Assignment On ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT -Submitted By Students Of 3 Rd Semester Master Of Planning

Assignment on: ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT
-submitted by:
Students of 3rd Semester Master of Planning
(with specialization in Environmental Planning)

PALLAVI C NATH, 3rd SEMESTER, Masters in Planning ( with specialization Environmental Planning)
ROLE OF MEDIA IN ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT

Media plays a large role in environmental protection especially in
promoting environmental awareness and education.
The basic responsibilities of the communication media may
include:
• Reporting and publishing the truth
• Conducting thorough probes into issues relating to violations
• Highlighting the failure of government officials
• Not succumb to the pressure tactics adopted by governmental
officials/ anti-social elements
The emergence of the Internet as a source of information, with its
vast reach and accessibility, has been an extremely important
development. The television and the print media play an
important role in creating environmental awareness. Further, the
radio has a significant impact due to its large audience in the rural
areas.
The Role of MEDIA in ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT

In 1998 the all India Radio hosted a 52- episode entertainment-
education radio serial It was titled: "Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum':' ("Where
Have We Arrived?") and aimed to tackle Environmental Issues.
The show was Produced by Mrs. Usha Bhasin with the assistance of the
central pollution Control Board.
It was Broad casted in 7 seven Hindi speaking States in Northern India-
India: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan, Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh and Delhi.
The show had a listenership of 1,00,000 people.
The programme addressed issues such as water, air and noise pollution,
deforestation, solid waste disposal, organic farming and other topics.
This series was built around the story of a rural background in which a
factory settles near a small village.
ALL IN RADIO- YEH KAHAN AA GAYE HUM

Why was" YehKahan Aa Gaye Hum" so effective in stimulating environmental
activism in Lutsaan (Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh)? Exposure to this radio serial was
higher in Lutsaan than elsewhere in North India.
• Inspired by the radio serial, members went on cycle tour to educate the
public to conserve fuel, thus saving the environment from pollution.
• They rode to the nearest railway junction where several rickshaws waited,
with their ignitions on. The Lutsaan "activists" explained to the drivers the
hazards of air pollution, encouraging them to switch off their ignitions.
• Members of the Lutsaan listeners' club also approached heavy smokers in the
village, informing them about its health hazards.
• Another suggestion that the Lutsaan residents gathered from the serial" Yeh
Kahaan Aa Gaye Hum" was to plant trees on festive occasions.
• Self help groups set up y the village leaders in association with the listeners’
club helped spur and sustain environmental action in Lutsaan.
Community effects of Radio in Lutsaan, Uttar Pradesh

TELEVISION
CNN IBN : Saving The Ganga: The holy
river in distress
The news channel CNN-IBN had focused
on a special initiative, Saving the Ganga.
It was a 45-day campaign in association
with Sankat Mojan Foundation
• The sacred river is dying despite
lumpsum money being spent on
saving it.
• Dams and pollution are killing the
Ganga in every state that it passes
through.
• Peoples initiatives to save this mighty
river from getting polluted anymore.
Example of an initiative to clean the Ganga:
Breeding of turtles in captivity and then
releasing them into the river. As the turtles
are meat eating animals, they play a vital
role in cleansing the river.

NDTV : Ma Ganga - Killing her softly
NDTV along with a team from The Energy
Research Institute travelled the length of the
Ganga to understand the crisis the mother river
is in and how bad the situation is.
Samples of the water have been at key places,
like Gangotri, Haridwar, Kanpur, Allahabad,
Varanasi, Patna and Kolkata to test for
pollutants and heavy metals.
The study was carried out for a period of 1 year
and is being telecasted on television in a series
of 5 documentaries.
Killing her- Killing her Softly but
Deliberately
TELEVISION

To commemorate the 67th year of India’s
independence, Animal Planet celebrates the
country’s e otic wildlife through its programme
Yeh Mera India”.
• It showcase the fascinating wildlife, rich
and varied landscapes and great natural
treasure troves of India.
• The episodes’ content include:
Odisha’s Wetlands documenting the
contribution of wetlands in maintaining the
ecological balance;
TELEVISION: YEH MERA INDIA
Nagarahole – Tales fro an Indian Jungle’ capturing the natural spectacle from one
monsoon season to the next and investigating the threats to India’s precious
ecological heritage;
Creatures of the Great Rains’ portraying the effect of monsoons on creatures great
and small – from elephants to frogs, tigers to monkeys, rhinos to leeches;
Shola – India’s Jungle of Rain’ showcasing the incredible variety
of wildlife present in the Western Ghats.

Will we have any safe and potable water left?
The episode mainly dealt with the dire water situation in the
county.
• Scarcity and the huge health problem that we are
exposed to due to the poor quality of water.
• Methods to deal with water scarcity- rain water
harvesting, creation of small reservoirs, cleaning up of
lakes.
TELEVISION: SATYAMEV JAYATE
Example: The introduction of Mandatory rain water harvesting
by the Chennai government under the supervision of IAS
officer Shanta Sheela Nair.
• Revision of Chennai Municipal Corporation Act in 2003: a
law was passed to install rain water harvesting systems
within a year.

TELEVISION: SATYAMEV JAYATE
Waste is Wealth
• Issue of garbage disposal and waste as
a resource.
• How people are making a difference
and introduced us to waste warriors.
• A huge amount of Municipality budget
is set aside for cleanliness in the country
but it's not properly used.
Grim realities
Garbage mounds everywhere, the
pollution of ground water and soil, and
the spread of diseases.
Success Waste Management
• Pune based organization SWACH has been lending a
helping hand to numerous waste pickers to become
more empowered.
• The Biogas experiment: One ton of garbage can be
made into gas equivalent to 2 lpg cylinders.
• Roads from plastic waste

PRINT MEDIA: DOWN TO EARTH
In May 1992, the Society for Environmental
Communications (sister organization of CSE) started
India’s only science and environment fortnightly,
Down To Earth (DTE).
• Informs readers about the environmental
threats facing India and the world - a dimension
underplayed in mainstream media.
• Gives a comprehensive view on the most critical
issues of human existence.
• The magazine is transparent in terms of the data
it publishes with sufficient scientific support.
The magazine not only addresses aspects of
environmental degradation, but also highlights
methods in which people/ institutions contribute
towards ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.

PRINT MEDIA: SANCTURAY ASIA
Sanctuary Asia, is a wildlife, conservation
and environment magazine.
• Started in 1981 to raise awareness
among Indians of their disappearing
natural heritage.
• Sanctuary Cub, a children's nature
magazine, started in 1984 reaches out to
children across India through schools and
nature clubs.
The magazine aims to communicate the
rationale for wildlife conservation and
environmental protection.

WALL·E : Waste Allocation Load Lifter
The film portrays the outcome of
environmentally destructive human activities.
MOVIES
RIO 2: Focuses on The Last Rainforest” ICE AGE: THE MELTDOWN- Climate Change
HAPPY FEET has a strong environmental
message the about the over-harvesting of
arctic fish for an’s consumption.
Animated movies have an intent to implement hidden messages, sometimes politically driven
and many focusing on environmental issues.

Green Movies - ENCHANTED LANDS AND FABLES
A Fable From The Himalayas - Perspectives On Climate Change
The film was shot in the remote ice desert region of Spiti Valley,
Himachal Pradesh, India (Bordering Tibet).
The UN Environment Program picked up this film for their Billion
Tree campaign.
• Spreads the message of how Global warming is impacting
fragile ecosystems.
• The Fable depicts the evilness that Climate Change causes-
the Change from Silver rivers to grey rock, and Green fields
to Red earth, smiles on faces to deep frowns.
One Small Seed
One Whole Tree
A Thousand Seeds
A Thousand Trees
A Million Trees
Savior from a large
Calamity
The Real Power to Save the people
from a Calamity is not in the Seed,
but in the idea that has been
planted in the heads of people .

References:
• Environmental Activism through 'Yeh KahanAa Gaye Hum,' an Entertainment-
Education Radio Soap Opera in India. – by Arvind Singhal, Saumya Pant, and Everett
M. Rogers (2000).
• http://www.thepaperlessproject.com/hidden-messages-how-media-teaches-
children-about-sustainability/
• http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/ndtv-special-ndtv-24x7/maa-ganga-killing-her-
softly-gangotri-to-rishikesh/335397
• http://www.satyamevjayate.in/
• ibnlive.in.com/features/saving-the-ganga.html
• http://www.downtoearth.org.in
• http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/
• www.discoverychannel.co.in/tv-shows/yehmeraindia
THANK YOU

JUDICIARY and NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL’S ROLE IN
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION and MANAGEMENT
Presented By: Narinderjit Kaur
3rd Semester, Batch 2013-2015 Master of Planning (Environmental Planning)
School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

PIL and WRIT petitions are the legal remedy and a tool for environmental jurisprudence under
Article 226 and 32
(i) Liberalization of the rules of standing;
(ii) Procedural flexibility;
(iii) Creative and activist interpretation of legal and fundamental rights .
(iv) Remedial flexibility and ongoing judicial participation and supervision.
Indian judiciary is first that has developed the concept of right to healthy environment as part of
Article 21
International conventions
which support judiciary
to take requisite action:
• UN Conference at
Stockholm 1972
• General assembly
resolution in 1972
• Earth summit
• Agenda 21
• Environmental Jurisprudence in India made a beginning when
Parliament enacted Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1974.
• Quantum leap with amendment of Constitution in 1976 and
incorporation of Article 48-A in the Directive Principles of State
Policy and Article 51- A (g) in the Fundamental Duties of every
citizen of India.
• These Articles unequivocally provide for protection and
improvement of the environment.
• Parliament enacted Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981 and Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
• With three enactments, a modest beginning was made by
Parliament.
• Unfortunately, soft laws were enacted at a time when strong
legislation was critical for environmental conservation.
• Writ of Habeaus Corpus,
• Writ of Mandamus,
• Writ of Quo-Warranto,
• Writ of Prohibition, and
• Writ of Certiorari.
Judiciary

Examples of the Sources of PIL:
• The creation of authorities for the regeneration of the Aravalli
Range Protection of the Doon Valley and the protection of
the coastal zones from prawn culture.
• Supreme Court Chief Justice Ranganath Mishra directed
Govt., to include environment at all levels of education. It’s
very positive and most important outcome of a PIL.
• In prawn culture matter, precautionary principle and
polluter must pay introduced in the Supreme Court's order.
• Some green minded Judges are Justice Krishna Iyer, Justice
Bhagwati, Justice Kuldip Singh and Justice Ranganath Mishra.
They are always in favor of environmental protection.
• Green benches have been created in some High Courts to
exclusively hear environmental cases.
• Advocate M.C. Mehta has earned international fame by
working for environmental protection. He is a lawyer of
Supreme Court. He has been awarded the prestigious
Magsaysay Award for Asia in 1997.
Judiciary
Doctrines Evolved By Courts:
• Precautionary principles
• Polluter pays principles
• Absolute liability principle
• Sustainable development
• Public trust doctrine
Types of judicial approach
Pro-Project: Judges tend to
emphasize the potential benefits of
a particular project or commercial
activity.
Judicial Restraint: Judges defer to
the determinations made by
executive agencies and experts
with regard to the environmental
feasibility of a project.
Judicial Review: Judges tend to
scrutinize the environmental impact
of particular activities. Services
rendered by expert committees,
amicus curiae and NGOs prove to
be a valuable asset.

