This document analyzes dietary patterns, diabetes rates, and overweight/obesity prevalence across regions in Italy from 1961-2013. It finds that mortality rates for diabetes and rates of overweight/obesity increased continuously across Italy and varied between regions, with the highest rates in southern Italy and the islands. Consumption of wheat and legumes decreased while consumption of animal products, vegetable oils, sugar, and packaged/processed foods increased. Food prices for sweets and sugary drinks decreased. Changes in dietary patterns towards more animal products and processed foods correlated with rising rates of diabetes and obesity in Italy.
11.determinants of food insecurity in addis ababa city, ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the determinants of food insecurity among households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study used a survey of 140 households and a Tobit regression model to analyze the data. The regression found that 6 of the 11 independent variables had a significant impact on household food insecurity. Larger household size, lower household income, older household head age, lower education level of the head, not having a bank account, and less income from remittances/gifts were associated with greater food insecurity. The study aimed to identify the key factors influencing food insecurity in urban areas to help policymakers address the problem.
Determinants of food insecurity in addis ababa city, ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This study examined the determinants of food insecurity among households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia using survey data from 140 households. The Tobit regression model identified several significant determinants of food insecurity. Household size, income, age and education level of the household head, income from remittances/gifts, and ownership of a bank account were found to increase or decrease the likelihood of food insecurity. Policy recommendations include addressing the challenges faced by larger households and improving income generation opportunities to reduce food insecurity.
Macroeconomics and health the way forward in the who african regionAlexander Decker
This document discusses the relationship between health outcomes and economic growth in African countries. It estimates regression equations showing relationships between per capita GNI and factors like life expectancy, mortality rates, and education. The results show significant correlations between higher GNI and greater life expectancy, lower child and adult mortality, and more education. The document concludes that improving health systems and increasing access to proven interventions could significantly reduce mortality in Africa and thereby boost economic prospects.
11.macroeconomics and health the way forward in the who african regionAlexander Decker
- The document analyzes the relationship between health outcomes (life expectancy, mortality rates) and economic outcomes (per capita gross national income) in countries in the WHO African Region.
- Four regression equations were estimated using data from 46 countries, with the dependent variable being the log of per capita GNI and independent variables including the log of life expectancy, under-5 mortality rate, adult mortality rate, and adult literacy rate.
- The results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between per capita GNI and life expectancy, and a statistically significant negative correlation between per capita GNI and under-5 mortality and adult mortality rates. This implies that improved health outcomes can positively impact economic prospects in African countries.
Dietary interventional motivational program (dimp) (1) for type 2 diabetesPandurangChavan11
This document describes a proposed Dietary Interventional Motivational Program (DIMP) for adults in New Zealand who have been newly diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The program would target overweight and obese adults in the workforce. It would involve nutritional intervention and lifestyle promotion over 9 months to help manage diabetes. The intervention would be implemented in workplaces and involve stakeholders like participants, nutritionists, employers, and the Ministry of Health. The goal is to improve health outcomes and quality of life for people with diabetes through diet and active lifestyle changes.
Abstract
The paper investigates Nigeria’s attempt at improving food security using the agricultural promotion policy and Sustainable Development Goal 2. It situates the discussion via empirical and cross-national review that juxtaposes Nigeria with seven other countries. The study relied on secondary sources of data, which were textually analysed. It is observable from the review that food insecurity results from a plethora of factors, namely: poor funding of agriculture; top-bottom approach to policy formulation and implementation; inadequate appreciation of the role of science and technology; natural disasters; and human-induced afflictions such as insurgency, banditry and general security deficits within and across national borders. To ameliorate these, strategic planning; robust technology adoption/adaptation; resuscitation of agricultural co-operative societies and funding institutions operating at reduced or free-interest on loans to practising farmers are canvassed by this paper. Other suggestions proffered are capable of redressing food security deficits identified.
Keywords: Agriculture, Food, Food Security, Policy, Nigeria
Comments - SDG on Agriculture, Food and Nutrition (Cassia Moraes)Cassia Moraes
As a result of the Rio+20 Outcome Document, the Open Working Group (OWG) on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is preparing a proposal on SDGs for consideration by the General Assembly at its 68th session (September 2013 – September 2014). The group is still defining its focus areas, and one of the issues addressed by the SDGs will be “Sustainable Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition” (OWG 2014). In addition to the official meetings of member-states at the OWG, several organizations have also been proposing thematic areas, targets and indicators for the SDGs. In this essay, I will briefly discuss three proposals for a post-2015 agenda on agriculture, food and nutrition, highlighting their similarities and differences, as well possible improvements. I will also compare them with the latest compilation of Goals and Targets Suggestions from OWG-10. Finally, I will present my own recommendations for a Sustainable Development Goal for this topic, building on the strengths of all previous proposals.
11.determinants of food insecurity in addis ababa city, ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the determinants of food insecurity among households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study used a survey of 140 households and a Tobit regression model to analyze the data. The regression found that 6 of the 11 independent variables had a significant impact on household food insecurity. Larger household size, lower household income, older household head age, lower education level of the head, not having a bank account, and less income from remittances/gifts were associated with greater food insecurity. The study aimed to identify the key factors influencing food insecurity in urban areas to help policymakers address the problem.
Determinants of food insecurity in addis ababa city, ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This study examined the determinants of food insecurity among households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia using survey data from 140 households. The Tobit regression model identified several significant determinants of food insecurity. Household size, income, age and education level of the household head, income from remittances/gifts, and ownership of a bank account were found to increase or decrease the likelihood of food insecurity. Policy recommendations include addressing the challenges faced by larger households and improving income generation opportunities to reduce food insecurity.
Macroeconomics and health the way forward in the who african regionAlexander Decker
This document discusses the relationship between health outcomes and economic growth in African countries. It estimates regression equations showing relationships between per capita GNI and factors like life expectancy, mortality rates, and education. The results show significant correlations between higher GNI and greater life expectancy, lower child and adult mortality, and more education. The document concludes that improving health systems and increasing access to proven interventions could significantly reduce mortality in Africa and thereby boost economic prospects.
11.macroeconomics and health the way forward in the who african regionAlexander Decker
- The document analyzes the relationship between health outcomes (life expectancy, mortality rates) and economic outcomes (per capita gross national income) in countries in the WHO African Region.
- Four regression equations were estimated using data from 46 countries, with the dependent variable being the log of per capita GNI and independent variables including the log of life expectancy, under-5 mortality rate, adult mortality rate, and adult literacy rate.
- The results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between per capita GNI and life expectancy, and a statistically significant negative correlation between per capita GNI and under-5 mortality and adult mortality rates. This implies that improved health outcomes can positively impact economic prospects in African countries.
Dietary interventional motivational program (dimp) (1) for type 2 diabetesPandurangChavan11
This document describes a proposed Dietary Interventional Motivational Program (DIMP) for adults in New Zealand who have been newly diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The program would target overweight and obese adults in the workforce. It would involve nutritional intervention and lifestyle promotion over 9 months to help manage diabetes. The intervention would be implemented in workplaces and involve stakeholders like participants, nutritionists, employers, and the Ministry of Health. The goal is to improve health outcomes and quality of life for people with diabetes through diet and active lifestyle changes.
Abstract
The paper investigates Nigeria’s attempt at improving food security using the agricultural promotion policy and Sustainable Development Goal 2. It situates the discussion via empirical and cross-national review that juxtaposes Nigeria with seven other countries. The study relied on secondary sources of data, which were textually analysed. It is observable from the review that food insecurity results from a plethora of factors, namely: poor funding of agriculture; top-bottom approach to policy formulation and implementation; inadequate appreciation of the role of science and technology; natural disasters; and human-induced afflictions such as insurgency, banditry and general security deficits within and across national borders. To ameliorate these, strategic planning; robust technology adoption/adaptation; resuscitation of agricultural co-operative societies and funding institutions operating at reduced or free-interest on loans to practising farmers are canvassed by this paper. Other suggestions proffered are capable of redressing food security deficits identified.
