Ap chemistry-course-and-exam-descriptionTimothy Welsh
The document provides an overview of the changes made to the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework between fall 2013 and spring 2014, and between fall 2011 and spring 2013. The changes include minor revisions to wording to improve clarity in the descriptions of essential knowledge, and the addition of rationales for exclusion statements.
Physics 1 a midterm remediation tutorial2chrisamie
The answer is a. According to Newton's First Law, an object in motion will remain in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. In frictionless space, there are no forces acting on the cannonball after it is fired, so no force is needed to keep it moving.
The document discusses developing and implementing biodigesters to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from organic waste. It proposes designing a small-scale biodigester at a local high school to process food waste from the cafeteria, which could generate renewable energy. Key questions are posed about how to eliminate food waste, engage students, and use the waste to produce clean energy instead of sending it to landfills where it emits methane.
The document provides an introduction to released test questions from California Standards Tests in chemistry from 2003 to 2008. It explains that the tests are administered as part of the Standardized Testing and Reporting program in California. It also lists the standards assessed on the chemistry test and the number of questions per reporting cluster. Finally, it explains the criteria used to select questions for public release and notes that released questions will not be used on future tests.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the released test questions from the California Standards Tests for Life Science given between 2006-2008. It summarizes the reporting clusters covered in the test, including the standards assessed and number of questions for each cluster. The questions that follow are meant to represent the standards assessed while demonstrating a range of difficulty levels and assessment types.
Temperature and Kinetic Theory of Gases slidesTimothy Welsh
The document provides an overview of temperature and the kinetic theory of gases. It begins by defining key terms like kinetic energy, temperature, and the kinetic molecular theory. It then explains the relationships between temperature, kinetic energy of molecules, and molecular motion. The document also discusses different temperature scales and how temperature relates to gas properties like pressure, volume, and number of moles. It introduces the gas laws and how the kinetic molecular theory can explain observed gas behavior.
The document identifies four basic sampling techniques: random sampling which uses chance methods to select samples, systematic sampling which selects every k-th subject, stratified sampling which divides the population into groups and samples from each, and cluster sampling which divides the population into clusters and randomly selects some clusters. The objective is to identify these four basic sampling techniques for collecting data.
Ap chemistry-course-and-exam-descriptionTimothy Welsh
The document provides an overview of the changes made to the AP Chemistry Curriculum Framework between fall 2013 and spring 2014, and between fall 2011 and spring 2013. The changes include minor revisions to wording to improve clarity in the descriptions of essential knowledge, and the addition of rationales for exclusion statements.
Physics 1 a midterm remediation tutorial2chrisamie
The answer is a. According to Newton's First Law, an object in motion will remain in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. In frictionless space, there are no forces acting on the cannonball after it is fired, so no force is needed to keep it moving.
The document discusses developing and implementing biodigesters to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from organic waste. It proposes designing a small-scale biodigester at a local high school to process food waste from the cafeteria, which could generate renewable energy. Key questions are posed about how to eliminate food waste, engage students, and use the waste to produce clean energy instead of sending it to landfills where it emits methane.
The document provides an introduction to released test questions from California Standards Tests in chemistry from 2003 to 2008. It explains that the tests are administered as part of the Standardized Testing and Reporting program in California. It also lists the standards assessed on the chemistry test and the number of questions per reporting cluster. Finally, it explains the criteria used to select questions for public release and notes that released questions will not be used on future tests.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the released test questions from the California Standards Tests for Life Science given between 2006-2008. It summarizes the reporting clusters covered in the test, including the standards assessed and number of questions for each cluster. The questions that follow are meant to represent the standards assessed while demonstrating a range of difficulty levels and assessment types.
Temperature and Kinetic Theory of Gases slidesTimothy Welsh
The document provides an overview of temperature and the kinetic theory of gases. It begins by defining key terms like kinetic energy, temperature, and the kinetic molecular theory. It then explains the relationships between temperature, kinetic energy of molecules, and molecular motion. The document also discusses different temperature scales and how temperature relates to gas properties like pressure, volume, and number of moles. It introduces the gas laws and how the kinetic molecular theory can explain observed gas behavior.