Continuing Mandamus
• Monitor the implementation of orders by seeking
frequent reports from governmental agencies on
progress made in the same.
• Fact-finding commissions and expert
committees or amicus curiae which are constituted
to examine a particular environmental problem.
Absolute Liability
• Bhopal Gas Leak involved two disasters,
one being the huge loss of life and
secondly absence of clear legal
framework to bring relief.
• It was ruled that occupiers of premises
where hazardous activities were undertaken,
would be liable to third parties for damage
caused as a result of such activities,
irrespective of any fault being shown on their
part.
Precautionary Principle
• With respect of developmental activities
that may harm environment and local
communities.
• While policy-making in this regard has, also
evolved with the requirement of
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
before commencement of construction
activities, judicial oversight is still needed to
ensure that same is conducted transparently.
Polluter Pays Principle
• In environmental law, the PPP is enacted to make
the party producing pollution responsible for
paying for the damage done to the natural
environment.
Public Trust Doctrine:
• It is the principle that certain resources are
preserved for public use, and that government is
required to maintain them for the public's
reasonable use like water, air, forests etc.
First mentioned in the MC Mehta vs Kamalnath case:
“ State is the trustee under legal duty to protect
natural resources. These resources meant for
public use cannot be converted into private
ownership”.
Judiciary

The CNG controversy case; SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
• On July 28, 1998 Supreme Court of India ruled that all eight-year-old buses and pre-1990 three-
wheelers and taxis would have to be converted to compressed natural gas (CNG) by March 31,
2000. For the rest of the buses, three-wheelers and taxis, the deadline was fixed as March 31, 2001.
• This order, however, is getting to be the most difficult to implement. Resistance from diesel lobby and
lack of support from government nearly sabotaged the initiative.
• Instead of taking pride in the fact that one of the largest CNG programmers of the world has been
launched in Delhi, efforts are being made not to let it happen.
• Despite the opposition, Delhi today boasts of more than 2,200 CNG buses, 25,000 CNG three-
wheelers, 6,000 CNG taxis and 10,000 CNG cars.
• US Department of Energy issued the notification, entitled”
Natural Gas Buses: Separating Myth from Fact”, in April 2000.
•The release deals with every issue that is confusing Delhi’s
decision makers: cost, effect on global warming, safety, and
health effects of nano particles or ultra-fine particles from
CNG. “It becomes very difficult for people to understand the
benefits of an alternative fuel program if they are confronted with
misinformation or poor comparisons based on false
assumptions,” points out the notification.
• Similarly in Delhi, ever since the Supreme Court orders have
come into effect, there has been a spate of statements from
government officials, politicians, some experts and by the
media on CNG.

INDIAN COUNCIL FOR ENVIRO-LEGAL ACTION v. UNION OF INDIA
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS , POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE
• Petitioner, Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action
brought this action to stop and remedy pollution
caused by several chemical industrial plants in
Bichhri village, Udaipur District, Rajasthan.
• The Respondents operated heavy industry plants,
producing chemicals such as oleum, single super
phosphate, toxic H acid.
• Respondents operated these plants without permits
which caused serious pollution.
• Toxic waste water was untreated and left to be
absorbed into the earth causing aquifers and the
subterranean supply of water to be polluted.
• The soil became polluted and unfit for cultivation.
Several people in nearby villages are alleged to have
contracted diseases due to the pollution.
• From 1989-1992, Court issued orders to respondents,
directing them to, among other things, control and
store the sludge.
• These orders were largely ignored. In 1994, the
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
(NEERI) reported on pollution caused by respondents,
and in 1996, court held a final hearing on these
matters.
LEGAL FRAME WORK :
• Constitution of India, Articles 21, 32, 48A and 51A(g).
• Environment Protection Act, 1986
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution Act,
1974
COURT’S VERDICT:
• The respondents are strictly and absolutely
liable to compensate all those who are
affected by the accident.
• Court also endorsed polluter pays principle,
under which financial costs of preventing or
remedying damage lie with those who cause
pollution.
• Sections 3 and 5 of Environment (Protection)
Act 1986 empower the Central Government to
take necessary measures to protect the
environment.
• Respondents are "rogue industries", and
hence all their plants and factories in Bichhri
village are ordered to be closed.
• Villagers can institute suits in the appropriate
civil courts to claim damages from
respondents.

VELLORE CITIZENS WELFARE FORUM v. UNION OF INDIA ;SUPREME COURT INDIA
Constitutional Right,. Environment Protection Fund, Polluter Pays Principle,
• Petitioner, Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum, filed this action to stop tanneries in the State of
Tamil Nadu from discharging untreated effluent into agricultural fields, waterways, open
lands and waterways.
• Among other types of environmental pollution caused by these tanneries, it is estimated that
nearly 35,000 hectares of agricultural land in this tanneries belt has become either
partially or totally unfit for cultivation,
• 170 types of chemicals used in the chrome tanning processes have severely polluted local
drinking water.
• Court has passed other orders relating to this case, and has monitored this petition for almost
five years.
• Each tannery in the petition is subject to a Rupees 10,000 fine which will be put into an
"Environment Protection Fund "which will be used to restore the environment and to
compensate affected persons.
• Expert bodies will help frame a scheme to reverse environmental pollution.
• All tanneries must set up common effluent treatment plants, or individual pollution control
devices, and if they do not, the Superintendent of Police and the Collector/District Magistrate/
Deputy Commissioner in each of the respective districts is authorized to close the plants down.

VELLORE CITIZENS WELFARE FORUM v. UNION OF INDIA ;SUPREME COURT INDIA
Constitutional Right,. Environment Protection Fund, Polluter Pays Principle,
Legal Framework
• Constitution of India, Articles 21, 32, 47, 48A, 51A(g)
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
• Environment Protection Act 1986.
• Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.
• Madras District Municipalities Act (1920).
COURT’S VERDICT
• Supreme Court noted that although leather industry is a major foreign exchange earner for
India and provided employment, it does not mean that this industry has the right to destroy
the ecology, degrade the environment or create health hazards.
• Directed Central Government to take immediate action under the provisions of environment
protection act 1986 (to create an authority with powers to control pollution and protect the
environment)
• The authority shall implement precautionary principle and polluter pays principle, and identify;
1) Loss to ecology/ environment; and
2) Individuals/ families who have suffered because of pollution, and then determine
compensation to reverse environmental damage. Compensate those who have suffered from the
pollution. Collector/ District Magistrates shall collect and disburse the money.

Case Examples from News room
October 2014: HC: Government to decide on encroachment removal in
Rohini.
The court was told that 29 of the 94 parks in Rohini have been encroached
upon by various religious structures.
October 2014: SC: No end to mining in Aravalis, SC
to prosecute erring Haryana officials.
• Turning heat to derelict officials of Haryana
government Supreme Court said it would prosecute all
erring officials without waiting for any more reports
on illegal mining and stone crushing units in Aravalis
Hills.
• Supreme Court order of 2002 was yet to be
executed in completion, court ordered government to
furnish list of officials responsible for the execution
within 4 weeks.
• NGO Bandhua Mukti Morcha had revived its PIL
regarding the matter. Satellite imagery of 28 villages
had 287 Ha. of land under illegal stone crushing.

Case Examples from Court room
September 2014:
SC wants details on steps taken to protect wetlands
• Supreme Court has issued notice to Centre and concerned states over the protection of 36
priority wetlands.
•It has asked to submit within four weeks, details of steps taken to protect these wetlands. The order has
come following a petition filed by M. K. Balakrishnan regarding the demarcation of priority areas and
wetlands.
•The Court has also ordered the Centre to give information regarding the formation of Central Wetlands
Regulatory Authority under the 2010 Wetland Conservation Rules.
Jharkhand Government orders closure of 12 iron ore mines
•Following the Supreme Court orders, Jharkhand Government has directed the closure of 12 iron ore
mines in West Singhum District.
•Tata Steel, Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL) and Orissa Manganese and Minerals Private Ltd were
operating these 12 leased mines without renewing their mining licenses for the past few years.
•The closure has led to panic among major steel makers in the region along with loss of livelihood for
hundreds of tribal miners.
Many hurdles to the proposed Vizhinjam Port Project
•The Supreme Court refuses to stay National Green Tribunal’s application that has challenged
environmental clearance and Coastal Zone Regulation (CRZ) clearance of the proposed Vizhinjam Port
Project.
• Kerala Government has appealed to the court against the Tribunal's order.
• Against the Court's decision, Environment Ministry has given its justification regarding the
clearance of the project and has asked the former to dismiss NGT's order.

Under Threat
36 Priority
wetlands

National Green Tribunal (NGT)
• Taking into account large number of environmental cases pending in higher courts and
involvement of multidisciplinary issues and Hon’ble Supreme Court judgments MC Mehta v/s
UoI, Indian Council for Enviro-legal Action v/s UoI, AP PCB v/s MV Nayudu, Law Commission in its
186th Report titled “Proposal to Constitute Environmental Courts” emphasised the need for
Environmental Courts accordingly a Bill was introduced in Parliament in 2009 for establishing
such courts.
• National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 is a federal legislation enacted by Parliament of India,
under India's constitutional provision of Article 21, which assures the citizens of India right to a
healthy environment. NGT has been established on 18.10.2010.
• The tribunal is a specialized fast-track court to handle cases pertaining to environmental issues
and dispose them expeditiously.
• It also enforce legal right relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for
damages to environment, persons and property.
• Presently, it has a full time Chairperson and 7 Judicial Members and 10 Expert Members.
• It has Principal Bench in New Delhi and four Zonal Benches at Bhopal, Pune Chennai and
Kolkata.
• Several landmark judgements delivered in past resulted in visible impact on environment.
• Judgements have set a precedent to demonstrate the importance and need for change in the
environmental sector in India.
• Judgements are particularly focused on three principles of Environment legislation – Polluter
Pays, Precautionary Principle and Sustainable Development.
• In a significant decision Supreme Court on 9-8-2012 directed that all cases concerning
environment shall be transferred to the NGT from the various High Courts.

