Binary conversion
Binary to Decimal
Binary to Hexadecimal
Binary to Octal
Decimal conversion
Decimal to Binary
Decimal to octal
Octal to binary
Octal to Decimal
Hex conversion
Hex o Binary
This document discusses digital electronics and number systems. It covers conversion between decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number bases. The key points covered include:
- Important number systems for digital systems are binary, octal and hexadecimal.
- Numbers in these systems use positional notation and can be represented as a power series expansion.
- Conversion between number bases can be done directly or by first converting to decimal.
- Binary addition and subtraction are performed digit-by-digit using logic gates.
- Binary multiplication is done by multiplying each bit of one number by the whole other number.
This document introduces group members Md. Ilias Bappi and Md.Kawsar Hamid and presents information on number systems and conversions. It discusses the decimal number system and defines ones' complement and twos' complement in binary. It provides examples of converting between binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal systems using appropriate techniques like multiplying bit positions by powers of the base. Conversions include binary to decimal, octal to decimal, hexadecimal to decimal, decimal to binary, octal to binary, hexadecimal to binary, decimal to octal, octal to hexadecimal, and binary to decimal representations of fractions.
Digital Electronics discusses different number systems including binary, decimal, hexadecimal, and octal. It explains how to convert between these number systems using various methods like place value, division, and electronic translators. Electronic encoders and decoders are integrated circuits that can translate between binary and decimal representations.
This document discusses different number systems including non-positional, positional, decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems. It provides examples of how to convert numbers between these bases using direct conversion methods or shortcuts. Key aspects covered include how the position and base of each digit determines its value in a number, converting a number to decimal and then to another base, and dividing binary, octal, or hexadecimal numbers into groups to convert to a different base number system.
The document discusses different number systems including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It provides examples of converting between these number systems. The key points covered are:
- Binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal number systems use different bases (2, 10, 8, 16 respectively) and sets of digits.
- Numbers can be converted between these systems through repetitive division or multiplication by the base to determine each place value digit.
- Fractional numbers are represented similarly with place values decreasing as negative powers of the base moving right of the radix point.
Contents:
1.What is number system?
2.Conversions of number from one radix to another
3.Complements (1's, 2's, 9's, 10's)
4.Binary Arithmetic ( Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
The document discusses different number systems used in digital electronics and computing. It explains that number systems have different bases and describe the bases of common number systems like decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal. Decimal uses base 10, binary uses base 2, octal uses base 8 and hexadecimal uses base 16. It provides details on how to convert between these different number systems both for whole numbers and fractions using various techniques like multiplying/dividing by the base, grouping bits or hexadecimal digits. Examples are given to illustrate the conversion methods between the different number systems.
Decimal numbers can be converted to binary numbers through repeated division by 2, with the remainders forming the binary number from most to least significant bit. This document provides an example of converting the decimal number 13 to binary through repeated division, yielding 1101 in binary. It also instructs the reader to convert several other decimal numbers to binary as homework.
This document discusses digital electronics and number systems. It covers conversion between decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number bases. The key points covered include:
- Important number systems for digital systems are binary, octal and hexadecimal.
- Numbers in these systems use positional notation and can be represented as a power series expansion.
- Conversion between number bases can be done directly or by first converting to decimal.
- Binary addition and subtraction are performed digit-by-digit using logic gates.
- Binary multiplication is done by multiplying each bit of one number by the whole other number.
This document introduces group members Md. Ilias Bappi and Md.Kawsar Hamid and presents information on number systems and conversions. It discusses the decimal number system and defines ones' complement and twos' complement in binary. It provides examples of converting between binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal systems using appropriate techniques like multiplying bit positions by powers of the base. Conversions include binary to decimal, octal to decimal, hexadecimal to decimal, decimal to binary, octal to binary, hexadecimal to binary, decimal to octal, octal to hexadecimal, and binary to decimal representations of fractions.
Digital Electronics discusses different number systems including binary, decimal, hexadecimal, and octal. It explains how to convert between these number systems using various methods like place value, division, and electronic translators. Electronic encoders and decoders are integrated circuits that can translate between binary and decimal representations.
