The Earth's atmosphere consists of five main layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The troposphere contains around 75% of the atmosphere's mass and is where weather occurs. The stratosphere lies above the troposphere and contains the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from UV radiation. Temperatures increase with altitude in the stratosphere. The thermosphere is the second highest layer and can reach temperatures over 1500°C. It contains the ionosphere, which facilitates radio communications. The outermost layer is the exosphere, where the atmosphere merges into space.
HUMIDITY
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
DEW POINT
DEW, FROST
CLOUDS AND FOG
CLOUDS FORMATION
CLASSIFICATION OF CLOUDS
PRECIPITATION
THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
AIR MASSES
CLASSIFICATIONS OF AIR MASSES
AIR MASSES THAT MOST AFFECT WEATHER
FRONTS
FOUR TYPES OF FRONT
• Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
• For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F.
• The main ingredients were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive.
• As millions of years passed, energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents.
• The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center.
• This forced up the silicates that it found there.
• After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight.
• Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled.
• Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
HUMIDITY
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
DEW POINT
DEW, FROST
CLOUDS AND FOG
CLOUDS FORMATION
CLASSIFICATION OF CLOUDS
PRECIPITATION
THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
AIR MASSES
CLASSIFICATIONS OF AIR MASSES
AIR MASSES THAT MOST AFFECT WEATHER
FRONTS
FOUR TYPES OF FRONT
• Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
• For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F.
• The main ingredients were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive.
• As millions of years passed, energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents.
• The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center.
• This forced up the silicates that it found there.
• After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight.
• Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled.
• Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
deals with temperature, density, pressure, winds and humidity parameters of the atmosphere; Prssure gradient force, coriolis force, gravity force and friction force and winds and currents, ; pressure lows and highs, atmospheric circulation, winds.
The earth is the only known planet, on which life exists. The present condition and properties of earth’s atmosphere are one of the main reasons for earth to support life. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases or vapours that surrounds the earth, and held together by the force of gravity.
deals with temperature, density, pressure, winds and humidity parameters of the atmosphere; Prssure gradient force, coriolis force, gravity force and friction force and winds and currents, ; pressure lows and highs, atmospheric circulation, winds.
The earth is the only known planet, on which life exists. The present condition and properties of earth’s atmosphere are one of the main reasons for earth to support life. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases or vapours that surrounds the earth, and held together by the force of gravity.
power point presentation in atmospheric chemistryJamaicaFiel
this will provide quick discussion on atmospheric chemistry and some other details on atmosphere including layers of the atmosphere and environmental problems in the atmosphere
Chapter 4THE ATMOSPHERE14.1 THE ATMOSPHERE4.1.1 .docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 4
THE ATMOSPHERE
1
4.1 THE ATMOSPHERE
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION
The atmosphere, the gaseous layer that surrounds the earth, formed over four billion years ago. During
the evolution of the solid earth, volcanic eruptions released gases into the developing atmosphere. Assuming
the outgasing was similar to that of modern volcanoes, the gases released included: water vapor (H2O),
carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3),
nitrogen (N2) and sulfur gases. The atmosphere was reducing because there was no free oxygen. Most of
the hydrogen and helium that outgassed would have eventually escaped into outer space due to the inability
of the earth's gravity to hold on to their small masses. There may have also been signi�cant contributions
of volatiles from the massive meteoritic bombardments known to have occurred early in the earth's history.
Water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and rained down, eventually forming lakes and oceans. The
oceans provided homes for the earliest organisms which were probably similar to cyanobacteria. Oxygen
was released into the atmosphere by these early organisms, and carbon became sequestered in sedimentary
rocks. This led to our current oxidizing atmosphere, which is mostly comprised of nitrogen (roughly 71
percent) and oxygen (roughly 28 percent). Water vapor, argon and carbon dioxide together comprise a
much smaller fraction (roughly 1 percent). The atmosphere also contains several gases in trace amounts,
such as helium, neon, methane and nitrous oxide. One very important trace gas is ozone, which absorbs
harmful UV radiation from the sun.
