This article analyzes the science, technology, and innovation (STI) performance of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states from 1999 to 2009. It uses composite indicators across six dimensions - human resources, research systems, finance/support, business R&D expenditure, intellectual assets, and economic size - to test whether STI performance was normally distributed. The findings show differing patterns of performance among countries, with asymmetrical growth. National STI policies varied in their goals. The article aims to provide empirical evidence on national STI performance and comparisons to previous studies to inform ASEAN policy discussions.
11.0005www.iiste.org call for paper.[39-44]fostering the practice and teachin...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the need to foster statistical consulting among young statisticians in African universities. It argues that statistical consulting skills are not adequately taught in African university statistics programs. The document proposes including statistical consulting courses in university curriculums and establishing statistical consulting units on campuses. Developing statistical consulting skills among young statisticians would produce graduates with strong practical statistical skills, enhance decision making with data analysis, and boost the field of statistics in Africa.
Fostering the practice and teaching of statistical consulting among young sta...Alexander Decker
The document discusses fostering the practice and teaching of statistical consulting among young statisticians in Africa. It argues that statistical consulting should be included in the curriculum of statistics programs in African universities. Statistical consulting involves providing statistical advice and guidance to clients and requires both statistical and communication skills. Developing statistical consulting skills among young statisticians in Africa would produce more well-rounded graduates, promote the practical application of statistics, and boost the field and careers of statisticians in Africa. The document concludes by recommending that statistical consulting courses and services be established in African universities to train the next generation of statistician consultants.
3.[13 18]fostering the practice and teaching of statistical consulting among ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the need to foster statistical consulting among young statisticians in African universities. It argues that statistical consulting should be included in statistics curriculums across Africa in order to train students in this important aspect of the field. Currently, statistical consulting is not formally taught in most African universities. The document outlines the skills required for effective statistical consulting and notes that consulting experience benefits students by improving their statistical abilities and communication skills. It proposes establishing statistical consulting units at all African universities to provide research support and training opportunities for students.
An empirical study on impact of infrastructural development on social and eco...Alexander Decker
The document presents an empirical study on the impact of infrastructural development on socio-economic growth in Indian states. It uses panel regression techniques to measure the impact of infrastructural investment on the mortality rate and per capita income across 16 major Indian states from 1987 to 2008. The study finds that infrastructural investment has a significant and desirable impact on social and economic indicators, though the impact varies across different states. Fixed effect panel regression models are used to account for differences in intercepts across states.
Aare Kasemets 'How to cut the developmental curve of Western European countri...Aare Kasemets
...The case of Estonian governance reforms 1992-2015: better regulation and control of corruption measures."
Slides of PADOS project* kick-off conference in Helsinki. *Participatory Democracy, Open Governance & Efficient eGovernment Services (PADOS) – Capacity Building Support to Eastern Partnership Countries* by Finland & Estonia (*Armenia, Azerbaidzan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine). Kick-off conference 1-2.4.2015 in Helsinki
Adaption of E-Filling of Income Tax Returns in KurdistanAI Publications
The study aimed to examine factors influencing E-filling in Kurdistan region of Iraq. To measure the current study, the researchers used three factors (perception, awareness, and quality) as independent variables and E-filling as dependent variable. A quantitative technique applied in order to analyze the current study. Sample design refers to the procedure or method the researcher is willing to accept in choosing items for the sample. Research sample was selected using a procedure of random sampling and it was carried out in different banks. A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed, however 109 participants properly filled out the questionnaires. The results of the study revealed that low levels of computer literacy have a substantial impact on the compliance levels of government organizations. The research determined that in the context of security, the danger of tax noncompliance did not have a major effect on the degree of compliance among the various Iraqi government institutions in the Kurdistan area. The extension or upgrade would be sure to assist in better understanding the determining factor for electronic filing acceptability. Moreover, government agencies, government policy makers, and system designers could also profit from a management policy such as policy makers and agencies. Because of this, the theory and discussion on the subject would provide factual support for the reasons behind why this technology was difficult to adopt. The results show that awareness influences E-as an influential factor significantly and positively E-filling at 5% level. The results show that quality influences E-as an influential factor significantly and positively E-filling at 5% level. The results show that E-filling E-as an influential factor influences significantly and positively E-filling at 5% level. Moreover, all beta value is higher than .001. All models have very high adjusted R2 (0.693, 0.621, 0.712, and 0.763 respectively) indicating the ability of the models explaining the variation of E-filling due to variation of independent variables is very high. The F-value shows that the explanatory variables are jointly statistically significant in the model and the Durbin-Watson (DW) statistics reveals that there is autocorrelation in the models.
11.0005www.iiste.org call for paper.[39-44]fostering the practice and teachin...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the need to foster statistical consulting among young statisticians in African universities. It argues that statistical consulting skills are not adequately taught in African university statistics programs. The document proposes including statistical consulting courses in university curriculums and establishing statistical consulting units on campuses. Developing statistical consulting skills among young statisticians would produce graduates with strong practical statistical skills, enhance decision making with data analysis, and boost the field of statistics in Africa.
Fostering the practice and teaching of statistical consulting among young sta...Alexander Decker
The document discusses fostering the practice and teaching of statistical consulting among young statisticians in Africa. It argues that statistical consulting should be included in the curriculum of statistics programs in African universities. Statistical consulting involves providing statistical advice and guidance to clients and requires both statistical and communication skills. Developing statistical consulting skills among young statisticians in Africa would produce more well-rounded graduates, promote the practical application of statistics, and boost the field and careers of statisticians in Africa. The document concludes by recommending that statistical consulting courses and services be established in African universities to train the next generation of statistician consultants.
3.[13 18]fostering the practice and teaching of statistical consulting among ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the need to foster statistical consulting among young statisticians in African universities. It argues that statistical consulting should be included in statistics curriculums across Africa in order to train students in this important aspect of the field. Currently, statistical consulting is not formally taught in most African universities. The document outlines the skills required for effective statistical consulting and notes that consulting experience benefits students by improving their statistical abilities and communication skills. It proposes establishing statistical consulting units at all African universities to provide research support and training opportunities for students.
An empirical study on impact of infrastructural development on social and eco...Alexander Decker
The document presents an empirical study on the impact of infrastructural development on socio-economic growth in Indian states. It uses panel regression techniques to measure the impact of infrastructural investment on the mortality rate and per capita income across 16 major Indian states from 1987 to 2008. The study finds that infrastructural investment has a significant and desirable impact on social and economic indicators, though the impact varies across different states. Fixed effect panel regression models are used to account for differences in intercepts across states.
Aare Kasemets 'How to cut the developmental curve of Western European countri...Aare Kasemets
...The case of Estonian governance reforms 1992-2015: better regulation and control of corruption measures."
Slides of PADOS project* kick-off conference in Helsinki. *Participatory Democracy, Open Governance & Efficient eGovernment Services (PADOS) – Capacity Building Support to Eastern Partnership Countries* by Finland & Estonia (*Armenia, Azerbaidzan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine). Kick-off conference 1-2.4.2015 in Helsinki
Adaption of E-Filling of Income Tax Returns in KurdistanAI Publications
The study aimed to examine factors influencing E-filling in Kurdistan region of Iraq. To measure the current study, the researchers used three factors (perception, awareness, and quality) as independent variables and E-filling as dependent variable. A quantitative technique applied in order to analyze the current study. Sample design refers to the procedure or method the researcher is willing to accept in choosing items for the sample. Research sample was selected using a procedure of random sampling and it was carried out in different banks. A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed, however 109 participants properly filled out the questionnaires. The results of the study revealed that low levels of computer literacy have a substantial impact on the compliance levels of government organizations. The research determined that in the context of security, the danger of tax noncompliance did not have a major effect on the degree of compliance among the various Iraqi government institutions in the Kurdistan area. The extension or upgrade would be sure to assist in better understanding the determining factor for electronic filing acceptability. Moreover, government agencies, government policy makers, and system designers could also profit from a management policy such as policy makers and agencies. Because of this, the theory and discussion on the subject would provide factual support for the reasons behind why this technology was difficult to adopt. The results show that awareness influences E-as an influential factor significantly and positively E-filling at 5% level. The results show that quality influences E-as an influential factor significantly and positively E-filling at 5% level. The results show that E-filling E-as an influential factor influences significantly and positively E-filling at 5% level. Moreover, all beta value is higher than .001. All models have very high adjusted R2 (0.693, 0.621, 0.712, and 0.763 respectively) indicating the ability of the models explaining the variation of E-filling due to variation of independent variables is very high. The F-value shows that the explanatory variables are jointly statistically significant in the model and the Durbin-Watson (DW) statistics reveals that there is autocorrelation in the models.
The report summarizes the results of the 12th Waseda-IAC International e-Government Ranking Survey conducted in 2016. Singapore ranked first overall, followed by USA, Denmark, Korea, and Japan as the top five. The report includes analysis of rankings by 10 indicators, by region and organization, and highlights of the survey findings. Key points highlighted include the increasing focus on citizen-centric e-government services, the importance of mobile government, and the need for improved cooperation between central and local governments. The report analyzed trends in 65 countries and included methodology details.
The document analyzes the Korean science and technology policy system and the role of think tanks. It discusses the theoretical approaches of viewing the STI policy system as an interactive network among policy actors, political structures, and processes. It then provides a brief history of STEPI, Korea's major STI think tank, and outlines its role in providing research, policy advice, and evaluation. Finally, it maps out the potential roles of think tanks within the STI policy process and discusses implications like the need for holistic policy coordination across different policy areas and levels of government.
Designing a Knowledge Strategy Model for Iranian Public Organizations: A Stud...IOSR Journals
The present paper raises these questions that how is the state of knowledge strategy in Iran’s public organizations now (Electricity Industry) and how should be the state of knowledge strategy in Iran’s public organizations (Electricity Industry) until horizon 2025 and also what is the combination of optimal knowledge strategies to fill the knowledge gaps in the Iran’s public organizations (Electricity Industry). The purpose of these questions is to identify and explain knowledge strategies and also make strategic change in the current knowledge management in public organizations in order to fill the gap between the perceived situation of perspective horizon and current situation of knowledge management proportional to prevailing conditions in public organizations. In order to determine the knowledge strategies in public organizations, at first the main assumptions of knowledge strategy design in both areas of internal environment and external environment were considered and by using Fuzzy Delphi method, opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses of knowledge were identified and then knowledge strategies were identified by using the experts opinion and prioritized by technique of Network Analysis. Statistical population of this study is public organizations in Electricity Industry that 137 samples were selected randomly and by using questionnaires with help of Gap Analysis, the difference between current and desired situation was identified. According to the Gap Analysis that is done in four axes of knowledge strategy, some actions are proposed in the form of Forty-nine solutions to improve the current situation and reduce the gap.
