Tennis is an anaerobic sport that requires bursts of speed and power interspersed with periods of recovery. To assess the physical attributes of a female college tennis player, tests were conducted to measure anthropometrics, body composition, speed, agility, power, anaerobic and aerobic capacity, and strength. The results showed the player had a VO2max of 49.0 ml/kg/min, vertical jump height of 43cm, 300yd shuttle run time of 52.1 seconds, and 20m sprint time of 3.05 seconds, indicating superior power, speed and aerobic fitness levels.

1. ASHWINI KULKARNI
KINE 5313-001: Assessment and Evaluation of Athletic
Performance

2. INTRODUCTION
• Tennis- global sport played year round.
• Short-duration and repetitive bouts of energy
• Predominantly anaerobic sport
requires high level of aerobic conditioning to aid recovery between points and avoid fatigue.

3. COMMON TENNIS TERMS
 Ace. A powerful serve that blows by the receiver. Or an amazing
tennis player.
 Advantage in. The server has the advantage and can win on the
next point.
 Advantage out. The receiver has the advantage and can win on
the next point.
 Backhand. A tennis stroke where your racquet arm crosses over
your body to hit the ball with the back of your racquet hand
facing the ball.
 Ball Person. The person who gathers the balls that went out of
play.
 Baseline. The chalk line at the end of the court that marks out-of-
bounds.
 Court. The area where you play the game of tennis. Can be made
of grass, clay or concrete.
 Deuce. A score of 40-40.
 Dink. A tennis shot with little or no pace.
 Doubles. A four-player game of tennis, with two players on each
side of the court.
 Fault. A failed serve that doesn't make it into the service box.
 Frame. The head or top of the racquet where the strings are.
 First Service. The first serve.
 Follow Through. The part of your tennis swing after you hit the
ball.
 Forehand. Tennis stroke where your racquet hand faces forward.
 Grand Slam. Four major tennis tournaments: Wimbledon, U.S.
Open, the French Open and the Australian Open.
 Head. Part of the tennis racquet contained the frame and strings.
 Let. A voided serve where a served ball hits the net but makes it
onto the service court.
 Love. Score of zero in tennis.
 Match Point. When the leading player can win the match with
just one point.
 Mixed Doubles. A doubles match where each team contains one
male and one female.
 Net. White netting spanning the middle of the tennis court.
 No-Man's Land. Area of the tennis court between the baseline
and service line.
 Out. Any tennis ball that goes outside of the designated playing
area.
 Point. Time between the successful serve until the ball goes out.
 Racquet. Tennis equipment used to hit the ball over the net. Also
called a stick.
 Receiver. The player who is receiving the serve.
 Serve or Service. This has nothing to do with food, but
everything to do with hitting the tennis ball to a certain point on
the tennis court.
 Singles. A two-player game of tennis, with one player on each
side of the court.
Stroke. Way of hitting a tennis ball. Can be forehand or
backhand.
 Volley. Yes, you're still in the tennis terms article. Volleying is
when you hit the tennis ball before it touches the ground.

4. OBJECTIVES
 Needs Analysis
 Research supporting selection
of test battery
 Test battery
 Anthropomorphic
measurements
o Age
o Height
o Weight
o Limb length
 Body Composition
o BID
o Skinfolds
 Speed
o 20m Sprint test
 Agility
o Hexagon test
 Power
o Lower limb- Vertical
jump
 Anaerobic capacity
o 300yd shuttle test
 Aerobic capacity
o Treadmill testing-
metabolic carts
 Strength
o Grip strength
 Musculoskeletal test
o Flexibility- Sit and reach
 Vision- Dynavision
 Tennis specific test
o Serve velocity
o Swing velocity
 Collect data
 Compare it to norms and
results of other similar
researches
 Individual considerations
 Recommendations
 Practical implications

5. NEED ANALYSIS
BIOMECHANICAL NEEDS  BIOENERGETIC NEEDS
 Closed skill sport
 Generating high ball speeds
 Absolute level of strength in
coordination with forces through
varying joint ROM’s
 Technical expertise, tactical sense, and
psychological skill
 Biomechanical movements and planes:
Flexion/Extension
Adduction/Abduction
All planes of the body
 Vital components are:
Time-motion characteristics, speed,
agility, strength, endurance, power
Common movements are running,
sprinting, changing directions, turns,
rotations, jumps, sides and so on.
(Hamilton, McDonald, & Chenier,1992)
 Energy metabolism in playing
tennis- 10.9 kcal/min
 Caloric expenditure -634kcal/h
 Average intensity of metabolism –
919.5% BMR
(Arnot & Gaines,1984).