Keywords: Agriculture, Food, Food Security, Policy, Nigeria
Comments - SDG on Agriculture, Food and Nutrition (Cassia Moraes)Cassia Moraes
As a result of the Rio+20 Outcome Document, the Open Working Group (OWG) on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is preparing a proposal on SDGs for consideration by the General Assembly at its 68th session (September 2013 – September 2014). The group is still defining its focus areas, and one of the issues addressed by the SDGs will be “Sustainable Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition” (OWG 2014). In addition to the official meetings of member-states at the OWG, several organizations have also been proposing thematic areas, targets and indicators for the SDGs. In this essay, I will briefly discuss three proposals for a post-2015 agenda on agriculture, food and nutrition, highlighting their similarities and differences, as well possible improvements. I will also compare them with the latest compilation of Goals and Targets Suggestions from OWG-10. Finally, I will present my own recommendations for a Sustainable Development Goal for this topic, building on the strengths of all previous proposals.
The document discusses Alberta's shift from a pandemic to endemic approach to COVID-19. It provides context for the decision by examining broader impacts of measures like mental health effects, drops in cancer screening and immunizations, and increasing issues like opioid deaths and surgical backlogs. It also reviews factors considered like vaccine effectiveness, modeling of hospitalizations, and evidence that severity and impacts on children are not increased by the Delta variant. The approach aims to integrate COVID-19 management with other respiratory viruses while maintaining health system capacity.
Causes and consequences of mortality decline in less developed countries, Sa...Nishat Zareen
Causes and consequences of mortality decline in the less developed countries by Samuel H. Preston. This article is presented in the context of Bangladesh. The sole purpose of this paper is to identify the factors responsible for the dramatic decline of mortality rates in the less developed countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. These factors were broadly termed as 'social and economic development' and 'technical changes'.
Predictive analysis WHO's life expectancy dataset using Tableau data visualis...Tarun Swarup
This document discusses a statistical analysis of factors influencing life expectancy using data from the World Health Organization and United Nations. It describes the dataset, variables considered, and objectives of analyzing relationships between life expectancy and factors like immunization rates, mortality rates, economics, and demographics. Four dashboards are proposed to analyze trends in adult mortality rates, compare life expectancy and infant death rates in populated countries, forecast adult mortality and hepatitis rates in Brazil, and compare GDP in developed and developing countries.
Performance measurement and KPI setting - Valikhan Akhmetov, KazakhstanOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Valikhan Akhmetov, KazakhstanN, at the 3rd Health Systems Joint Network meeting for Central, Eastern and South-eastern European Countries held in Vilnius, Lithuania, on 25-26 April 2019
This document discusses diabetes in Arab countries. It finds that diabetes prevalence is rising sharply in the region and will more than double by 2030. Several Arab nations have among the highest diabetes rates globally. Risk factors include obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and genetic factors. While type 1 diabetes occurs mainly in childhood, type 2 diabetes is associated with older age and obesity. Controlling food and increasing public health awareness programs are needed to address the growing burden of diabetes.
Population growth poses a significant challenge to countries' efforts to improve access to health workers. Many countries with critical shortages of health workers have high annual population growth rates of 2-3%. Small changes in growth rates can greatly impact future health worker requirements. For example, a country with 100 million people in 2000 needing 230,000 health workers could need over 500,000 additional workers by 2050 with a 2.4% annual growth rate compared to under 400,000 with a 2% rate. Careful attention to both increasing health worker numbers and slowing population growth will be needed to adequately address the global health workforce crisis.
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM IN IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF INDIANSShalvi Shankar
Public Health helps achieve the discovery, test and dissemination of health threat and problems. India is a nation that comprises many languages, religions, life styles and food habits which accounts one sixth of the world’s population occupying less than 3% of the world’s area
Dr. Surya B. Parajuli gave a lecture on health indicators at the Christian Medical College in Vellore, India. The lecture covered the background and objectives of studying health indicators, definitions of health and indicators, characteristics of good indicators, and examples of common indicators used to measure health such as mortality rates, life expectancy, and rates of disease. The document discussed conceptual frameworks for indicators, how indicators are used to monitor health and support planning, and examples of reports and organizations that compile health data internationally such as the WHO, UNICEF, and national governments.
The document discusses the health care challenges in India. It notes that India faces a triple burden of diseases from communicable diseases, emerging non-communicable diseases, and emerging infectious diseases. This puts pressure on India's public health system. Some key health care challenges include lagging health indicators, a growing disease burden, inadequate health planning and infrastructure, inequitable resource distribution between rural and urban areas, shortages of health professionals and facilities, and low government health spending. To address these challenges, the document recommends strengthening public health systems with a focus on prevention, improving resource utilization, regulating the private sector, and ensuring universal access to quality health care through long-term planning.
The slides are a point of statement on the feasibility of Universal health coverage. It talks about what is UHC and can it be sustained by India over time
Approximately 200 million people in Africa derive high-quality and low-cost proteins from fish. However, the consumption of fish is not fully exploited to combat the “triple burden” of malnutrition—obesity, undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies which are the leading causes of poor health in the region.
The document discusses health indicators and provides definitions, characteristics, classifications, and examples of health indicators. It describes how health indicators can be used to measure community health status, describe health needs, compare communities, and evaluate and plan health services. Some key health indicators discussed include mortality rates, morbidity rates, nutritional status, health care access, and quality of life measures.
The document discusses major public health issues facing college students, including obesity, physical activity, and tobacco use. It defines obesity and overweight, describing the health risks of obesity such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Physical activity is important for cardiovascular health, weight control, and preventing depression. While over 60% of Americans are overweight or obese, only 22% engage in regular physical activity. Smoking causes over 400,000 deaths per year and increases risks of cancer, heart disease, and stroke. The document outlines strategies for quitting smoking and promoting healthy behaviors among college students.
GHME 2013 Conference
Session: Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010: workshop on methods and key findings
Date: June 18 2013
Presenter: Rafael Lozano
Institute:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), University of Washington
Social and economic implications of noncommunicable diseases in indiaDr. Dharmendra Gahwai
India has experienced rapid economic growth over the last decade of around 7-8% per year. However, this has also led to a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes. NCDs now account for over 60% of deaths in India and place a major strain on the health system. Rising rates of risk factors like smoking, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity have contributed to the growing NCD problem. Additionally, India faces a "double burden" of both communicable and non-communicable diseases co-existing as the country undergoes an epidemiological transition.
Social Determinants and Economic Burden of Non Communicable Diseases (NCD) on...Ruby Med Plus
India is home to almost one fifth of world’s population living in different states and differ in their ethnic origin, culture and various other ways that influence their health status.
National Health Policy 2017 address the issue of NCDs.
There exist dual burden of NCDs and Infectious and maternal-child disease across different states of India.
This puts challenging situation to Indian Health Care System which must be tackled by larger health investments and a balanced approach in reducing infectious and maternal-child diseases and also blunt the rising tide of NCDs and Injuries.
Since 1990’s, the contribution of most of the major non-communicable disease groups like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, mental health and neurological disorders, cancers, musculoskeletal disorders, and chronic kidney disease to the total disease burden has increased all over India.
In 2016, three of the five leading individual causes of disease burden in India were non-communicable diseases, with ischaemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as the top two causes and stroke as the fifth leading cause.
In 2016, the NCD burden across India was 9-fold for ischaemic heart disease, 4-fold for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 6-fold for stroke, and 4-fold for diabetes.
Risks factors like unhealthy diet, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, and overweight, which mainly contribute to ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
Health 2020 is a new European policy framework for health and well-being adopted by the WHO Regional Committee for Europe in 2012. It aims to significantly improve population health and well-being, reduce health inequities, and ensure sustainable health systems. Health 2020 recognizes that health challenges require involvement across all levels of government and society. It provides an adaptable framework for integrated interventions to address major health issues like noncommunicable and communicable diseases.