Assessment of Records Management Practice by Administrative Assistants for Ef...YogeshIJTSRD
The study assessed records management practices by administrative assistants for effective administration of tertiary institutions in Ebonyi State. The study adopted descriptive survey design with a population of 138 administrative assistants from five public tertiary institutions in Ebonyi State. A 40 item structured questionnaire titled “Assessment of Records Management Practices ARMP - was used for data collection. The questionnaire was validated by three experts, two from Technology and Vocational Education and one from Educational Foundation, all in Faculty of Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The reliability of the instrument was done through trial testing and data analysis using Cronbach alpha yielded correlation coefficients of 0.79 and 0.82 for clusters B1 an B2 respectively and an overall coefficient value of 0.80. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation while the hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Variance ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed among others that administrative assistants carry out records creation practices while they do not carry out records maintenance storage practices. Based on the findings, the study concluded that more still need to be done to ensure that administrative assistants practice records maintenance storage for effectiveness in administration of tertiary institutions in Ebonyi State. It was recommended among others that administrators of tertiary institutions in Ebonyi State should organize periodical training and re training programmes such as workshops, seminars and conferences for administrative assistants to help them upgrade their knowledge and skills on records maintenance storage practices. C. C. Okolocha | Umeokafor, Ndidiamaka "Assessment of Records Management Practice by Administrative Assistants for Effective Administration of Tertiary Institutions in Ebonyi State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43752.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/43752/assessment-of-records-management-practice-by-administrative-assistants-for-effective-administration-of-tertiary-institutions-in-ebonyi-state/c-c-okolocha
Providing Trade Services to the Population of the RegionYogeshIJTSRD
Analyzing the details of providing trade services to the population of the region of the service sector, the sequence of choosing and modeling the main factors which influence their development are represented through simulation schemes in this article. Mukhitdinov Khudoyar Suyunovich | Makhmatkulov Golibjon Kholmuminovich "Providing Trade Services to the Population of the Region" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38499.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/38499/providing-trade-services-to-the-population-of-the-region/mukhitdinov-khudoyar-suyunovich
Constructing an Economic and Social Rights Fullfillment Index for Egypt- Eman...Eman Refaat
This thesis aims to construct a new "Rigorous Economic and Social Rights Fulfillment Index for Egypt" using national survey data. It highlights six challenges in constructing composite indices: indicator selection, missing data, outliers, scale of measurement, weighting and aggregation, and margin of error.
The study uses Egypt's 2010 "Egyptian Household Conditions Observatory Survey" to measure five dimensions (rights to adequate housing, food, decent work, education, and health) across governorates and urban/rural areas. Statistical methods are employed to address missing data, outliers, and other challenges.
The results show the overall index score is 62.7 out of 100. Inequalities exist between urban/rural areas and governorates
Public Policy Implementation and Government Intervention Schemes in Nigeria A...YogeshIJTSRD
No doubt, effective public policy intervention scheme is a function of its human capitals HCs , governance, implementation strategies, and the impact it has on the citizens. However, the continuous neglect of the HCs capability based approach in the various communities and villages informed the need for this paper. With obvious mis match between HCD food security indicators and the general development needs in various past policy design interventions schemes, this paper proposes a conceptual model that would help bridge the gap between policy intervention schemes, and the actual human capital development needs of the people. Findings revealed that Local community driven human capital interventions LCHCIs based on citizen and community participation remains indispensable in the fight against hunger and sustainable development. Based on the entire assessment of the scheme policy performance and outcome, it is safe to conclude that the food security programme has no significant impact on hunger reduction. Ukeje, O. Ikechukwu | Prof. Chukwuemeka, Emma. "Public Policy Implementation and Government Intervention Schemes in Nigeria: A Participatory Human Capital Development Approach" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd42554.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/42554/public-policy-implementation-and-government-intervention-schemes-in-nigeria-a-participatory-human-capital-development-approach/ukeje-o-ikechukwu
This document provides an introduction to a book on innovation systems in Southeast Asia. It discusses the concept of national innovation systems and how it has influenced policymakers in the region. While the concept was initially developed by European researchers, it has since caught on in Asia. The document then summarizes some of the key findings from chapters in the book that analyze innovation systems in six Southeast Asian countries. Some common themes identified are that governments continue to play a leading role in developing innovation systems, policies still focus on linear models of innovation driven by public research, and efforts are being made to strengthen linkages between actors but with limited success so far. The introduction sets the stage for comparative analyses of national innovation systems in Southeast Asia.
India declared 2010-2020 as the 'Decade of Innovation' and aims to be among the top five global scientific powers by 2020. This will require increased investment in scientific research and development, currently only around 1% of GDP. Barriers include a lack of clear research priorities, underfunding of public research institutions, and low private sector investment. The government plans to focus resources and public-private partnerships on priority technologies to promote innovation and achieve targets in areas like employment, GDP investment in R&D, climate change and education. Major goals are setting research priorities, increasing R&D funding as a percentage of GDP, and strengthening knowledge transfer between research institutions and the private sector.
The document provides definitions and concepts for technical terms used in National Sample Surveys (NSS) conducted in India. It discusses the sampling design used in NSS including definitions for sampling unit, domain of study, state/union territory, and region. It also defines rural and urban areas as adopted in the latest population census. The document aims to document definitions of terms used in NSS to promote standardization and help both NSS workers and data users.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Economic Development Level of Beijing, Tianjin an...ijtsrd
The balance of regional economic development is very important for coordinated development. As the Capital Economic Circle of China, Beijing Tianjin Hebei region plays an important role in the national economic development. However, due to the factors of resources, education and culture, the economic development levels of cities in Beijing Tianjin Hebei are unbalanced. This paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system of economic development level, makes empirical analysis by using the method of entropy weight TOPSIS, and ranks the comprehensive scores. It is concluded that Beijing ranks first, Tianjin ranks second, and Hebei ranks relatively lower. Xiaomei Zou | Renhao Jin "Comprehensive Evaluation of Economic Development Level of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Cities Based on TOPSIS Method" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29203.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/29203/comprehensive-evaluation-of-economic-development-level-of-beijing-tianjin-and-hebei-cities-based-on-topsis-method/xiaomei-zou
INFORMATIZATION LEVEL ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IMPLICATIONSijmpict
This document discusses frameworks for assessing the level of informatization or digitalization within education systems and policies. It describes several existing frameworks, including the Networked Readiness Index and the Global Networked Readiness for Education project. It then introduces a new framework called the Education Informatization Index (EII) which is calculated using two subindexes - an Educational Policy Implementation subindex and an Educational Policy Creation subindex, comprised of a total of six individual indicators. Analysis of these indicators in Macedonia over a five-year period shows a slight decline in 2013 and 2016 compared to previous years, suggesting worsening implementation and commitment to educational policy regarding information and communication technologies.
Efforts to Revitalize the Computer Science Education in ThailandIJERA Editor
The shortage of ICT professionals in Thai workforce has been appeared in spite of many ICT-related programs
offering in universities across Thailand. The statistics show that a promoting of new ICT-related programs,
modified by CS program, is stealing students from CS program. Thus, CS enrollment decline as well as
students’ dropping outs are problems facing in every Thai universities. This paper reports on a study in which
10 people who are the representative of ICT graduates’ users were interviewed and 702 freshmen who took in
the introductory computer course were surveyed to try to determine the relationship of CS enrollment and ICT
professionals and the factors contributing to decline in CS enrollments. The results revealed that most of ICT
professionals were developed from CS background. The top reasons for rejecting the CS major, were its’
difficulties and students’ desire to use IT as an application, instead of a construction. These were their weakness
in programming and technical work, but the reasons for choosing the CS major were opposite. Finally, this
paper proposes a revitalization of the CS education framework to reverse the trend of CS enrollment decline.
Role of senior management support and leadership in the strategic positioning...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the role of senior management support and leadership in the strategic positioning of newly chartered public universities in Kenya, using Laikipia University as a case study. It finds that the university's senior management plays a crucial role in executing strategic objectives and guiding policy decisions. Strong senior management leadership can provide a competitive advantage, while inadequate leadership may hinder the university. The study also shows that human resource management is critical for responding to competition from other institutions. Overall, the university's senior management provides fairly strong support for strategic positioning, but could benefit from additional training and benchmarking with other universities.
Role of organizational structure in university entrepreneurshipAlexander Decker
This document discusses the role of organizational structure in university entrepreneurship based on interviews with entrepreneurship experts in Iran. The interviews identified several key requirements for an entrepreneurial university structure: total orientation toward entrepreneurship, enriched roles with autonomy and flexibility, and agility. Structural mechanisms like managerial, legal, and communication mechanisms were also seen as important. An entrepreneurial university structure was said to require these entrepreneurial traits and mechanisms to effectively support university entrepreneurship and the commercialization of research.
ROLE OF HUMAN RESOURCE TRAINING AND PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IN OFFERING LEGAL S...AkashSharma618775
The study was focus on the employees training programs provided to enhance the offering of legal
services and employee’s appraisal system encountered in offering legal services in Kilimanjaro courts.
Questionnaires were used to collect primary data from Kilimanjaro courts. A cross-sectional survey research
design was used in this study. Data were collected from 136 employees of Kilimanjaro courts using simple
randomly sampling. Descriptive analysis was employed to analyze significance between variable. Results of the
study indicate that majority of participants agree that training have contribution in offering legal service. Results
shows that employee training have impact in offering legal services in the study area. At the same time,
respondents agree that appraisal system for staff have more contribution in the overall organizational value. It’s
concluded that employee training and appraisal system have a significant relationship with employee performance
in offering legal services. It is recommended that, more training should be done to upgrade employee in the court
system of Tanzania, but also the feedback for the appraisal should be given to staff as early as possible when the
process is over. This will help staff to make much more efforts in areas where they have not scored higher grades
for their career development.
출연(연)의 기술이전 사업화 시스템에 대한 사회적 인지 관점에서의 연구. 이를 위해 관련 전문가들의 인터뷰를 바탕으로 그들의 인지모델을 분석하였다. 연구결과 한국의 공공 기술이전 사업화 시스템은 공급과 통제 위주의 선형적 시스템에서 벗어나지 못하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.
This document provides a summary of several reports on the importance of mathematics. It discusses how mathematics is seen as a core skill for life, enabling important life skills like personal finance. It is also key to economic prosperity, as a mathematically educated population and workforce drives innovation. Additionally, mathematics fosters logical thinking and is important for its own inherent beauty. Overall, the document argues that improving mathematics education is crucial to equip students with these valuable skills.