The document identifies four basic sampling techniques: random sampling which uses chance methods to select samples, systematic sampling which selects every k-th subject, stratified sampling which divides the population into groups and samples from each, and cluster sampling which divides the population into clusters and randomly selects some clusters. The objective is to identify these four basic sampling techniques for collecting data.
The document provides an overview of key concepts covered on the AP Biology exam, including:
- The exam consists of multiple choice and essay questions and is scored on a scale of 1 to 5. Scores of 3 to 5 are typically needed to earn college credit.
- Topics covered include free energy changes, enzymes, the cell cycle, photosynthesis, meiosis, gene regulation, phylogenetic trees, and community ecology.
- Free energy changes (ΔG) refer to the energy available for work and depend on the energy of products versus reactants. If ΔG is negative, the reaction is spontaneous.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in animal function for AP Biology, including definitions of 20 terms related to digestion, respiration, circulation, defense, reproduction, sensory and signal transmission, and the nervous system. It describes the main stages and components of digestion in the stomach and small intestine, respiration in the lungs, and the pulmonary and systemic circuits of circulation. It also outlines nonspecific and specific immune defenses, the three germ layers formed during gastrulation, and how sensory stimuli are transmitted via receptors, neurons and synapses to effectors. A diagram labels the major structures and blood flow pathways in the human circulatory system.
There are four main types of animal tissues: muscular, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissue. Muscular tissue includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Nervous tissue contains neurons and glial cells that help conduct electrical signals. Connective tissue includes several types that provide binding, support, protection and storage functions. Epithelial tissue has cell shapes and layers that act as barriers and aid movement of materials. The document then lists and briefly describes the 11 major organ systems in animals and their functions, including the muscular, digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic, excretory, endocrine, reproductive, nervous, skeletal and skin systems.
S.s. midterm capstone cover sheet spring 2017Timothy Welsh
This document provides an overview of the mid-term capstone project for the Teaching for Learning 2 cohort in spring 2017. Students will plan, teach, record, assess and reflect on a lesson that incorporates content-area literacy. The lesson should be aligned to both content standards and English Language Development standards. Students must obtain consent forms from all students and adults appearing in their video recording before filming their lesson. Consent forms can either be collected individually or the school may have blanket forms on file.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to acids and bases in chemistry. It defines different types of acids and bases according to several theories. It also discusses properties of acids and bases such as tastes and colors of litmus paper. Strong and weak acids and bases are compared. Buffers are described as mixtures of weak acids and bases that resist pH change. The pH scale is introduced and methods for solving pH problems are outlined, including using Ka, Kb, and Kw values and ICE charts. Acid-base properties of salts and the principles of titrations are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and formulas for kinematics in one dimension, including definitions of distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and other related terms. It lists important formulas such as the equations for velocity, acceleration, displacement, and final velocity. Diagrams illustrate the differences between constant velocity and constant acceleration motion. The document concludes with tips for solving kinematics problems, including an example of calculating the time for a book to fall from a shelf.
This document provides an overview of problem-solving strategies and techniques for physics exams. It outlines a 5-step general problem-solving strategy of identifying known and unknown information, selecting a strategy, applying the strategy, and reviewing the answer. Mnemonic devices and the KUDOS method for word problems are also described. The document concludes with exam preparation and taking tips, such as staying ahead, making a cheat sheet, understanding question formats, and showing work.
This document summarizes key concepts relating to reaction rates, equilibrium, and factors that affect them. It defines kinetics, reaction rates, and activation energy. It explains collision theory, reaction coordinate diagrams, and how equilibrium is established over time as the forward and reverse reactions proceed. It also defines equilibrium constants, reaction quotients, and Le Chatelier's principle. It lists factors that affect reaction rates like surface area, concentration, and temperature. Finally, it summarizes how changing conditions like concentration, temperature, and pressure can shift the position of equilibrium according to Le Chatelier's principle.