This document summarizes a seminar given by Rachel Nugent on the links between agriculture and health. Some key points from the seminar include:
- The relationship between agriculture and health has focused on issues like pesticide exposure, food safety, and how nutrition interventions can impact development.
- Recent conferences and projects have sought to broaden the view to consider the full range of agricultural and health outcomes.
- Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) impose large health and economic burdens globally, especially in low and middle income countries. Dietary risks are major contributors to NCDs independently of obesity.
- There is a need for more research on the quality and measurement of diets, food reform
This document discusses the dietary transition occurring in developing countries and the challenges this poses for preventing noncommunicable diseases. It notes that as countries develop, their populations experience changes in diet and physical activity patterns due to factors like urbanization, globalization and westernization of diets. This dietary transition is linked to rising rates of noncommunicable diseases. Specifically, it outlines how as countries transition from agricultural to industrial economies, their diets shift away from traditional plant-based foods to those higher in fats, sugars and salts. This unhealthy shift, combined with decreasing physical activity, increases risk for chronic diseases. Preventing noncommunicable diseases in developing nations requires addressing this nutrition transition through policy measures that promote healthy, traditional diets and
The document discusses Alberta's shift from a pandemic to endemic approach to COVID-19. It provides context for the decision by examining broader impacts of measures like mental health effects, drops in cancer screening and immunizations, and increasing issues like opioid deaths and surgical backlogs. It also reviews factors considered like vaccine effectiveness, modeling of hospitalizations, and evidence that severity and impacts on children are not increased by the Delta variant. The approach aims to integrate COVID-19 management with other respiratory viruses while maintaining health system capacity.
Causes and consequences of mortality decline in less developed countries, Sa...Nishat Zareen
Causes and consequences of mortality decline in the less developed countries by Samuel H. Preston. This article is presented in the context of Bangladesh. The sole purpose of this paper is to identify the factors responsible for the dramatic decline of mortality rates in the less developed countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. These factors were broadly termed as 'social and economic development' and 'technical changes'.
Predictive analysis WHO's life expectancy dataset using Tableau data visualis...Tarun Swarup
This document discusses a statistical analysis of factors influencing life expectancy using data from the World Health Organization and United Nations. It describes the dataset, variables considered, and objectives of analyzing relationships between life expectancy and factors like immunization rates, mortality rates, economics, and demographics. Four dashboards are proposed to analyze trends in adult mortality rates, compare life expectancy and infant death rates in populated countries, forecast adult mortality and hepatitis rates in Brazil, and compare GDP in developed and developing countries.
Performance measurement and KPI setting - Valikhan Akhmetov, KazakhstanOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Valikhan Akhmetov, KazakhstanN, at the 3rd Health Systems Joint Network meeting for Central, Eastern and South-eastern European Countries held in Vilnius, Lithuania, on 25-26 April 2019
This document discusses diabetes in Arab countries. It finds that diabetes prevalence is rising sharply in the region and will more than double by 2030. Several Arab nations have among the highest diabetes rates globally. Risk factors include obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and genetic factors. While type 1 diabetes occurs mainly in childhood, type 2 diabetes is associated with older age and obesity. Controlling food and increasing public health awareness programs are needed to address the growing burden of diabetes.
Population growth poses a significant challenge to countries' efforts to improve access to health workers. Many countries with critical shortages of health workers have high annual population growth rates of 2-3%. Small changes in growth rates can greatly impact future health worker requirements. For example, a country with 100 million people in 2000 needing 230,000 health workers could need over 500,000 additional workers by 2050 with a 2.4% annual growth rate compared to under 400,000 with a 2% rate. Careful attention to both increasing health worker numbers and slowing population growth will be needed to adequately address the global health workforce crisis.
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM IN IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF INDIANSShalvi Shankar
Public Health helps achieve the discovery, test and dissemination of health threat and problems. India is a nation that comprises many languages, religions, life styles and food habits which accounts one sixth of the world’s population occupying less than 3% of the world’s area
Dr. Surya B. Parajuli gave a lecture on health indicators at the Christian Medical College in Vellore, India. The lecture covered the background and objectives of studying health indicators, definitions of health and indicators, characteristics of good indicators, and examples of common indicators used to measure health such as mortality rates, life expectancy, and rates of disease. The document discussed conceptual frameworks for indicators, how indicators are used to monitor health and support planning, and examples of reports and organizations that compile health data internationally such as the WHO, UNICEF, and national governments.
The document discusses the health care challenges in India. It notes that India faces a triple burden of diseases from communicable diseases, emerging non-communicable diseases, and emerging infectious diseases. This puts pressure on India's public health system. Some key health care challenges include lagging health indicators, a growing disease burden, inadequate health planning and infrastructure, inequitable resource distribution between rural and urban areas, shortages of health professionals and facilities, and low government health spending. To address these challenges, the document recommends strengthening public health systems with a focus on prevention, improving resource utilization, regulating the private sector, and ensuring universal access to quality health care through long-term planning.
The slides are a point of statement on the feasibility of Universal health coverage. It talks about what is UHC and can it be sustained by India over time
Approximately 200 million people in Africa derive high-quality and low-cost proteins from fish. However, the consumption of fish is not fully exploited to combat the “triple burden” of malnutrition—obesity, undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies which are the leading causes of poor health in the region.
The document discusses health indicators and provides definitions, characteristics, classifications, and examples of health indicators. It describes how health indicators can be used to measure community health status, describe health needs, compare communities, and evaluate and plan health services. Some key health indicators discussed include mortality rates, morbidity rates, nutritional status, health care access, and quality of life measures.
The document discusses major public health issues facing college students, including obesity, physical activity, and tobacco use. It defines obesity and overweight, describing the health risks of obesity such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Physical activity is important for cardiovascular health, weight control, and preventing depression. While over 60% of Americans are overweight or obese, only 22% engage in regular physical activity. Smoking causes over 400,000 deaths per year and increases risks of cancer, heart disease, and stroke. The document outlines strategies for quitting smoking and promoting healthy behaviors among college students.
GHME 2013 Conference
Session: Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010: workshop on methods and key findings
Date: June 18 2013
Presenter: Rafael Lozano
Institute:
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), University of Washington
Social and economic implications of noncommunicable diseases in indiaDr. Dharmendra Gahwai
India has experienced rapid economic growth over the last decade of around 7-8% per year. However, this has also led to a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes. NCDs now account for over 60% of deaths in India and place a major strain on the health system. Rising rates of risk factors like smoking, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity have contributed to the growing NCD problem. Additionally, India faces a "double burden" of both communicable and non-communicable diseases co-existing as the country undergoes an epidemiological transition.
Social Determinants and Economic Burden of Non Communicable Diseases (NCD) on...Ruby Med Plus
India is home to almost one fifth of world’s population living in different states and differ in their ethnic origin, culture and various other ways that influence their health status.
National Health Policy 2017 address the issue of NCDs.
There exist dual burden of NCDs and Infectious and maternal-child disease across different states of India.
This puts challenging situation to Indian Health Care System which must be tackled by larger health investments and a balanced approach in reducing infectious and maternal-child diseases and also blunt the rising tide of NCDs and Injuries.
Since 1990’s, the contribution of most of the major non-communicable disease groups like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, mental health and neurological disorders, cancers, musculoskeletal disorders, and chronic kidney disease to the total disease burden has increased all over India.
In 2016, three of the five leading individual causes of disease burden in India were non-communicable diseases, with ischaemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as the top two causes and stroke as the fifth leading cause.
In 2016, the NCD burden across India was 9-fold for ischaemic heart disease, 4-fold for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 6-fold for stroke, and 4-fold for diabetes.
Risks factors like unhealthy diet, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, and overweight, which mainly contribute to ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
Health 2020 is a new European policy framework for health and well-being adopted by the WHO Regional Committee for Europe in 2012. It aims to significantly improve population health and well-being, reduce health inequities, and ensure sustainable health systems. Health 2020 recognizes that health challenges require involvement across all levels of government and society. It provides an adaptable framework for integrated interventions to address major health issues like noncommunicable and communicable diseases.