Stock Market Integration of Asean+6 on Indonesia Composite Stock Price Index ...inventionjournals
The impact of economic globalization allow intertwined relationships and interplay between capital markets in the world. Attractive financial instruments and are commonly used as an alternative to investing in the stock market one of them is stock.This research aimed to analyze the relationship of the integration of ASEAN + 6 long term and short term stock market on Indonesia Stock Price Index (JKSE), to test the effect of ASEAN + 6 stock market shock on Indonesia Stock Price Index (JKSE) and provide managerial implications that could be performed by investors. Method that used in this study is VAR/VECM. Result show that PSEi, Kospi and BSESN have positive correlation toward JKSE, while SET, NZX50, and SSE have negative correlation toward JKSE. In short term, PSEi and Kospi show negative correlation toward JKSE. Stock price index KLSE, Nikkei225, STI and AORD show no influence toward JKSE. PSEi, Kospi and BSESN stock price index shock have effect to increasing JKSE in long term, while SET, NZX50, and SSE stock price index shock have effect to decreasing JKSE in long term. For those investors who invest in the BEI shall observe the movement of the stock price index of the Philippines (PSEit), the stock price index of the Republic of Korea (Kospi) and index stock price index of India (BSESN) as a reference or consideration for investment decisions. Investors from Indonesia may invest in Malaysia, Japan, Singapore and Australia where the three countries based on test VECM have no effect on Indonesia Composite Stock Price Index.
The report summarizes the results of the 12th Waseda-IAC International e-Government Ranking Survey conducted in 2016. Singapore ranked first overall, followed by USA, Denmark, Korea, and Japan as the top five. The report includes analysis of rankings by 10 indicators, by region and organization, and highlights of the survey findings. Key points highlighted include the increasing focus on citizen-centric e-government services, the importance of mobile government, and the need for improved cooperation between central and local governments. The report analyzed trends in 65 countries and included methodology details.
The document analyzes the Korean science and technology policy system and the role of think tanks. It discusses the theoretical approaches of viewing the STI policy system as an interactive network among policy actors, political structures, and processes. It then provides a brief history of STEPI, Korea's major STI think tank, and outlines its role in providing research, policy advice, and evaluation. Finally, it maps out the potential roles of think tanks within the STI policy process and discusses implications like the need for holistic policy coordination across different policy areas and levels of government.
Designing a Knowledge Strategy Model for Iranian Public Organizations: A Stud...IOSR Journals
The present paper raises these questions that how is the state of knowledge strategy in Iran’s public organizations now (Electricity Industry) and how should be the state of knowledge strategy in Iran’s public organizations (Electricity Industry) until horizon 2025 and also what is the combination of optimal knowledge strategies to fill the knowledge gaps in the Iran’s public organizations (Electricity Industry). The purpose of these questions is to identify and explain knowledge strategies and also make strategic change in the current knowledge management in public organizations in order to fill the gap between the perceived situation of perspective horizon and current situation of knowledge management proportional to prevailing conditions in public organizations. In order to determine the knowledge strategies in public organizations, at first the main assumptions of knowledge strategy design in both areas of internal environment and external environment were considered and by using Fuzzy Delphi method, opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses of knowledge were identified and then knowledge strategies were identified by using the experts opinion and prioritized by technique of Network Analysis. Statistical population of this study is public organizations in Electricity Industry that 137 samples were selected randomly and by using questionnaires with help of Gap Analysis, the difference between current and desired situation was identified. According to the Gap Analysis that is done in four axes of knowledge strategy, some actions are proposed in the form of Forty-nine solutions to improve the current situation and reduce the gap.
Assessment of Records Management Practice by Administrative Assistants for Ef...YogeshIJTSRD
The study assessed records management practices by administrative assistants for effective administration of tertiary institutions in Ebonyi State. The study adopted descriptive survey design with a population of 138 administrative assistants from five public tertiary institutions in Ebonyi State. A 40 item structured questionnaire titled “Assessment of Records Management Practices ARMP - was used for data collection. The questionnaire was validated by three experts, two from Technology and Vocational Education and one from Educational Foundation, all in Faculty of Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The reliability of the instrument was done through trial testing and data analysis using Cronbach alpha yielded correlation coefficients of 0.79 and 0.82 for clusters B1 an B2 respectively and an overall coefficient value of 0.80. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation while the hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Variance ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed among others that administrative assistants carry out records creation practices while they do not carry out records maintenance storage practices. Based on the findings, the study concluded that more still need to be done to ensure that administrative assistants practice records maintenance storage for effectiveness in administration of tertiary institutions in Ebonyi State. It was recommended among others that administrators of tertiary institutions in Ebonyi State should organize periodical training and re training programmes such as workshops, seminars and conferences for administrative assistants to help them upgrade their knowledge and skills on records maintenance storage practices. C. C. Okolocha | Umeokafor, Ndidiamaka "Assessment of Records Management Practice by Administrative Assistants for Effective Administration of Tertiary Institutions in Ebonyi State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43752.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/43752/assessment-of-records-management-practice-by-administrative-assistants-for-effective-administration-of-tertiary-institutions-in-ebonyi-state/c-c-okolocha
Providing Trade Services to the Population of the RegionYogeshIJTSRD
Analyzing the details of providing trade services to the population of the region of the service sector, the sequence of choosing and modeling the main factors which influence their development are represented through simulation schemes in this article. Mukhitdinov Khudoyar Suyunovich | Makhmatkulov Golibjon Kholmuminovich "Providing Trade Services to the Population of the Region" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38499.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/38499/providing-trade-services-to-the-population-of-the-region/mukhitdinov-khudoyar-suyunovich
Constructing an Economic and Social Rights Fullfillment Index for Egypt- Eman...Eman Refaat
This thesis aims to construct a new "Rigorous Economic and Social Rights Fulfillment Index for Egypt" using national survey data. It highlights six challenges in constructing composite indices: indicator selection, missing data, outliers, scale of measurement, weighting and aggregation, and margin of error.
The study uses Egypt's 2010 "Egyptian Household Conditions Observatory Survey" to measure five dimensions (rights to adequate housing, food, decent work, education, and health) across governorates and urban/rural areas. Statistical methods are employed to address missing data, outliers, and other challenges.
The results show the overall index score is 62.7 out of 100. Inequalities exist between urban/rural areas and governorates
Public Policy Implementation and Government Intervention Schemes in Nigeria A...YogeshIJTSRD
No doubt, effective public policy intervention scheme is a function of its human capitals HCs , governance, implementation strategies, and the impact it has on the citizens. However, the continuous neglect of the HCs capability based approach in the various communities and villages informed the need for this paper. With obvious mis match between HCD food security indicators and the general development needs in various past policy design interventions schemes, this paper proposes a conceptual model that would help bridge the gap between policy intervention schemes, and the actual human capital development needs of the people. Findings revealed that Local community driven human capital interventions LCHCIs based on citizen and community participation remains indispensable in the fight against hunger and sustainable development. Based on the entire assessment of the scheme policy performance and outcome, it is safe to conclude that the food security programme has no significant impact on hunger reduction. Ukeje, O. Ikechukwu | Prof. Chukwuemeka, Emma. "Public Policy Implementation and Government Intervention Schemes in Nigeria: A Participatory Human Capital Development Approach" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd42554.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/42554/public-policy-implementation-and-government-intervention-schemes-in-nigeria-a-participatory-human-capital-development-approach/ukeje-o-ikechukwu
This document provides an introduction to a book on innovation systems in Southeast Asia. It discusses the concept of national innovation systems and how it has influenced policymakers in the region. While the concept was initially developed by European researchers, it has since caught on in Asia. The document then summarizes some of the key findings from chapters in the book that analyze innovation systems in six Southeast Asian countries. Some common themes identified are that governments continue to play a leading role in developing innovation systems, policies still focus on linear models of innovation driven by public research, and efforts are being made to strengthen linkages between actors but with limited success so far. The introduction sets the stage for comparative analyses of national innovation systems in Southeast Asia.
India declared 2010-2020 as the 'Decade of Innovation' and aims to be among the top five global scientific powers by 2020. This will require increased investment in scientific research and development, currently only around 1% of GDP. Barriers include a lack of clear research priorities, underfunding of public research institutions, and low private sector investment. The government plans to focus resources and public-private partnerships on priority technologies to promote innovation and achieve targets in areas like employment, GDP investment in R&D, climate change and education. Major goals are setting research priorities, increasing R&D funding as a percentage of GDP, and strengthening knowledge transfer between research institutions and the private sector.
The document provides definitions and concepts for technical terms used in National Sample Surveys (NSS) conducted in India. It discusses the sampling design used in NSS including definitions for sampling unit, domain of study, state/union territory, and region. It also defines rural and urban areas as adopted in the latest population census. The document aims to document definitions of terms used in NSS to promote standardization and help both NSS workers and data users.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Economic Development Level of Beijing, Tianjin an...ijtsrd
The balance of regional economic development is very important for coordinated development. As the Capital Economic Circle of China, Beijing Tianjin Hebei region plays an important role in the national economic development. However, due to the factors of resources, education and culture, the economic development levels of cities in Beijing Tianjin Hebei are unbalanced. This paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system of economic development level, makes empirical analysis by using the method of entropy weight TOPSIS, and ranks the comprehensive scores. It is concluded that Beijing ranks first, Tianjin ranks second, and Hebei ranks relatively lower. Xiaomei Zou | Renhao Jin "Comprehensive Evaluation of Economic Development Level of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Cities Based on TOPSIS Method" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29203.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/29203/comprehensive-evaluation-of-economic-development-level-of-beijing-tianjin-and-hebei-cities-based-on-topsis-method/xiaomei-zou
INFORMATIZATION LEVEL ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IMPLICATIONSijmpict
This document discusses frameworks for assessing the level of informatization or digitalization within education systems and policies. It describes several existing frameworks, including the Networked Readiness Index and the Global Networked Readiness for Education project. It then introduces a new framework called the Education Informatization Index (EII) which is calculated using two subindexes - an Educational Policy Implementation subindex and an Educational Policy Creation subindex, comprised of a total of six individual indicators. Analysis of these indicators in Macedonia over a five-year period shows a slight decline in 2013 and 2016 compared to previous years, suggesting worsening implementation and commitment to educational policy regarding information and communication technologies.
Efforts to Revitalize the Computer Science Education in ThailandIJERA Editor
The shortage of ICT professionals in Thai workforce has been appeared in spite of many ICT-related programs
offering in universities across Thailand. The statistics show that a promoting of new ICT-related programs,
modified by CS program, is stealing students from CS program. Thus, CS enrollment decline as well as
students’ dropping outs are problems facing in every Thai universities. This paper reports on a study in which
10 people who are the representative of ICT graduates’ users were interviewed and 702 freshmen who took in
the introductory computer course were surveyed to try to determine the relationship of CS enrollment and ICT
professionals and the factors contributing to decline in CS enrollments. The results revealed that most of ICT
professionals were developed from CS background. The top reasons for rejecting the CS major, were its’
difficulties and students’ desire to use IT as an application, instead of a construction. These were their weakness
in programming and technical work, but the reasons for choosing the CS major were opposite. Finally, this
paper proposes a revitalization of the CS education framework to reverse the trend of CS enrollment decline.