NGT and its various Benches
• nnmmm

NGT vis-a-vis NEAA (National Environment Appellate Authority)

Important Provisions of the NGT Act 2010
• S-14: All civil cases where substantial question of environment arises, to settle disputes in
implementing the Acts under Schedule-I.
• S-15: By order relief, compensation, restitution.
• S-16: Appellate jurisdiction.
• S-17: Liability to pay compensation or relief.
• S-19:
• NGT is not bound by Code of Civil Procedure 1908, but guided by Principles of Natural Justice,
• It is not bound by Indian Evidence Act, 1872, it is vested with same power as Civil Courts under the
Code of Civil Procedure 1908,
• All proceedings before NGT are deemed to be judicial within meaning of S-193, 219, 228 for the
purpose of S-196 of Indian Penal Code
• NGT is deemed civil court for the purpose of S-195 and Ch XXVI of Code of Criminal Procedure
1973
• S-25: An award/order/decision of NGT – as decree of civil court.
• S-26: Penalty for failure to comply;
• Individual up to 3 yrs imprisonment or fine up to 10 Crores or both, with additional fine of Rs
25000/day of violation.
• Company up to 25 Crores and 1 lakh/day of violation.
• S-33: NGT to have over-ridding effect on other regulations.
• S-22 Appeal to Supreme Court; Any person aggrieved because of the decision of the Tribunal u/s
100 of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908, may file an appeal before the Apex Court within 90 days.

National Green Tribunal
Established for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and
conservation of forests and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal right relating to
environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property and for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Why need of a Green Court
Direct violation of specific statutory environmental obligation by a person by which:
• Community at large other than individual or group of individuals are affected or likely to be affected
by the environmental consequences
• The gravity of damage to the environment or property is substantial
• The damage to the public health is largely measurable
Present Cases
• Environmental Impact Assessment
• Forests
• Municipal Solid Waste
• Industrial Pollution
• Sewage
• Ground Water abstraction and pollution
• Encroachments of water bodies

2011 2012 2013
Appeal
Applic
ation
Revie
w
Applic
ations
Total
of
2011
Appea
l
Applic
ations
THC
Appeal
TGC
Applica
tions
Revie
w
Applic
ations
Total
2012 Appeal
Applic
ations
THC
Appeal
THC
Applic
ations
Misc
Applic
ations
Revie
w
Applic
ations
Cases
from
Shimla
Total
2013
Grand
Total
Total
Pending
as on
30.09.13 3 1 4 13 44 3 10 2 72 30 149 11 41 310 2 40 583 659
Fresh Filing from
01.10.13 7 10 54 4 75 75
Total
Pending
as on
30.09.13 3 1 4 13 44 3 10 2 72 37 159 11 41 364 2 44 658 734
Disposal from 01.10.13 to 31.10.13
(Court 1) 1 10 1 106 118 118
Disposal from 01.10.13 to 31.10.13
(Court 2) 3 4 1 2 33 43 43
Pendenc
y as on
31.10.13 3 1 4 13 44 3 10 2 72 36 152 11 41 315 1 44 600 676
Total Cases till October 2013

EPM and Scientific Basis for Regulatory Standards
• Environmental quality criteria
• Techno-economic feasibility
• Socio-economic criteria
• Local importance of environment
• Existing use
• Special ecological importance (sensitive area)
• Dilution available
Environment is Holocoenotic in Nature

Atmosphere,
(Air Environment)
Hydrosphere,
(Water Environment)
Lithosphere
(Land Environment)
Biosphere
(Life Environment)
EPM and Components of Environment
FUNDAMENTAL
DUTY
FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHT

August 2013: DPCC asked to act against steel-
pickling units in the Wazirpur industrial area (2000
units), which have failed to comply with the standards
of environment protection laws.
• In its May 2014 order NGT directed closure of units
which were letting dangerous Sulphuric acid used to
remove impurities from steel, into drains and then
finally into rivers.
Case Examples from News room
September 2014: Top cop
gets green court notice over
sand mining.
NGT sends notices to Delhi
pollution watchdog and
irrigation department’s chief
engineer.
Despite the NGT’s clear
orders, sand mining is still
happening with active
support from the Delhi
Police plying of sand filled
trucks may damage bunds
and cause flooding.
The Posco Case is one of the most
important cases in NGT’s history.
The Order to suspend the establishment
of the 12 MTPA capacity steel plants in
Odisha came as a radical step in favour
of the local communities and forests.
While the case is still going on in the
court, it is worth mentioning that the
Tribunal has stood its ground to support
sustainable development and valued
local communities above economic
profit from the project.

Case Examples
March 2014: NGT stays new
tube wells, eucalyptus
plantation.
Punjab government to
maintain a status quo on
70000 new connections of
tube well and plantation of
eucalyptus owing to depleting
ground water situation in the
state.
October 2014: NGT restrains Centre, Orissa from granting new
mining leases in Keonjhar.
NGT directed in its interim order no fresh permission or extension
expansion of existing mines in Keonjhar district in the state due to
pollution of drinking water.
Petition was filed by Rahul Kumar Aggarwal alleging environmental
pollution.
Deaths of human and animals have been reported in the district due to
said pollution.
NGT demanded report from government whether companies operating
were adhering to environmental laws of the land.

The Goa foundation case was a landmark
case that established NGT’s jurisdiction in
all civil cases which involve a substantial
question of environment.
•The petition sought protection of the Western
Ghats and prayed for directions to the
respondents to exercise the powers conferred
upon them under the enactments stated in
Schedule I to the National Green Tribunal Act,
2010 (for short “the NGT Act”) for preservation
and protection of Western Ghats within the
framework, as enunciated by the Western
Ghats Ecology Expert Panel in its report dated
31st August, 2012.
•The Tribunal directed the MoEF to file its
reply on the report within 4 weeks.
NGT seeks Centre's clarification on fresh
survey of Western Ghats
•The National Green Tribunal has ordered the
Environment Ministry to respond on whether
the concerned States have been notified to carry
out a fresh survey on the identification of eco-
sensitive areas in the Western Ghats.
•The Tribunal has shown doubts on both the
Gadgil report as well as the Kasturirangan report
on the Western Ghats.
•It has also called the Ministry 'messy', as it has
been changing its stands on the issue every day.

The Sand Mining Order has been the
latest victory of NGT.
•The Tribunal put a ban on all forms of
Illegal River and Ocean bed sand
mining which were rampant across the
country due to the sand mafia's
influence over the sand market.
•The Tribunal, in a series of orders
banned the mining and called upon
state authorities to show cause why
‘illegal sand mining had been going
on without any environment
clearances’.
•While the case is still going on, there
has been severe backlash from
states against the ban calling it
‘judicial over reach’ and a reason for
increased black marketing of sand.
SC gets strict with illegal river sand miners
•The Supreme Court has ordered prosecution under
Indian Penal Code for those found mining sand from
river banks and beds without a valid license.
•The order was given following a conflicting judgment
passed by the High Courts regarding the Mines and
Minerals Development and Regulation (MMDR) Act.
•While referring to the UNEP Global Environment Alert
Service Report, the Court has shown serious concern
over the ecological damage done to rivers through sand
mining.

Dilemma
•Recent times saw the tribunal’s jurisdiction being challenged by not only
litigants but even the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF).
•In an affidavit submitted to the Supreme Court, MoEF stated that the tribunal has
“exceeded its brief” and caused it “embarrassment” in Parliament.
• The Supreme Court even threatened to stay the operation of the tribunal due to
this hostile approach of the ministry. The affidavit was later withdrawn.
•It is important to observe that there is a sensitive line between the orders
passed by the NGT and those of the Supreme Court. NGT has succeeded in
bridging the gap between a Tribunal and the Apex Court of the country.

References
http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/environmental-studies/what-is-the-role-of-judiciary-in-the-
environmental-protection.html
http://amoghavarsha.com/stories/western-ghats/
http://blog.scconline.com/post/2014/06/17/enactment-of-national-green-tribunal-act-would-not-bar-the-
constitution-of-appellate-authority-under-air-and-water-act.aspx
http://www.greentribunal.gov.in/Writereaddata/Downloads/NGT_Journal_Vol1.pdf
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Green-tribunal-exceeding-its-brief-Govt-to-
SC/articleshow/22527436.cms
http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/enablers/cel/national_green_tribunal/article_by_cel/
http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Green%20Tribunal/Final%20Version%20-
%20National%20Green%20Tribunal%20Bill.pdf
http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-national-green-tribunal-bill-2009-740/
http://www.socialwatch.org/sites/default/files/swindia/Gujarat-Social-Watch-Report-2014.pdf
http://www.cseindia.org/userfiles/myths_facts.pdf
http://envis.mse.ac.in/problems%20pdf/CNG%20CONTROVERSY.pdf
https://in.news.yahoo.com/sc-wants-experts-at-helm-of-ganga-op-080923688.html?vp=1
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/Why-is-the-Taj-Trapezium-Zone-and-why-is-it-called-
so/articleshow/3008537.cms
• National Green Tribunal Act 2010
• Report on Assessment of working of National Green Tribunal
• Legislative Brief National Green Tribunal Bill, 2009
• National Green Tribunal International Journal on Environment Volume 1 of 2014.
• The Role of Judiciary in Promoting Sustainable Development: Need of Specialized Environment Court in India
by Km. Saroj Gupta Research scholar, Nehru gram Bharati University, Allahabad published in 2011.
• The Role of Indian Judiciary in Protection of Environment in India- A Critical and Analytical Role by S.M.
Rajan & Kamal Adhikari, published in International Journal of Basic And Advanced Research,2013; 2(2); 48-53

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST (MoEF)
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM – INDIA
-(UNDPI)
Submitted By – MUNNU JOSE

CONTENTS
• HISTORY OF FORMATION OF MoEF
• INTRODUCTION
• OBJECTIVES
• OFFICES UNDER MoEF
• DIVISIONS OF MoEF
• RULES/ACTS THAT EMPOWER THE ACTIONS OF
MoEF.