This document discusses different number systems including non-positional, positional, decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems. It provides examples of how to convert numbers between these bases using direct conversion methods or shortcuts. Key aspects covered include how the position and base of each digit determines its value in a number, converting a number to decimal and then to another base, and dividing binary, octal, or hexadecimal numbers into groups to convert to a different base number system.
The document discusses different number systems including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It provides examples of converting between these number systems. The key points covered are:
- Binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal number systems use different bases (2, 10, 8, 16 respectively) and sets of digits.
- Numbers can be converted between these systems through repetitive division or multiplication by the base to determine each place value digit.
- Fractional numbers are represented similarly with place values decreasing as negative powers of the base moving right of the radix point.
Contents:
1.What is number system?
2.Conversions of number from one radix to another
3.Complements (1's, 2's, 9's, 10's)
4.Binary Arithmetic ( Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
The document discusses different number systems used in digital electronics and computing. It explains that number systems have different bases and describe the bases of common number systems like decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal. Decimal uses base 10, binary uses base 2, octal uses base 8 and hexadecimal uses base 16. It provides details on how to convert between these different number systems both for whole numbers and fractions using various techniques like multiplying/dividing by the base, grouping bits or hexadecimal digits. Examples are given to illustrate the conversion methods between the different number systems.
Decimal numbers can be converted to binary numbers through repeated division by 2, with the remainders forming the binary number from most to least significant bit. This document provides an example of converting the decimal number 13 to binary through repeated division, yielding 1101 in binary. It also instructs the reader to convert several other decimal numbers to binary as homework.
Binary coded decimal (BCD) is a numerical coding system that uses binary numbers to represent decimal digits. Each decimal digit from 0 to 9 is represented by a unique 4-bit binary code. BCD allows arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction on numbers. For BCD addition, the binary sum is calculated and if it exceeds 9, then 6 is added to obtain a valid BCD result. For BCD subtraction, the 9's complement of the subtrahend is calculated and added to the minuend, with carries propagated to the next group of bits.
This document provides an overview of computer systems and programming. It defines a computer as a device that takes in raw data, processes it under a set of instructions called a program, and provides an output. Computers provide benefits like speed, accuracy, and ability to handle large workloads. The document then discusses computer hardware components, software components like operating systems and applications, and data representation in computers using bits, integers, and number systems. It also covers basic concepts in C++ programming like what a computer program is, compilers vs interpreters, and binary operations like addition and subtraction.
This document summarizes key concepts in digital systems and binary numbers. It discusses why digital systems are preferred over analog, how to convert between number bases, signed and complement number representations, overflow, binary and decimal codes, BCD addition, Gray code, and parity checks. Digital systems are more cost effective, reliable, programmable and selective compared to analog. Number conversions involve grouping bits or dividing decimals. Signed number systems use complement representations to indicate positive and negative values.
This document discusses different number systems used in digital electronics including decimal, binary, hexadecimal, and octal. It provides instructions on how to convert between these number systems. Key points covered include:
- Place value and how it is used in binary conversions
- Methods for converting binary to decimal and decimal to binary
- Hexadecimal and octal number systems and how they relate to binary and decimal
- Electronic translators that can convert between decimal and binary
- Using a scientific calculator to perform conversions between number systems is suggested as a practical tool.
This document discusses different coding systems used to represent numeric and alphanumeric characters in computers. It provides details on Binary Coded Decimal (BCD), American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC), Gray code, and Excess-3 code. It also gives examples and step-by-step processes for converting between binary, BCD, Excess-3, and decimal number systems.
Binary arithmetic is essential for digital computers and systems. It involves adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing binary numbers using basic rules. Signed binary numbers represent positive and negative values using sign-magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement methods. Arithmetic operations on signed binary numbers follow rules for handling the sign bit and complement representations.
The document discusses different number systems including binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. It explains that number systems have a radix or base, which determines the set of symbols used and their positional values. The key representations for binary numbers discussed are sign-magnitude, one's complement, and two's complement, which provide different methods for representing positive and negative numbers. The document provides examples of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operations in binary.