Role of senior management support and leadership in the strategic positioning...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the role of senior management support and leadership in the strategic positioning of newly chartered public universities in Kenya, using Laikipia University as a case study. It finds that the university's senior management plays a crucial role in executing strategic objectives and guiding policy decisions. Strong senior management leadership can provide a competitive advantage, while inadequate leadership may hinder the university. The study also shows that human resource management is critical for responding to competition from other institutions. Overall, the university's senior management provides fairly strong support for strategic positioning, but could benefit from additional training and benchmarking with other universities.
Role of organizational structure in university entrepreneurshipAlexander Decker
This document discusses the role of organizational structure in university entrepreneurship based on interviews with entrepreneurship experts in Iran. The interviews identified several key requirements for an entrepreneurial university structure: total orientation toward entrepreneurship, enriched roles with autonomy and flexibility, and agility. Structural mechanisms like managerial, legal, and communication mechanisms were also seen as important. An entrepreneurial university structure was said to require these entrepreneurial traits and mechanisms to effectively support university entrepreneurship and the commercialization of research.
ROLE OF HUMAN RESOURCE TRAINING AND PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IN OFFERING LEGAL S...AkashSharma618775
The study was focus on the employees training programs provided to enhance the offering of legal
services and employee’s appraisal system encountered in offering legal services in Kilimanjaro courts.
Questionnaires were used to collect primary data from Kilimanjaro courts. A cross-sectional survey research
design was used in this study. Data were collected from 136 employees of Kilimanjaro courts using simple
randomly sampling. Descriptive analysis was employed to analyze significance between variable. Results of the
study indicate that majority of participants agree that training have contribution in offering legal service. Results
shows that employee training have impact in offering legal services in the study area. At the same time,
respondents agree that appraisal system for staff have more contribution in the overall organizational value. It’s
concluded that employee training and appraisal system have a significant relationship with employee performance
in offering legal services. It is recommended that, more training should be done to upgrade employee in the court
system of Tanzania, but also the feedback for the appraisal should be given to staff as early as possible when the
process is over. This will help staff to make much more efforts in areas where they have not scored higher grades
for their career development.
출연(연)의 기술이전 사업화 시스템에 대한 사회적 인지 관점에서의 연구. 이를 위해 관련 전문가들의 인터뷰를 바탕으로 그들의 인지모델을 분석하였다. 연구결과 한국의 공공 기술이전 사업화 시스템은 공급과 통제 위주의 선형적 시스템에서 벗어나지 못하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.
This document provides a summary of several reports on the importance of mathematics. It discusses how mathematics is seen as a core skill for life, enabling important life skills like personal finance. It is also key to economic prosperity, as a mathematically educated population and workforce drives innovation. Additionally, mathematics fosters logical thinking and is important for its own inherent beauty. Overall, the document argues that improving mathematics education is crucial to equip students with these valuable skills.
Stock Market Integration of Asean+6 on Indonesia Composite Stock Price Index ...inventionjournals
The impact of economic globalization allow intertwined relationships and interplay between capital markets in the world. Attractive financial instruments and are commonly used as an alternative to investing in the stock market one of them is stock.This research aimed to analyze the relationship of the integration of ASEAN + 6 long term and short term stock market on Indonesia Stock Price Index (JKSE), to test the effect of ASEAN + 6 stock market shock on Indonesia Stock Price Index (JKSE) and provide managerial implications that could be performed by investors. Method that used in this study is VAR/VECM. Result show that PSEi, Kospi and BSESN have positive correlation toward JKSE, while SET, NZX50, and SSE have negative correlation toward JKSE. In short term, PSEi and Kospi show negative correlation toward JKSE. Stock price index KLSE, Nikkei225, STI and AORD show no influence toward JKSE. PSEi, Kospi and BSESN stock price index shock have effect to increasing JKSE in long term, while SET, NZX50, and SSE stock price index shock have effect to decreasing JKSE in long term. For those investors who invest in the BEI shall observe the movement of the stock price index of the Philippines (PSEit), the stock price index of the Republic of Korea (Kospi) and index stock price index of India (BSESN) as a reference or consideration for investment decisions. Investors from Indonesia may invest in Malaysia, Japan, Singapore and Australia where the three countries based on test VECM have no effect on Indonesia Composite Stock Price Index.
The Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) was established in 1984 as Thailand's first policy research institute to conduct and promote policy research. TDRI has over 100 staff members working across various research programs and support services. TDRI conducts research at domestic, regional, and international levels on a variety of economic and social issues. Its research clients include both Thai government agencies and international organizations.
Efficiency Evaluation of Thailand Gross Domestic Product Using DEAIJMREMJournal
The goal of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of GDP in Thailand from the past years and provide suggestions for government and policy-makers on ways to manage inputs and improve outputs in the future while enhancing the GDP of Thailand. The paper analyzed the data collected from Office of the National Economic and Social Development of Thailand through a period of 25 years ranging from 1993 to 2017. The results show that the year 2017 was the worst years in terms of efficiency. In order to achieve the research goal, data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used. Theoretically, research has found that evaluation of GDP can be improved by eradicating the negative values of slack movement. In economic terms, the research proposed the promotion of export-led growth, business incubators, and entrepreneurship to boost not only the inputs but also the GPD of the country. In general, the GDP of Thailand is quite efficient. This research can provide strategic advice for Thai Government to improve the Gross Domestic Product thoroughly
Effect of Strategic Planning on Performance of Secondary Schools in Trans-Nzo...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of strategic planning on the performance in Secondary Schools in Trans-Nzoia West Sub-County. The objective of this study was to assess the influence that resources have on performance of secondary schools. The target population was 370 numbers of stakeholders in public secondary school in Trans-Nzoia West sub-county. Purposive and random sampling technique was used to sample the schools and the sample size was 30% of the target population. Data collection instruments were questionnaires, interviews and observation. Data was processed by use of percentages. The key recommendations were as follows: - i) The Ministry of Education should ensure that all schools have strategic plans in place to guide in the allocation of school’s resources for efficiency and effectiveness. ii) The government through Ministry of Education together with the County Government should increase funding of infrastructure in the schools in order to ensure that all schools have the necessary basic physical facilities to be able to compete favourably with others that are endowed with adequate facilities. iii) The government through the Ministry of Education should regularly visit schools to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the objectives in the strategic plan and take remedial measures to address failures in areas that need help.
FACTORS INFLUENCING INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURES’ PERFORMANCE: AN INVESTIGATI...Clifford Greenholt
Lao People Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is a developing country
that is located in the central part of the Indochina peninsula. The
telecommunication industry plays a significant role in the national economic
development of Laos. In 2008, the telecommunications sector accounted for
approximately 1.6 percent of the total GDP and is considered one of the
fastest growing sectors in Laos.
There are some communication policy studies undertaken by scholars
and media and political organization, but research on International Joint
Ventures (IJVs) in Telecommunication industry in Laos has been limited.
Especially, it seems that very modest attention has been given to investigate
IJVs’ performance and factors influencing it in the industry in Laos. Thus,
these issues are the focus of this dissertation.
Factors influencing IJVs’ Performance in Telecommunication Industry in
Laos
Many scholars and practitioners have conducted research about what
factors affecting the performance of IJVs. However, their research has mainly
conducted in the context of the developed countries (Ren et al., 2009). Many
previous studies (e.g., Hoang & Rothaermel, 2005; Isobe, Makino, &
Montgomery, 2000; Luo, 2001; and Tong et al., 2008) have examined IJVs
performance, which enhanced human beings’ knowledge about this attractive
topic. However, the conceptualization of IJV performance and factors
influencing it remains an often-debated issue in IJV research (Reus &
Ritchie, 2004).
https://www.thuvientailieu.vn/
Investigation and Identification interaction of Islamic Azad Universities (IA...Sports Journal
The sport industry is a part of society and it is being more important gradually. It is as a one of important
economical concepts in the society. The relation of sport product industry with universities is the main
way to develop the economic aspects of sport industry. The goal of this research was to evaluate the
participation and interaction of Islamic Azad University with Iran production sector of the sport industry
in geographical area of Iran. This research is practical and form the descriptive – analyzing method in
order to data collection we used Esham (2008) industry questionnaire that its final coefficient was on the
basis of cronbach Alpha (α=0.86) method, and it is justified by 5 experts in the field of relation of
industry and university and 5 sophisticated professors of sports management. the statistical universe of
this research consists the all Islamic Azad University Iran of sports product in Iran (N=302) that
according to Morgan’s table the 169 universe were the random patterns of this research to analyze the
data we used descriptive method (distribution, average, standard deviation, depicting of diagram) and
deductive method (Freidman test). The result of this analysis showed: the more important relationship
between Islamic Azad Universities included Contract research and consulting. Factors academic
problems, Cooperation and finally of research were the main obstacles of relationship between these two
subjects. According to Academics, the main policy to improve the relationship Islamic Azad Universities
with industry in part of sports productive industry is the government tax reduction for companies which
cooperate with universities visiting of industry. In *, the relationship between Islamic Azad Universities
with industry in part of sports productive industry is not appropriate and there are many obstacles
between the relationship of these to subjects.
(Sesión 3) lectura 2 dutrenit & puchet, book of kulhman&ordonez, fin...Alberto Aguayo Lara
This document discusses tensions in Mexico's science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy by examining the country's trajectory of institution building for STI and interactions between its innovation practice, policy, and theory.
Mexico has made long-term efforts to develop STI institutions since the 1930s, but financial support has remained low, below 0.5% of GDP. While a 2002 law strengthened STI governance, recommendations from mainstream models may not fit Mexico's conditions. Rules and actions forming Mexico's innovation system are shaped both by practice and by laws and policies, creating tensions. Analyzing how these can harmoniously "dance together" is key to strengthening Mexico's national innovation system.
This document summarizes a journal article about sustainable innovation of business and technology models. It presents a framework with three key points:
1. It describes a general model of sustainable development based on an input-output systems approach, with the environment as input, the economy as the process, and social/environmental goals as the output.
2. It discusses sustainable business development and how technology and business innovation are at the core of achieving sustainability goals and competitive performance.
3. It presents a "Society and Environment Pull Business Model" that shows the relationships between sustainable strategy, business/technology innovation, value creation, the market, consumption, and their influence back on society and the environment.
Evaluation of Policy Implementation at Norm Strategy Criteria Procedure Safet...IJERA Editor
Unideal Safety culture in Indonesia requires an evaluation of policy implementation refers to the construction safety regulation, Ministry Regulation 05/PRT/2014. Out of Norms, Standards, Procedures and Criteria (NSPK), we only have Norms and Procedure. As for Standard and Criteria are still being planned. This research on building, housing, water resource, roads and bridges construction at the Ministry of General Works and Housing resulted in having significant relation between safety policy implementation dimension (Monitoring and sanction / penalty) and safety culture dimensions (behavior, safety cost, policy, leadership, man, and strategy). Recommendations for policy improvement are obtained from review and implementation strategy of the significant relation between safety policy implementation dimension and safety culture dimensions.