4.1.2 ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE
The earth's atmosphere extends outward to about 1,000 kilometers where it transitions to interplanetary
space. However, most of the mass of the atmosphere (greater than 99 percent) is located within the �rst
40 kilometers. The sun and the earth are the main sources of radiant energy in the atmosphere. The
sun's radiation spans the infrared, visible and ultraviolet light regions, while the earth's radiation is mostly
infrared.
The vertical temperature pro�le of the atmosphere is variable and depends upon the types of radiation
that a�ect each atmospheric layer. This, in turn, depends upon the chemical composition of that layer
(mostly involving trace gases). Based on these factors, the atmosphere can be divided into four distinct
layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
The troposphere is the atmospheric layer closest to the earth's surface. It extends about 8 - 16 kilometers
from the earth's surface. The thickness of the layer varies a few km according to latitude and the season of
the year. It is thicker near the equator and during the summer, and thinner near the poles and during the
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The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
3. • From the Ancient Greek word "atmos"
meaning 'vapour' and "sphaira" meaning
'ball or sphere'
• Is any layer or set or mixture of gases
surrounding a planet or other material body
that is held in place by the gravity
4. Atmosphere of Earth
• Atmospheric Science(aerology) - the study of
Earth's atmosphere
• also known as sky
• The whole mass of air that surrounds our planet
• Helps protect and sustain life in Earth by:
1. Absorbing UV radiation
2. Creating pressure allowing for water to exist on the
Earth's surface
3. Warming the surface through heat retention
4. Gas composition that supports the need of every living
organism
5. Difference between Air and
Atmosphere
Atmosphere is any gaseous mixture that
surrounds the celestial body not necessarily
nitrogen and oxygen while
Air is the invisible mixture of human-breatheable
gas(oxygen & nitrogen) that surrounds Earth
6. What makes up the
Earth's Atmosphere?
1. Nitrogen (N2) - about 78%
2. Oxygen (O2) - about 21%
3. Argon (Ar) - about 0.9%
4. Carbon dioxide - about 0.4%
5. Traces gases: Neon(Ne), Helium(He),
Methane(CH4), Krypton(Kr)
7. Earth's atmosphere is divided into five
main layer called Atmospheric
Stratification
1. Troposphere
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Thermosphere
5. Exosphere
8.
9. TROPOSPHERE
• from the Greek word 'tropos' meaning 'turn'
• Extends from the suface of the Earth to the bottom of the
stratosphere at about 6-20 km
• The lowest densest part containing roughly 80% of the mass
of the Earth's atmosphere in which most weather changes
occur.
• The 50% of the total mass of atmosphere is located in the
lower 5.6 km(3.5 mi; 18,000ft) of the troposhere.
• in this part, the temperature gets colder as distance above
the Earth increases, by about 6.5*C per km
10. • Contains about 75% of all of the air is found in the
atmosphere
• The lowest part ot the troposphere is called
boundary layer where the air is warm
• The top part of troposphere is the tropopause
• only layer that can be accessed by propoller-driven
aircraft
11.
12. STRATOSPHERE
• Is the second-lowest layer of Earth's Atmosphere that lies above
the tropsphere and is separated from it by the tropopause
• extends about 20 - 50km from the top of the troposphere to the
stratopause- the interface between the stratosphere and
ionosphere
• temperature increases about 32*C as the height increases and
clouds rarely form called polar stratospheric or nacreous cloud.
• Atmospheric pressure is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea
level
• highest layer that can be accessed by jet-powered aircraft
Within the stratosphere, a secondary layer is contained called
the ozone layer or ozone shield ( protects us from skin cancer
other health damage by absorbing 97-99% of dangerous UV
Radiation)
13.
