Assignment7 chapter 6
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Malayata Berhad's shareholders' equity included ordinary shares of RM300,000, share premium of RM120,000, and retained earnings of RM125,000 for a total of RM545,000 as of December 31, 2011. During 2011 there were several transactions that affected equity accounts: the company purchased treasury shares, declared a share dividend, sold some treasury shares, declared and paid a cash dividend. The document asks to record journal entries for the transactions, identify important dividend dates and their meaning, and explain reasons for share dividends and the difference between participating and non-participating preferred shares.
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- Standards are benchmarks used to measure performance in managerial accounting. Quantity standards specify the input amounts, while price standards specify input costs.
- Direct material price and quantity variances are calculated to analyze differences between actual and standard costs. The price variance is the difference due to actual price paid, while the quantity variance is due to using more or less material than standard.
- An example calculates variances for a company that used 210kg of fiberfill costing $1,029 total to make 2,000 parkas. The $21 favorable price variance and $50 unfavorable quantity variance are determined.
Bab 2
This document provides an overview of budgeting and the budgeting process. It discusses why organizations create budgets, the basic framework of budgets including planning and control, and the advantages of budgeting such as defining goals and coordinating activities. The document also covers various types of budgets including operating budgets and continuous budgets. It discusses budgeting approaches like top-down versus bottom-up budgeting and incremental versus zero-based budgeting. Finally, it provides learning objectives about understanding basic budgeting terms and components of master budgets for different industries.
Bab 3
The document discusses flexible budgets and performance analysis. It provides examples to illustrate how to prepare flexible budgets that account for multiple activity levels, as well as calculate variances between flexible budgets and actual results. The key benefits of flexible budgets are that they allow for "apples-to-apples" comparisons of costs when actual activity differs from planned levels. Flexible budgets more accurately reveal whether variances are due to external factors like activity changes or controllable factors like poor cost management. The document outlines how to prepare flexible budgets, calculate variances, and analyze performance using these variance reports.
Bab 13
This document discusses segmentation and decentralization in organizations. It defines different types of responsibility centers such as cost centers, profit centers, and investment centers. It also discusses the benefits and disadvantages of decentralization. Additionally, it explains how to prepare segmented income statements using a contribution format by separating traceable fixed costs from common fixed costs. The document provides examples of how a company can segment its business by geographic regions or customer channels. It emphasizes that traceable costs of one segment can become common costs of another segment.
Bab 12
- Standards are benchmarks used to measure performance in managerial accounting. Quantity standards specify the input amounts, while price standards specify input costs.
- Direct material price and quantity variances are calculated to analyze differences between actual and standard costs. The price variance is the difference due to actual price paid, while the quantity variance is due to using more or less material than standard.
- An example calculates variances for a company that used 210kg of fiberfill costing $1,029 total to make 2,000 parkas. The $21 favorable price variance and $50 unfavorable quantity variance are determined.
Bab 11
This document outlines how to prepare flexible budgets that can be used to evaluate performance. It discusses the deficiencies of static budgets and how flexible budgets address them by adjusting for different activity levels. It provides an example of Larry's Lawn Service to demonstrate how to prepare a flexible budget with multiple cost drivers. Key steps include preparing flexible budgets, calculating activity variances between the static and flexible budgets, calculating revenue and spending variances between the flexible budget and actual results, and combining these variances into a single performance report. The document suggests flexible budgets can also be used for non-profits and cost centers.
Bab 10
This document provides an overview of budgeting concepts and processes. It discusses why organizations create budgets, the basic framework of budgets including planning and control, and the advantages of budgeting such as defining goals and allocating resources. It also covers budgeting terms and methods, including bottom-up versus top-down budgeting, incremental versus zero-based budgets, and the roles of management and budget committees. Finally, it discusses the key components of master budgets for different types of industries, including budgets for production, sales, materials, labor, and cash for manufacturing companies.
Bab 1 (p3)
This document discusses cost behavior analysis. It explains that costs can be variable, fixed, or mixed. Variable costs change proportionally with activity level, while fixed costs remain constant. Mixed costs have both fixed and variable components. The document provides examples like cell phone bills and utility costs to illustrate different types of costs. It also discusses using scattergraph plots to diagnose whether a cost is variable or fixed based on its behavior over different activity levels. The overall purpose is to understand how to classify and analyze costs to predict how they will change with activity.
Bab 1 (p2)
The document discusses managerial accounting concepts including the work of management (planning, controlling, directing and motivating), manufacturing costs (direct materials, direct labor, manufacturing overhead), and cost flows. It provides learning objectives on the differences between financial and managerial accounting, manufacturing cost categories, distinguishing product and period costs, and preparing income statements and schedules of manufacturing costs. Key points include defining direct materials, direct labor, manufacturing overhead, and period costs. Formulas are given for calculating cost of goods sold and manufacturing costs.