This document provides an overview of momentum and collisions in physics. It defines momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity, and explains how momentum can be changed through the application of an impulse, which is the product of force and time. The document also discusses conservation of momentum, stating that the total momentum of a system is always conserved during collisions or interactions. Several examples of collision calculations are worked through, including explosions, "hit and stick" collisions, and "hit and rebound" collisions.
The document provides an overview of the key topics covered on the AP Physics B exam, including Newton's Laws, wave motion, optics, the photoelectric effect, electromagnetism, and atomic physics. It emphasizes that the exam evaluates students' understanding of core physics concepts as well as their ability to show work clearly in free response questions using correct equations, values, units, and significant figures. The multiple choice section requires calculating without a calculator.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in equilibrium chemistry including reversible reactions, equilibrium constants, Le Chatelier's principle, and techniques for solving equilibrium problems using ICE charts and determining solubility. It defines equilibrium as a state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. ICE charts are introduced as a method to organize information about initial concentrations, changes, and equilibrium concentrations in solving equilibrium problems. The document also describes how to write equilibrium constant expressions, reaction quotient expressions, and solubility product expressions.
The document provides an overview of key biology terms and concepts including:
- Cells are the basic unit of life and different types of organisms get nutrients in different ways.
- Evolution and genes help explain how living things change over time and pass on traits.
- Homeostasis allows organisms to maintain stable internal conditions.
- There are various branches of biology that study different aspects of living things.
- Major theories in biology include the cell theory, theory of evolution, and gene theory.
- Organisms are classified into five kingdoms based on their characteristics.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in plant form and structure. It discusses the main tissue and cell types found in plants, including primary and secondary cell walls. It also describes the main plant organs - roots, stems, and leaves - and their functions. Roots anchor the plant and absorb nutrients, stems provide structure and transport nutrients, and leaves perform photosynthesis. The document outlines the types of meristematic and vascular tissues and their roles in plant growth and transport.
This document provides a cheat sheet on key plant function concepts for AP Biology including plant hormones, reproduction, and defense. It lists the five major plant hormones- auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene- and their effects on processes like cell growth and dormancy. Plant reproduction structures like flowers and their male and female parts are defined. Finally, it outlines natural physical and chemical barriers to pathogens as well as inducible defense responses like systemic acquired resistance.
This document provides an overview of key physics concepts related to gravitation and circular motion. It defines important terms like vector, force, centripetal force, and gravitational field. It lists important formulas used to calculate velocity, centripetal acceleration, gravitational force, and more. It also describes units of measurement and provides an example problem calculating gravitational attraction between two boulders.
This document summarizes key concepts related to cell communication and the cell cycle. It defines several important terms, including calcium ions, cyclin-dependent kinases, cell cycle checkpoints, the four phases of the cell cycle, and types of cell signals. It also describes signal transduction pathways for G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, as well as an overview of the cell cycle and how it is regulated by cyclins and CDKs and influenced by tumor suppressors.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to acids and bases in chemistry. It defines different types of acids and bases according to several theories. It also discusses properties of acids and bases such as tastes and colors of litmus paper. Strong and weak acids and bases are compared. Buffers are described as mixtures of weak acids and bases that resist pH change. The pH scale is introduced and methods for solving pH problems are outlined, including using Ka values, Kb values, and the Kw expression. Acid-base properties of salts are addressed. The concepts of titrations and indicators are defined.
This document provides a summary of key chemistry concepts related to liquids and solids. It defines intermolecular forces like London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. It also explains properties of solids like crystalline and amorphous structure. Phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas are discussed, including the energies involved in melting, vaporization, and sublimation. Vapor pressure equilibrium is defined as the state where the rate of evaporation equals the rate of condensation.
This document provides a summary of key concepts in kinematics in one dimension for AP Physics. It defines important terms like vectors, scalars, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It lists the key variables, formulas, units, and conventions used to solve kinematics problems. Examples are given to illustrate the difference between constant velocity and constant acceleration motion and how to set up and solve typical kinematics problems using the proper formulas and sign conventions. Problem solving tips are also outlined.
