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At risk approach by DR NAVIN KUMAR
The document discusses implementing an "at risk approach" to population programs and policies in India. It defines risk and outlines how to identify populations at risk by considering biological, physiological, sociocultural, and other factors. The key objectives are to illustrate how to define at-risk groups, impart knowledge on common elements of population policies, and discuss implementation in different community strata. It emphasizes targeting programs to at-risk families and individuals through measures like the Janani Suraksha Yojana, Mamta scheme, and Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana.
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At risk approach by DR NAVIN KUMAR
- 1. AT RISK APPROACH -IMPLEMENTATIONIN DIFFERENT STRATA IN THE COMMUNITY PRESENTED BY:- DR.NAVIN KUMAR
- 2. Why this presentation? Indiawith a population of more than 1.22 billion scattered in 28 states and 7 union territories provide a unique ground for studying population programs management . To provide any kind of service to its citizens, it needs a huge investment and a large manpower for its implementation.
- 3. This presentation aimsat:- 1. Illustrating the definition of RISK; 2. Defining the population at risk; 3. Imparting knowledge on common elements of population policies; 4. Implementation in different strata in the community. OBJECTIVES
- 4. WHAT IS RISK? ―Somethingwith the potential to cause harm‖
- 5. WHAT IS RISK? RISK:-The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihood, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerabilities. Risk is proportional to Hazard x Vulnerability / Level of Preparedness.
- 6. R = Hx V RISK= Cross product of Hazard and Vulnerability. HAZARD = The probability of an adverse outcome. VULNERABILITY= The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.
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- 10. RISK ASSESSMENT:- Itis a process of estimating the magnitude of the risk and deciding if the risk is tolerable or acceptable. A tolerable RISK may not always be acceptable.
- 11. RISK ASSESSMENT It isa systematic procedure for describing and quantifying the risk associated with hazardous substance, process, action or event. It involves: # Identification of hazard # Quantification of hazard # Quantification of probability of occurrence of hazard # Estimation of risk
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- 13. What Risk AnalysisCan Do? Helps in:- # Forecasting any unwanted situation. # Estimating damage potential of such situation. # Decision making to control such situation. # Evaluating effectiveness of control measures.
- 14. GUIDELINES FOR DEFINING GROUPS―AT-RISK‖
- 15. BIOLOGICAL SITUATIONS:- AGE GROUP—INFANTSwith low birth weight, ELDERLY etc. SEX--FEMALES in reproductive age group. PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE-- PREGNANCY, HTN, DM etc GENETIC FACTORS– Family history. OTHER HEALTH CONDITIONS-- Diseases, Physical functioning, Unhealthy behavior.
- 16. PHYSIOLOGICAL SITUATION -RURAL, URBAN,SLUMS. -LIVING CONDITIONS, OVERCROEDING -ENVIRONMENT: Water supply, Industries, Pollution etc.
- 17. SOCIOCULTURAL AND CULTURAL SITUATION. -Socialclass. -Ethnic and cultural group. -Family disruption, Education, Housing. -Customs, Habits and Behavior. -Access to Health services. -Lifestyle and Attitudes.