This document summarizes a seminar given by Rachel Nugent on the links between agriculture and health. Some key points from the seminar include:
- The relationship between agriculture and health has focused on issues like pesticide exposure, food safety, and how nutrition interventions can impact development.
- Recent conferences and projects have sought to broaden the view to consider the full range of agricultural and health outcomes.
- Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) impose large health and economic burdens globally, especially in low and middle income countries. Dietary risks are major contributors to NCDs independently of obesity.
- There is a need for more research on the quality and measurement of diets, food reform
This document discusses the dietary transition occurring in developing countries and the challenges this poses for preventing noncommunicable diseases. It notes that as countries develop, their populations experience changes in diet and physical activity patterns due to factors like urbanization, globalization and westernization of diets. This dietary transition is linked to rising rates of noncommunicable diseases. Specifically, it outlines how as countries transition from agricultural to industrial economies, their diets shift away from traditional plant-based foods to those higher in fats, sugars and salts. This unhealthy shift, combined with decreasing physical activity, increases risk for chronic diseases. Preventing noncommunicable diseases in developing nations requires addressing this nutrition transition through policy measures that promote healthy, traditional diets and
From metabolic syndrome to cachexia: what’s new about metabolic biomarkers?Bertin Pharma
What does Metabolic Syndrom really mean? What impact on world population? Which biomarkers can serve your studies? What treatments for tomorrow?...
These are just some of the questions Virginie Tolle and Odile Viltart, researchers at the INSERM (The French National Institute for Health and Medical Research ) answered in this very complete article for Bertin Pharma.
Good reading!
To support governments as they develop national food and nutrition plans and targets, we have produced a new policy brief in collaboration with NCD Alliance.
-
Post intervention assessment will be done after every three months to measure the
outcomes.
Arrange: -
Arrange follow up meeting and laboratory investigation after every three months.
Motivational support will be provided to participants.
Rewards will be given to participants as per their achievement.
Certificates will be provided to participants at the end of intervention.
Feedback will be taken from all stakeholders.
Sustainability plan will be prepared.
Report will be submitted to Ministry of Health/local government.
Publication of results.
Food is life and the global food sustainability is essential to human being survival. The global food system is highly
complex and is driven by various factors including environment, cultural, social and economic drive. It is vital to understand
these drivers and their interaction in order to help to improve the public food sustainability policies. Global polices and projects
desperately required in order improving the global food sustainability. Food sustainability is one of the unsolved global issues
and great commitment is required starting from global policy makers, national governments, and every individual home. This
research paper includes analysis and study of various elements such as global change science, policy, food crisis, factor affecting
and challenging food security, data on status and future projection and potential ways of solving problems. The goal of food
sustainability is to enable all people throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and have a reasonable quality of life without
compromising the quality of life of future generations. Agriculture sustainability is the best solution which can feed the world
without compromising the environment or threatening human health. Scientific evidence that global environment has changed
is overwhelming and indisputable. These phenomena have a direct impact on agriculture which in turn affects food
sustainability. The food price is always toward upward trend which is validated by the periodic average global food price
monitoring report released by the Food and agricultural organizations. The factors affecting and challenging the food security
are many including increased food consumption due to population increase, uneven distribution, changes in living styles, limited
resources, environmental problems, economic problems and others. The potential ways to solve food sustainability need to be
established and implemented effectively across the world.
This document discusses lifestyles and cancer prevention. It notes that unhealthy lifestyles like tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and harmful alcohol use account for many cancers in Europe. International plans like the WHO Global Action Plan aim to reduce behavioral risk factors to prevent cancer and other diseases. The document then provides statistics on the most common cancers in Europe, noting variations in incidence rates across regions. It highlights monitoring of risk factors like those done by the Italian surveillance system PASSI as important for guiding prevention efforts. Finally, it introduces the next section which will discuss alcohol and its link to cancer.
The document discusses the double and triple burden of disease faced by many developing countries. The double burden refers to dealing with both communicable diseases like diarrhea and malnutrition as well as non-communicable diseases like heart disease and obesity. The triple burden adds maternal mortality and undernutrition to the mix. Poverty, lack of clean water and sanitation, and unhealthy lifestyles contribute to the spread of infectious diseases. Developing countries face challenges in addressing this evolving triple burden through their health systems. Solutions proposed include policies that target structural, community, and individual levels simultaneously.
Older People with Chronic Diseases: A Vision of the Futurekomalicarol
The Spanish Constitution in article 43 establishes the Right to
Health and its development, through the General Law on Health,
urges the National Health System (SNS) and the Health Services
of the Autonomous Communities (CCAA), to develop Comprehensive Plans or Regional Health Plans
This document provides the vision and goals for a Joint Programming Initiative (JPI) on nutrition, diet, and health from 2010-2030. The goals are to significantly reduce the burden of diet-related diseases in Europe by 2030 by ensuring all Europeans have the motivation, ability, and opportunity to consume a healthy diet and be physically active. It outlines three key research areas: 1) determinants of diet and physical activity behavior, 2) the relationship between diet, food production, and health, and 3) preventing diet-related chronic diseases. The document argues that individual countries cannot adequately address these complex issues alone and a joint, coordinated research effort is needed.
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and provides information on their global burden, definitions, surveillance, risk factors, and social and economic implications. It notes that NCDs caused 36 million deaths globally in 2008, with 80% of NCD deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries. In India specifically, NCDs account for 53% of total deaths and their economic costs are substantial. The four main NCDs are cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes. Surveillance of NCDs and their risk factors is important for planning prevention and control programs.
The document summarizes a study on the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by diabetic clients in Nyandarua South sub-county, Kenya. The study found that (1) the majority of participants had low levels of knowledge about T2DM management interventions, (2) common self-management practices included following a diabetic diet, exercising, taking medication, and weight monitoring, and (3) level of education and income significantly influenced clients' ability to manage their T2DM.
The Global Nutrition Report's emphasis on nutritional well-being for all, particularly the most vulnerable, has a heightened significance in the face of this new global threat. The need for more equitable, resilient and sustainable food and health systems has never been more urgent.
This document discusses a study examining the link between diet, development level, and rates of cardiovascular disease and diabetes globally. The authors hypothesize that countries with higher intakes of sugars, alcohol and less fruits/vegetables will have higher rates of these diseases, while higher protein intake and healthcare spending will reduce rates. They also expect more developed and Asian countries to be at higher risk. Dietary data from 2006 will be analyzed against disease death rates from 2008 to test these relationships using regression analysis.
This document discusses obesity and related topics including definitions, causes, and health impacts. It defines obesity as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents health risks. Obesity is generally caused by consuming more calories than are expended through exercise and physical activity. The document also reviews several related studies that examine trends in obesity prevalence and factors influencing obesity rates among populations in different regions and socioeconomic groups.
This document provides a summary of key indicators related to global food security and nutrition in 2014. It begins with an introduction explaining the importance of monitoring indicators to better address malnutrition. The document then provides data on topics such as the economy, population, food prices, trade, undernutrition, overweight and obesity rates, dietary supplies, and consumption of various foods. Specific data shown include charts on the share of agriculture in national economies, value of agricultural production, food price changes, and prevalence of underweight and overweight populations globally.
Study of Lifestyle Trends on Changing Food Habits of Indian Consumersiosrjce
Global markets have increased the plethora of options available to Indian consumers. With the clear
shift in consumer tastes and preferences, food companies have also capitalized on the same. While Indian
consumers are still not as heavily impacted by the obesity epidemic like some other developed nations – there is
a clear shift; one which does not augur well for the health of the average citizen. The objective of this paper was
to identify these key lifestyle trends that have emerged over the dozen years or so – and understand the way they
are changing food habits. For this purpose, we talked to 600 respondents across 6 cities in India. The research
was conducted using a questionnaire administered online and through CATI. The results overwhelmingly show
that there is a shift from opting to eat at home to opting to eat out. Also interestingly awareness about harmful
effects of processed foods was high but the reason for consumption was attributed primarily to ease of purchase.