This document explains the key differences between observational and experimental studies. Observational studies involve observing phenomena as they occur naturally, while experimental studies involve manipulating variables and determining their effects. It defines related concepts like independent and dependent variables, treatment and control groups. It notes advantages of experimental studies like controlling subject selection and variable manipulation, and disadvantages like artificial settings and potential confounding variables.
This document discusses different types of variables and levels of measurement. It defines qualitative and quantitative variables, as well as discrete and continuous variables. There are four levels of measurement for variables: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal variables classify without order, ordinal can be ranked but differences are unknown, interval are ranked with precise differences but no true zero, and ratio have a true zero and allow for ratios. The document provides examples for each variable type and level of measurement.
The document provides an overview of key concepts covered on the AP Biology exam, including:
- The exam consists of multiple choice and essay questions and is scored on a scale of 1 to 5. Scores of 3 to 5 are typically needed to earn college credit.
- Topics covered include free energy changes, enzymes, the cell cycle, photosynthesis, meiosis, gene regulation, phylogenetic trees, and community ecology.
- Free energy changes (ΔG) refer to the energy available for work and depend on the energy of products versus reactants. If ΔG is negative, the reaction is spontaneous.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in animal function for AP Biology, including definitions of 20 terms related to digestion, respiration, circulation, defense, reproduction, sensory and signal transmission, and the nervous system. It describes the main stages and components of digestion in the stomach and small intestine, respiration in the lungs, and the pulmonary and systemic circuits of circulation. It also outlines nonspecific and specific immune defenses, the three germ layers formed during gastrulation, and how sensory stimuli are transmitted via receptors, neurons and synapses to effectors. A diagram labels the major structures and blood flow pathways in the human circulatory system.
There are four main types of animal tissues: muscular, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissue. Muscular tissue includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Nervous tissue contains neurons and glial cells that help conduct electrical signals. Connective tissue includes several types that provide binding, support, protection and storage functions. Epithelial tissue has cell shapes and layers that act as barriers and aid movement of materials. The document then lists and briefly describes the 11 major organ systems in animals and their functions, including the muscular, digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic, excretory, endocrine, reproductive, nervous, skeletal and skin systems.
S.s. midterm capstone cover sheet spring 2017Timothy Welsh
This document provides an overview of the mid-term capstone project for the Teaching for Learning 2 cohort in spring 2017. Students will plan, teach, record, assess and reflect on a lesson that incorporates content-area literacy. The lesson should be aligned to both content standards and English Language Development standards. Students must obtain consent forms from all students and adults appearing in their video recording before filming their lesson. Consent forms can either be collected individually or the school may have blanket forms on file.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to acids and bases in chemistry. It defines different types of acids and bases according to several theories. It also discusses properties of acids and bases such as tastes and colors of litmus paper. Strong and weak acids and bases are compared. Buffers are described as mixtures of weak acids and bases that resist pH change. The pH scale is introduced and methods for solving pH problems are outlined, including using Ka, Kb, and Kw values and ICE charts. Acid-base properties of salts and the principles of titrations are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and formulas for kinematics in one dimension, including definitions of distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and other related terms. It lists important formulas such as the equations for velocity, acceleration, displacement, and final velocity. Diagrams illustrate the differences between constant velocity and constant acceleration motion. The document concludes with tips for solving kinematics problems, including an example of calculating the time for a book to fall from a shelf.
This document provides an overview of problem-solving strategies and techniques for physics exams. It outlines a 5-step general problem-solving strategy of identifying known and unknown information, selecting a strategy, applying the strategy, and reviewing the answer. Mnemonic devices and the KUDOS method for word problems are also described. The document concludes with exam preparation and taking tips, such as staying ahead, making a cheat sheet, understanding question formats, and showing work.
This document summarizes key concepts relating to reaction rates, equilibrium, and factors that affect them. It defines kinetics, reaction rates, and activation energy. It explains collision theory, reaction coordinate diagrams, and how equilibrium is established over time as the forward and reverse reactions proceed. It also defines equilibrium constants, reaction quotients, and Le Chatelier's principle. It lists factors that affect reaction rates like surface area, concentration, and temperature. Finally, it summarizes how changing conditions like concentration, temperature, and pressure can shift the position of equilibrium according to Le Chatelier's principle.