6. PHYSIOLOGICAL
NEEDS OF
TENNIS
Distance
covered
3 m per shot and a total of 8–12 m in
the course of a point
# of efforts efforts-300 to 500 high intensity efforts
Number of directional changes in an
average point
4Duration of rally less than 8 seconds (5 to 7).
Distance
covered
per game
3 miles :
4.82 km
Mean
Exercise
Intensities
< 60–70%
of VO2 max
Mean maximum heart rates 60– 80%
VO2 levels during
tennis play
23 to 29
ml/kg/mn

7. BASIC RESEARCH
Fernandez-Fernandez J, Ulbricht A, & Ferrauti A.(2014). Fitness testing of tennis players. How valuable
is it? Br J Sports Med.;48:i22–i31.
• A player’s technical and tactical skills are predominant factors in tennis it is of great importance to
organize the fitness training as efficient and time saving as possible.
• The German Tennis Federation (DTB) has established a biannual nationwide physical testing
including 400 squad players.
• The results obtained are used for basic talent identification as well as the development of training
guidelines, including individualized training programs.
• The present article shows the concept for fitness testing and training design of the DTB. Two sample
player profiles are presented to show the usefulness of the testing protocols and the individual
conclusions obtained in order to design individualized training programs.
Bangsbo J, Mohr M, & Poulsen A, (2006). Training and testing the elite athlete J Exerc Sci Fitness;4:1–
13.
• The performance of a top-class athlete can be improved by appropriate training.
• The fitness training should be closely related to the activities of the athlete during competition.
Furthermore, the capacity of the athlete should be known.
• For that purpose, 300 yd shuttle tests can be used since they have been shown to be sensitive and to
give valid measures of performance in many sports.
• The fitness training can be divided into aerobic, anaerobic and specific muscle training. Each type of
training has a number of subcategories, which allows for a precise execution of the training when the
aim of the training is known. A critical factor when training elite athletes is when to do what, i.e. to
plan the training.

8. ATHLETE
Name- Marina Vicens Miquel
Age- 19 years
Sex- Female
Height- 165 cm
Weight- 59.9kg / 135.02lb
Country of origin- Spain
Year in college- Freshman
Major- Computer science
Type of racket- Technifibre 300gms
String tension- 24 kg
Preferred serving style- Topspin
Total number of matches played- 2
matches per week
Total number of matches won- 10
out of 14
Current position in college- 6/7

9. ANTHROPOMORPHICMEASUREMENTS
Objectives: To provide the data used in the indirect appraisal of body
composition. Skin folds can be entered into a number of equations to estimate
the body density, total body fat and the overlying subcutaneous fat
Test Description: Height and Weight- Subject is positioned barefoot on a
stadiometer. The subject stands erect with heels and toes together and the arms
hanging by the sides. The measurement is taken as “the maximum distance from
the floor of the stadiometer to the vertex of the head”, which is from the floor of
stadiometer to the highest point on the skull. Weight is displayed on the digital
meter.
Skinfolds- Calliper testing is used to determine a clients body fat percentage and
is based on the densitometry technique. The prediction equations are 'population
specific'.
Test area: IH 142 (Biomechanics Lab)
Equipment: Stadiometer, measuring tape, OMRON body fat analyzer HBF- 306,
OMRON calliper.
Reliability: Excellent with high inter tester reliability 0.92-0.96 in several
studies (Khor, Cheong, Zainnudin & Yousaff, 2009)
Validity: Valid as found by (Restrom, Skoldvang, Pederson & Medsen, 2012)
Alternative tests: measuring tape, other types of stadiometer, standard wall
measure