- 18. AT RISK APPROACH AT“RISK APPROACH” DEALS WITH THOSE INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS WHO ARE AT PERTICULAR HIGH RISK AND EMERGENT NEED. 1PREVENTIVE 2PROMOTIVE 3MANAGEMENT
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- 20. AT RISK INFAMILIES PREGNANT WOMEN LACTATING MOTHERS CHILDREN < 2YEARS SEVERELY MALNURISHED CHILDREN <5 YEARS DISABLED FAMILY MEMBER
- 21. RAGHU PANDA 89 yearsold Lives alone Has no land, family lives out of state History of heart disease KAMLA 7 years old Parents are undocumented immigrants MALTI DEVI 35 years old, Pregnant Anaemic, weak, BPL, Lives 4 children & unemployed husband
- 22. AN EFFECTIVE ―ATRISK APPROACH‖ INVOLVES FIVE MAIN STAGES:- A: Recruitment and Referral – B: Comprehensive health assessment- C: Setting appropriate target- D : Implementing management strategies- E : Monitoring reward and evaluation-
- 23. 23 A Simple Framework Evaluate &Take Action Establish Objectives Identify Risks & Controls Assess Risks & Controls Monitor & Report Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Communicate, learn, improve
- 24. Policies related toHealth Sector For population at Risk National Health Policy Nutrition Policy Women Policy Training Policy Population Policy
- 25. Policy Interventions. From Quantityto Quality Upgradation of Skills Static Centres for Improved access to services Upgradation of facilities and Operations Research Integrated Services for Spacing Method Antenatal Care Deliveries Post-natal Care Immunization RTI Child Care
- 26. MODEL OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEM HEALTH STATUS 0R HEALTH PROBLEMS RESOURCES CURATIVE PREVENTIVE PROMOTIVE PUBLIC PRIVATE VOLUNTARY INDIGENOUS CHANGES IN HEALTH STATUS
- 29. GOVT HAVE TOIDENTIFY THESE FAMILY AND PROVIDE APPROPRIATE HELING HANDS TO THESE FAMILY. # JANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA. # MAMTA SCHEME. # RASHTRIYA SWASTH BIMA YOJANA. # BPL CARDS
- 31. Population Program Promotional Measures providing fertility regulating information/services. furnishing family life/sex education information. improving the status of women. improving health and nutritional status. providing incentives and disincentives. improving research and evaluation. carrying out specific legal reforms to influence. internal and international migration.
- 32. REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH(RCH) – Conceptual frame work: Client centered approach Family welfare/Plan CHILD SURVIVAL & SAFE MOTHERHOOD (1992) RTIs &STDs
- 33. RISK APPROACH IN ANTENATALCARE AIM :- To identify the HIGH RISK ANTENETAL CASES to provide specialized care and appropriate level of care to others.
- 34. ASHA WORKERS ATTHEIR DUTIES.
- 36. NEW BORNS &INFANTS LOW BIRTH WEIGHT PRE TERM BABIES NEONATAL DEATHS EARLY WEANING RTI
- 37. UNDER FIVE AGEGROUP CHILDREN MALNUTRITION FOOD POISONING ACUTE DIARRHOEAL DISEASES PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION INFECTIONS AND PARASITOSIS ACCIDENTS AND POISONING BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS RTI
- 38. Mid day mealprogramme PRINCIPLES: 1. Meal a supplement – not a substitute. 2. 1/3rd of total calorie requirement. ½ of total protein requirement. 3. Ease of preparation. 4. Locally available. Ingredients. 5. Low cost. 6. Menu should be changed frequently.
- 39. YOUNG & ADOLESCENCEAGE GROUP # GUTHKA CHEWING # TOBACCO CHEWING # ALCOHOL # SMOKING # UNSAFE SEX # UNHEALTHY LIFE STYLE
- 40. OUTCOME ORAL CANCER LUNG CANCER STD/ HIV-AIDS / HPV LIVER DISEASES UN-EMPLOYMENT MENTAL DISORDERS RASH DRIVING - RTA
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- 42. RISK APPROACH BANON GUTHKA BY SEVERAL STATE GOVT. HEAVY SALES-TAX ON ALCOHOL, CIGARETTES AND ALL TOBACCO PRODUCTS. BAN ON ALCOHOL IN GUJRAT. BAN ON SMOKING IN PUBLIC PLACES & PUBLIC TRANSPORTS. PROPER LAW IMFORCEMENT TO FOLLOW TRFFIC RULES.
- 43. Geriatric population 1980-5.3% 2000- 7.7% 2025- 13.3% ( 1.2 billion ) 71% - Developing World 70 million population in India-2001 177 million population -2025 40% below poverty line 73% illiterate
- 44. RISK OF GERIATRICS PRONE FOR INFECTIONS PRONE FOR INJURIES NEED SPECIAL ASSISTANCE PRONE FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS PRONE FOR DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS INCREASED RISK FOR DISEASE INCREASED RISK OF DISABILITY INCRASED RISK OF DEATH
- 45. PREVENTION Primordial prevention Pregeriatric care Primary prevention Health education Exercise Secondary prevention Annual medical check-up Early detection ( Universal approach, Selective approach) Treatment Tertiary prevention Counseling and Rehabilitation Welfare activities (Sanjay Niradhar Yojana, Vridhashrama) Chiropody services Improving quality of life Cultural programme Old age club Meals-on wheel service Economically support (Vridha pension Yojana ) Old age home
- 46. SUMMARY HEALTH CARE ANDPOLICY SHOULD BE GUIDED TOWARDS PREVENTION BY A NUMERICAL ASSESSMENT OF FUTURE NEED. IEC IS MUST FOR IMPLEMENTATION LAW IMFORCEMENT SHOULD BE STRICT
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Editor's Notes
- #5 Risk relates to the likelihood of the harm or undesired event occurring, and the consequences of its occurrence. It is the probability that the substance or agent will cause adverse effects under the conditions of use and or exposure, and the possible extent of harm.