The implications of the research are an attempt to ensure that key steps are taken by public officials: such as a
tax on unhealthy foods, subsidies for healthy food, and promotion of healthy norms. Also FSSAI guidelines need
to strengthen to ensure that customer awareness increase and food companies opt for a more transparent
communication platform.
Similar to Austin Journal of Nutrition and Food sciences (20)
Austin Journal of Robotics & Automation is an international scholarly, peer review, Open Access journal, initiated with an aim to promote the research in Robotics & Automation, which deals with design, construction, operation, and application of robots.
Austin Journal of Robotics & Automation is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials).
Austin Journal of Robotics & Automation supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Robotics & Automation research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary technology.
Austin Journal of Multiple Sclerosis & Neuroimmunology is an open access, peer review Journal publishing original research & review articles on aetiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. Austin Journal of Multiple Sclerosis & Neuroimmunology is aimed to provide a strong platform for challenging cases that includes but not excludes the damage of insulating covers of both central nervous system and spine. It is a grounding platform for all neurologists, neuroimmunologists, neurovirologists, researchers, medical doctors, health professionals, scientists, and scholars to publish their research work & update the latest research information.
Topics include but not limited to Clinical Neurology, Biomarkers, Glial, Myelin Chemistry, Neuroimaging, Neuropathology, Neuroepidemiology, Therapeutics, Genetics/Transcriptomics, Experimental Models, Pathobiology, Neuroimmunology, Neuropsychology, Neurorehabilitation, Pathobiology of the Brain, Psychology, Measurement Scales, Teaching, and Neuroethics.
Austin Journal of Multiple Sclerosis & Neuroimmunology supports the scientific transformation and fortification in Medical and Clinical research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Austin Leukemia is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Leukemia.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Leukemia. Austin Leukemia accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Leukemia.
Austin Leukemia strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Autism impacts normal brain development in areas of social interaction and communication. People with autism may exhibit repetitive behaviors, unusual responses to people, attachment to objects, and resistance to change in routine. The main types of autism are autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, Rett's disorder, and childhood disintegrative disorder, which are distinguished based on levels of impairment and when symptoms begin. While there is no definitive medical test, autism is diagnosed by a team using interviews, observations, and checklists to evaluate social skills, communication, and restricted or repetitive behaviors.
Austin Journal of Asthma: Open Access is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Asthma.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Asthma. Austin Journal of Asthma: Open Access accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Asthma.
Austin Journal of Asthma: Open Access strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing.
Austin Journal of Anesthesia and Analgesia is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of anesthesiology and pain management.
The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for anesthesiologists, researchers, physicians, and other health professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of anesthesiology. Austin Journal of Anesthesia and Analgesia accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports and rapid communication on all the aspects of anesthesiology and pain management.
Austin Journal of Anesthesia and Analgesia strongly supports the scientific upgradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Austin Journal of Accounting, Audit and Finance Management is a peer reviewed open access journal in publishes manuscripts from all the areas of accounting, accountancy, finance, auditing.
Austin Journal of Accounting, Audit and Finance Management Original Articles, Review, Discussion, Editorials, Letter, type of manuscripts from all the areas of the accounting, accountancy, finance, auditing.
Austin Virology and Retrovirology is an international scholarly peer reviewed Open Access journal, aims to promote the research in the field of Virology.
Austin Virology and Retrovirology is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Case Reports, Short Communications, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images
Austin Virology and Retrovirology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in virology research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Austin Journal of Urology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of Urology.
The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for urologists, nephrologists, research scholars, physicians, and other healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the field of Urology.
Austin Journal of Urology accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports and short communication on all the aspects of Urology and relevant basic science issues.
Annals of Thyroid Research is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality Manuscripts in all related aspects of thyroid hormones and thyroid diseases and their interaction with the cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, gastroenteron system, metabolic and nervous systems. The journal also focuses upon all the thyroid disease symptoms and treatments, including hyperthyroid and hypothyroid, plus a range of other thyroid problems including thyroid cancer.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed, open access journals in various fields of science and medicine with intent to bridge the gap between academia and research access.
Annals of Thyroid Research accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials on all related aspects of all related aspects of thyroid hormones and thyroid diseases.
Austin Journal of Robotics & Automation is an international scholarly, peer review, Open Access journal, initiated with an aim to promote the research in Robotics & Automation, which deals with design, construction, operation, and application of robots.
Austin Journal of Robotics & Automation is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials).
Austin Journal of Robotics & Automation supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Robotics & Automation research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary technology.
Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of Orthopedics.
The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for orthopedicians, researchers, physicians, and other health professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Orthopedics.
Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports and rapid communication on all the aspects of Orthopedics and its related areas.
Austin Pediatrics is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal committed to publish articles in all areas of science and practice of Pediatrics.
The aspire of the journal is to present a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to encourage, distribute, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of Pediatrics and to promote responsible and balanced debate on controversial issues that influence child health, including non-clinical areas such as ethics, law, surroundings and economics.
Austin Pediatrics accepts innovative research articles, review articles, case reports and rapid communication on all the aspects of Pediatrics.
Austin Pediatrics is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal committed to publish articles in all areas of science and practice of Pediatrics.
Austin Otolaryngology is an open access, peer review journal publishing original research & review articles in all the fields of Otolaryngology. Otolaryngology deals with the study of ear, nose and throat. Austin Otolaryngology provides a new platform for students to publish their research work & update the latest research information in Otolaryngology.
Austin Otolaryngology is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images.
Austin Otolaryngology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Otolaryngology research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Clinics in Oncology Research is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of oncology.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for oncologists, doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of oncology. Clinics in Oncology Research accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of oncology.
Clinics in Oncology Research strongly support the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing.
Austin Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome is an international scholarly peer reviewed Open Access journal, aims to promote the research in all the related fields of Metabolic Syndrome.
Austin Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Short Communications, Case Reports, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images.
Austin Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in Metabolic Syndromes research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Austin Journal of Nutrition and Food sciences is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of nutrition and food sciences
The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for dietitians, researchers, physicians, and other health professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of clinical nutrition and nutritional disorders.
Austin Journal of Nutrition and Food sciences accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports and rapid communication on all the aspects of internal medicine.
Austin Journal of Clinical Neurology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of neurology, neurophysiology and stroke.
The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for neurologists, researchers, physicians, and other health professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of clinical and experimental neurology. Austin Journal of Clinical Neurology accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of clinical neurology and nervous system diseases.
Austin Journal of Clinical Neurology strongly supports the scientific upgradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Austin Journal of Clinical Neurology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of neurology, neurophysiology and stroke.
Austin Journal of Musculoskeletal Disorders is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality Manuscripts in all related aspects of diseases and disorders that may adversely affect the function and overall effectiveness of the musculoskeletal system. The Journal focuses upon all the related aspects of musculoskeletal system disorders and the new advancements in the related treatments including Complex issues and injuries involving the musculoskeletal system and surgeries.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academia and research access.
Austin Journal of Musculoskeletal Disorders accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials on all related aspects of diseases and disorders that may adversely affect the function and overall effectiveness of the musculoskeletal system.
Austin Hypertension is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Hypertension.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Hypertension. Austin Hypertension accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of hypertension.
Austin Hypertension strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
Visit : https://massagespaajman.com/
Call : 052 987 1315
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
For More Details:
Map: https://cutt.ly/BwCeflYo
Name: Apollo Hospital
Address: Singar Nagar, LDA Colony, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226012
Phone: 08429021957
Opening Hours: 24X7
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
Can coffee help me lose weight? Yes, 25,422 users in the USA use it for that ...nirahealhty
The South Beach Coffee Java Diet is a variation of the popular South Beach Diet, which was developed by cardiologist Dr. Arthur Agatston. The original South Beach Diet focuses on consuming lean proteins, healthy fats, and low-glycemic index carbohydrates. The South Beach Coffee Java Diet adds the element of coffee, specifically caffeine, to enhance weight loss and improve energy levels.