An Empirical Analysis of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Selected Asian Countriesijtsrd
The positive relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development through employment generation and poverty reduction has been well established in academic research. This is the rationale why governments across different countries try to comprehend the dynamics of entrepreneurship. There is growing interest in decoding the context in which entrepreneurship thrives. Research on œEntrepreneurial Ecosystem has gained momentum since it provides the necessary framework in which entrepreneurship develops. The objective of this study is to analyze the various components of entrepreneurial ecosystem and Total early stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) in selected Asian countries. The research is based on secondary data related to entrepreneurial ecosystem and total early stage entrepreneurial activity, provided by Global entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). The findings of the research indicate that there is need to improve the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Asian countries. Asian countries exhibit insufficient provisions of access to finance for entrepreneurs. Government policies and programs, taxes and bureaucratic regime are also insufficient for nurturing entrepreneurial environment. Entrepreneurship education and training both at basic school level and post school level are not sufficient for creating a conducive environment for entrepreneurs. Markets, infrastructural provisions and social and cultural norms are also not found to be sufficient for entrepreneurship to thrive in Asian context. Total early stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) is also quite low for Asian countries. The findings of the study can be of instrumental value for academicians and policy makers interested in entrepreneurship development in Asia. Neha Tiwari"An Empirical Analysis of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Selected Asian Countries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9436.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-environment/9436/an-empirical-analysis-of-entrepreneurial-ecosystem-in-selected-asian-countries/neha-tiwari
This document summarizes the key topics discussed in Break-Out Session 3 of the Southeast Asia Regional Policy Network on Education and Skills regarding governance of skills systems. The session addressed how effective governance systems can help countries improve skills delivery and labor market outcomes through: 1) enhanced coordination across ministries and levels of government; 2) engagement of labor market and civil society actors; 3) use of high-quality data for inclusive policymaking; and 4) diversified and effective funding. Speakers from the Philippines, Australia, and Indonesia shared their country experiences on these governance challenges and strategies.
The document discusses several challenges faced in strategic planning processes at organizations and proposes solutions. Specifically, it addresses 5 challenges: 1) Strategic planning is a new process that can be difficult for employees, 2) Departments may lack alignment in goals, 3) Creativity may feel limited by pre-planning, 4) The overall organizational goals and vision ("big picture") may not be clearly defined, 5) Organizations struggle to balance operational and growth goals. Solutions proposed include involving employees in planning, aligning department goals, allowing flexibility, clearly communicating overall goals, and balancing operations and growth. The document also discusses broader challenges like people, systems, processes, structure, and "soft" issues that can inhibit strategic planning.
Workshop on Infrastructure Governance Indicators in the PhillipinesOECD Environment
This document discusses an upcoming virtual workshop on implementing OECD Infrastructure Governance Indicators (IGIs) in South-East Asia. It provides background on infrastructure gaps in the region and the objectives of the IGIs. The methodology for implementation in SEA countries involves identifying survey respondents, conducting a workshop, collecting and validating data, and presenting results. The document outlines the survey structure, guidelines for participants, and next steps in the Philippines. It also shares examples of IGI results for OECD countries to illustrate how data can be presented.
This document discusses a study examining the link between institutions and industrial development across Indian states. It analyzes three major components of institutions: legal institutions, state intervention, and political institutions. The study uses data on state GDP growth and industrial development levels across states to empirically test the significance of each institutional component in explaining variations. The results suggest state intervention significantly explains GDP growth variation, while all three institutional components highly significantly explain differences in industrial development levels across Indian states. The study aims to analyze the role of different institutional components in state-level industrial development using regression analysis.
In Kenya, the newly promulgated constitution of 2010 (CoK, 2010), provides the basis of monitoring and evaluation as an important tool for operationalizing National and County Government projects to ensure projects success, integrity, transparency and accountability. The county governments are responsible for delivering basic services in collaboration with other agencies and partners to enhance quality of life: however, the county government projects has been marred by lack of integrity, transparency, accountability and litany of other monitoring and evaluation weakness which has undermined the impacts and success of projects including Regional Economic Blocs. Lake Region Economic Bloc (LREB) which comprised of fourteen counties bordering Lake Victoria Basin is not sparred either. The study was conducted in six LREB Counties namely, Migori, Homabay, Kisumu, Siaya, Kakamega and Vihiga chosen in a random manner. This study specifically assessed the effectiveness of Monitoring and Evaluation methods on the Performance of County Governments Projects. The study was guided by the theory of change. The research was carried out using descriptive survey design which entails both qualitative and quantitative data collection procedures. The researcher used stratified random sampling techniques to draw a sample from the study population. The qualitative method focused on group discussion and in-depth interviews. The quantitative techniques employed questionnaires to 398 purposively selected subjects from the county projects. Data collection was from two main sources; primary and secondary. Secondary sources included relevant county documents, constitution, legislations, policy documents and reports among others. The Study employed questionnaires, Focus group discussion and Interview guide as its primary data collection method. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 18.0 was used for analysis. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics techniques and presented in tables and figures. The study findings indicated thatM&E methods, indicated by the coefficient of effectiveness (R2) which is also evidenced by F change 109.403>p-values (0.05). This implies that this variableis significant (since the p values<0.05) and therefore should be considered as part of effectiveness of M&E systems on the performance of County Governments projects. The study concludes that there are no effective and adequate projects monitoring and evaluation methods in place for County Government Projects, which can facilitate the achievement of desired projects performance and outcomes. The study recommends that the County Government should develop a clear M&E methods for each project with clear data collection, analysis, reporting and implementation methods. This Study recommends further research to be conducted in the other Regional County Economic Blocs.
The Implications of Government Policy for the Development of Agro-industry Sa...inventionjournals
Sago is the most important food commodities and the potential for development. The economic development of a region should refer to the agro-industry approach. An industry is not well developed due to the constraints of internal and external factors. This research aimed to identify the Strength, Weakness, Opportuny and Threat which could affect the development of Agro-industry Sago and determine the most effective alternative strategies applied in developing the sago in Kendari Southeast Sulawesi Province. The method used is the matrix of internal and external. The results showed that the internal factors that most influenced the development of the agro-industry sago were the agro-industry sago include availability of raw materials as a strengths and unprofessional manajement as a weakness, while the external factors include specialty food of sago favored by the society as a opportunities and limited funds from the government as a threats. Based on the results of the analysis, the implications of government policy for this study include support of capital, marketing strategy needs to be improved through promotions and maintain the tradition as sago specialty food
This document discusses strategic planning and performance of public secondary schools in Rarieda District, Kenya. It begins with background information on strategic planning, noting that strategic planning helps organizations adapt to changing environments and improves performance. The document then reviews literature on the relationship between strategic planning and organizational performance. While some research finds a link, others question this relationship. The study aims to establish strategic planning practices and determine the influence of strategic planning on performance in public secondary schools in the district. The key findings are that most schools practice formal strategic planning and it is positively correlated with performance, though environmental analysis, stakeholder involvement, and implementation of plans need improvement. The recommendation is to enhance strategic planning in schools to further contribute to performance.
An exploration of the finance growth nexus-long run and causality evidences ...Alexander Decker
This document explores the relationship between financial development and real sector growth in selected countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region from 1975 to 2009. It first reviews previous literature on the finance-growth nexus and discusses variables used to measure financial development and real sector growth. The study then presents descriptive statistics and aims to empirically examine whether there is a long-run relationship and causal relationship between financial development and real sector growth in the SAARC countries of Pakistan, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka using cointegration and Granger causality tests.
100-hwang Impact assessment of R&D subsidies on input additionality and firms...innovationoecd
An analytical impact assessment was conducted on government R&D subsidies for private firms in Korea using different firm-level data sources. Various methods, including propensity score matching and difference-in-differences, found generally positive impacts of subsidies. Subsidies increased total R&D investment by 98% on average over 4 years but decreased firms' own R&D funding by 11% in the benefit year. Sales growth increased 12% over 4 years on average while profit growth was not significantly impacted. Capital investment and employment each increased by around 12% over 4 years. Subsidies also positively impacted firm survival rates.
Similar to ASEAN benchmarking in terms of science, technology, and innovation from 1999 to 2009 (20)
How to overcome the challenges facing the European IPR system?ndbaf03
The fragmentation, high costs and uncertainty in the European Patent System could explain some of the difficulties that Europe has in moving towards a more knowledge-intensive economy in order to create jobs and economic growth
“ DOING BUSINESS IN A CROSS-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT”ndbaf03
A complimentary professional seminar will be held on June 22nd from 17:30-20:00 at the Leiden Campus room 7. The keynote speaker will be His Excellency Mr. Shota Gvineria, the Ambassador of Georgia to the Netherlands. Special guest speakers will include a Georgian television personality, a One MBA graduate, a medical doctor, and a former international bank manager who advised Georgian banks. The seminar is titled "Doing Business in a Cross-Cultural Environment" and will include refreshments and a speed-networking session.
The document discusses a case study on Enron, including that Enron's business model involved commodity trading and extrapolation, its executives and board of directors were involved, it had accounting issues with off-balance-sheet partnerships, and ethical issues with fraud. It prompts open discussions on the future governance of public companies after such scandals and if similar events could happen again, and the roles and cultures of accountants/auditors. It lists sources for further reading.
Study On The Quality Of The Patent System in Europe Enndbaf03
This study is dedicated to a comprehensive assessment of the quality of the patent system in Europe. An effective system for the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights represents an essential element for the growth of economies, which are based on the generation and exploitation of new scientific and technological knowledge. The well-known risks of market failures in the private financing of innovation investments call for a continuous effort of policy makers to the improvements of the tools that are expected to guarantee proper private returns from R&D activities while protecting also the interests of consumers and society at large. The increased salience of patents to companies competing in the knowledge economy has raised concerns throughout the world in the past decade about the actual effectiveness of the current patent systems.
Access to data and material for research: putting empirical evidence into per...ndbaf03
The aim of this article is to put into critical perspective the empirical findings on
secrecy and withholding in research. In other words, by taking existing
empirical literature into account, it is intended that a crucial question is
answered: Is secrecy and withholding in research harmful or innocuous to
science? To understand how secrecy and withholding in research have
affected academic science, empirical studies have been placed in the wider
context of Mertonian underpinnings of the anticommons threat. The turning
point in testing the effects of secrecy and withholding of data and material
on scientific research was marked by statistical studies based on surveys and
bibliometric measures. These two types of empirical studies have given
answers to the basic question since academia was threatened by different
modes of practicing science.
A molecular monopoly? HPV testing, the Pap smear and the molecularisation of ...ndbaf03
Hogarth, S., Hopkins, M. M. and Rodriguez, V. (2011), A molecular monopoly? HPV testing, the Pap smear and the molecularisation of cervical cancer screening in the USA. Sociology of Health & Illness. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01411.x
van Bavel, R., Voigt, P., Rodriguez, V. (Eds.) 2008. Role and Dynamics of Corporate R&D: Summary Report of the First European Conference on Corporate R&D. Seville: European Commission.