1966–1977 and 1980–
1984
Indira Gandhi’s
prime- ministership
• Introduced environmental debates into the national political
agenda.
• The 4th Five Year Plan (1969–74 proclai ed har onious
development on the basis of a comprehensive appraisal of
environ ental issues.”
1976
added Article 48A to
the constitution.
• It states that The State shall endeavor to protect and i prove
the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the
country.
• The same decree gives the central government the power to
overrule state decisions in this matter.
1985
• These political and constitutional changes prepared the
groundwork for the creation of -
• Federal Department of Environment in 1980, turned into
• Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1985
HISTORY OF FORMATION OF MoEF

The Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) is the nodal agency in the
administrative structure of the Central Government for the planning,
promotion, co-ordination and implementation of India's environmental and
forestry policies and programs.
Nodal agency in the country for the United Nations Environment Program
(UNEP),
South Asia Co-operative Environment Program (SACEP),
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)
The organizational structure of MoEF, It has two wings
1.Environmental Wing
2.Forest and Wildlife Wing
INTRODUCTION

THE BROAD OBJECTIVES OF THE MINISTRY ARE:
• Conservation and survey of flora, fauna, forests and wildlife
• Prevention and control of pollution
• Afforestation and regeneration of degraded areas
• Protection of the environment and
• Ensuring the welfare of animals
These objectives are well supported by a set of legislative and regulatory
measures,
• National conservation strategy and policy statement on environment and
development, 1992.
• National forest policy ,1988.
• Policy statement for abatement of pollution, 1992.
• National Environment Policy, 2006.
-also guide the Ministry's work.

MAJOR DIVISIONS OF MoEF
1.CLIMATE CHANGE
Prepares National Action Plan on Climate Change.
National Consultation for State Action Plans on Climate Change.
Holds meetings and workshops.
Delhi is the first Indian state to launch Action Plan on Climate Change.
2.CONTROL OF POLLUTION
Programs of the Ministry related to prevention and control of pollution are
1.Environmental Statistics and Mapping
2.Development and Promotion of Cleaner Technologies
3.Adoption of Cleaner Technologies in Small Scale Industries
4.Waste Minimizing
5.Program for improvement of Quality of Automotive Fuels (Motor
Gasoline and Diesel) for reducing Vehicular Pollution
6.Environmental Epidemiological Studies
7.Development of Standards etc.

3.CONSERVATION AND SURVEY
-National Wetland Conservation Program.
-Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
-Biosphere Reserves.
-Botanical Gardens.
-Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.
-Biological Diversity Act etc.
4.DESERTIFICATION CELL.
-Prepares Desertification Atlas.
-The Sustainable Land and Ecosystem Management (SLEM) Program
- The objective of the SLEM is to promote sustainable land
management and use of biodiversity as well as maintain the capacity
of ecosystems to deliver goods and services while taking into account
climate change
5.FOREST PROTECTION DIVISION
-All Issues relating to forest protection.
-Illicit felling of trees, deforestation & encroachment on forests land.
-Pest & disease attack relating to forest protection
-Implementation of the Centrally Sponsored Intensification of Forest
Management Scheme during the 11th Five Year Plan.

6.WILDLIFE DIVISION
Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats
1.Support to Protected Areas (National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries,
Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves)
2.Protection of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas
3.Recovery programs for saving critically endangered species and habitats.
7.NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION DIRECTORATE
-Implementing the Centrally Sponsored Schemes of National River
Conservation Plan (NRCP)
-National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-syste s’(NPCA for
conservation of rivers, lakes and wetlands in the country.
8. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT DIVISION
-Environmental Appraisal Committees have been constituted for the
following sectors:
Mining Projects
Industrial Projects
Thermal Power Projects
River Valley, Multipurpose, Irrigation and H.E. Projects
Infrastructure Development and Miscellaneous Projects
Nuclear Power Projects

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1974 to
provide for the prevention and control of water pollution,
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1981 and
amended in 1987 to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air
pollution in India.
The Environment (Protection) Act was enacted in 1986 with the objective of
providing for the protection and improvement of the environment.
The Biological Diversity Act 2002, aims at the conservation of biological resources
and associated knowledge as well as facilitating access to them in a sustainable
manner.
The Forest Conservation Act 1980 was enacted to help conserve the country's
forests. It strictly restricts and regulates the de-reservation of forests or use of
forest land for non-forest purposes without the prior approval of Central Govt.
The Indian Forest Act, 1927 consolidates the law relating to forests, the transit of
forest-produce and the duty leviable on timber and other forest-produce.
RULES AND REGULATIONS

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION TO UNDP (INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO)
• OBJECTIVES
• FUNCTIONS OF UNDP IN INDIA
• ACTIONS WITH REGARD TO ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
• ACTIONS TAKEN TO ACHIEVE MGD’S

• The UNDP was founded on 1 January 1966 by merging the Expanded
Program of Technical Assistance or EPTA and the United Nations
Special Fund.
• The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) is the United
Nations' global development network.
• Headquartered in New York City.
• UNDP is funded entirely by voluntary contributions from member
nations.
• The organization has country offices in 177 countries, where it works
with local governments to meet development challenges.
• UNDP works internationally to help countries achieve the Millennium
Development Goals.
INTRODUCTION TO UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

UNDP
Poverty
reduction/
Democratic
Governance
Crisis
prevention
and
recovery
Energy
and
environment
Wo en’s
empowerment
and inclusion
Human
developme
nt
OBJECTIVES OF UNDP
FUNCTIONS OF UNDP
IN INDIA
• Helps in fulfilling
Govern ent’ s
objective of inclusive
growth.
• Helps India to achieve
the global Millennium
Development Goals
(MDGs).
• Helps to achieve
national objectives
articulated in
consecutive Five-Year
Plans.
• Helps to improve the
lives of the poorest
women and men, the
marginalized and the
disadvantaged in India.

ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
Key areas of interventions are :
• LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGIES TO ENHANCE ECONOMIC GROWTH.
• ACTIONS REGARDING CLIMATE CHANGE (mitigation and adaptation),
• SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (conserving
biodiversity and addressing land degradation) and
• INTEGRATED CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT (phasing out of ozone
depleting substances and reducing persistent organic pollutants).
1.LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGIES TO ENHANCE ECONOMIC GROWTH
• 40 percent of India’s households remain without electricity.
• UNDP works with key ministries to improve access to clean energy,
especially in rural and remote areas.
• Focuses on enhancing efficiency in energy intensive sectors like transport,
commercial and residential sectors.
• Government efforts to remove market barriers to enhance the use of
renewable energy technologies.

2.CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY
• UNDP assists the government in preparing and implementing Climate
Change Action Plans.
• In partnership with the Ministry of Environment and Forests, UNDP has
developed a common framework that serves as a guide to states preparing
climate change action plans.
3. PROTECTING INDIA’“ BIODIVERSITY
• India is one of the top ten species diverse countries in the world.
• UNDP’s assistance in two states- Madhya Pradesh and Orissa- has
expanded the scope of Protected Areas’ and linked conservation with
community development.
• UNDP assists in effective implementation of India’s Biological Diversity Act,
the guiding framework for biodiversity conservation in the country.
• Ecosystem-based micro enterprises developed under UNDP projects have
increased incomes of poor rural communities in India.

• Mainstreaming Coastal and Marine Biodiversity into Production Sectors in
Sindhudurg Coast in Maharashtra (Jan 2011-Dec 2016)
-In partnership with the MoEF, financed by the Global Environment Facility,
- generate awareness among local communities on biodiversity conservation
amidst the threat of unsustainable fishing practices, rising pollution from fishing
vessels and maritime traffic in the region.
• Conservation and “ustainable use of Gulf Of Mannar Biosphere Reserve’s Coastal
Biodiversity (2002-2013)
-in partnership with the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of
India demonstrates the possibilities of sustainable community-led conservation
of coastal areas, and integration of conservation activities in coastal zone management plans.
• Sustainable Urban Transport Program.
-The project, in partnership with the Ministry of Urban Development,
-Aims to reduce urban transport emissions causing environmental damage. The
project will also demonstrate sustainable urban transport models in 10 cities in the country.
• Biomass Energy for Rural India.
-In partnership with the Department of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj,
Government of Karnataka, aims at overcoming barriers in promoting the use of
renewable and bio-energy technologies by rural communities.
VARIOUS PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN BY UNDP

8
MDG’“
7th MDG
Ensure
Environmental
Sustainability
The Eleventh Five-Year
Plan (2007-12)
UNDP helps the
Government to fulfill
targets to achieve
MDG VII.
• Increase forest and tree cover by 5 %.
• Attain WHO standards of air quality in all major cities by 2011–12.
• Treat all urban waste water by 2011–12 to clean river waters.
• Clean drinking water to be available for all by 2009.
• Increase energy efficiency by 20 % by 2016–17.
• Ensure electricity connection to all villages and Below Poverty Line
households by 2009 and reliable power by the end of the Plan.
• Ensure all-weather road connections to all habitations with population of
1000 and above (500 and above in hilly and tribal areas) by 2009.
VARIOUS TARGETS OF 11th FIVE YEAR PLAN TO ACHIEVE 7th MDG -

“As we destroy the ecological and social community in our
countryside, we increase the threshold of violence and decrease
our capacity for compassion.”
- Vandana Shiva, 2005
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION
Jasprit Kaur
3rd Semester, Master of Planning with specialization in Environmental Planning
School of Planning and Architecture
New Delhi

Structure of the Presentation
•Introduction to Vandana Shiva
•Field of Work
•Important revelations made by her
•Why do we need to know about Environmental Activists like
her?

VANDANA SHIVA:
•World renowned environmental thinker and
activist
•Leader at the International Forum of
Globalization
•Winner of the Right Livelihood Award in
1993
•Director of Navdanya and the Research
Foundation for Science, Technology, and
Natural Resource Policy
•Author and Editor of various books : The
violence of the Green Revolution, India
divided etc.