- #6 Probability of an encounter between a specific HAZARD and an ELEMENT vulnerable to this is interpreted as a probability of occurrence of loss of life or damage to objects , buildings and the environment as the result of an extreme natural phenomenon with a specific strength of intensity.
- #12 ESTIMATION OF THE CHANCES OF AN ADVERSE OUTCOME WHEN ONE OR MORE RISK FACTORS ARE PRESENT, MEASUREMENT OF THEIR INTERACTION AS PREDICTORS, AND CALCULATIONS OF WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN TO THE HEALTH OF THE POPULATION IF THE RISK FACTORS WERE REMOVED MAKE POSSIBLE A NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS IN PREVENTIVE MEDICINE. THESE RISK, PREDICTIONS AND POSSIBLE EFFECTS ARE THEREFORE THE TOOLS OF THE RISK APPROACH.
- #13 It is critical to note that “at risk” is a concept that reflects a chance or a probability. It does not imply certainty.Risk factors raise the chance of poor outcomes, while protective factors raise the chance of good outcomes. It isvaluable for programs to understand the levels of risk and protective factors in their program clients, as well as oftheir potential clients. Such understanding can help in developing programs and also in obtaining funding for them.
- #16 Probability of an encounter between a specific HAZARD and an ELEMENT vulnerable to this is interpreted as a probability of occurrence of loss of life or damage to objects , buildings and the environment as the result of an extreme natural phenomenon with a specific strength of intensity.
- #19 RISK APPROACH IS THE ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS TAKEN TO REDUCE OR NULLIFY THE PROBABILITY OF THE OCCURRENCE OF A DISEASE, ILLNESS, ACCIDENT OR DEATH CAN BE REDUCED.
- #21 IN A FAMILY WE CAN SEE THAT THESE FAMILY MEMBERS ARE AT RISK AND PROPER CARE MUST BE TAKEN FOR THEIR HEALTHY OUTCOME.
- #23 A: Recruitment and Referral – can be achieved by Public awareness campaigning highlighting the danger signs and health screening system at various level of health care.B: Comprehensive health assessment- Assessment of individuals who are at risk. Identified subjects should have a detailed analysis including their personal history, family history, behaviour and complete physical examination.C: Setting appropriate target- The information gained from the health assessment should enable the Doctors or authority and Patient to agree on a realistic and appropriate goal. The management goal should be chosen on the basis of personal circumstances and associated risk factors. D : Implementing management strategies- Programmes and policies at different levels for different age groups according to their requirement and needs. E : Monitoring reward and evaluation- Regular review allow an excellent support to various management programmers, monitoring of medical conditions and early detection of problems associated with these protocols
- #33 Child survival and safe motherhood (1992) :- For children –1. Essential newborn care2. Immunization3. Appropriate management of Diarrhoea.4. Appropriate management of ARI.5. Vit A prophylaxis.For mothers-1. Immunization.2. Prevention and treatment of anemia.3. ANC4. Delivery by TBA.5. Promotion of institutional deliveries.6. Obstetric emergencies- Management.7. Birth spacing
- #34 HIGH RISK CASES:-ELDERLY PRIMI (>30 YRS OF AGE) SHORT PRIMI(<140 Cms IN HEIGHT)ANTEPARTUM HEAMORRHAGEANAEMIATWINSECLAMPSIAPRE-ECLAMPSIAPREVIOUS INSTRUMENTAL DELIVERYELDERLY GRAND MULTIPERAPRVIOUS STILL BIRTH, INTRA-UTERINE DEATH OR MANNUAL REMOVAL OF PLACENTAPROLONGED PREGNANCY (>2WEEKS)DISEASES COMPLICATING PREGNANCY- HEART DISEASE, RENAL DISEASE, LIVER DISEASE TB… ETC….