This document provides a summary and analysis of methods for classifying innovation policies in the European Union. It begins by defining innovation and discussing models of innovation systems and policies. It then describes the multidimensional policy framework of the EU and challenges of classifying its diverse innovation policies. The document presents a biological and neofunctional approach to grouping EU innovation policies into taxa and types. It concludes by examining frameworks for innovation policy instrumentation.
Material transfer agreements (MTAs) are used to transfer research materials between organizations for various purposes like storage, research, or commercial use. MTAs were pioneered by industry but are now also commonly used in academia. There are differing views between industry, which aims to protect commercial interests, and academia, which values open access of ideas. Key points of negotiation in MTAs include licensing terms, restrictions on publishing or distributing materials, and ownership of resulting inventions. Standardization efforts have aimed to simplify MTAs between non-profit organizations but many variables remain depending on the specific goals and needs of the parties involved.
ASEAN benchmarking in terms of science, technology, and innovation from 1999 to 2009
1. Scientometrics
DOI 10.1007/s11192-011-0603-7
ASEAN benchmarking in terms of science, technology,
and innovation from 1999 to 2009
V. Rodriguez • A. Soeparwata
Received: 9 October 2011
Ó The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract This article provides an empirical assessment of the performance of the
member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in terms of science, tech-
nology, and innovation. This study is relevant because it employs a larger data set,
examines more countries, and covers more years than previous studies. The results indicate
that these countries had differing patterns of performance, and the pattern of growth among
them was asymmetrical. Additional findings suggest that these countries performed idio-
syncratically with respect to the six quantitative dimensions we examined. Our research
includes a form of comparative policy evaluation that might assist the monitoring of the
implementation of ‘‘Vision 2020’’. The results simplify how we determine the relative
strengths and weaknesses of national innovation systems and are relevant to policy dis-
cussions. In relation to transferability, the findings demonstrate similarities to the European
Union with regard to performance and governance.
Mathematics Subject Classification (2000) 62-07 Data analysis Á
01A29 Southeast Asia ASEAN
JEL Classification O38 Government Policy Á O33 Technological Change:
Choices and Consequences Á Diffusion Processes
Introduction
Thirty years after the birth of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),
member states gathered in Kuala Lumpur in 1997 to chart a vision for ASEAN on the basis
of contemporary realities and prospects in the decades leading to the Year 2020. That
vision is of ASEAN as a concert of Southeast Asian nations, outward looking, living in
V. Rodriguez (&) Á A. Soeparwata
Department of Legal and Economic Governance Studies, School of Management and Governance,
Institute for Governance Studies, Centre for European Studies, University of Twente,
Schiehavenkade 472, 3024 EZ Rotterdam, The Netherlands
e-mail: victor.rodriguez@ybiz.net
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2. V. Rodriguez, A. Soeparwata
peace, stability and prosperity, bonded together in partnership in dynamic development and
in a community of caring societies (ASEAN 1997).
Science, technology, and innovation (STI) play an important role in prosperity and
economic growth. One of the goals of ASEAN in its ‘‘Vision 2020’’ programme is to
strengthen integration as a way of promoting progress, peace, and prosperity in the region.
Among other measures, ASEAN aims to achieve this goal via cooperation in science and
technology (S&T) and the advanced development of human resource capacities (APAST
2007). While ASEAN has promoted STI, little scholarly work has been performed on the
results of those efforts (e.g. Dodgson 2002).
Some limited research efforts have been devoted to studying empirically STI in ASEAN
countries (e.g. Dodgson 2000; Lai and Yap 2004; Remøe 2010; Sigurdson and Palonka
2002). Dodgson (2000) studied four ASEAN countries by assessing data on scientific
publications, the number of researchers, research and development (R&D), and foreign
direct investment (FDI), and by analysing the electronics sector. Lai and Yap (2004)
studied two ASEAN countries by examining human capital, R&D, S&T parks, foreign
technology transfer, and government research institutes. Remøe (2010) studied all ASEAN
countries by assessing data on R&D, education, patents, and competitiveness. Sigurdson
and Palonka (2002) studied five ASEAN countries by examining data on R&D, education,
and FDI. However, there has been no analysis of all ASEAN members that engages in STI
performance assessment and growth analysis.
The purposes of this article are twofold. First, it provides empirical evidence of STI
performance in ASEAN countries at the national level. Second, it compares and contrasts
previous findings regarding STI policies in ASEAN countries at the national level. This
article studies the performance of ASEAN member states with regard to innovation over a
period of 11 years (from 1999 to 2009). We chose this period because it follows the
implementation of ‘‘Vision 2020’’ in 1997, and it excludes the Asian crisis that took place
in 1997 and 1998. This window also reflects the fact that the most recent data available are
from 2009. The underlying question is: What was the STI performance of ASEAN member
states during the selected time period? We consider two hypotheses:
1. Overall STI performance is distributed normally across ASEAN member states.
2. STI performance dimensions are distributed normally across ASEAN member states.
These hypotheses are tested by studying the pattern yielded by the Summary STI Index
using growth analysis and by reference to composite indicators. Composite indicators are
increasingly recognised as a useful tool for policymaking (Sajeva et al. 2005). Composite
indicators are also useful because they can integrate large amounts of information into
easily understood formats (OECD 2003, 2008).
Regarding indicators, the article employs three categories (i.e. enablers, firm activities,
and economic size) and six dimensions (i.e. human resources; open, excellent and
attractive research systems; finance and support; business R&D expenditure; intellectual
assets; economic size), which generate 15 indicators in total as a means of studying
ASEAN member states’ innovation performance and growth.
The findings of this article contribute to fashioning useful and analytically sound per-
spectives on the degree to which STI goals have been achieved at the national level. This
article is relevant for two reasons. First, it provides evidence-based policy recommenda-
tions pertinent to the improvement of national performance in the field of STI. Second, it
adds to the academic literature investigating STI in ASEAN countries through its exam-
ination of a larger set of data, countries, and years.
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3. ASEAN benchmarking
The remainder of this article is organised as follows. Section ‘‘STI policy coherence at
the ASEAN level’’ outlines the framework of this article by presenting the three dimen-
sions of policy coherence in ASEAN countries. Section ‘‘Data’’ refers to the data and
indicators used for computing STI performance. Section ‘‘Methodology’’ details the
technique for calculating composite indicators. Section ‘‘Findings’’ presents the findings of
the research by answering the research questions and testing the hypotheses. Section
‘‘Discussion’’ brings a discussion about the research results. Finally, Sect. ‘‘Policy rec-
ommendations and conclusion’’ provides evidence-based policy recommendations and
concludes the article.
STI policy coherence at the ASEAN level
One central assumption in economic integration is policy coherence. Policy coherence
comprises three dimensions: horizontal, vertical, and temporal. We look at the three
dimensions in this section. First, ‘‘horizontal coherence ensures that individual, or sectoral,
policies, build on each other and minimise inconsistencies in the case of conflicting goals’’
(Remøe 2005). According to the ASEAN Plan of Action on Science and Technology
(APAST) 2007–2011, the new APAST takes into account the guiding principles and
directives provided by the ASEAN Leaders [through the declarations] and the ASEAN
Ministers for Science and Technology (S&T) (ASEANSEC 2009). Furthermore, all action
plans are guided by the directives and general principles outlined in the declarations,
including economic, social, cultural, technological, scientific, and administrative matters.
Second, ‘‘vertical coherence ensures that public outputs are consistent with the original
intentions of policy makers’’ (Remøe 2005). Due to the comitological structure of AS-
EAN’s S&T cooperation, objectives are identified at the highest level (the ASEAN Min-
isterial Meeting on Science and Technology [AMMST]), and passed downwards to the
Committee on Science and Technology (COST) and its subcommittees. Several monitoring
and evaluation processes are in place to ensure the proper implementation of regional
programmes, projects, and plans.
Third, ‘‘temporal coherence ensures that today’s policies continue to be effective in the
future by limiting potential incoherence and providing guidance for change’’ (Remøe
2005). According to APAST 2007–2011, ‘‘the new APAST takes into account the guiding
principle and directives provided by previous action plans on S&T, as well as national
S&T plans and programmes’’ (ASEANSEC 2009) to prevent policy incoherence.
In addition, we sketch the three dimensions of policy coherence that might be con-
sidered in fashioning a policy coherence perspective in the context of ASEAN. Horizontal
coherence of STI policies underlines the necessity of governing and coordinating many and
various policy domains as a means of enhancing STI policy results. Horizontal relations in
ASEAN’s area of STI are visible in the AMMST, in which the ASEAN members take
decisions on economic, social, and political issues following the guidelines, principles, and
aims laid down in the declarations and in accordance with the consultation procedures and
the principle of consensus.
Vertical coherence of STI policies refers to the relationships among different layers
of government institutions. Vertical relations are highlighted by the institutional structure
of ASEAN regional cooperation in S&T (see Fig. 1). This structure is designed in a
hierarchical manner, in which the AMMST directs the COST, and COST assigns work to
the subcommittees, advisory bodies, working groups, and joint committees.
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4. V. Rodriguez, A. Soeparwata
Fig. 1 ASEAN structure of regional cooperation in S&T. SCFST Sub-Committee on Food Science and
Technology, SCMSAT Sub-Committee on Marine Science and Technology, SCMIT Sub-Committee on
Microelectronics and Information Technology, SCMST Sub-Committee on Materials Science and
Technology, SCB Sub-Committee on Biotechnology, SCNCER Sub-Committee on Non-Conventional
Energy Research, SCMG Sub-Committee on Meteorology and Geophysics, SCIRD Sub-Committee on S&T
Infrastructure and Resources Development, SCOSA Sub-Committee on Space Technology and Application,
JSTC Joint Science and Technology Committee, WGST Working Group on Science and Technology, CCST
Cooperation Committee on Science and Technology, DMST Dialogue Meeting on Science and Technology,
Source: Chou (2010)
Temporal coherence of STI policies refers to the deadlines and follow-up programmes
of policies distinguishing between a long-term STI policy path and a short-term STI policy
without a follow-up programme. ASEAN formulated its overall goals in ‘‘Vision 2020’’,
goals that are supposed to be reached via several small steps called action plans (see
Table 1). However, this long-term vision dramatically contrasts with the national policy
cycle, which for several member states covers 4–5 years.
Data
In ASEAN, STI policies are integrated at the supranational level, where governance is
characterised by intergovernmental, comitological and OMC features. ‘‘Vision 2020’’
provided a cooperative context that triggered STI policies at the national level, but the
primary goals of such policies varied across four categories: the financial goal of stimu-
lating R&D, diffusion or technology transfer, managerial gaps in running businesses, and
systems for facilitating change. In particular, the primary goals of national STI policies
resulted generally in performance dimensions that did not usually correspond with such
goals.