This document discusses representation of numbers and characters in computers. It covers:
1) Computers only use binary to represent all data as 0s and 1s. This includes numbers, letters, and other characters.
2) Different numbering systems are characterized by their base, such as binary (base 2), decimal (base 10), and hexadecimal (base 16). Conversions between these systems are explained.
3) Binary numbers represent values as sums of powers of 2. Hexadecimal combines 4 binary bits into single hexadecimal digits to compactly represent numbers.
Digital Electronics- Number systems & codes VandanaPagar1
This document covers number systems including decimal, binary, hexadecimal and their representations. It discusses how to convert between different number bases including binary to decimal and hexadecimal to decimal. Binary operations like addition, subtraction and codes like binary coded decimal are explained. Non-weighted codes such as gray code are also introduced. Reference books on digital electronics and number systems are provided.
The document discusses the binary number system and how to convert between binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal numbers. It also covers binary-coded decimal (BCD). The binary system uses only two digits, 0 and 1. To convert a decimal number to binary, you divide the decimal by 2 and write down the remainders in reverse order. Octal and hexadecimal break binary down into groups of 3 and 4 digits respectively to make large binary numbers easier to read and enter. BCD represents each decimal digit with a 4-bit code to allow easy conversion between decimal and binary.
Obaidur Rahman
CSE-100: Introduction to Computer Systems
Lecture 06 computer arithmetic
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
European University of Bangladesh
Knowledge of Floating to Fixed point conversion of DSP codes is must for every aspiring DSP Er. This is a quick course to know that how to do the fixed point conversion of DSP codes. After reading this pdf, you can write never failing fixed point DSP codes e.g. FIR / IIR digital filter and also audio compression codes like mp3 codec...
Digital Arithmetic: Operations and Circuits discusses binary addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It also covers different systems for representing signed numbers, including sign-magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement. Key topics include performing arithmetic using the 2's complement system, detecting overflow, and representing decimal values in binary coded decimal. The document provides examples and review questions to illustrate binary arithmetic concepts.
This document discusses different number systems such as binary, decimal, hexadecimal, and octal. It provides details on how to convert between these number systems using techniques like multiplying each bit by its place value. Examples are given for converting between the different bases to illustrate concepts like binary addition, multiplication, and representing fractions.
The document discusses various number systems including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It covers how to convert between these number systems using techniques like dividing by the base, tracking remainders, and grouping bits. Examples are provided for converting between the different systems. Common number prefixes like kilo, mega and giga are also explained in the context of computing.
The document provides an overview of different numbering systems including binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It discusses the key characteristics of numbering systems and how they work. Conversion between decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal is explained through division and multiplication algorithms. Specifically, binary numbers represent data in computers using 0s and 1s to represent off and on states. Decimal numbers can be converted to binary by repeatedly dividing by 2 and recording the remainders. Binary numbers are converted to decimal by multiplying each bit by powers of two and summing the results. Octal and hexadecimal also group bits and use place value like our base 10 decimal system.
This document discusses number systems and includes the following key points:
1. It introduces the four main number systems: decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. Binary is widely used in digital systems.
2. It describes the different number bases and how they determine the digits used. Decimal uses base 10, binary uses base 2, octal uses base 8, and hexadecimal uses base 16.
3. It provides examples of converting between number systems, such as binary to decimal, octal to decimal, and hexadecimal to decimal. Addition and subtraction in binary systems is also demonstrated.
This document provides an overview of digital electronics and number systems. It discusses common number systems like decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal. It then covers techniques for converting between these different number systems, including dividing or multiplying by the base to get place values. Binary operations like addition and multiplication are also explained. Fractions in different number systems are described at the end.
The document discusses different numeral systems used in computing including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It explains how each system uses a different base and symbol set. Binary uses base-2 with symbols 0-1. Decimal is base-10 with 0-9. Octal is base-8 with 0-7. Hexadecimal is base-16 with 0-9 and A-F. The document also provides examples and methods for converting between these different numeral systems that are commonly used for representing numbers, instructions and other data in computers.