FIELD OF WORK
Genetically Modified Crops
Water
Farming Practices
in India
Climate Change
Nuclear
Energy

Important issues raised and
addressed:
1. True connotation of
DEVELOPMENT
2. SEZs : sustainable answer to
India’s growth trajectory ?
3. Nuclear energy may not be the
answer to all our energy
problems
4. Interlinking of rivers
5. Climate change : Carbon
trading and Kyoto Protocol –
are they actual solutions ?
Why is it important for
ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNERS ?
That’s what we will be
expected to support
Question the growth
paradigm promoted
Observe long term effects
–broaden our horizon
Question the solutions
provided by the
DEVELOPED countries

SHE questions the connotation of Development in today’s
world:
• In biology, Development:
SELF-DIRECTED, SELF-REGULATED & SELF-
ORGANIZED evolution from within
•In today’s context, Development is an externally driven
process. It must be dependant on external resources, energy
& money.
Living Systems are thus transformed into Mechanical
systems – which also inhibits sustainable functioning.
“Only if we could adopt the natural definition of development”

SEZ- A land grabbing tool
Inspired from China, this is why Vandana Shiva thinks SEZs are “land grabbers”

CONSTRUCTION
OF REACTOR
• Each nuclear reactor emits 20 million tons of CO2 in its
construction
EXTRACTION
OF URANIUM
• Because most of the Uranium deposits are low grade,
almost 100,000 tons of rock have to be mined to produce
a ton of uranium
• A standard reactor needs 100 tons
PROCESSING
OF URANIUM
• Extraction and enrichment uses halogenated compounds
which are 10,000 times more potent GHGs than CO2
NUCLEAR ENERGY: Is it a sustainable solution?

WASTE
GENERATION
• Waste generated holds 95% of radioactivity
• 1000 MW nuclear power reactor produces 30 tons of
waste/year
INDIA’S
URANIUM
• Jaduguda mine (Jharkhand) impacts 30,000 people
living in 15 villages within a 15km radius
• After U extraction, 99% of the mined rock is left as
waste-consists of thorium-230, radium-226, radon-222
“CLEAN cannot be measured only in terms of CO2 emissions. It has to include all
ecological risks from cradle to grave. “
- VANDANA SHIVA
Inferences: Nuclear Power also needs to be used with equal
caution and sensitivity- owing to the fact that it’s
repercussions effect generations

INTERLINKING OF RIVERS
What ?
•One of the largest infrastructure project ever undertaken in the world
•To transfer water from the surplus river basins to ease the water
shortages in western and southern India while mitigating the impacts of
recurrent floods in Eastern India
•It will build 30 links and some 3000 storages to connect 37 Himalayan
and Peninsular rivers to form a gigantic South Asian water grid.
•The canals, planned to be 50 to 100 meters wide and more than 6 meters
deep, would facilitate navigation
Vandana Shiva’s response:
" The project is based on the false assumptions that water from surplus
rivers can be diverted to deficit rivers. The truth is there are no surplus or
deficit rivers. There are only living and dead rivers. Rivers live
where river basins have been ecologically
managed."

“You may link them today but once the rivers start
changing their course after a few decades then the entire
project would be in vain.
There would be loss of biodiversity, reduction in
downstream flows, damage to fisheries and wild life,
displacement of people, conflicts over water sharing and
pressure created on land by cubic tonnes of water that
might cause seismic tremors.
“A dam constructed at the Sharda-Yamuna link in Haryana
is going to create a load of 500 billion tonnes on the uphill
side making the surface tremor-prone due to this load.”
Its not only the river, but an entire ecoSYSTEM that
would get affected
It might be possible to engineer the relocation of a river,
but this will not address the ecological issues associated
with the river

Globalization V/S CO2 emissions – How adequate are the
current mechanisms that address Climate Change ?
COUNTRY National
CO2
emissions
Per capita
CO2
emissions
U.S.A 5.75 Billion
tons
22 tons
CHINA 6.2 Billion
tons
4.7 tons
Shiva .V, 2009
•In a global economy, setting
emission levels for each country is
inappropriate:
1. Not every citizen contributes to
pollution
2. Corporations, not nations are
appropriate for regulating
atmospheric pollution
•Emission trading schemes do not
exactly help reduce pollution – but
instead provide quotas for countries
to accommodate their pollution
levels and if they aren’t able to they
can always “buy” this right of theirs
from developing countries ( Annex II)

Therefore,
•Our focus shouldn’t be confined to Carbon trading, Nuclear
energy
•Instead promote the tax on the use of fossil fuels
•COMMERCE should work within the laws of Ecological
Sustainability and social justice
•Address the consumption
patterns:
its not only about managing
wastes but producing less waste as the first step

SO, WE DO NEED TO READ ABOUT HER/OTHER
ACTIVISTS..
BECAUSE……
•Simulate our thought process towards critical environmental
phenomena
•Help us question the manner in which these issues are
addressed
•Help us substantiate our work
•Help us rethink the way we design our policies
•Since they work at grass-root levels, help portray a more
realistic picture

REFERENCES
Shiva. V, 2008. ‘Soil Not Oil’. Women Unlimited, New Delhi
Shiva. V, 2005. ‘ India Divided’.
Shiva, Vandana (2003). River Linking: False Assumptions,
Flawed Recipes. New Delhi,Navdanya.
http://www.navdanya.org/articles/false_assumptions.htm
Shiva. V, 2010. ‘ The Great Indian Land Grab’. Navdanya. New
Delhi
www.navdanya.org
http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/25/seeds-of-doubt
www.vandanashiva.com

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
(C.S.R U.N & INDIAN PERSPECTIVE)
Tauseef EP/286
M.Planning in Environmental Planning 3rd Semester.
School Of Planning & Architecture Delhi.

MAIN CONCEPTS OF CSR
CSR (Carrol, 1979)
Firms have responsibilities to societies including economic, legal,
ethical and discretionary (or philanthropic).
Social Contract (Donaldson, 1982; Donaldson and Dunfee,
1999) – There is a tacit social contract between the firm and
society; the contract bestows certain rights in exchange for
certain responsibilities.
Stakeholder Theory (Freeman, 1984) – A stakeholder is “any group
or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of an
organisation’s purpose.” Argues that it is in the company’s strategic
interest to respect the interests of all its stakeholders.

• Concepts, key issues
• Key CSR drivers
• Implications for enterprise
• Implications for development
FRAME WORK OF PRESENTATION FOR U.N
(UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE FOR TRADE &
DEVELOPMENT UNCTAD)

MAIN CONCEPTS OF CSR
CSR = Political Economy
The rights and responsibilities assigned to private
industry.
CSR is generally understood as being the way
through which a company achieves a balance of
economic, environmental and social imperatives
(“Triple-Bottom-Line- Approach”), while at the
same time addressing the expectations of
shareholders and stakeholders.

KEY ISSUES IN CSR
 Economic conditions and Labor rights:
 responsible sourcing,
 stakeholder engagement
 child labor
 forced labor
 safety and health
 Environmental conditions
 environmental management
 eco-efficiency
 Social conditions
 job creation
 public revenues
 employee and community relations
 gender balance
 human rights & social equity

KEY DRIVERS OF CSR
Around the world
• NGO Activism
• Responsible investment
• Litigation
• Gov & IGO initiatives
Developing Countries
•NGO Activism
•Domestic consumers
• FDI
• Government & IGO

IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT
(ENTERPRISES)
 New social and product liability
patterns
 Development of Codes of
Conduct and CSR reporting
 Expanding sphere of influence
 Application of Code of Conduct to
value chain
 CSR management: value chain
management = compliance
management
The Extended Firm
Regional Plants / JV Partners
Suppliers / Distributors
CSR Drivers
Transnational Corporations

Implications for Enterprises:
CSR Management
How do companies address socio-environmental &
legal compliance issues?
• Policies - Code of Conduct
• Systems - Compliance Management
• Reporting - Accounting and Reporting

CSR Management:
Plan, Do, Check, Act method
Plan
• Consult stakeholders
• Establish code of conduct
• Set targets
Do
• Establish management
systems and personnel
• Promote code compliance
Check
• Measure progress
• Audit
• Report
Act
• Corrective action
• Reform of systems

SPHERE OF INFLUENCE
Who – is to be influenced?

SPHERE OF INFLUENCE
What – issues are to be influenced?
Environment

Sphere of Influence
How – are those issues to be influenced?

Compliance Management:
Management by certification
ISO 14000 by Region
Europe
Far East
N. America
Aust./ New
Zealand
S. America
Africa/ W.
Asia
• Introduced 1998
• By 2005: 763 factories,
47 countries
• Introduced 1995
• By 2002: 37,000 factories,
112 countries
SA 8000 by Region
Asia
Europe
N.
America
S.
America
Africa
Source : UNCTAD REPORT 2008

CSR Management:
CSR reporting becomes ‘mainstream’
% of Large Firms Issuing a CSR Report
64%
Source : UNCTAD REPORT 2008

CSR Management:
Emerging standards in CSR Reporting
Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)
A multi-stakeholder initiative
International Standards of
Accounting and Reporting (ISAR)
A project of UNCTAD

IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT
 CSR ‘cascade effect’ on members of the
global value chain
 labour conditions (e.g. OSH, right to
organise, wages)
 environmental controls
 transfer of new management
techniques
 Compensation for weak legal environment
in LDCs
 Impact on economic development &
national competitiveness???

IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT:
IS CSR GOOD FOR GROWTH?
David Henderson
“[CSR]’s adoption would reduce competition and economic
freedom, and undermine the market economy.”

Implications for Development:
Experiments in quantification
R2
= 0.6079
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
National Corporate Responsibility Index (2003 Score)
Labor
Cost
per
worker
in
manufacturing
($
per
year,
1990-1994)
Indonesia Costa Rica
Does an increase in CSR correspond with an
increase in labour costs?
Source: UNCTAD, 2008

Implications for Development:
Experiments in quantification
Relationship between CSR & GDP?
-4.0%
-2.0%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
National Corporate Responsibility Index (2003 Score)
Real
GDP
Growth
Avgerage
1991-2001
China
Turkey
New Zealand
Thailand
Russia
Ireland
Indonesia
Source:U. N report 2005
Source: UNCTAD, 2008

• Government is playing the role of facilitator for Public and
private sector enterprises to undertake CSR as an integrated
endeavor
• Few landmarks:
— Ex PM’s Ten Point Social Charter
— Voluntary Guidelines on CSR, 2009
From the year 2010-11, the Department of Public Enterprises,
India has substantially incentivised Sustainable Development &
CSR for Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs);
— National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and
Economic Responsibilities 2011 (NVGs: the revised,
elaborated version of 2009 CSR Guidelines )
— Planning Commission and Task Force on Business Regulation
Role of GOI in promoting CSR.