In this section, we provide the data sources and identify innovation indicators. We
collected the quantitative data from various sources, as presented in Table 2. We utilised
the public databases from the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural
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5. ASEAN benchmarking
Table 1 Temporal coherence
Temporal coherence Explanation
(a) Guiding principles of ASEAN Provide COST, from its inception in 1978, with overall direction
cooperation on S&T cooperation
(b) Previous action plans on science and Formulated based on the guiding principles provided by the
technology ASEAN Heads of Government and the ASEAN Ministers for
Science and Technology
(c) Vision 2020 Issued by ASEAN Heads of Government in 1997 to set the
vision of what ASEAN should be in 2020
(d) Hanoi plan of action Created in 1998 by the ASEAN Heads of Government as the
first in a series of action plans to implement Vision 2020
(e) Bali Concord II Elaborates on the themes of ASEAN ‘‘Vision 2020’’, founded on
the three pillars of political and security cooperation,
economic cooperation, and socio-cultural cooperation
(f) Vientiane action programme Adopted by the ASEAN Heads of Government in 2004, it is the
latest in the series of action plans to implement ASEAN
Vision 2020
(g) ASEAN Plan of Action on Science Extended up to 2006, it is the most recent plan of action for S&T
and Technology 2001–2004 cooperation in ASEAN
(h) Directives from ASEAN ministers Addressed the need for further strengthening S&T cooperation
in ASEAN during the 10th Ministerial Meeting on S&T in
2003 and the 11th Ministerial Meeting on S&T in 2005.
(i) National S&T Plans and Programmes Facilitates the identification of activities that can be cost-shared
(j) Objectives of APAST 2007–2011 The objectives needed to achieve ASEAN Vision 2020, which
are derived from the VAP and the directives from the ASEAN
Ministers
(k) Strategic thrusts Those needed to obtain the objectives.
(l) Programme areas Include priority areas by subcommittees, ongoing projects and
projects in the pipeline, proposed Flagship programmes and
cost-shared projects
(m) Funding For programmes and projects by cost-sharing, from the ASEAN
Science Fund, ASEAN Development Fund, Dialogue Partners
and the private sector.
(n) Policy, infrastructure and support Include policies on IPR, collaborative undertakings,
systems commercialisation; networks to facilitate information and
resource sharing
(j.1) Krabi Initiative 2010 Will be referenced in the coming Plan of Action on Science and
Technology 2016–2020 recommending a paradigm shift to
bring the benefits of science to the ASEAN citizens
Source: APAST (2007)
Organisation (UNESCO), the United Nations Statistics Division, and the World Intellec-
tual Property Organisation (WIPO).
Innovation and firm theories underline the significance of dynamic capabilities (Teece
and Pisano 1994). Dynamic capabilities are formed by two components. First, diffusion
capability requires a substantial level of capability on the part of the firm in selecting,
using, and developing technology, and enables firms efficiently to accumulate, assimilate,
and adapt appropriate extant technology. Second, creating capability is the capacity to
create new technologies based on R&D and directed at creating first-mover advantages in
the market, intellectual property, and licensing income (Dodgson 2002).
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6. V. Rodriguez, A. Soeparwata
Table 2 Sources of quantitative data
Indicator Source
Graduates in science. UNESCO Education Table 16 1999–2009
Tertiary, total (2011)
Graduates in engineering, UNESCO Education Table 16 1999–2009
manufacturing and (2011)
construction, Tertiary,
total
Percentage of tertiary UNESCO Education Table 14 1999–2009
graduates in science (2011)
Percentage of tertiary UNESCO Education Table 14 1999–2009
graduates in engineering, (2011)
manufacturing and
construction
Percentage of researchers UNESCO Science and Table 7 1999–2009
FTE ISCED 6 (2011) Technology
Percentage of Researchers UNESCO Science and Table 7 1999–2009
HC ISCED 6 (2011) Technology
International students (or UNESCO Education Table 18 1999–2009
internationally mobile) (2011)
students, Total
Percentage of GERD UNESCO Science and Table 28 1999–2009
financed by business (2011) Technology
Percentage of GERD UNESCO Science and Table 28 1999–2009
financed by government (2011) Technology
Percentage of GERD UNESCO Science and Table 28 1999–2009
financed by higher (2011) Technology
education
Percentage of GERD UNESCO Science and Table 28 1999–2009
financed from abroad (2011) Technology
Percentage of GERD UNESCO Science and Table 28 1999–2009
financed by private non- (2011) Technology
profit
Patent applications by WIPO (2011) Statistics on Patent applications by 1999–2009
patent office, Total Patents patent office
(1883–2009) by resident
and non-resident
Patent grants by patent WIPO (2011) Statistics on Patent grants by patent 1999–2009
office, Total Patents office (1883–2009) by
resident and non-resident
GDP per capita United National GDP per capita at current 1999–2009
Nations Accounts prices US dollars
Statistics Estimates of
Division Main
(2011) Aggregates
FTE full-time equivalent, HC head count, ISCED 6 International Standard Classification of Education of
second level of third education, GERD Gross domestic Expenditure on Research and Development, GDP
gross domestic product
Retrieved March 1, 2011
The forces that determine the supply of innovations are the enablers and the firm. In
addition to the firm, enablers are major forces of innovation performance that consist of
human resources; open, excellent and attractive research systems; and finance and support.
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Firm-creating capabilities are also major forces of innovation performance that consist of
business R&D expenditure and intellectual assets.
Regarding indicators, we employed three categories (i.e. enablers, firm activities, and
economic size), six dimensions (i.e. human resources; open, excellent and attractive research
systems; finance and support; business R&D expenditure; intellectual assets; economic size),
which generate 15 indicators in total (i.e. Graduates in science, Tertiary, Total; Graduates in
engineering, manufacturing and construction, Tertiary, Total; Percentage of tertiary gradu-
ates in science; Percentage of tertiary graduates in engineering, manufacturing and con-
struction; Percentage of researchers FTE ISCED 6; Percentage of researchers HC ISCED 6;
International students or internationally mobile students, Total; Percentage of GERD
financed by business; Percentage of GERD financed by government; Percentage of GERD
financed by higher education; Percentage of GERD financed from abroad; Percentage of
GERD financed by private non-profits; Patent applications by patent office, Total; Patent
grants by patent office, Total; gross domestic product (GDP) per capita).
The first category of indicators is ‘‘enablers’’, which are the major forces of innovation
performance other than the firm. This category is split into three dimensions: human
resources; open, excellent and attractive research systems; and finance and support. The
first dimension captures six indicators that determine the disposability of an educated and
highly skilled labour force. The second dimension contains one indicator and estimates
international competitiveness with regard to attractiveness and openness. The third
dimension consists of four indicators and estimates the availability of government support
programmes for innovation activities and finance schemes for innovation projects.
The second category of indicators is ‘‘firm activities’’, which highlight the innovation
performance at the firm level. This category distinguishes between two dimensions:
business R&D expenditure and intellectual assets. The first dimension contains one indi-
cator for firm investment in research and development that drive innovation. The second
dimension consists of two indicators and estimates intellectual property rights (IPR) efforts
in the innovation process.
The third category of indicators is ‘‘economic size’’, which determine the association of
research and innovation activities with the economy. This category is unidimensional in
that it covers economic relatedness. In this respect, De Solla Price (1969) showed that the
amount of scientific publication coming from a country is correlated positively with its
economic size as measured by its GDP, and not with geographic area, population or any
other parameters. In addition, Narin (1994) has found that the correlation holds not only for
scientific publication, but also for patenting.
We explain the rationale and source for each innovation indicator as follows.
A. Enablers
A.1 Human resources
A.1.1 Graduates in science, Tertiary, Total
Rationale: This indicator is an estimate of the supply of science
graduates at the tertiary level.
Data source: UNESCO, Education
A.1.2 Graduates in engineering, manufacturing, and construction, Tertiary, Total
Rationale: This indicator is more general in character, in that it
estimates the supply of engineers, manufacturers, and constructors as an
input into the innovation process.
Data source: UNESCO, Education
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8. V. Rodriguez, A. Soeparwata
A.1.3 Percentage of tertiary graduates in science
Rationale: This indicator is an estimate of the supply of science
graduates at the tertiary level in relation to all other graduates at the
tertiary level.
Data source: UNESCO, Education
A.1.4 Percentage of tertiary graduates in engineering, manufacturing, and
construction
Rationale: This indicator is more general in character, in that it
estimates the supply of engineers, manufacturers, and constructors in
relation to all graduates at the tertiary level as an input into the
innovation process.
Data source: UNESCO, Education
For some countries, the trend of absolute graduates in science or
engineering might have been in decline although the trend of share of
tertiary graduates with degrees in science and engineering was in
growth. This shows that the expansion of tertiary education has led to a
large number of students with degrees in other disciplines than science
or engineering. For others, the share of tertiary graduates with degrees
in science or engineering might have been in decline although the
trend of total number of science or engineering graduates was in
growth. This shows that the expansion of tertiary education has led to a
large number of students with degrees in science or engineering.
Therefore, we use both absolute (A.1.1. and A.1.2.) and relative
indicators (A.1.3. and A.1.4.) in order to capture the differences in the
trend of graduates in science, engineering, and other disciplines.
Concern about shortages of scientists and engineers resurfaced many
times. A shortage is defined as a shrinking of national supply, that is
that the number of new science and engineering graduates falls and is
insufficient to replace those exiting the workforce (e.g. as a result of
retirement, emigration or death). Perhaps the central issue behind
concerns about shortages of scientists and engineers is the realisation
that the economic growth depends on investments in knowledge,
including an ample supply of scientists and engineers (OECD 2004).
This is show by the supply of science and engineering graduates at the
tertiary level in relation to all other graduates at the tertiary level.
A.1.5 Percentage of Researchers FTE ISCED 6
Rationale: Researchers with an ISCED 6 are among the most important
inputs in the innovation process with regard to the human resource
dimension because they are university graduates prepared for faculty
and research positions. They have achieved the second stage of tertiary
education leading to an advanced research qualification, an accom-
plishment enabling them to engage in the creation and conception of
innovations.
Data source: UNESCO, Science and Technology
A.1.6 Percentage of Researchers HC ISCED 6
Rationale: Researchers with an ISCED 6 are an important input into
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9. ASEAN benchmarking
the innovation process because they are engaged in the creation of new
knowledge and innovation.
Data source: UNESCO, Science and Technology
A.2 Open, excellent and attractive research systems
A.2.1 International students (or internationally mobile) students, Total
Rationale: The total number of international students in a country reflects
the openness and attractiveness of a research system.
Data source: UNESCO, Education
A.3 Finance and support
A.3.1 Percentage of GERD financed by government
Rationale: GERD financed by government is an important determinant for
R&D activities. Furthermore, it reflects the government’s appreciation of
innovation as a determinant for economic growth and the government’s
willingness and ability to invest in the innovation process.