Binary coded decimal (BCD) is a numerical coding system that uses binary numbers to represent decimal digits. Each decimal digit from 0 to 9 is represented by a unique 4-bit binary code. BCD allows arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction on numbers. For BCD addition, the binary sum is calculated and if it exceeds 9, then 6 is added to obtain a valid BCD result. For BCD subtraction, the 9's complement of the subtrahend is calculated and added to the minuend, with carries propagated to the next group of bits.
This document provides an overview of computer systems and programming. It defines a computer as a device that takes in raw data, processes it under a set of instructions called a program, and provides an output. Computers provide benefits like speed, accuracy, and ability to handle large workloads. The document then discusses computer hardware components, software components like operating systems and applications, and data representation in computers using bits, integers, and number systems. It also covers basic concepts in C++ programming like what a computer program is, compilers vs interpreters, and binary operations like addition and subtraction.
This document summarizes key concepts in digital systems and binary numbers. It discusses why digital systems are preferred over analog, how to convert between number bases, signed and complement number representations, overflow, binary and decimal codes, BCD addition, Gray code, and parity checks. Digital systems are more cost effective, reliable, programmable and selective compared to analog. Number conversions involve grouping bits or dividing decimals. Signed number systems use complement representations to indicate positive and negative values.
This document discusses different number systems used in digital electronics including decimal, binary, hexadecimal, and octal. It provides instructions on how to convert between these number systems. Key points covered include:
- Place value and how it is used in binary conversions
- Methods for converting binary to decimal and decimal to binary
- Hexadecimal and octal number systems and how they relate to binary and decimal
- Electronic translators that can convert between decimal and binary
- Using a scientific calculator to perform conversions between number systems is suggested as a practical tool.
This document discusses different coding systems used to represent numeric and alphanumeric characters in computers. It provides details on Binary Coded Decimal (BCD), American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC), Gray code, and Excess-3 code. It also gives examples and step-by-step processes for converting between binary, BCD, Excess-3, and decimal number systems.
Binary arithmetic is essential for digital computers and systems. It involves adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing binary numbers using basic rules. Signed binary numbers represent positive and negative values using sign-magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement methods. Arithmetic operations on signed binary numbers follow rules for handling the sign bit and complement representations.
The document discusses different number systems including binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. It explains that number systems have a radix or base, which determines the set of symbols used and their positional values. The key representations for binary numbers discussed are sign-magnitude, one's complement, and two's complement, which provide different methods for representing positive and negative numbers. The document provides examples of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operations in binary.
This document discusses representation of numbers and characters in computers. It covers:
1) Computers only use binary to represent all data as 0s and 1s. This includes numbers, letters, and other characters.
2) Different numbering systems are characterized by their base, such as binary (base 2), decimal (base 10), and hexadecimal (base 16). Conversions between these systems are explained.
3) Binary numbers represent values as sums of powers of 2. Hexadecimal combines 4 binary bits into single hexadecimal digits to compactly represent numbers.
Digital Electronics- Number systems & codes VandanaPagar1
This document covers number systems including decimal, binary, hexadecimal and their representations. It discusses how to convert between different number bases including binary to decimal and hexadecimal to decimal. Binary operations like addition, subtraction and codes like binary coded decimal are explained. Non-weighted codes such as gray code are also introduced. Reference books on digital electronics and number systems are provided.
The document discusses the binary number system and how to convert between binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal numbers. It also covers binary-coded decimal (BCD). The binary system uses only two digits, 0 and 1. To convert a decimal number to binary, you divide the decimal by 2 and write down the remainders in reverse order. Octal and hexadecimal break binary down into groups of 3 and 4 digits respectively to make large binary numbers easier to read and enter. BCD represents each decimal digit with a 4-bit code to allow easy conversion between decimal and binary.
Obaidur Rahman
CSE-100: Introduction to Computer Systems
Lecture 06 computer arithmetic
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
European University of Bangladesh
Knowledge of Floating to Fixed point conversion of DSP codes is must for every aspiring DSP Er. This is a quick course to know that how to do the fixed point conversion of DSP codes. After reading this pdf, you can write never failing fixed point DSP codes e.g. FIR / IIR digital filter and also audio compression codes like mp3 codec...