10. ANTHROPOMORPHIC
MEASUREMENTS
Height and weight measurement
Skinfold measurements
Site Measurement(in mm)
Subscapular skinfold 7.2
Biceps skinfold 6.1
Triceps skinfold 5.8
Abdominal skinfold 10.2
Thigh skinfold 7.6
Calf skinfold 5.0
Suprailiac skinfold 8.5
SUM of 7skinfolds 50.4
Alternative methods- Tape
measure, weighing machine

11. NORMATIVE DATA
ANTHROPOMORPHICS
SPOR
T
GE
ND
ER
SQUA
D
AGE n HEIG
HT
MASS
in kg
∑7
SKINFO
LDS
Table 11.1: Anthropometric data for female
tennis players(by AIS)
(Rodriguez, Collado, & Salar,2015)
Rodriguez, Collado and Salar (2015) used
similar test procedures as used in this project

12. BIOELECETRICAL IMPEDANCE
• Objective- To assess body composition based
on electrical conductivity of FM and FFM
• Equipment- OMRON Body fat analyzer
HBF-306
• Reliability and Validity- Not reliable and
valid for assessment in athletes with Exercise
induced hypo-hydration or even hyper
hydration (Fornett, Pivanick, Foley &
Fietcher, 2009).
• % fat- 18.3%
• BMI- 22.0
• Alternative tests- DEXA, Air- displacement
Plethysmography
LIMB LENGTH
• Objective- To observe any limb length discrepancy
• Equipment- Measuring tape
• Reliability and validity- most reliable and valid tool
• Acromion to Radial styloid- right- 20.9”, left- 20.5”
• ASIS to medial malleolus of ankle- right- 33.5”, left-
33.2”
• Alternative methods- full-length standing AP
computed radiograph

13. SPEED- 20 M SPRINT
• Objective- To assess qualities of linear
acceleration and speed.
• Equipment- cones, Distance 20 m
• Test description- Athlete starts the sprint
with their body masses over their front
foot, shoulders and hips square in a
crouch position, heel up on back foot
and go on the command.
• Reliability and validity- Reliable but not
valid (Lockie, Schultz, Callaghen,
Jeffries & Berry, 2013; Hoffman,2006)
• 20 meters = 21.9 yards
RESULT
• Time- 3.05 seconds
• Alternative methods- 30m sprint test
• Analysis- excellent
NORMATIVE DATA
Gore & Tanner (2000)

14. AGILITY TESTING-
HEXAGON TEST
Topend sports
• Objective- To test the ability to move quickly
while maintaining balance.
• Equipment- Tape, chalk or tape for
marking ground, Stopwatch. The length of
each side should be 24 inches (60.5 cm).Each
angle should work out to be 120 degrees.
• Test description- Athletes tested starts with
both feet together in the middle of the
hexagon facing the front line. On the
command 'go', they jump ahead across the
line, then back over the same line into the
middle of the hexagon. Then, continuing to
face forward with feet together, jump over
the next side and back into the hexagon.
Continue this pattern for three full
revolutions. Perform the test both clockwise
and anti-clockwise.
• Scoring- The athletes score is the time taken
to complete three full revolutions.
• Reliability and validity- excellent reliability
for measuring agility (Lowe, 2008)
• Result- 10.2 seconds
• Alternative test- 5-0-5 agility test
ANALYSIS- SUPERIOR

15. POWER- VERTICAL JUMPS
• Objective- To assess explosive and anaerobic power of the lower limbs and hips
• Equipment- Vertec
• Test description- Athlete should stand with their feet together. Athlete reaches up with the
dominant hand as high as possible, fully elevating shoulders to displace vanes called as standing
height. Athlete performs countermovement jumps and tries to displace the highest vane he can.
• Reliability and Validity-The reliability of the jumping tests ranged from 0.97 to 0.99 for
Cronbach's alpha coefficients, from 0.93 to 0.97 for inter item correlation coefficients and from
2.1 to 2.8 for coefficients of variation (Sattller et al. 2012)
• Vertical jump height- 43cm /17”
• The Sayers Equation (Sayers et al. 1999) also estimates peak power output (Peak Anaerobic
Power output (PAPw) from the vertical jump.
• Predicted peak power (W)= (60.7 X jump height) + (45.3 X body mass) – 2055= (60.7 X 43) +
(45.3 X 59.9)- 2055 =(2610.1 + 2713.47) – 2055