This document provides an overview of momentum and collisions in physics. It defines momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity, and explains how momentum can be changed through the application of an impulse, which is the product of force and time. The document also discusses conservation of momentum, stating that the total momentum of a system is always conserved during collisions or interactions. Several examples of collision calculations are worked through, including explosions, "hit and stick" collisions, and "hit and rebound" collisions.
The document provides an overview of the key topics covered on the AP Physics B exam, including Newton's Laws, wave motion, optics, the photoelectric effect, electromagnetism, and atomic physics. It emphasizes that the exam evaluates students' understanding of core physics concepts as well as their ability to show work clearly in free response questions using correct equations, values, units, and significant figures. The multiple choice section requires calculating without a calculator.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in equilibrium chemistry including reversible reactions, equilibrium constants, Le Chatelier's principle, and techniques for solving equilibrium problems using ICE charts and determining solubility. It defines equilibrium as a state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. ICE charts are introduced as a method to organize information about initial concentrations, changes, and equilibrium concentrations in solving equilibrium problems. The document also describes how to write equilibrium constant expressions, reaction quotient expressions, and solubility product expressions.
The document provides an overview of key biology terms and concepts including:
- Cells are the basic unit of life and different types of organisms get nutrients in different ways.
- Evolution and genes help explain how living things change over time and pass on traits.
- Homeostasis allows organisms to maintain stable internal conditions.
- There are various branches of biology that study different aspects of living things.
- Major theories in biology include the cell theory, theory of evolution, and gene theory.
- Organisms are classified into five kingdoms based on their characteristics.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in plant form and structure. It discusses the main tissue and cell types found in plants, including primary and secondary cell walls. It also describes the main plant organs - roots, stems, and leaves - and their functions. Roots anchor the plant and absorb nutrients, stems provide structure and transport nutrients, and leaves perform photosynthesis. The document outlines the types of meristematic and vascular tissues and their roles in plant growth and transport.
This document provides a cheat sheet on key plant function concepts for AP Biology including plant hormones, reproduction, and defense. It lists the five major plant hormones- auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene- and their effects on processes like cell growth and dormancy. Plant reproduction structures like flowers and their male and female parts are defined. Finally, it outlines natural physical and chemical barriers to pathogens as well as inducible defense responses like systemic acquired resistance.
This document provides an overview of key physics concepts related to gravitation and circular motion. It defines important terms like vector, force, centripetal force, and gravitational field. It lists important formulas used to calculate velocity, centripetal acceleration, gravitational force, and more. It also describes units of measurement and provides an example problem calculating gravitational attraction between two boulders.
This document summarizes key concepts related to cell communication and the cell cycle. It defines several important terms, including calcium ions, cyclin-dependent kinases, cell cycle checkpoints, the four phases of the cell cycle, and types of cell signals. It also describes signal transduction pathways for G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, as well as an overview of the cell cycle and how it is regulated by cyclins and CDKs and influenced by tumor suppressors.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to acids and bases in chemistry. It defines different types of acids and bases according to several theories. It also discusses properties of acids and bases such as tastes and colors of litmus paper. Strong and weak acids and bases are compared. Buffers are described as mixtures of weak acids and bases that resist pH change. The pH scale is introduced and methods for solving pH problems are outlined, including using Ka values, Kb values, and the Kw expression. Acid-base properties of salts are addressed. The concepts of titrations and indicators are defined.
This document provides a summary of key chemistry concepts related to liquids and solids. It defines intermolecular forces like London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. It also explains properties of solids like crystalline and amorphous structure. Phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas are discussed, including the energies involved in melting, vaporization, and sublimation. Vapor pressure equilibrium is defined as the state where the rate of evaporation equals the rate of condensation.
This document provides a summary of key concepts in kinematics in one dimension for AP Physics. It defines important terms like vectors, scalars, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It lists the key variables, formulas, units, and conventions used to solve kinematics problems. Examples are given to illustrate the difference between constant velocity and constant acceleration motion and how to set up and solve typical kinematics problems using the proper formulas and sign conventions. Problem solving tips are also outlined.