• Proposal by the Parliamentary Standing Committee on
Finance (August 2010)
– Every company having a net worth of € 70 million
or more, turnover of € 140 million or more, or a net
profit of € 0.7 million or more, during a year, shall
be required to spend every year at least 2% of the
company’s average net profit during the three
immediately preceding financial years, on CSR
activities of the company’s choosing
Role of GOI in promoting CSR contd…..

Principle 1: Ethics,
Transparency and
Accountability
Principle 2:
Providing Goods and
Services that are
Sustainable over
entire Life Cycle
Principle 3: Well-
being of Employees
Principle 4: Being
Responsive towards
Stakeholders,
especially the
disadvantaged
Principle 5:
Respecting and
Promoting Human
Rights
Principle 6:
Protecting and
Restoring the
Environment
Principle 7:
Responsible Policy
Advocacy that
enhances
Public Good
7 Principals of CSR in Indian Context.

NVG’S(NATIONAL VOLUNTARY
GUIDELINES): NEXT STEPS
 Advocacy and capacity building of multipliers (various
ministries/government agencies, financial sector,
business associations, consumers etc)
 Sector specific guidelines/guidance
 Disclosure Framework
 Audit/Assurance
25

DISCLOSURE FRAMEWORK : GUIDELINES
FOR DRAFTING
 Should be conforming to the NVGs
 Should suit the requirements of the
Companies Bill 2011
 Should be designed in the form of an
electronic form to be filed under MCA 21
 Should take into account the frameworks
already being used
26

DISCLOSURE FRAMEWORK: OBJECTIVES
 Help companies to understand the ethos of
NVG in context of implementation
 Help companies establish internal processes
as well as identify deficiencies
 Assist in providing aggregated data on
corporate social responsibility performance to
aid policy formulation/research
 Assist the stakeholders to review/assess CSR
performance
27

DISCLOSURE FRAMEWORK: BASIC STRUCTURE
 Section A: General Information about the
Company
 Section B: Financial Details of the Company
 Section C: Other Details
 Section D: Business Responsibility Information
 Section E: NVG Principle-wise performance
28

KEY DEVELOPMENTS
 Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
mandates top 100 companies by market
capitalization to submit Annual Business
Responsibility Reports based on the NVGs as part of
Annual Reports
 Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) draft on
Corporate Environmental Responsibility takes into
account the NVGs
 The Planning Commission of India includes NVGs as
the common framework for Business Responsibility
in its manufacturing Plan for the next Plan Period
 GRI to draw complementariness between the NVGs
and GRI Reporting Framework
29

CSR INITIATIVE BY OIL INDIA LIMITED.
 Vision Statement
“OIL is a Responsible Corporate Citizen deeply committed to socio-economic
development in its areas of operations
 Summary of Various CSR initiatives
Social Survey: OIL conducted a social survey through Dibrugarh University in
the year 1983 (in its operational areas in the North-East) to evolve a CSR
Strategy. Based on the recommendation of the survey, the Company
introduced a scheme entitled Social Welfare Programme (SWP) in 1984 and
later on another scheme called Areas Development Scheme (ADS) in 1996.
The SWP policy places OIL’s commitment of protecting the environment,
upliftment of education, Health and socio-economic Development a topmost
priority.
 Health: OIL’s Mobile Dispensary services: The mobile hospital services of
OIL have always been one of the most significant community welfare
projects of the Company. Today, the team of doctors and paramedical staff
of OIL hospital cater to the basic medical needs of the villages in and
around OIL’s operational areas.

CSR OIL INDIA CONTD….
Mobile Hospital facility Rupantar SWP by OIL.
Handicraft training
and production centre
for women skill
development &
employment.

Save Our Tigers
 Aircel’s tag line to bring alive the cause, ‘Just 1411 left, Save Our Tigers’, hit a chord
in the hearts and minds of millions of Indians and evolved into a brand unto itself.
People began to rally for the cause and started lending their voices towards it.
AIRCEL “SAVE TIGER” CSR INITIATIVE

AIRCEL “SAVE TIGER” CSR INITIATIVE
 Projects with WWF- India: Aircel began active on ground support work in 2008 with
WWF- India. Post a project- donor match, we conceptualized and put to practice two
projects, detailed below:
 Support Initiative Fund - In this project, we worked across all the tiger reserves in the
country, extending infrastructure and capacity support on a need basis.
 Conservation of Tigers in Assam: The state of Assam has one of the highest
densities of Tiger populations in the country, but also has very high human- animal
conflict. Aircel concentrated on capacity building here, carrying out extensive work on
training of forest guards in anti-poaching measures, infrastructure build up within
the tiger reserves and in securing corridors.
 Conflict mitigation in Sunderbans: The Sunderbans is known for one of the
healthiest Tiger populations, but in the recent years has had an increase in incidents
of Human- Animal conflicts due to Habitat destruction along with increase in
population. In an attempt to negate this, Aircel along with WWF-India worked in a
conflict mitigation project in the Sunderbans. They put into use several solar lamps
and a unique technologically advanced trapping cage to capture Tigers that stray
into human habitation and thereby prevent harm to them.

CSR INDIAN CONTEXT A BRIEF
 National Foundation for Corporate Social Responsibility (NFCSR)
 IICA-GIZ partnership focused on adoption and capacity development of
multipliers for NVGs
 Building synergies among diverse stakeholders and instruments to
mainstream responsible business practices through an integrated approach
 The CSR agenda has five elements:
 Create a new narrative for corporate philanthropy as an investment in
society
 Develop an inclusive “operating system” for philanthropic investment
 Professionalize the field
 Improve collaboration, communication, and knowledge sharing
 Mobilize “field level” leadership behind this agenda

United Nations conference on Human
settlement,1972(Stockholm conference) To discuss status
of Human
environment
&Human
interactions
with
environment.
UNEP: United nations environment
program
To examine the
world’s growing
environmental and
development
problems with a
view to making
recommendations
to national govt.
and international
bodies.

UNEP work encompasses:
•Assessing global, regional
and national environmental
conditions and trends
•Developing international
and national environmental
instruments
•Strengthening institutions
for the wise management of
the environment
Issues regarding
the atmosphere,
marine and
terrestrial ecosystems,
environmental governance
and
 green economy
UNEP, established in 1972,
•is the voice for the environment
within the United Nations system.
• UNEP acts as a catalyst, advocate,
educator and facilitator to promote
the wise use and sustainable
development of the global
environment.
Developing
• international environmental conventions ,
•promoting environmental science and
information
•way those can be implemented of policy
with national governments, regional
institutions in conjunction with
environmental non-governmental
organizations (NGOs)
UNEP has also been active in funding and
implementing environment related
development projects

UNEP has aided in the
formulation of guidelines and
treaties on issues such as
•the international trade in
potentially harmful chemicals,
•trans boundary air pollution,
•And contamination of
international waterways.
•The World Meteorological
Organization and UNEP
established
the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) in
1988
UNEP is also one of several
Implementing Agencies
•for the Global Environment
Facility (GEF)
and
• the Multilateral Fund for the
Implementation of the Montreal
Protocol,
•and it is also a member of the United
Nations Development Group
UNEP's main activities are related to
climate change;
including the Territorial Approach to
Climate Change(TACC);
•disasters and conflicts;
•ecosystem management;
•environmental governance;
•environment under review;
•harmful substances; and
•resource efficiency.

Notable world projects
sponsored the development of
solar loan programs
The most famous example is
the solar loan program sponsored
by UNEP helping 100,000 people
finance solar power systems
in India.
UNEP sponsors the Marshlands
project in the Middle East that
helps to protect the largest
marshland in the Middle East
Glaciers shrinking
Glaciers are shrinking at record
rates and many could disappear
within decades, the U.N.
Environment Programme said on
March 16, 2008.

oceans and coasts
Currently, much of its work focuses on the
conservation of three biomes that contain
most of the world's biodiversity
Forests
freshwater ecosystems.
it is also concerned with endangered
species, pollution and climate change.
The World Wide Fund for
Nature (WWF)
Issues:
conservation, research and
restoration of the
environment,
non-governmental organization
founded on April 26 1961,
formerly named the World
Wildlife Fund,
It is the world's largest independent
conservation organization with over
•5 million supporters worldwide,
•working in more than 100 countries,
•supporting around 1,300
conservation and environmental
projects.
The group's mission is
"to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural
environment and to build a future in which
humans live in harmony with nature."

History
The idea for a fund on behalf of
endangered animals was initially
proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir
Julian Huxley in response to articles
he published in the British
newspaper The Observer.
an initial focus on the protection
of endangered species
its operations expanded into
other areas such as the
preservation of biological
diversity, sustainable use
of natural resources, the
reduction of pollution,
and climate change.
In 1986, the organization
changed its name to World Wide
Fund for Nature, to better reflect
the scope of its activities,
In the 1990s, WWF revised its
ission to: Stop the
degradation of the planet’s
natural environment and to build
a future in which humans live in
harmony with nature, by:
• conserving the world's
biological diversity
• ensuring that the use of
renewable natural resources is
sustainable
• pro oting the reduction of
pollution and wasteful
consumption.