14. Ozone layer
• Ozone(O3) - is a form of oxygen found in the stratosphere
layer
• Mainly found in the lower region.
• Approximately 15 - 35 km(9.3 - 21.7 mi)
• Discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry
and Henri Buisson
• Spectrophotometer(the Dobsonmeter) - used to measure
stratospheric ozone from the ground developed by Gordon
Miller Bourne Dobson (a British physicist and meteorologist.
He had also establoshed a worldwide network of ozone
monitoring station. Named in his honor, the "Dobson Unit", a
convinient measure of the amount ot ozone overhead
15. • In 1976, atmospheric
research revealed that
Chemicals called
CFCs(chlorofluorocarbo
ns) or freons, and
halons used in various
product such as
refrigirators, spray
cans, fire extinguisher,
etc. have reduced the
amount of ozone in the
stratosphere creating
the so called "ozone
hole". Ex. Antartic
ozone hole
16.
17. MESOSPHERE
• Is the third lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere
about 50 - 85km bove sea level.
• Has an upper boundary called mesopause - the
coldest place on Earth as temperature drop on its
lowest point -85*C (-120*F; 190 K)
• Below mesopause, a very scarce water vapor
sublimate into polar mesospheric or noctilucent
cloud
18. • layer where meteors burn
• Mainly accessed by sounding rockets and
rocket-powered aircraft for it is too high to be
accessed by a jet-powered aircraft and
balloon but too low to permit orbital
spacecraft.
19.
20. THERMOSPHERE
• Is the second-highest layer of Earth's Atmosphere that
extends from mesopause up to the thermopause about 85
-690km
• Thermopause - the upper boundary of thermosphere
• temperature increases with height as high as
1500*C(2700*F)
• Gas molecules are so far that individual molecule must
travel an average 1km of between collisions with other
molecule
• completely cloudless and water vapor free
• where Ionosphere occuppies.
• accessed by the International Space System (ISS)
21. What is Ionosphere?
Ionosphere is not a separate layer but a part of the
thermosphere. In this region of atmosphere
the Sun's energy is so strong that it breaks apart
molecules and atoms in air, leaving ions(atoms with
missing electrons) and free-floating electrons.
Ionosphere is a special part of the atmosphere as
the different regions( D,E,F) of this make long
distance radio communication possible by reflecting
the radio waves back to Earth.
22.
23. Other features in the ionosphere:
1. Karman Line - at 100 km or 1.57% of
Earth's radius often used as border between
atmosphere and outer space.
2. Auroras - aurora borealis(nothern lights)
and aurora australis( southern light) is natural
light display in Earth's sky predominantly seen
in high-latitude areas.
24.
25. • Is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere
• Exobase which is also referred to as the
thermopause for it lies in the lower boundary of the
exosphere.
• about 690 - 10,000 km
• Mainly composed of extremely low densities of
hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules
including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer
to exobase.
• Molecules are so far apart that they can travel
hundreds of kilometer without colliding with one
another
EXOSPHER
E
26. Secondary Layers distinguished by other properties
1. Ozone Layer
2. Ionosphere
3. Homosphere (troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere & lowest part of the thermosphere) and
Heterosphere (thermosphere & exosphere)
4. Planetary boundary layer - part of troposphere
that is closest to Earth's suface
28. • PLUTO - thin atmosphere of methane and nitrogen
• MERCURY - contains no weather for its very thin
atmosphere
• VENUS - atmosphere contains thick clouds made up of
tiny droplets of sulphuric acid and carbon dioxide
• MARS - thin atmosphere of dust clouds, carbon dioxide
and thick clouds
• SATURN - atmosphere made of ammonia and
ammonium acids
• URANUS - has thick atmosphere of elements such as
hydrogen, helium and methane
• NEPTUNE - atmosphere that contains a gas called
methane which made it appear blue
• JUPITER - a gassy planet made up of hydrogen which
made it had a stormy atmosphere full of clouds