Digital Arithmetic: Operations and Circuits discusses binary addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It also covers different systems for representing signed numbers, including sign-magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement. Key topics include performing arithmetic using the 2's complement system, detecting overflow, and representing decimal values in binary coded decimal. The document provides examples and review questions to illustrate binary arithmetic concepts.
This document discusses different number systems such as binary, decimal, hexadecimal, and octal. It provides details on how to convert between these number systems using techniques like multiplying each bit by its place value. Examples are given for converting between the different bases to illustrate concepts like binary addition, multiplication, and representing fractions.
The document discusses various number systems including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It covers how to convert between these number systems using techniques like dividing by the base, tracking remainders, and grouping bits. Examples are provided for converting between the different systems. Common number prefixes like kilo, mega and giga are also explained in the context of computing.
The document provides an overview of different numbering systems including binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It discusses the key characteristics of numbering systems and how they work. Conversion between decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal is explained through division and multiplication algorithms. Specifically, binary numbers represent data in computers using 0s and 1s to represent off and on states. Decimal numbers can be converted to binary by repeatedly dividing by 2 and recording the remainders. Binary numbers are converted to decimal by multiplying each bit by powers of two and summing the results. Octal and hexadecimal also group bits and use place value like our base 10 decimal system.
This document discusses number systems and includes the following key points:
1. It introduces the four main number systems: decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. Binary is widely used in digital systems.
2. It describes the different number bases and how they determine the digits used. Decimal uses base 10, binary uses base 2, octal uses base 8, and hexadecimal uses base 16.
3. It provides examples of converting between number systems, such as binary to decimal, octal to decimal, and hexadecimal to decimal. Addition and subtraction in binary systems is also demonstrated.
This document provides an overview of digital electronics and number systems. It discusses common number systems like decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal. It then covers techniques for converting between these different number systems, including dividing or multiplying by the base to get place values. Binary operations like addition and multiplication are also explained. Fractions in different number systems are described at the end.
The document discusses different numeral systems used in computing including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. It explains how each system uses a different base and symbol set. Binary uses base-2 with symbols 0-1. Decimal is base-10 with 0-9. Octal is base-8 with 0-7. Hexadecimal is base-16 with 0-9 and A-F. The document also provides examples and methods for converting between these different numeral systems that are commonly used for representing numbers, instructions and other data in computers.
This document introduces different number systems including binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. It discusses the base, symbols used, and how to convert between these number systems. Conversion is done by multiplying place values according to the base and adding the results. Common powers that are used in computing are also defined in terms of base 2 rather than base 10. The document concludes with discussions of binary addition, multiplication, complement representation, and how complement allows for subtraction using addition operations.
The document discusses various number systems used in digital electronics including decimal, binary, hexadecimal, and octal number systems. It provides details on how decimal, binary, and hexadecimal numbers are represented and converted between number systems. Various methods for converting between decimal, binary, hexadecimal, and octal numbers are presented including the sum-of-weights method and division/multiplication methods. The use of binary coded decimal codes for easier conversion between decimal and binary numbers is also covered.
The document discusses different common number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It provides tables showing the base, symbols used, whether humans or computers use each system, and examples of counting in each system. The document also describes techniques for converting between the different number systems by multiplying or dividing place values and keeping track of remainders.
This document discusses digital electronics and information representation in digital systems. It covers topics such as number systems including binary, hexadecimal, octal and decimal systems. It describes sign-magnitude and complement number representations and how to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division with binary numbers. It also discusses ASCII and hexadecimal character coding. Finally, it provides examples of converting between binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal number representations.
1. Data in computers is represented using binary numbers consisting of 0s and 1s. Common number systems used are binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal.
2. Decimal numbers use base 10 with digits 0-9. Binary uses base 2 with digits 0-1. Octal uses base 8 with digits 0-7. Hexadecimal uses base 16 with digits 0-9 and A-F.