Bab 1 (p1)
This document contains slides from a McGraw-Hill textbook on managerial and cost accounting. It covers several topics:
- The definitions and roles of management accounting and cost accounting in helping companies make better decisions.
- Global trade trends from 1950-2009 showing increasing trade in manufactures and declines in fuels and agriculture.
- Regional shares of world exports in 2009 led by North America, Europe and Asia.
- The distribution of Fortune Global 500 companies by region from 2005-2010, with increases from China, India and Asia Pacific.
Equity part2
The document discusses issues related to share capital, including repurchases or buybacks of equity shares by a company. It explains two methods for accounting for share buybacks - the share retirement method and treasury share method. It also covers share dividends, share splits, share rights, and the statement of changes in equity. Several illustrations are provided to demonstrate journal entries for share buybacks and subsequent distributions of treasury shares under each method.
Equity part1
The document discusses various aspects of owners' equity, including:
- Owners' equity represents the investment made by owners in a business.
- Statements of owners' equity track the capital contributed and any profits/losses of a business over time.
- Different types of business organizations (sole proprietorships, partnerships, companies) have different structures for owners' equity and liability.
- Companies establish authorized, issued, and paid-up share capital through the issuance of ordinary and preference shares. Reserves are also part of owners' equity.
Current liabilities ppt
This document discusses current liabilities, provisions, and contingencies. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to describe various types of current liabilities, explain classification issues related to short-term debt expected to be refinanced, identify types of employee-related liabilities, explain accounting for provisions, and identify criteria for contingent liabilities and assets. It then defines key terms like liability, current liability, and contingencies. Specific types of current liabilities are explained, such as accounts payable, notes payable, current maturities of long-term debt, and unearned revenue. The accounting treatment and examples of these items are provided.
Chapter4
This document discusses the characteristics and accounting treatment of short term investments. Short term investments must be capable of prompt liquidation and there must be management intent to convert them to cash within one year. They include equity and debt securities carried at cost or at the lower of cost or market value. Gains or losses from sales and reclassifications are recognized in income. Disclosure in financial statements includes policies, income amounts, and market values of investments carried at cost.
Chapter3
The document discusses inventory valuation methods, including:
1) Perpetual and periodic inventory systems, with the perpetual system providing continuous inventory records and the periodic system using physical counts.
2) Cost flow assumptions like FIFO, average cost, and specific identification, which can impact ending inventory balances and cost of goods sold.
3) Effects of inventory errors, which may misstate the financial statements in a given year but offset in later years.
4) Items included in inventory costs, such as product costs directly connected to goods, and treatment of purchase discounts.
Chapter2 receivable edited2013
The document discusses accounts receivable and notes receivable. It defines receivables as amounts due from individuals and companies. It identifies the main types of receivables as accounts receivable, notes receivable, and other receivables. It then covers accounting issues related to recognition, valuation, and estimation of uncollectibles for accounts receivable. Finally, it discusses the processes of assigning or factoring accounts receivable, including examples of journal entries for assigning receivables as collateral for a loan.
Sqqs1013 ch5-a122
This document discusses discrete probability distributions, specifically the binomial and Poisson distributions. It provides information on calculating probabilities using the binomial and Poisson probability formulas and tables. It defines key characteristics of binomial experiments and conditions for applying the binomial and Poisson distributions. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating probabilities for each distribution, including finding the mean, variance and standard deviation for binomial distributions.
Sqqs1013 ch4-a112
The document provides information about discrete and continuous random variables:
- It defines discrete and continuous random variables and gives examples of each. A discrete random variable can take countable values while a continuous random variable can take any value in an interval.
- It discusses probability distributions for discrete random variables, including defining the probability distribution and giving examples of how to construct probability distributions from data in tables. It also covers concepts like mean, standard deviation, and cumulative distribution functions.
- Various examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate probabilities, means, standard deviations, and construct probability distributions and cumulative distribution functions from data about discrete random variables. Continuous random variables are also briefly introduced.
Sqqs1013 ch3-a112
The document provides an introduction to probability concepts including:
1) Definitions of probability, sample space, outcomes, events, and interpretations of probability including classical, empirical, and subjective.
2) Examples of sample spaces for experiments like coin tosses and dice rolls.
3) Explanations of tree diagrams, Venn diagrams, and the addition rules for determining probabilities of mutually exclusive and non-mutually exclusive events.
4) Descriptions of joint, marginal, and conditional probabilities and examples of calculating each from contingency tables.
Sqqs1013 ch2-a122
This document provides an introduction to descriptive statistics. It discusses organizing and presenting both qualitative and quantitative data. For qualitative data, it describes frequency distribution tables, relative frequencies, percentages, and graphs like bar charts and pie charts. For quantitative data, it covers stem-and-leaf displays, frequency distributions, class widths and midpoints, relative frequencies and percentages. It also discusses histograms for presenting grouped quantitative data. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts and techniques.
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Website: https://pecb.com/
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