The Critical Regions Approach
Priority species
Reducing India’s Glo al Footprint
The overall objectives under which these activties are undertaken are:
•Tiger populations in priority landscapes are conserved for posterity
•Elephant populations and their habtiats are secured in Terai Arc Landscape, North
Bank Landscape, Kaziranga Karbi Anglong Landscape and Western Ghats Nilgiris
Landscape
•Distribution of rhinos in North Bank Landscape, Kaziranga Karbi Anglong Landscape
and Terai Arc Landscape is expanded to ensure long term survival
•Conserve populations and habitats of red panda, snow leopard and Nilgiri tahr
•Innovative and scalable models of community based conservation, sustainable
livelihoods, and institutional partnerships are established in all landscapes
•Landscape and forest conservation priorities are integrated into state development
plans and policy advocacy undertaken for forest, species and habitat conservation
WWF-India

Priority species
Reducing Footprint
•Climate Change and
Energy
•Rivers for Life, Life for
Rivers
•Sustainable Business
•Sustainable Fisheries
•Sustainable Forestry
•Sustainable Agriculture

International Union for Conservation of Nature
•International organization
•Dedicated to finding "pragmatic solutions to our most pressing
environ ent and develop ent challenges.”
•The Union's headquarters are located in Gland ,Switzerland ,
near Geneva.
"a just world that values and
conserves nature"
IUCN is the world's oldest and largest
global environmental network—a
democratic membership union with
more than 1,000 government and NGO
member organizations, and almost
11,000 volunteer scientists in more than
160 countries.
Its mission is to
"influence, encourage and assist
societies throughout the world to
conserve nature and to ensure that
any use of natural resources is
equitable and ecologically
sustainable"
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,
which assesses the conservation status of
species

Sir Julian
Huxley
• IUCN began when the first Director General
of UNESCO, Sir Julian Huxley, sponsored a
congress to establish a new environmental
institution to help serve this purpose
first
congress
(held
at Fontain
ebleau, Fra
nce), on 5
October
1948.
• At that first congress (held at Fontainebleau, France),
on 5 October 1948, 18 governments, 7 international
organizations, and 107 national nature conservation
organizations all agreed to form the institution and
signed a "constitutive act" creating an International
Union for the Protection of Nature
to better
preserve
their flora
and fauna
• to explore and promote mutually beneficial
conservation arrangements that suit those
promoting development as well as assisting people
and nations to better preserve their flora and fauna.

How to safeguard protected
areas and threatened species?
Working with rather than
against local people became a
major working principle for
IUCN
When approached in 1978 by
primatologist Richard Wrangham to contribute
funds to the new Digit Fund to prevent
further poaching of mountain
gorillas near Dian Fossey's Karisoke Research
Station in Rwanda, the International Union for
Conservation of Nature declined to provide
funds to the cause.
Instead, IUCN supported opening the Virunga
Volcanoes to tourism as a way to encourage
the Rwandan government to preserve the
gorillas.

The percentage of species in several groups which are listed as critically
endangered, endangered, or vulnerable on the 2007 IUCN Red List
The IUCN Red List is set upon precise criteria to evaluate the extinction risk
of thousands of species and subspecies.
The aim is to convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and
policy makers, as well as help the international community to try to reduce
species extinction.

Extinct (EX) – No known individuals remaining.
Extinct in the wild (EW) – Known only to survive in captivity, or as a
naturalized population outside its historic range.
Critically endangered (CR) – Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
Endangered(EN) – High risk of extinction in the wild.
Vulnerable (VU) – High risk of endangerment in the wild.
Near threatened (NT) – Likely to become endangered in the near future.
Least concern(LC) – Lowest risk. Does not qualify for a more at risk category.
Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.
Data deficient(DD) – Not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of
extinction.
Not evaluated (NE) – Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria

Some key dates in the growth and development of this organization include:[
1956: Name very soon changed from International Union for the Preservation of
Nature (IUPN) to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources (IUCN)
1956: IUCN creates the IYF= "International Youth Federation for the Study and
Conservation of Nature", which creates in 1983 YEE=Youth Environment Europe.
1959: UNESCO decides to create an international list of Nature Parks and equivalent
reserves, and the United Nations Secretary General asks the IUCN to prepare this list.
1961: After more than a decade of funding difficulties, eminent science and business
personalities (including Sir Julian Huxley) decide to set up a complementary fund
(the World Wildlife Fund) to focus on fund raising, public relations, and increasing
public support for nature conservation.
1969: IUCN obtains a grant from the Ford Foundation which enables it to boost,
substantially, its international secretariat.
1972: UNESCO adopts the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and
Natural Heritage and the IUCN is invited to provide technical evaluations and
monitoring

1974: IUCN is involved in obtaining the agreement of its members to sign a
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES), whose secretariat was originally lodged with the IUCN
1975: The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention)
comes into force, and its secretariat is administered from the IUCN's headquarters
1980: IUCN (together with the United Nations Environment Programme and the World
Wide Fund for Nature) collaborate with UNESCO to publish a World Conservation
Strategy
1982: Following IUCN preparation and efforts, the United Nations General
Assembly adopts the World Charter for Nature
1990: Began using the name World Conservation Union as the official name, while
continuing using IUCN as its abbreviation. This name change proved to be short-lived.
1993: IUCN (together with United Nations Environment Programme and the World
Wide Fund for Nature) publishes Caring for the Earth
2001: Establishment of the IUCN Business and Biodiversity Programme
2008: Stopped using World Conservation Union as its official name and reverted its
name back to International Union for Conservation of Nature
2008: More than 6,600 leaders from government, the public sector, non-governmental
organizations, business, UN agencies and social organizations attended IUCN World
Conservation Congress in Barcelona, Spain.

Role of Educationist in
Environmental Protection
and Management
Aastha Aggarwal
EP/289

An educationist is a person who is versed in theories or who advocates and
promotes education.
There are many educationist who had played vital role in management and
protection of environment by
Organising research institutes and writing artticles.
Like Anil Aggarwal (CSE), Ms. Rashneh N.
Pardiwala and Mrs. Kitayun Rustom (CERE)
By serving academic institutions of environmental
science. Like R.K. Pachauri (TERI)
By playing the role as an activist and
safeguarding the environment . Like Madhav
Gadgill, Vandana Shiva etc.

ORGANISING RESEARCH AND TRAINING
PROGRAMMES
Anil Agarwal (Founder of Centre of Science and
Environment)
1980
• Founded the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) in New Delhi.
• The CSE highlighted environmental risks by journal, Down to Earth
1982
• His reports on The State of India’s Environment, portray the environment
as a political problem partly reflecting international and class-based
divisions of power and wealth.
• Studied Mechanical Engineering from IIT Kanpur
1973
• Became a science correspondent at the Hindustan Times.
1974
• He wrote about the Chipko movement and won the first A.H. Boerma Award given
by the United Nations’ Food and Agricultural Organisation in Rome

• Under a campaign entitled ‘Making Water Everyone’s Business’, the CSE
supported experiments in water harvesting and land management in
Sukhomajri in Haryana, Ralegan Siddhi in Maharashtra and the Tarun
Bharat Sangh in Rajasthan.
• He argued that creating knowledge about environmental problems should
not be left to experts in developed countries.
• Criticized the tendency for some analysts to assume that anthropogenic
climate change should be addressed by controlling deforestation in
developing countries.
• Worked on this theme during the approach to the 1992 Rio Earth
Summit and facilitated the signing of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change, and Convention on Biological Diversity.
The writings of Anil Agarwal has created awareness among the people about the
environmental issues. His writings enlightened people about the social issues as
one of the factor for environmental problems. Today CSE is an organization which
is playing an important role in environmental protection and management.

Ms. Rashneh N. Pardiwala (Established The Centre for
Environmental Research & Education ,CERE)
• An Ecologist from the University of Edinburgh
• Specialized in the field of Climate Change
2002
• Founder & Director of the Centre for Environmental Research and
Education (CERE), a Mumbai-based non-profit organization
• Works to promote environmental sustainability through formal
education, corporate partnerships, public awareness campaigns and legal
advocacy.
2005
• One of the youngest ‘Social Entrepreneur for Change’ and was awarded
the Ashoka Fellowship
2009
• Dr. Pardiwala was selected as one of Asia’s 21 Young Leaders and
conferred the Asia Society Fellowship

CERE team members worked in the field of education for many years for a varied
audience be it governmental, corporate or educational organisations.
CERE conduct Teacher Training programs on the following topics
Environmental Education in Action
This would cover the Why (Purpose), What (Content) and How (Method) of
Environmental Education
Green Sustainable Schools
It focus on how a school can become sustainable in all aspects of its working.
Climate Change Education
This would explain the topic of Climate Change together with the mitigation
strategies and how these could be implemented in schools.
Art and Craft with Waste
An excellent program that would lead schools to working at resource conservation
and help schools use waste for all their art and craft work and for projects and for
bulletin board displays.
Duration of these courses would be for 1 day to 3 days. CERE would need at least a
month’s notice before conducting the course.

PROMOTING INSTITUTIONS PROVIDING DEGREE
COURSES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
R.K. Pachauri (Director of TERI and Chancellor of TERI
University)
1958
• Mechanical engineering from Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and
Electrical Engineering, Bihar
1972
• MS in Industrial Engineering from North Carolina State University in
Raleigh, USA
1974
• PhD with co-majors in Industrial Engineering and Economics
1974-
81
• Served as professor in international to national educational institutes.
1982
• Joined The Energy and Resources Institute(TERI) as Director
2002
• Elected Chairman of the United Nations established Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change

2002
• Convinces that the world must be really ambitious and very determined at
moving toward a 350 target.
2007
• IPCC shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with former US Vice-President Al
Gore.
2005
• Conceptualized and launched Lighting a Billion Lives Initiative.
2009-
12
• Has held numerous academic positions and was the Founding Director of
the Yale (University) Climate and Energy Institute (YCEI)
R.K. Pachauri has played an important role by serving national and international
academic institutions at different positions. He is known for his contribution
towards the climate change research. With TERI, many environmental and social
issues have been solved. TERI university providing environmental courses to
different disciplines will enable in provision of skilled professionals in the field of
sustainable development.
1998
• Chancellor of TERI University is the first of its kind in India to dedicate itself
to the study of environment, energy and natural sciences for sustainable
development.

PLAYING ROLE AS AN ACTIVIST AND SAFEGUARDING
THE ENVIRONMENT
Vandana Shiva (Indian environmental activist and anti-
globalization author)
1977
• Pursued an M.A. in the philosophy of science at the University of
Guelph (Ontario, Canada)
1978
• She completed and received her PhD in the philosophy of science at
the University of Western Ontario.
• interdisciplinary research in science, technology, and environmental
policy at the Indian Institute of Science and the Indian Institute of
Management in Bangalore.
1984
• Her work on agriculture started in 1984 after the violence in Punjab and the
gas leak in Bhopal from Union Carbide's pesticide manufacturing plant
• promote biodiversity in agriculture to increase productivity, nutrition,
farmer's incomes and climate resilience.
1987
• Founded the Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology

1990
• Founded as a board member of theWomen's Environment & Development
Organization (WEDO)
• Vandana Shiva plays a major role in the global Ecofeminist movement.
1991
• Creation of Navdanya, a national movement to protect the diversity and
integrity of living resources, especially native seed, the promotion of
organic farming and fair trade
• Resulted in conservation of more than 2000 rice varieties from all over the
country and have established 111 seed banks in 17 states across the
country
Vandana Shiva , being an activist played an important role in field of sustainable
farming. With the movement of Navdanya, It is enable to acknowledge the farmers
about seed sovereignty, food sovereignty and sustainable agriculture. Played an
important role in upliftment of Women farmers and receiver “Right Livelihood Award’
in 1993. Vandana Shiva has spent much of her life in the defence and celebration of
biodiversity and indigenous knowledge and thus helps in provision of sustainable
environment.

