pollution Dependence on a car Decrease in practices such as walking andcycling Expensive to buy andalso to maintain(insurance, repairs, gas, etc.….) High risk of getting into accidents Thisis the picture of a car battery,andit show it purpose toa car
- 10. 9 (Physics Application) How doesa car engine work? The car engine works by the four stroke cycle which is the first one is Intake stroke, Compression stroke, Combustion stroke, Exhaust stroke. This part of a car that make an engine of a car work The Internal Combustion Engine An internal combustion engine is called an “internal combustion engine” because fuel and air combust inside the engine to create the energy to move the pistons, which in turn move the car (we’ll show you how that happens in detail below). Contrast that to an external combustion engine, where fuel is burned outside the engine and the energy created from that burning is what powers it. Steam engines are the best example of this. Coal is burned outside of the engine, which heats water to produce steam, which then powers the engine. Most folks think that in the world of mechanized movement, steam-powered external combustion engines came before the internal combustion variety. The reality is that the internal combustion engine came first. (Yes, the ancient Greeks messed around with steam-powered engines, but nothing practical came from their experiments.) In the 16th century, inventors created a form of internal combustion engine using gunpowder as the fuel to power the movement of the pistons. Actually, it wasn’t the gunpowder that moved them. The way this early internal combustion engine worked was you’d stuff a piston all the way to the top of a cylinder and then ignite gunpowder beneath the piston. A vacuum would form after the explosion and suck the piston down the cylinder. Because this engine relied on the changes in air pressure to move the piston, they called it the atmospheric engine. It wasn’t very efficient. By the 17th century, steam engines were showing a lot of promise, so the internal combustion engine was abandoned. It wouldn’t be until 1860 that a reliable, working internal combustion engine would be invented. A Belgian fellow by the name of Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir patented an engine that injected natural gas into a cylinder, which was subsequently ignited by a permanent flame near the cylinder. It worked similarly to the gunpowder atmospheric engine, but not too efficiently. Building on that work, in 1864 two German engineers named Nicolaus August Otto and Eugen Langen founded a company that made engines similar to Lenoir’s model. Otto gave up managing the company and started working on an engine design that he had been toying with since 1861. His design led to what we now know as the four-stroke engine, and the basic design is still used in cars today.
- 11. 10 The Anatomy ofa Car Engine A V-6 Engine I’ll show you how the four-stroke engine works here in a bit, but before I do, I thought it would be helpful to go through the various parts of an engine so you’ll have an idea of what’s doing what in the four-stroke process. There is terminology throughout these explanations that relies on other terms in the list, so don’t worry if you get confused at first. Read through the whole thing to get an overall grasp, and then read it again so you have a basic understanding of each piece as it’s being talked about. Engine Block (Cylinder Block) The engine block is the foundation of an engine. Most engine blocks are cast from an aluminium alloy, but iron is still used by some manufacturers. The engine block is also referred to as the cylinder block because of the big hole or tubes called cylinders that are cast into the integrated structure. The cylinder is where the engine’s pistons slide up and down. The more cylinders an engine has the more powerful it is. In addition to the cylinders, other ducts and passageways are built into the block that allow for oil and coolant to flow to different parts of the engine.
- 12. 11 Combustion Chamber The combustionchamber in an engine is where the magic happens. It’s where fuel, air, pressure, and electricity come together to create the small explosion that moves the car’s pistons up and down, thus creating the power to move the vehicle. The combustion chamber is made up of the cylinder, piston, and cylinder head. The cylinder acts as the wall of the combustion chamber, the top of the piston acts as the floor of the combustion chamber, and the cylinder head serves as the ceiling of the combustion chamber. Cylinder Head The cylinder head is a piece of metal that sits over the engine’s cylinders. There are small, rounded indentations cast into the cylinder head in order to create room at the top of the chamber for combustion. A head gasket seals the joint between the cylinder head and cylinder block. Intake and outtake valves, spark plugs, and fuel injectors (these parts are explained later) are also mounted to the cylinder head. Piston Pistons move up and down the cylinder. They look like upside down soup cans. When fuel ignites in the combustion chamber, the force pushes the piston downward, which in turn moves the crankshaft (see below). The piston attaches to the crankshaft via a connecting rod, aka the con rod. It connects to the connecting rod via a piston pin, and the connecting rod connects to the crankshaft via a connecting rod bearing. On the top of the piston, you’ll find three or four grooves cast into the metal. Inside the grooves piston rings are put in. The piston rings are the part that actually touch the walls of the cylinder. They are made from iron and come in two varieties: compression rings and oil rings. The compression rings are the top rings and they press outward on the walls of the cylinder to provide a strong seal for the combustion chamber. The oil ring is the bottom ring on a piston and it prevents oil from the crankcase from seeping into the combustion chamber. It also wipes excess oil down the cylinder walls and back into the crankcase. Crankshaft The crankshaft is what converts the up and down motion of the pistons into a rotational motion that allows the car to move. The crankshaft typically fits lengthwise in the engine block near the bottom. It extends from one end of the engine block to the other. At the front of the end of the engine, the crankshaft connects to rubber belts which connect to the camshaft and delivers power to other parts of the car; at the back end of the engine, the camshaft connects to the drive train, which transfers power to the wheels. At each end of the crankshaft, you’ll find oil seals, or “O-rings,” which prevent oil from leaking out of the engine.