Exploring the Benefits of Binaural Hearing: Why Two Hearing Aids Are Better T...Ear Solutions (ESPL)
Binaural hearing using two hearing aids instead of one offers numerous advantages, including improved sound localization, enhanced sound quality, better speech understanding in noise, reduced listening effort, and greater overall satisfaction. By leveraging the brain’s natural ability to process sound from both ears, binaural hearing aids provide a more balanced, clear, and comfortable hearing experience. If you or a loved one is considering hearing aids, consult with a hearing care professional at Ear Solutions hearing aid clinic in Mumbai to explore the benefits of binaural hearing and determine the best solution for your hearing needs. Embracing binaural hearing can lead to a richer, more engaging auditory experience and significantly improve your quality of life.
We are one of the top Massage Spa Ajman Our highly skilled, experienced, and certified massage therapists from different corners of the world are committed to serving you with a soothing and relaxing experience. Luxuriate yourself at our spas in Sharjah and Ajman, which are indeed enriched with an ambiance of relaxation and tranquility. We could confidently claim that we are one of the most affordable Spa Ajman and Sharjah as well, where you can book the massage session of your choice for just 99 AED at any time as we are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Visit : https://massagespaajman.com/
Call : 052 987 1315
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
2. Austin J Nutri Food Sci 6(2): id1101 (2018) - Page - 02
Ma L Austin Publishing Group
Submit your Manuscript | www.austinpublishinggroup.com
In this context, research in recent years on epidemiology and
other population based scientific fields has helped the understanding
of the role of dietary patterns and their relation with socio- economic
conditions and non-communicable diseases. In short, we have
identified some specific food components that increase the probability
of disease. Available data provide a solid and plausible foundation on
the relationship of diet with some diseases. Thus it is known that diet
is crucial as a social determinant of chronic diseases [8-15].
The election of behaviours such as meal choice is related to
“collective life styles” and understanding that the life styles are not
individual decisions, but conducts influenced by the opportunities
defined by the social environment in which individuals live. People´s
behaviour is socially imposed, and their ability to freely choose what to
eat, for example, is dependent on income, marketing and availability
[16,17]. Today, even in the most remote locations, products have
displaced the traditional diet. This reflects the lack of control in
the market and is a policy that has encouraged the consumption of
processed foods harmful to health [8].
Dietary changes along with decreased energy expenditure,
sedentary life, mechanized transport, labor saving appliances in the
home workplace and a preferences in leisure time for computer
games requiring no physical effort, have given rise to the so-called
“Nutritional Transition”. This transition is characterized by changes
in both the quantity and type of food [18-20].
Due to changes in eating habits and way of life, the NCDs,
including obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases,
hypertension, cerebrovascular accidents and some types of cancer,
are increasingly causes of disability and premature death in both
developing and newly developed areas, especially among the poor
[21].
Methods
Using data on health conditions from the health conditions
“Health for All” [22] database, we analyzed the mortality rate of
diabetes from 1990 to 2014 and the proportion of people with
overweight and obesity from 2002 to 2013 by regions: Italy, North,
Central, South and Islands. The European database “Health for All”
provides a selection of indicators for the 53 member countries of
WHO Europe.
Reviewing and analyzing data from the Food Balance Sheet (FBS),
produce annually by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),
we organize in decades the information available of kcalpercapita per
day (kcal/per/day from 1961 to 2013) of the most frequent foods [23].
The variation in prices of fruit, vegetables, sugar, chocolate,
sweets and sugary drinks was analysed, from 2002 to 2013, employing
the “Consumer Price Index for the whole nation” [24] (base 95 = 100)
in terms of average annual percentage changes. Index in relation to
the population present in the country and to the set of all goods and
services purchased by households with an actual market price by
reference to a base year: 1995.
With the data on “Final consumption expenditure of resident
and non-residents households on the economic territory” (chained
values-2010) [24] the average annual expenditure on the following
foods was calculated: bread and cereals, meat, fish and seafood, milk,
cheese and eggs, vegetable oils and animal fats, fruit, vegetables, cakes,
sugar and chocolate and sugary drinks. Actual values in chained prices
were constructed values with the so-called chaining methodology, in
which the basis for the calculation of the actual values is changed in
each period. Chaining involves building a series of real values, where
each value is calculated using the previous year’s prices, but later in
the rebuilding. Using the annual percentage rates of change, an entire
time series is reported in a single year of arbitrary reference, so that
the values of several years become comparable. The concatenated
indices are opposed to so-called fixed-base indices, where the base
year is kept constant for a certain number of periods (Real values at
constant prices).
Average monthly expenditure for sugar was calculated in the
different areas of the country [25]. Finally, Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) [26] per capita was calculated at market prices (chained
values with reference year 2010 and percentage changes). GDP is a
monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services
produced in a period. Per capita values are average values obtained
by comparing the economic aggregates (such as GDP, household
final consumption, value added, compensation of employees) to
the number of inhabitants or variables relating to labour input. The
Ginico efficient for each region was calculated. This is a measure of
the deviation of the distribution of income among individuals or
households within a country from a perfectly equal distribution.
A value of 0 represents absolute equality, a value of 100 absolute
inequalities [27-29].
Figure 1: Mortality rate (%) for diabetes type 2. Source: Constructed by the
authors from the Health for All Database (HFA-DB), WHO/Europe.
Figure 2: Obese and overweight people (%). Source: Constructed by the
authors from the Health for all Database, WHO Europe.
3. Austin J Nutri Food Sci 6(2): id1101 (2018) - Page - 03
Ma L Austin Publishing Group
Submit your Manuscript | www.austinpublishinggroup.com
Results
Diabetes
Between 1990 and 2013, national mortality rates for diabetes did
not vary greatly. There were some oscillations with the rate going
from 3.41 to 3.46. In the 1990s the rate fell in relation to previous
years, and from 2005 this rate showed a slight but steady increase.
The southern region shows a continuous increase from 3.9 to 4.49.
The central region showed a similar trend to the general mortality
rate. The northern region had the lowest rates and in the islands the
highest mortality rates of diabetes were observed for the whole period
analyzed, as shown in the (Figure 1).
Overweight and obesity
In Italy between 2002 and 2007 overweight and obesity showed
a steady increase, which stabilized from 2008. A similar pattern
was observed in various areas except the islands that showed
some oscillations. The percentage of overweight and obese people
throughout the study period was higher in the southern region
and lower in the north with a difference of 7.6% on average and a
slight increase during the period. With respect to Italy as a whole
this statistical difference is smaller (about 5%) although remarkable
(Figure 2). The differences are also important between Islands and
the North, on average about 4.8%. Overweight and obesity are related
to the trend of the diabetes mortality rate, as is shown in (Figure 3),
where the tendency of both series is very similar suggesting a link
between the mortality rate from diabetes and overweight and obesity.
Dietary patterns
The food groups that showed the most apparent consumption
were cereals, food of animal origin and vegetable oils. All contributed
more than 70% of the total kcal/per/day. The increase during the
period was 360 kcal/per/day. Cereals, in particular wheat, showed a
decline, whereas the other groups increased. Apparent consumption
of food of animal origin between 1961 and 2013 rose 8% and vegetable
oils and animal fat sat 7% (Table 1).
Among foods of animal origin, meat showed the greatest increase
and contributed a higher proportion of kcal/per/day, followed by
milk, which had a slight but steady increase. Eggs showed minimum
changes while the increased for fish almost doubled.
Vegetable oils, particularly olive oil, contributed a significant
number of kcal/pers/day to the diet of the Italians. However, from
1974 and 1987, soy oil and sunflower respectively showed an
importantly increased in availability (Table 1).
The next food groups were sugar and sweeteners, alcoholic
beverages, fruits, vegetables, roots and tubers and legumes (Table 2).
It is noteworthy that sugar and alcoholic beverages consumption
declined from the mid 1980s. Wine declined almost twofold, while
the apparent consumption of beer increased nearly threefold.