This document explains the key differences between observational and experimental studies. Observational studies involve observing phenomena as they occur naturally, while experimental studies involve manipulating variables and determining their effects. It defines related concepts like independent and dependent variables, treatment and control groups. It notes advantages of experimental studies like controlling subject selection and variable manipulation, and disadvantages like artificial settings and potential confounding variables.
This document discusses different types of variables and levels of measurement. It defines qualitative and quantitative variables, as well as discrete and continuous variables. There are four levels of measurement for variables: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal variables classify without order, ordinal can be ranked but differences are unknown, interval are ranked with precise differences but no true zero, and ratio have a true zero and allow for ratios. The document provides examples for each variable type and level of measurement.
The document discusses the proper and improper uses of statistics. It explains how statistics can be used to describe data, compare data sets, determine relationships, and test hypotheses. However, it also outlines several ways statistics can be misused, such as to sell ineffective products, prove false claims, or induce fear in audiences. Specifically, it describes how using small, biased, or inconvenient samples, ambiguous averages, detached statistics without comparisons, implied connections without proof, misleading graphs, and biased survey questions can distort the truth.
1.1-1.2 Descriptive and Inferential Statisticsmlong24
Statistics involves collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to draw conclusions. Descriptive statistics summarize and describe data, while inferential statistics generalize from samples to populations through estimation, hypothesis testing, and prediction. The chapter introduces key concepts including variables, data, random variables, data sets, data values, populations, samples, descriptive statistics, probability, and inferential statistics. Students are assigned problems applying these statistical concepts.
This document discusses different types of graphs used to represent frequency distributions: histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives. It provides examples and instructions for constructing each graph type. Histograms use vertical bars to represent frequencies, frequency polygons connect points plotted for class midpoints, and ogives show cumulative frequencies. The document also discusses relative frequency graphs and common distribution shapes like bell-shaped, uniform, and skewed. It assigns practice constructing different graph types from example data.
This document discusses different types of graphs used to represent data including Pareto charts, time series graphs, and pie charts. It provides details on how to construct each graph type, including arranging bars from largest to smallest frequency for a Pareto chart and dividing a circle into wedges according to category percentages for a pie chart. Examples and steps are given for drawing each graph. Additional topics covered include stem and leaf plots and comparing data sets using different graph types.
This document discusses organizing raw data from a study on employee commute distances into a grouped frequency distribution. The raw data consists of the number of miles each employee traveled to work each day. To draw useful conclusions, the data is organized into a table with class intervals, tallies of data points within each interval, and cumulative frequencies. The document provides guidelines for determining class limits and widths to properly categorize the data while maintaining mutually exclusive and exhaustive classes of equal size. Organizing data into a frequency distribution in this way facilitates analysis and presentation of the distribution's shape.
This document discusses exploratory data analysis techniques including boxplots and five-number summaries. It explains how to organize and graph data using histograms, frequency polygons, stem-and-leaf plots, and box-and-whisker plots. The five important values used in a boxplot are the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum. An example constructs a boxplot for a stockbroker's daily client numbers over 11 days.
This document discusses measures of variation in data, including range, variance, and standard deviation. It provides examples of calculating these measures for both individual data points and grouped data. The key measures are:
- Range is the highest value minus the lowest value.
- Variance is the average of the squared distances from the mean.
- Standard deviation is the square root of the variance, measuring average deviation from the mean.
- Coefficient of variation allows comparison of variables with different units by expressing standard deviation as a percentage of the mean.
- Chebyshev's theorem and the empirical rule specify what proportion of data falls within a given number of standard deviations of the mean.
This document discusses various measures of position such as percentiles, quartiles, and standard scores. It provides examples of how to calculate percentiles, quartiles, z-scores, and identify outliers. Key points covered include how to interpret percentiles and z-scores, how to calculate quartiles and find values corresponding to specific percentiles, and the procedure for identifying outliers in a data set.