- 13. 12 The crankshaft residesin what’s called the crankcase on an engine. The crankcase is located beneath the cylinder block. The crankcase protects the crankshaft and connecting rods from outside objects. The area at the bottom of a crankcase is called the oil pan and that’s where your engine’s oil is stored. Inside the oil pan, you’ll find an oil pump that pumps oil through a filter, and then that oil is squirted on to the crankshaft, connecting rod bearings, and cylinder walls to provide lubrication to the movement of the piston stroke. The oil eventually drips back down into the oil pan, only to begin the process again Along the crankshaft you’ll find balancing lobes that act as counterweights to balance the crankshaft and prevent engine damage from the wobbling that occurs when the crankshaft spins. Also along the crankshaft you’ll find the main bearings. The main bearings provide a smooth surface between the crankshaft and engine block for the crankshaft to spin. Camshaft The camshaft is the brain of the engine. It works in conjunction with the crankshaft via a timing belt to make sure intake and outtake valves open and close at just the right time for optimal engine performance. The camshaft uses egg-shaped lobes that extend across it to control the timing of the opening and closing of the valves. Most camshafts extend through the top part of the engine block, directly above the crankshaft. On inline engines, a single camshaft controls both the intake and outtake valves. On V-shaped engines, two separate camshafts are used. One controls the valves on one side of the V and the other controls the valves on the opposite side. Some V-shaped engines (like the one in our illustration) will even have two camshafts per cylinder bank. One camshaft controls one side of valves, and the other camshaft controls the other side. Timing System As mentioned above, the camshaft and crankshaft coordinate their movement via a timing belt or chain. The timing chain holds the crankshaft and camshaft in the same relative position to each other at all times during the engine’s operation. If the camshaft and crankshaft become out of sync for whatever reason (the timing chain skips a gear cog, for example), the engine won’t work. Valve train The valve train is the mechanical system that’s mounted to the cylinder head that controls the operation of the valves. The valve train consists of valves, rocker arms, pushrods, and lifters.
- 14. 13 Valves There are twotypes of valves: intake valves and outtake valves. Intake valves bring a mixture of air and fuel into the combustion chamber to create the combustion to power the engine. Outtake valves let the exhaust that’s created after the combustion out of the combustion chamber. Cars typically have one intake valve and one outtake valve per cylinder. Most high- performing cars (Jaguars, Maseratis, etc.) have four valves per cylinder (two intake, two outtake). While not considered a “high performance” brand, Honda also uses four valves per cylinder on their vehicles. There are even engines with three valves per cylinder — two inlet valves, one outtake valve. Multi-valve systems allow the car to “breathe” better, which in turn improves engine performance. Rocker Arms Rocker arms are little levers that touch the lobes, or cams, on the camshaft. When a lobe lifts one end of the rocker, the other end of the rocker presses down on the valve stem, opening the valve to let air in to the combustion chamber or letting exhaust out. It works sort of like a see-saw. Pushrods/Lifters Sometimes camshaft lobes touch the rocker arm directly (as you see with overhead camshaft engines), thus opening and closing the valve. On overhead valve engines, the camshaft lobes don’t come into direct contact with the rocker arms, so pushrods or lifters are used. Fuel Injectors In order to create the combustion needed to move the pistons, we need fuel in the cylinders. Before the 1980s, cars used carburettors to supply fuel to the combustion chamber. Today, all cars use one of three fuel injection systems: direct fuel injection, ported fuel injection, or throttle body fuel injection. With direct fuel injection, each cylinder gets its own injector, which sprays fuel directly into the combustion chamber at just the right time to combust. With ported fuel injection, instead of spraying the fuel directly into the cylinder, it sprays into the intake manifold just outside the valve. When the valve opens, air and fuel enter the combustion chamber. Throttle body fuel injection systems sort of work how carburettors did, but without the carburettor. Instead of each cylinder getting its own fuel injector, there’s only one fuel
- 15. 14 injector that goesto a throttle body. The fuel mixes with air in the throttle body and then is dispersed to the cylinders via the intake valves. Sparkplug Above each cylinder is a sparkplug. When it sparks, it ignites the compressed fuel and air, causing the mini-explosion that pushes the piston down. The Four-Stroke Cycle So now that we know all the basic parts of the engine, let’s take a look at the movement that actually makes our car move: the four-stroke cycle. The above illustration shows the four-stroke cycle in a single cylinder. This is going on in the other cylinders as well. Repeat this cycle a thousand times in a minute, and you get a car that moves.
- 16. 15 Conclusion: In conclude onthis project is main focus on a car. It’s seem that a car is very important to all the people around the world for their needs such as; if they want to go somewhere a car can help them to take them to where they want. And now I know that the engine of a car is very important because it make the car moves, not only that but also the battery of a car is very important too because without the battery and the car cannot move or go. And I also know the person that first discover the first car of the world which is Karl Benz. Karl Benz is the one that first found the car. But now I know the different of a first creation of a car and the new creation of a car, that the new creation of a car is good than the old creation because the new cars now, can load a lot of people and also can travel in a far distance and the old cars can load people too but not too many people, it can load a few people and also cannot also travel in miles.
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