Apparent consumption of fruits and vegetables showed slight
increase. There was greater availability of apples, followed by grapes
and oranges. Similarly “other” indicates diversity.
Consumption of vegetables remained virtually unchanged
over the period. However, tomatoes were consumed the most. The
category “other” showed diversity in this food group.
Tubers (potatoes) showed a small decrease in availability.
Period
Kcal/day
1961-1973
3252.6
1974-1986
3452.8
1987-1999
3567.8
2000-2013
3611.6
Food groups/ Total Kcal/day % Kcal/day % Kcal/day % Kcal/day %
Cereals - excluding beer 1317.2 40.5 1230.4 35.6 1143.1 32.0 1141.9 31.6
• Wheat 1212.5 37.3 1144.5 33.1 1054.1 29.5 1047.4 29.0
Food of animal origin 576.1 17.7 804.2 23.3 926.6 26.0 929.8 25.7
• Meat 220.7 6.8 332.7 9.6 395.4 11.1 386.9 10.7
• Milk 204.5 6.3 261.8 7.6 268.0 7.5 281.6 7.8
• Eggs 38.8 1.2 44.7 1.3 47.3 1.3 46.1 1.3
• Fish, Sea food 23.5 0.7 27.6 0.8 39.8 1.1 47.6 1.3
Animal fats/veget oil 498.7 15.3 637.4 18.5 777.0 21.8 801.4 22.2
• Animal fats 81.3 2.5 127.2 3.7 164.6 4.6 157.9 4.4
• Vegetable Oils 417.4 12.8 510.2 14.8 612.4 17.2 643.6 17.8
- Olive oil 233 7.4 268 7.7 294 8.3 299.5 8.3
- Soy oil 37 1.2 109 3.1 109 3.1 116.2 3.2
- Sunfloweroil 24 0.8 21 0.6 81 2.3 99.0 2.7
Table 1: Dietary patterns according to general food groups in kcal/person/day. Italy 1961-2013.
Source: Constructed by the authors from the Food Balance Sheets FAO. United Nations for Food and Agriculture. Statistical Databases. URL:http: //faoestat.fao.org
1961-2013.
Figure 3: Trend obese/over weight people and diabetics in Italy. Source:
Constructed by the authors from the Health for all Database, WHO Europe.
4. Austin J Nutri Food Sci 6(2): id1101 (2018) - Page - 04
Ma L Austin Publishing Group
Submit your Manuscript | www.austinpublishinggroup.com
Legumes also shown slight decline, while the major contribution
came from the beans. The “other” category reflects diversity in the
apparent consumption.
Food prices variations
Whit regard to the “Consumer Price Index for the Whole Nation”,
fruit and vegetables have shown great price oscillations during the
period, in particular since 2010 when they register a growing trend.
The prices of sweet packaged food and sugary drinks on the other
hand, remained stable and generally lower than previous years with a
tendency to decrease in the last two years (Figure 4).
Considering instead the entire decade 2000-2013 beyond the
annual trend, the overall prices rice of fruit and fresh vegetables
is more evident, whereas sweets, chocolate and soft drinks are
characterized by downward variations (Table 3).
The reduction in real GDP per capita, which has occurred
since the 2009 crisis (Figure 5), has affected the whole of Italy but
particularly the South and the Islands.
Period/Kcal/day
1961-1973
3252.6
1974-1986
3452.8
1987-1999
3567.8
2000-2013
3611.6
Food groups Kcal/per/day % Kcal/per/day % Kcal/per/day % Kcal/per/day %
Sugar & Sweeteners 282.5 8.7 310.5 9.0 291.0 8.2 294.9 8.2
Alcoholic Beverages 234.9 7.2 204.2 5.9 149.6 4.2 121.9 3.4
• Wine 207.5 6.4 207.4 6.0 109.8 3.1 76.1 2.1
• Beer 14.1 0.4 14.6 0.4 31.8 0.9 38.3 1.1
Fruits - Excl Wine 154.3 4.7 141.7 4.1 157.2 4.4 182.9 5.1
• Others 7.3 0.2 7.4 0.2 12.5 0.4 14.4 0.4
• Apple 31.0 1.0 30.7 0.9 29.2 0.8 24.8 0.7
• Grape 25.2 0.8 25.1 0.7 21.1 0.6 34.4 1.0
• Orange andmandarins 19.6 0.6 20.1 0.6 31.8 0.9 42.0 1.2
Vegetables 90.4 2.8 98.3 2.8 104.1 2.9 99.8 2.8
• Others 7.3 0.2 7.3 0.2 7.0 0.2 6.4 0.2
• Tomatoes 19.5 0.6 19.5 0.6 30.3 0.8 26.1 0.7
Roots and tuber 84.7 2.6 71.2 2.1 73.8 2.1 69.4 1.9
• Potato 83.5 2.6 82.6 2.4 73.6 2.1 68.9 1.9
Legume 50.9 1.6 34.6 1.0 48.6 1.4 50.5 1.4
• Others 3.2 0.1 3.1 0.1 10.0 0.3 12.0 0.3
• Beans 22.8 0.7 22.6 0.7 14.1 0.4 15.9 0.4
Table 2: Dietary patterns according to the general food groups in kcal/person/day. Italy 1961-2013.
Source: Constructed by the authors from the Food Balance Sheets FAO. United Nations for Food and Agriculture. Statistical Databases. URL:http: //faoestat.fao.org
1961-2013
Figure 4: Percentage change of the price index. Source: Constructed by the
authors from the ISTAT database.
Figure 5: GDP per capita (chained values-year 2010). Source: Constructed
by the authors from the ISTAT database on National economic aggregates.
Figure 6: Net household income distribution homogeneity. Source:
Constructed by the authors from the ISTAT database.
5. Austin J Nutri Food Sci 6(2): id1101 (2018) - Page - 05
Ma L Austin Publishing Group
Submit your Manuscript | www.austinpublishinggroup.com
Not only are these areas characterized by income well below
the national average but also by a worse distribution of income and
therefore, by greater inequality. This is shown in the Gini coefficient
where values are much higher than the national average (Figure 6).
Spending on food consumption
Increased poverty has resulted in a reduction in expenditure on
food, particularly meat and fish, with a slight reduction in spending
on sweet and non-alcoholic beverages (Figure 7). In fact looking at
three different years in the decade considered, the average monthly
expenditure for sugar and sweets continues to grow in the country as
a whole and also in each one of the areas (Figure 8).
Discussion
Health and wealth have always been closely related and the
economically disadvantaged groups of population experience
important consequences for their health.
Studies reveal that income differentials have widened over time
and that increases in income inequality in Europe appear to be
the driving force behind the widening health disparities [30-35].
Extensive literature documents, in fact, inverse associations between
position in socioeconomic hierarchies (defined by household income,
years of education, occupational grade) and mortality or rates of
some diseases [36-43].
The literature shows that there is a relationship between health
and income, and the poorest fractions of the population are the most
vulnerable. In particular, this social disadvantage over whelming
affects the poor considering the incidence of chronic diseases and the
access to treatment. Policies should favour the most disadvantaged
sectors.
Regarding the above, numerous international studies show how
chronic diseases, including diabetes, affect socially disadvantaged
groups in particular. Even in Italy diabetes is one of those chronic
diseases that continue to affect the most disadvantaged, where
behaviours such as obesity, sedentary illness, poor nutrition and
poor attention to health controls may favour the onset of diabetes or
aggravate complications.
In 2013, in Italy, the mortality rate for diabetes was 3.4%. In the
North this rate was 4.6% and in the Centre the 5.2%. In this regards,
the higher mortality rate of diabetes in Italian people is recorded in the
South, where the rate is 6.9 % and in the Islands (6.0%). In these areas
GDP per capita is always lower than the national average, confirming
that diabetes is more common in the most disadvantaged groups
where risk factors, such as obesity are more frequent (Figure1).