The educationist have used their knowledge and experience
in environment protection. By playing roles in different
characters, they acknowledge the people and enlightened
the world about different environmental issues. Through
different tools and techniques, they are helping in
Environmental Protection and Management.

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND
MANAGEMENT BY FUNDING AGENCIES (ADB)
PRASANNA KUMAR .DUNNA
EP/290

OVERVIEW
India has been a founding member of ADB since its establishment in
1966. During 1986 the initial stages of India's economic reforms ADB
commenced operations in the country and became a partner in its
development efforts India's economic reforms . ADB's first set of
operations were designed to match the early priorities of the reform
agenda, assisting with the infrastructure and foreign exchange
requirements.
While continuing to support India’s endeavors to reduce poverty through
infrastructure-led growth, ADB’s India program has developed and
matured over the years in terms of its sector, geographic, and thematic
coverage, in line with the government's evolving priorities and increasing
focus on inclusive and sustainable growth. Besides continuing its
support for core infrastructure sectors, such as energy, transport, and
urban services, ADB is now engaged in innovations in infrastructure
finance and improving water resources management, agribusiness
infrastructure development, and skills development.

 During 1986-2000, ADB confined much of its
assistance to core infrastructure sectors
such as energy, transport, private sector
investment facilitation, housing finance
and capital market development.
 Towards the end of this period, ADB began to
broaden the focus of its finance sector
operations by helping fiscally stressed
states in the area of fiscal reform.
 From 2007, ADB began to experiment with
projects promoting integrated water
resource management, agribusiness
infrastructure, and financial inclusion.
Recognizing the employment generation
potential of rural cooperatives and Khadi
and Village Industries.

STRATEGY
The country partnership strategy (CPS), 2013-2017, for India supports its
12th Five Year Plan to create jobs for youth, enhances on-going
investment reforms, and improves infrastructure in critical areas, such
as energy, transport, urban services and water.
The strategy combines physical investments with knowledge products to
target emerging issues such as urbanization, water scarcity, climate
change, emission controls, internet connectivity, vocational training,
and the development of capital markets.
Thematic approach
ADB assistance strives to support cross cutting thematic goals. Key ones
include achieving growth that is inclusive and
 environmentally sustainable;
 promoting private sector development and PPP;
 encouraging gender equity;
 building capacity, especially among executing agencies operating in the
infrastructure domain; and
 supporting regional cooperation.
(technical, financial, and policy/institutional of infrastructure development in
the transport, energy, urban, and agriculture and natural resources sectors. )

Environmental sustainability
ADB operations have been supporting environmental sustainability through its
operations across various sectors which include:
 Expansion of clean and renewable energy development (including solar,
hydro, wind, and development and diffusion of new technologies for low
carbon development).
 Enhancing energy efficiency (including demand side management
through feeder separation, reduction of transmission and distribution
losses, smart grids and end-use efficiencies, and efficient pumps)
 Supporting development of environmental and climate change policy
and regulatory frameworks and strengthening compliance and enforcement
of environmental laws and regulations.
 Supporting integrated water resources management to improve water
productivity and irrigation efficiency and sector resilience to climate
change, including irrigation development.
 Promoting coastal zone, river and watershed management and flood
risk management.
 Promoting the expansion of railways and sustainable urban mass transit
systems.
 Investing in modern sanitation, solid waste, and wastewater
management.

TRANSPORT
The transport sector comprises a
diverse network of roads, railways,
inland waterways, ports, coastal
shipping and airways.
A well-developed transport network not
only bridges the rural-urban divide but
also improves access to health and
education services and new
employment opportunities.
key strategies:
 Supporting the development of sustainable
urban transport options for the growing urban
population.
 Development of pedestrian-related
infrastructure and infrastructure for improving
safety associated with passenger transport.
 ADB will help set up a mechanism for
measuring and monitoring carbon emission
reductions, in order to claim carbon credits
under the UNFCCC Clean Development
Mechanism scheme.

ENERGY
The challenges for the sector
 Generation capacity and fuel availability
 Tariff management
 Distribution subsector
 Renewable energy generation
 Rural electrification
 Energy efficiency
key strategies:
 In its efforts to encourage renewable energy
generation and support private sector energy
projects, ADB has supported several wind power
projects in the states of Gujarat and Karnataka.
 ADB will explore development of renewable
energy using innovative and new technologies,
and knowledge products.

URBAN
The process of urbanization underway
in India represents a historical
opportunity for achieving high, inclusive
and sustainable growth. Realizing the
promise of urbanization, however,
requires meeting several challenges.
 Investments and fund availability
 Institutional frameworks and
governance structures
 Urban planning
ADB’s initiatives in urban public
transport will help in mitigation of
greenhouse gas emissions in these
cities, thereby contributing towards
addressing climate change
concerns.

AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
During the 11th plan period (2007 -12), and
agricultural production grew twice as fast as the
population, India is still at a juncture where further
reforms are required to achieve greater efficiency
and productivity in agriculture.
 Water use efficiency
 Maintenance of irrigation systems
 Major and medium irrigation projects
 Irrigation potential created and utilized
 River basin planning and management
 Post-harvest infrastructure for high value
agriculture
ADB realises the vulnerability of the agriculture sector to climate change
including projected changes in temperature and rainfall, increased
frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as flood and
drought, a rise in sea level, and intensification of storm surges. It, hence,
plans to design its future agriculture investment projects keeping in mind
the consequences of climate change.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
India has to provide good quality of
education to its youth and ensure that
its workers have the skills needed in a
rapidly modernizing economy.
 Enrolment in secondary schooling
 Focus on vocationalization

REGIONAL COOPERATION AND INTEGRATION
South Asia accounts for one-fourth of the worlds population while
contributing only 6.8% to the world GDP (in purchasing power parity
terms). In order to improve efficiency and achieve a higher regional growth
rate, regional cooperation is important.
Economic and social development is facilitated not just by the expansion of
trade but also through regional cooperation in sectors like transport and
energy. Regional cooperation becomes even more critical when
individual economies grow, as it will facilitate collective actions
among countries to respond increasing to spill-over impact of global
and regional economic shocks.

PRIVATE SECTOR OPERATIONS AND PUBLIC PRIVATE
PARTNERSHIPS
Private sector participation has not only enabled
capacity expansion, but has also brought in
expertise, improvements in service quality,
diffusion of technology, competition, cost
efficiencies and productivity improvements. It
has thus generated employment and contributed
significantly to economic growth.

RESULTS OF ADB-SUPPORTED OPERATIONS: INDIA
ADB operations cover 22 Indian states, and the country has been one of
the top three borrowers of ADB's ordinary capital resources loans since
2007. ADB is guided by the principles of the 3Rs (relevance,
responsiveness, and results) as it designs and implements its program in
India. ADB remains committed to supporting the government's efforts
toward making India's growth inclusive and environmentally
sustainable.

VISUALS OF SUCCESS STORIES (2-min each)
• Improve living conditions- Mangalore, Karnataka
• Clean water for the city- Bhopal, MP
• Harnessing the sun to generate clean energy - Rajasthan
• One stop STP- Rajasthan
• Solar lanterns light up village- Haryana, Odisha
REFERENCES
 http://www.adb.org/countries/india/main
 http://www.adb.org/green-cities/index.html
 http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2013/india-adb-
development-partnership-2013.pdf
 AsianDevelopmentBank – YouTube www.youtube.com
 WIKIPEDIA
THANK YOU

Ganga Yamuna Action Plan
Presented By:
Ravi Teja.V
EP-292

Ganga River
• Ganga is a perennial river which originates as a
stream called Bhagirathi from Gaumukh in the
Gangotri glacier.
• Ganga has been India's river of faith, devotion
and worship.
• It is a river with which the people of India are
attached spiritually and emotionally.
• Basin area: 10,80,404 sq.km. (Countries covered
by the Basin: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Tibet)
• 4th largest river in the world.
• Length- 2,525 kms (Covering States-
Uttaranchal, UP, Bihar, Jarkhand, West Bengal).
• Major Tributaries: Yamuna, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandaki, Kosi, Son, Punpun and Damodar.
• This river inhabited by around 37 per cent of India's population.
• About 45 per cent of total irrigation land in India is located in Ganga basin

• The Ganges plains were first settled by Aryans around 1200 BC and in subsequent 3,200
years of occupation, the landscape of the region has been completely transformed by
generations of agriculturists and the more recent expansion of urban centres and industrial
activities.
• Now along the river there are 29 class-I cities, 23 class-II cities, 48 towns and about 1000’s
of villages.
• Due to rapid industrialisation and urbanization from 20th century the settlements around
the river basin started polluting the river
Class-I Towns
Class-II Towns

Evolution of Ganga Action Plan (GAP):
• The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) originated from the personal intervention and interest of our
late PM Indira Gandhi.
• She directed the Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, now
CPCB to do a comprehensive survey of the situation of Ganga in 1979.
• CPCB published two comprehensive reports which formed the base for GAP.
• In Feb 1985, the Central Ganga Authority (CGA) with the PM as Chairman was formed,
with an initial budget of Rs.350 crore.
• In June 1985, the Ganga Project Directorate (GPD) now was established as a wing of the
Department of Environment.
• GAP was launched on June 14, 1986 by Shri Rajiv Gandhi at Varanasi.

Objectives of GAP
• To decline pollution and improve water quality by interception, diversion and
treatment of domestic Sewage and industrial chemical wastes entering in to the
river.
• Control of non-point Pollutions from agricultural run-off, human defecation,
cattle wallowing and throwing of unburnt and half burnt bodies into the river
• Research and development to conserve the biotic, diversity of the river to enlarge
its productivity.
• Implementing similar river clean up programs in other polluted rivers in India.
• The ultimate objective of the GAP is to have approach of integrated river basin
management.

Assignment On ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT -Submitted By Students Of 3 Rd Semester Master Of Planning

Assignment On ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT -Submitted By Students Of 3 Rd Semester Master Of Planning

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