This document discusses measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It provides examples of calculating the mean from raw data sets and frequency distributions. The median and mode are defined as the middle value and most frequent value, respectively. Methods for calculating each from both types of data are shown. Other measures covered include the midrange and the effects of outliers. Shapes of distributions are discussed including positively and negatively skewed and symmetric. Practice problems are provided to reinforce the concepts.
This document discusses the addition rules for probability of compound events. It defines mutually exclusive events as events that cannot occur at the same time, and explains that for mutually exclusive events A and B, the probability of A or B is equal to the probability of A plus the probability of B. For events that are not mutually exclusive, the probability of A or B is equal to the probability of A plus the probability of B minus the probability of A and B occurring together. Several examples are provided to illustrate calculating probabilities using these addition rules.
The document defines key concepts in probability theory, such as probability experiments, outcomes, sample spaces, events, classical probability, empirical probability, and subjective probability. It provides examples of how to calculate probabilities of simple and compound events using classical probability methods, including determining probabilities using fractions or decimals and interpreting "and" and "or" probabilities.
This document discusses displacement, velocity, and related concepts. It begins by defining displacement as the straight-line change in an object's position, measured in meters. Displacement is distinguished from distance traveled, as displacement considers only the net change in position regardless of path. Equations for calculating average velocity from displacement and time are provided. Positive and negative displacement and velocity are described based on direction of motion. Instantaneous velocity is defined as the velocity at a specific point and can be determined from the slope of a tangent line on a position-time graph. Sample problems and practice questions are included for students to calculate displacement and average velocity in various scenarios.
This document discusses acceleration and kinematic equations for objects experiencing constant acceleration. It defines acceleration as the rate of change of velocity and introduces the average acceleration equation. It then derives and explains the equations for displacement given constant acceleration using the relationships between velocity, acceleration, displacement and time. Sample problems demonstrate applying the equations to calculate values when given acceleration, initial/final velocities, displacement or time. The key equations covered are for average and final velocity, and displacement given constant acceleration.
This document provides an overview of measurements and significant figures in physics experiments. It defines key terms like accuracy, precision, and significant figures. Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision describes the exactness of a measurement. Significant figures indicate the precision of a measuring device. The document reviews proper techniques for measurements, unit conversions using dimensional analysis, and calculating with significant figures in additions, subtractions, multiplications and divisions. Students are expected to learn the basic SI units, prefixes, and how to determine the number of significant figures in given values and calculations.
Physics is the study of the physical world and how it behaves. It can be broken down into seven main categories including mechanics, thermodynamics, optics, and electromagnetism. The scientific method involves making observations, formulating hypotheses, testing with experiments, and drawing conclusions. Models are used to simplify complex physical systems and guide hypothesis building and experimental design by focusing only on relevant characteristics.
This document provides an introduction to the language of physics. It discusses how mathematical equations are used to describe physical phenomena and symbols commonly used in equations. Examples are provided on how to interpret equations and use dimensional analysis to check if equations are dimensionally consistent by evaluating the dimensions on each side. Students are assigned textbook problems evaluating physics expressions using these concepts.
This document provides an introduction to physics, covering several key topics:
- The main areas of physics are mechanics, thermodynamics, vibrations and waves, optics, electromagnetism, relativity, and quantum mechanics.
- Dimensional analysis is used to determine whether equations are valid by checking that quantities with the same dimensions can be combined and that both sides of an equation have the same dimensions.
- Symbols like Δ, Σ, g, x are commonly used in physics equations to represent concepts like change, sum, gravitational acceleration, and displacement.
Branding uses colors, symbols, and designs to identify companies and convey instant messages to consumers. John Deere's iconic green and yellow symbol is instantly recognizable due to their strategic use of color in branding. McDonald's similarly uses the stimulating color red and friendly color yellow in their logo and marketing to trigger hunger and attract customers. Facebook's blue and white logo was influenced by Mark Zuckerberg's colorblindness but blue is also known to convey qualities of trust, loyalty, and communication that are suitable for a technology company. Color plays an important role in branding by increasing brand recognition and subliminally influencing consumer perceptions.