Several lifestyle changes have given rise to a nutritional transition:
reduced energy expenditure, sedentary behaviour, less physical effort
in the workplace and at home, and the transformation of the food
market offering manufactured products worldwide. Consequently,
traditional diets based largely on vegetables, complex carbohydrates
and fiber, have been replaced by diets high in energy content: added
sugar, saturated fat and animal foods [19].
Changes in eating patterns are the product of modernity:
industrialization, urbanization, economic development and the
globalization of markets have accelerated over the past four decades.
With urbanization, qualitative changes were generated in the
production, processing, distribution and marketing of food. The food
market now offers ultra-precede food, manufactured and marketed
worldwide, and consequently has altered dietary habits and the ways
of life, not always favourably. There have also been negative effects
on food patterns, which have impacted on the health and nutritional
status of populations [44-48].
This change in eating habits has resulted in increased diseases
like obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension,
particularly among the poor people since industrial products rich
in fats and sugars also have lower and more stable prices over
time, unlike fresh fruits and vegetables are subject to frequent price
fluctuations (Figure 4) [20].
The consumption of fruits and vegetables is essential to ensure
a diversified and nutritious diet. In high incomes populations’ whit
wider access to a greater variety of foods, such as Italy for example,
the apparent consumption of fruit in the period of this study changed
from 151 to more tan 180 kcal/pers/day. Furthermore, there was
Figure 7: Final consumption expenditure of households in italy (chained
values-year 2010). Source: Constructed by the authors from the ISTAT
database.
Figure 8: Average monthly expenditure for sugar and sweet. Source:
Constructed by the authors from the ISTAT database.
2000 2013 % Change 2000/2013
Fresh fruit 107.4 111.1 3.45
Fresh vegetables 107.5 108.4 0.84
Sugar, chocolate, sweet 111.2 109.2 -1.80
Non-alcoholic beverages 106.0 101.2 -4.53
Table 3: Price Index and percentage change.
Source: Constructed by the authors from the ISTAT database
6. Austin J Nutri Food Sci 6(2): id1101 (2018) - Page - 06
Ma L Austin Publishing Group
Submit your Manuscript | www.austinpublishinggroup.com
great diversity, as reflected in the “other” category that was almost
50% of the apparent consumption of fruits. However, when analyzed
by region and in relation to relative prices, lower consumption is
observed in the poorer regions than in the richest ones. Along with
social and economic changes, this trend suggests that the frequent
price variations of fruits and vegetables shaped the pattern of food
consumption; by encouraging low income groups to consume
products with lower and generally stable prices (e.g. fruit juices). In
support of this suggestion it should be noted that the reduction in real
GDP per capita since the 2009 crisis (Figure 5) has affected the whole
of Italy but particularly the South and the Islands.
In this regards, structural social determinants should consider,
which cover a wide and complex combination of socio-economic
conditions, cultural and other environmental elements that interact.
Diet has evolved over time due to the influence of different factors
and multifaceted interactions. Income, prices, individual preference,
belief, cultural traditions, as well as geographical, environmental,
social and economic characteristics from the pattern of food
consumption through complex interaction.
As the above clearly shows, the composition of dietary patterns
have changed with an 8% increase in apparent consumption of foods
of animal origin and vegetable oils and animal fats in 7%between
1961 and 2013.
Conclusion
The above shows that promoting diets and healthy ways of life
to reduce the global burden of non-communicable diseases requires
multi-sectorial management. The approach must involve the social
determinants of health and the participation of various sectors of
society, providing an appropriate framework. Following up from
the UN Political Declaration, in November 2012, governments
agreed on a Global Monitoring Framework for NCDs, including
a set of 9 voluntary targets and 25 indicators for monitoring and
surveillance. The first international goal for diabetes was “to stop the
rise in diabetes and obesity.” According to data from IDF members,
most European countries are progressing moderately in response
to diabetes, although better results are expected if more vigorous
measures are taken [49].
According to IDF’s Global Diabetes Scorecard, Italy’s health
system is performing well and the monitoring and surveillance
framework is regularly implemented. There is a national diabetes
plan but it needs to be more widely applied and there is no plan to
combat noncommunicable diseases. Policies and services to prevent
diabetes must be strengthened. A large proportion of diabetes-
related deaths (32.2%) have been avoided because of the relatively
high level of investment in health expenditure. Policies for healthy
food production are in place and fully implemented while policies
on access to healthy food and marketing to children are partially
realized. However no measures have been taken to limit salt, sugar or
fat intake. Although already in place the Italian national diabetes plan
needs to be fully and better implemented [49].
References
1. Atlas de la Diabetes de la FID, 7th
Edition, 2014. Online version of Atlas de
la Diabetes de la FID.
2. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 7th
Edition. Italy Country Report. 2015.
3. Irwin A, Valentine N, Brown C, Loewenson R, Solar O, Brown H, et al. The
Commission on Social Determinants of Health: Tackling the Social Roots of
Health Inequities. PloS Medicine. 2006; 3: e106.
4. Whitehead M. The Concepts and principles of equity and health. Health
Promot Int. 1992: 22; 429- 445.
5. Marmot M, Wilkinson R. Social Determinants of Health. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. 2006.
6. Di Cesare M, Khang YH, Asaria P, Blakely T, Cowan MJ, Farzadfa F, et al.
Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses. Lancet.
2013; 381: 585-597.
7. FAO. El Estado de la InseguridadAlimentaria en el mundo. 2012.
8. Consultado el 6 de junio 2014; FAO, 2013.Panorama de la
SeguridadAlimentaria en América Latina y el Caribe.
9. Pan American Health Organization. Consumption of ultra-processed food
and drink products in Latin America: trends, impact on obesity, and policy
implications. Washington: OPS; 2015.
10. Garber AK, Lustig RH. Is fast food addictive?. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2011;
4: 146-162.
11. Ezzati M, Riboli E. Behavioral and dietary risk factors from noncommunicable
diseases. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369: 954-64.
12. Montonen J, Knekt P, Härkänen T, Järvinen R, Heliövaara M, Aromaa A.
Dietary Patterns and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes. American Journal of
Epidemiology. 2005; 161: 219-227.
13. Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ, Van Horn L. Components of a cardio protective diet:
new insights. Circulation. 2011; 123: 2870-2891.
14. Vartanian L, Schwartz M, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption
on nutrition and health: A systematic reviews a meta-analysis. Am J Public
Health. 2007; 97: 667-675.
15. Hill J, Galloway J, Goley A, Marrero D, Minners R, Montgomery B, et al.
Scientific Statement: Sociological Determinants of prediabetes and type 2
diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36: 2430-2439.
16. Moreno Altamirano L, García-García JJ, Panico S, Soto-Estrada G
Hernández Montoya D. Metabolic Syndrome: Changes in Mediterranean
and Mesoamerican Diet due to Socioeconomic Factors in Mexico and Italy.
Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2017; 10: 1-11.
17. Galbraith JK. The Affluent Society, Boston: 1967. Houghton Mifflin.
18. Duesenberry AS. Income, Saving and the Theory of Consumer Behavior.
Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press. 1949.
19. Drewnowski A, Popkin BM. The nutrition transition: new trends in the global
diet. Nutr Rev. 1997; 55: 31-43.
20. Popkin BM. The shift in stages of the nutritional transition in the developing
world differs from past experiences!. Public Health Nutrition. 2002; 5: 205-
214.
21. Popkin BM. Global nutrition dynamics: the world is shifting rapidly toward
a diet linked with non communicable diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84:
289-298.
22. WHO. Non communicable diseases Fact sheet Updated. 2017.
23. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/
24. Health For All. http://data.euro.who.int/hfadb/
25. Organización de lasNacionesUnidaspara la Agricultura y la Alimentación.
Statistical Databases. URL:http://faoestat.fao.org. 1961 a 2013.
26. ISTAT. http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx
27. Eurostat http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database. ConsultedNovember,
2016.
28. http://dati.istat.it/?lang=it&SubSessionId=548a645b-9233-4a8a-90ce-
d8adfcd8aa89&themetreeid=-200
29. Italian National Institute of Statistics.