16. ANAEROBIC CAPACITY- 300 YARD SHUTTLE
TEST
• Objective: To monitor the athlete's
intermediate anaerobic power (lactate system).
• Equipment: 2 cones placed 25yds (22.8m)
apart, Stop watch, Assistant.
• Test description-Marker cones and lines are
placed 25 yards apart to indicate the sprint
distance. Athlete starts with a foot on one line.
When instructed by the timer, the athlete runs
to the opposite 25-yard line, touches it with
their foot, turns and run back to the start. This
is repeated six times without stopping
(covering 300 yards total).
• Reliability - reliable and valid in basket ball
players & volleyball players (Collins,
Silberlicht, Perzinski, Smith, & Davidson,
2014).
• Validity- There are no published tables to relate
results to potential performance in
competition.
• Analysis: Analysis of the result is by
comparing it with the results of previous tests.
It is expected that, with appropriate training
between each test, the analysis would indicate
an improvement.
• Alternative test- 30 s wingate test, 60y shuttle
ACSM; Vol.3, 12-15

17. AEROBIC CAPACITY- TREADMILL
• Objectives- To assess the aerobic capacity
• Equipment- Metabolic cart, Treadmill, Head set with mouth piece
• Test description- The test began with a warm-up on the treadmill. The treadmill will then
begin moving at an easy, comfortable pace and will increase in speed every two minutes,
up to a point that is slightly faster than your race pace speed. At this point, the incline
will then be increased by 2.5 every 3 minutes and speed by 1.0 until the athlete feels
unable to continue with the protocol. During this test, the exercise physiologist will be
monitoring the rate at which athletes body consumes oxygen, as well as heart rate and
rate of perceived exertion (RPE). The level of oxygen consumed will increase as the
exercise intensity increases. After athlete reaches the peak level of oxygen consumption,
a two minute cool-down period will begin to assess how quickly your cardiovascular
system recovers.
• Reliability and validity- r = .90 to .97 (Montgomery, Reid & Koziris, 1992).
• Alternative test- Multistage fitness test, Bruce protocol
• Results
• VO2max- 49.0 ml/kg/min
• Warm up: Speed-3.5 with no incline
• Increments in speed and incline alternatively
• Incline by 2.5
• Speed by 1.0
• METS- 14.0
• Average value >41 ml/kg/min - superior

18. NORMATIVE DATA-VO2 MAX

19. STRENGTH TESTS
Test Weight Repetition
Back squat 100 10
Hips Back/Tight core 70 5
Thighs parallel 80 5
Pogo to box jumps 4x4 5
Single-Arm Power cable row - 12
Continuous KB swing w
lateral step
- 10
Board-push up to walk out - 10
MB Rotational lunge w toss - 7
Chin up - 8
Single-Leg Hip bridge - 10
Elevated shoulders - 8

20. GRIP STRENGTH
• Objective: To assess strength of the hand grip
• Equipment: - Hand Grip Dynamometer
• Test Description: - Device is held at waist level with a 90° bend at the
elbow when utilized - Device should be utilized at maximum level and
held for 2-3 seconds while maintaining a stationary body
• Scoring Procedure: - Better measurement of both hands are selected for
total score
• Reliability and Validity- 0.84-0.90 (Hamilton, McDonald &Chenier, 1992)
• Alternative tests- Isometric testing or use different dynamometer
Side Score (in kg)
Dominant 35.6
Non-Dominant 31.5
Research Score
Shuichi, Naoya,
Hideaki, Fuminori,
Shohei, & Hajime
(1995)
31.2+ 4.1
Hugo, Maryela,
Menacho,Hisayoshi
& Rosa (2010)
35.0
Fernandez, Ulbricht,
Ferrauti (2016)
35.7+5.0