3. Converting between number systems involves dividing or multiplying by the base. Integer and fractional parts are handled separately.
This document provides an overview of number systems covered in a digital logic design course. It discusses decimal, binary, hexadecimal, and octal number systems. For binary numbers, it describes conversion between decimal and binary, signed numbers using 1's and 2's complement representation, and arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on signed binary numbers.
This document discusses different number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It explains how to represent numbers in these different bases and how to convert between bases. Key points covered include binary arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Complement representations for negative numbers like 1's complement and 2's complement are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of different number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It explains why these additional number systems are needed beyond the standard decimal system that humans use. Conversion processes between the different number systems are presented, including successive division to convert from decimal to another base and weighted multiplication to convert the other way. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to convert numbers between decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal.
The 8th Digital Learning session - this time on the Binary number system.
There are walkthroughs on how to carry out the following arithmetic actions in binary:
Conversion
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Aimed at the BTEC Unit 26 Maths for I.T module but great for all related purposes.
This document discusses number systems and binary arithmetic. It covers the following number systems: binary, decimal, octal, hexadecimal and their interconversions. It also discusses binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations. Additionally, it covers binary codes, boolean algebra and various types of binary complements like 1's complement, 2's complement, 9's complement and 10's complement.
In digital computers, data is stored and represented using binary digits (bits) of 1s and 0s. There are different number systems that can represent numeric values, including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. Each system has a base or radix, with binary having a base of 2, decimal 10, octal 8 and hexadecimal 16. Numbers can be converted between these systems using division and multiplication by the radix at each place value.
This document provides information on different number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It discusses techniques for converting between these number systems. The key points covered are:
- Decimal uses base 10 with digits 0-9 and places values on units, tens, hundreds etc.
- Binary, octal and hexadecimal use bits or digits to represent values with weights based on their position from right to left.
- Conversion between number systems involves multiplying the place value of each bit/digit and adding the results.
- Techniques are demonstrated for converting binary to decimal, octal to decimal, hexadecimal to decimal, and between other bases.
This document provides information on converting between decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems. It includes tables that show the conversions between different bases for the numbers 0-15. It also outlines the steps and formulas for converting between these number systems, such as grouping binary digits into octal or hexadecimal and multiplying place values to convert to decimal.
This document discusses different number systems used in computing including binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. It explains that computers use the binary system because switches can be in one of two states, on or off, represented by 1 and 0. The document provides methods for converting between number bases, such as dividing a decimal number repeatedly by 2 to get the binary equivalent or using place values. Octal is introduced as a way to represent binary numbers more compactly using digits 0-7.
Inductive programming incorporates all approaches which are concerned with learning programs or algorithms from incomplete (formal) specifications. Possible inputs in an IP system are a set of training inputs and corresponding outputs or an output evaluation function, describing the desired behavior of the intended program, traces or action sequences which describe the process of calculating specific outputs, constraints for the program to be induced concerning its time efficiency or its complexity, various kinds of background knowledge such as standard data types, predefined functions to be used, program schemes or templates describing the data flow of the intended program, heuristics for guiding the search for a solution or other biases.
Output of an IP system is a program in some arbitrary programming language containing conditionals and loop or recursive control structures, or any other kind of Turing-complete representation language.
In many applications the output program must be correct with respect to the examples and partial specification, and this leads to the consideration of inductive programming as a special area inside automatic programming or program synthesis, usually opposed to 'deductive' program synthesis, where the specification is usually complete.
In other cases, inductive programming is seen as a more general area where any declarative programming or representation language can be used and we may even have some degree of error in the examples, as in general machine learning, the more specific area of structure mining or the area of symbolic artificial intelligence. A distinctive feature is the number of examples or partial specification needed. Typically, inductive programming techniques can learn from just a few examples.