21. MUSCULOSKELETAL ASSESSMENT-
FLEXIBILITY- SIT & REACH TEST
• Objective- To measure flexibility of Hamstrings and Back muscles
• Equipment- Sit and reach box
• Test description- The soles of the feet are placed flat against the box. Both
knees should be locked and pressed flat to the floor - the tester may assist
by holding them down. With the palms facing downwards, and the hands
on top of each other or side by side, the subject reaches forward along the
measuring line as far as possible.
• Scoring- The score is recorded to the nearest centimeter or half inch as
the distance reached by the hand
• Reliability and validity- The reliability of this test will depend on the
amount of warm-up that is allowed, and whether the same procedures are
followed each time the test is conducted. Most sit and reach testing norms
are based on no previous warm-up, though the best results will be
achieved after a warm up or if the test is proceeded by a test such as the
endurance test which can act as a warm up. If a warm up is used, it is
important to have a standardized warm up and test order and repeat the
same conditions for each time the test is conducted. This test only
measures the flexibility of the lower back and hamstrings, and is a valid
measure of this.
• Score- 23.03” / 58.5cm
• Alternative test- 90-90 hamstring stretch, Straight Leg raise
(NSCA’s Essentials of personal training.p.260)

22. VISION- DYNAVISON
• Objective- To assess the mean reaction time of an
athlete.
• Equipment- Dynavision D2 board
• Test description- the participant places his hand on
illuminated buttons.
• Reliability and validity- Mode A-0.75, Mode B-
0.73, reaction time- 0.68 (Wells et al., 2014)
• Result
• Total number of hits- 35 hits
• Mean reaction time: 0.83 seconds
• Discussion: No dynavision results in literature on
elite tennis players.
• Significant improvement in the precision services of
the tennis players after eight weeks of vision
training.
• The basic visual skills such as accommodation,
reaction time, movement time, depth perception, and
eye movements are enhanced as a result of vision
training which lead to the improvement in the motor
skills.

23. TENNIS SPECIFIC- SERVE
VELOCITY
Objective- To measure maximum serving velocity and swing
velocity.
Equipment- ATEC Sports performance Radar gun
Test description- The researcher, depending on the radar gun,
will stand at the baseline of the court that will be served into
(Stalker Sport) or the radar gun will be placed at the net
(SpeedChek) to measure the velocity of the serve. The athlete hit
a flat serve into the deuce court. The athlete will serve into the
service box, which did not hit the net, nor commit a foot-fault, in
order for the serve to count. The velocity of the first three good
serves that made it into the service box were recorded. The best
score of the serves was determined for the data analysis.
Reliability and validity- The inter-trial reliability for serve
velocity ranges between 3·2% and 3·5%(Cronin & Sleivert,
2005).

24. TENNIS SPECIFIC-
SERVE VELOCITYResults
• Racket swing speed- 102mph- 164 kmh
• Ball velocity- 84 mph- 135 kmh

25. INDIVIDUAL CONSIDERATIONS
 The athlete has good overall fitness results.
 Lacks in having relatively high serving velocity.
 Factors that might come into the play:
 Inappropriate net height
 Test conducted in lab and not the field
 Relatively low hamstring and trunk flexibility
 Relatively low core strength and lower limb strength
RECOMMENDATIONS
 Retest the athlete and develop fitness profile for her.
 Compare her results with the previous results as well as norms.
 Assess core strength (plank test and Spaniol rotary test) and core muscle activation.
 Assess the lower limb muscle strength and activation.
 Develop a player specific fitness regime, including similar energy demands as tournament.

26. PRACTICALAPPLICATION
• Performance enhancement- Research indicates that players achieve the best results when
their training activities replicate the actual demands of the sport (Groppel and Roetert,
1992). Practice sessions should challenge the same energy systems, muscle groups and
movement patterns stressed in competitive play.
• Injury prevention- Research using elite tennis players has consistently identified
musculoskeletal adaptations from repetitive tennis play.
• Using standardized tests will minimize variability in results and design specific training
programs based on the player’s fitness testing results.
• Practically, the goals are to enhance a player’s performance, reduce the risk of injury and
design an appropriate training program so that the athlete’s playing career can be as long as
possible

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