The diversity of inductive programming usually comes from the applications and the languages that are used: apart from logic programming and functional programming, other programming paradigms and representation languages have been used or suggested in inductive programming, such as functional logic programming, constraint
programming, probabilistic programming
Research on the inductive synthesis of recursive functional programs started in the early 1970s and was brought onto firm theoretical foundations with the seminal THESIS system of Summers[6] and work of Biermann.[7] These approaches were split into two phases: first, input-output examples are transformed into non-recursive programs (traces) using a small set of basic operators; second, regularities in the traces are searched for and used to fold them into a recursive program. The main results until the mid 1980s are surveyed by Smith.[8] Due to
The document discusses different number systems:
- Decimal uses base 10 with digits 0-9
- Binary uses base 2 with digits 0-1
- Octal uses base 8 with digits 0-7
- Hexadecimal uses base 16 with digits 0-9 and A-F
It provides methods to convert between decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal numbers.
chapter 3 number systems register transferrashidxasan369
The document discusses number systems and conversions between different bases. It covers binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal number systems. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to convert between different bases using techniques like dividing by the base, tracking remainders, and grouping bits. Conversions covered include decimal to binary, binary to decimal, decimal to octal, octal to decimal, and others between the common number systems. Binary operations like addition and multiplication are also demonstrated with 1-bit and n-bit values.
Building a Raspberry Pi Robot with Dot NET 8, Blazor and SignalRPeter Gallagher
In this session delivered at NDC Oslo 2024, I talk about how you can control a 3D printed Robot Arm with a Raspberry Pi, .NET 8, Blazor and SignalR.
I also show how you can use a Unity app on an Meta Quest 3 to control the arm VR too.
You can find the GitHub repo and workshop instructions here;
https://bit.ly/dotnetrobotgithub
2. Introduction
• In last PPT it ended up with 4 types of number
system .
• In this PPT we are going to see in depth with
conversions .
3. Binary conversion
• Binary to Decimal
• 1. Start at the rightmost bit.
• 2. Take that bit and multiply by 2n where n is the
current position beginning at 0 and increasing by 1
each time. This represents a power of two.
• 3. Sum each terms product until all bits have been
used.
4. • Binary number
example : - 1001
convert to decimal
1 * 23 + 0 * 22 + 0 * 21 + 1 * 20 8 + 0 + 0 + 1
8+0+0+1 = (9)10
Ans :- Decimal value = (9) 10
6. • Binary to hex Conversion Example
• Compare the above to table
• For example :-
binary 1100 = C in hex
1011 = B
0001 = 1
for greater then 4 digits in binary
1)example :- 11001011 2)example :- 101010
make group of 4 digits :- make group of 4 digits
:-
1100 1011 Ans :- CB 10 1010 Ans :-2A
C B 2 A
8. • Binary to Octal Conversion Example
• Compare the above to table
• For example :-
binary 100 = 4 in Octal
011 = 3
001 = 1
for greater then 4 digits in binary
1)example :- 11001011 2)example :- 101010
make group of 3 digits :- make group of 3 digits :-
11 001 011 Ans :- 313 101 010 Ans :-52
3 1 3 5 2
9. Decimal conversion
Decimal to Binary
• 1. Divide the decimal number by 2.
• 2. Take the remainder and record it on the side.
• 3. REPEAT UNTIL the decimal number
cannot be divided into anymore.
• 4. With the bits, record them in order from
right to left as that will be the number in base
two.
11. • Decimal to octal
Its similar to Decimal to binary conversion
instead of 2 have to divide it by 8
Example :- (18)10
18 / 8 = 2 2
2 / 8 = 0 2
Answer : - (22)8
12. Octal conversion
• Octal to binary
• Simply separate the number and individually
find the binary digit , for Example
• number (742)8
• 7 | 4 | 2
• 111 | 100 | 010
• Answer: (111100010)2
13. • Octal to Decimal
• Similar to the binary to decimal method,
simply take each digit in the octal base and
multiply by the power of 8
• Example :- (764)8
• 7 * 82 + 6 * 81 + 4 * 80 448 + 48 + 4 = 500
Answer: (500)10
14. Hex conversions
• Hex o Binary
• This conversion is very simple given the hexadecimal
compare the table and find the answer
15. • Example
• hexadecimal number (A2F)16
Convert to binary
A | 2 | F
1010 | 0010 | 1111
Answer: (1010 0010 1111)2