Data source: UNESCO, Science and Technology
A.3.2 Percentage of GERD financed by higher education
Rationale: GERD financed by higher education reflects the ability of the
higher education sector to foster the innovation process. Along with
business and government research and innovation, the higher education
sector is the third major actor in knowledge and technology creation.
Data source: UNESCO, Science and Technology
A.3.3 Percentage of GERD financed from abroad
Rationale: GERD financed from abroad highlight a country’s need for
foreign help/investment as well as its openness and attractiveness.
Therefore, GERD financed from abroad is an important determinant of
a country’s innovation performance.
Data source: UNESCO, Science and Technology
A.3.4 Percentage of GERD financed by private non-profits
Rationale: GERD financed by private non-profit institutions, households,
and individuals serves the general public. Leaving this indicator out would
result in an incomplete GERD structure. Moreover, in some countries this
indicator represents the largest share.
Data source: UNESCO, Science and Technology
B Firm activities
B.1 Business R&D expenditure
B.1.1 Percentage of GERD financed by business
Rationale: The indicator measures the development of new innovations
at the firm level. This is especially important in the science-based
sectors (chemicals, electronics, and pharmaceuticals), which are
considered the main creators of new innovations and knowledge.
Data source: UNESCO, Science and Technology
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10. V. Rodriguez, A. Soeparwata
B.2 Intellectual Assets
B.2.1 Patent applications by patent office, Total
Rationale: In a competitive market, a firm’s position is defined by its
capacity to innovate. The number of patent applications is one indicator
measuring this capacity.
Data source: WIPO Statistics on Patents
B.2.2 Patent grants by patent office, Total
Rationale: In a competitive market, a firm’s position is defined by its
capacity to innovate. The number of patent grants is another indicator
measuring this capacity.
Data source: WIPO Statistics on Patents
C. Economic size
C.1 Economy
C.1.1 GDP per capita at current prices in US dollars
Rationale: Because innovation is considered one of the main drivers of economic
growth and GDP per capita trends reflect a country’s economic growth, this indicator
estimates the impact of innovation and, therefore, a country’s innovation performance.
Data source: United Nations Statistics Division; National Accounts Estimates of Main
Aggregates
Furthermore, we divided ASEAN economies among income groups according to the
2009 gross national income per capita calculated by the World Bank (2011): low income,
$995 or less; lower middle income, $996–3,945; upper middle income, $3,946–12,195; and
high income, $12,196 or more (Table 3).
Finally, we utilised the Worldwide Governance Indicators because they are significantly
correlated with innovation performance as measured by the Summary Innovation Index
(Hollanders and Arundel 2007). In this respect, Celikel Esser (2007) investigated the link
between innovation and governance by exploring the relationship between six governance
indicators from the World Bank and the innovation performance measures from the
European Innovation Scoreboard and the Global Innovation Scoreboard (Hollanders and
Arundel 2006). For three governance indicators—control of corruption, rule of law and
government effectiveness, there is a strong link with innovation performance. For the other
Table 3 World Bank list of
Economy Acronym Income group
economies
Brunei Darussalam BN High income: non-OECD
Cambodia KH Low income
Indonesia ID Lower middle income
Lao PDR LA Low income
Malaysia MY Upper middle income
Myanmar MM Low income
Philippines PH Lower middle income
Singapore SG High income: non-OECD
Thailand TH Lower middle income
Vietnam VN Lower middle income
Source: World Bank (2011)
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three—voice and accountability, political stability and regulatory quality, there is a
moderate relation with innovation performance.
These indicators consist of six composite indicators of broad dimensions of governance.
The process by which governments are selected, monitored, and replaced is measured by two
composite indicators: ‘‘Voice and Accountability’’, and ‘‘Political Stability and Absence
of Violence or Terrorism’’. The capacity of a government effectively to formulate and
implement sound policies is measured by ‘‘Government Effectiveness’’ and ‘‘Regulatory
Quality’’. The respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic and
social interactions is measured by ‘‘Rule of Law’’ and ‘‘Control of Corruption’’. Voice and
Accountability captures perceptions of how extensively citizens are allowed to participate in
selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a
free media. Political Stability and Absence of Violence or Terrorism captures perceptions
of the likelihood that the government will be destabilised or overthrown by unconstitutional
or violent means, including politically motivated violence and terrorism. Government
Effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil
service and its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and
implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies.
Regulatory Quality is captures perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and
implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector develop-
ment. Rule of Law generally captures perceptions of the extent to which agents have con-
fidence in and abide by the rules of society, particularly the quality of contract enforcement,
property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.
Control of Corruption indicates perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised
for private gain, including both petty and major forms of corruption, as well as the degree to
which elites and private interests have captured the state (Kaufmann et al. 2010).
Methodology
We computed the STI performance of each ASEAN member state for the period
1999–2009 by means of a composite indicator [the Summary Science, Technology and
Innovation Index (SSTII)] constructed in accordance with Hollanders and Tarantola
(2011). We chose this period because it follows the implementation of ‘‘Vision 2020’’ in
1997, and it excludes the Asian crisis that took place in 1997 and 1998. This window also
reflects the fact that the most recent data available are from 2009. The steps for computing
the SSTII are as follows.
Data availability
The data were retrieved from the sources displayed in Table 2. The reference year for all
indicators was 1999. The covered period includes the 11 years from 1999 to 2009.
Country-by-country data availability for each year is presented in Table 4.
Identifying extreme values
An extreme value in statistical terms is an outlier. We find two kinds of outliers in this data set:
positive and negative outliers. Negative outliers are those extreme values less than the mean
minus two times the standard deviation. Positive outliers are those extreme values higher than
the mean plus two times the standard deviation. The outliers are presented in Table 5.
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12. V. Rodriguez, A. Soeparwata
Table 4 Country-by-country data availability (in percentages) 1999–2009
Country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Brunei Darussalam 53 53 53 33 73 73 53 53 53 53 47
Cambodia 13 33 40 73 7 40 7 40 33 33 7
Indonesia 13 33 33 13 13 13 20 13 7 13 33
Lao People’s 40 27 40 40 40 40 40 40 13 13 7
Democratic Republic
(PDR)
Malaysia 27 27 27 60 27 87 27 93 53 53 7
Myanmar 7 7 7 13 7 7 7 7 27 7 0
Philippines 27 20 27 60 93 53 73 27 20 27 7
Singapore 47 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 20 27
Thailand 27 20 33 33 60 33 73 27 27 27 40
Vietnam 27 27 20 47 20 13 33 13 27 27 27
Table 5 Outliers
Kind of Indicator Country Year
outlier
Negative Graduates in engineering, manufacturing, and construction, tertiary Brunei 1999
Negative Percentage of tertiary graduates in engineering, manufacturing, and Brunei 1999
construction
Negative Patent application by patent office, total Malaysia 2007
Negative Patent application by patent office, total Philippines 2002
Positive Graduates in science, tertiary, total Brunei 1999
Positive Percentage of tertiary graduates in science Brunei 1999
Positive Percentage of tertiary graduates in engineering, manufacturing, and Cambodia 2006
construction
Positive International students or internationally mobile students Laos 2008
Positive International students or internationally mobile students Philippines 2008
Positive International students or internationally mobile students Thailand 2009
Positive Patent application by patent office, total Brunei 2008
Positive Patent grants by patent office, total Brunei 2008
Transforming data that have highly skewed distributions across countries
After the identification of the extreme values, those values were replaced by the negative
and positive limits. These limits are defined as the mean minus two times the standard
deviation and as the mean plus two times the standard deviation, respectively.
Imputation of missing values
There were three scenarios involving missing data: missing data at the beginning, in-
between, and at the end of the time series. In the following discussion, these scenarios are
described and explained. If data were missing for the first year under study, they were
imputed with the next available data. For instance, if the value from 1999 was missing but
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the value from 2000 was available, then the missing value was equalised to the 2000 value.
If a score for a year-in-between was missing, it was equalised to the score of the previous
year available. For example, if the score for 2002 was missing but scores from 2001 and
2003 were available, then the missing score was equalised with the 2001 score. If values
were missing at the end or the latest year, they were imputed with the last available score.
For example, if the score from 2009 was not available but the score from 2008 was
available, then the 2009 score was equalised with the 2008 score. In some cases, the entire
data series for an indicator was missing for a country, leaving no opportunity for impu-
tation of missing values. In these cases, the composite score was calculated without that
indicator.
Determining maximum and minimum values
The minimum value is represented by the lowest value available in the period of study for
each indicator within all countries. Likewise, the maximum value is represented by the
highest value available in the period of study for each indicator within all countries.
Normalising values
After the minimum and maximum values are determined for each country and for each
indicator, the minimum–maximum normalisation approach can be used to find the nor-
malised values. The normalised score is computed as follows. The minimum value is
subtracted from each indicator observation and the result is divided by the difference
between the maximum and the minimum values. Using this approach, all normalised
values are in the range between 0 and 1. The minimum normalised value corresponds to 0,
and the maximum normalised value corresponds to 1.
YiN ¼ ½xi À minðxÞŠ = ½maxðxÞ À minðxÞŠ
where Yi is country i’s normalised value, xi is the country’s value for the original scale,
max(x) and min(x) are, respectively, the maximum and minimum values that have been
attained for this indicator across all countries.
Calculating composite scores at the dimension level
To calculate composite scores at the dimension level (i.e. human resources; open, excel-
lent, and attractive research system; finance and support; business R&D expenditure;
intellectual assets; and economic size), we grouped all sub-indicators of each dimension for
each country and for each year and computed the average of all sub-indicators for a given
dimension for a given country and for a given year. For instance, the calculation of the
dimension of finance and support for Thailand, (which includes the sub-indicators GERD
financed by government; GERD financed by higher education; GERD financed by abroad;
and GERD financed by private non-profit) for the year 2000 resulted in the composite score
of 0.36094 at the dimension level.
X
lt ¼ Yit =N
where l is the mean of normalised sub-indicator Y for country i for year t and N is the
number of normalised sub-indicators. In the weighting process, all normalised sub-indi-
cators receive the same weight.
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14. V. Rodriguez, A. Soeparwata
Calculating composite innovation scores
The composite innovation scores were computed for each year and each country by taking
the average of all indicator dimensions for a given year. Each composite score at the
dimension level was computed by averaging the sub-indicators normalised scores for a
given year. For example, the composite innovation index 2009 for Thailand equalled the
average of human resources, open, excellent and attractive research systems, finance and
support, business R&D expenditure, intellectual assets, economic size. In other words, the
SSTII was computed as a linear aggregation.
X
Mt ¼ Yit =n
where M is the mean of all dimension indicators for country Y for year t and n is the
number of normalised dimension indicators. In the weighting process, all normalised
dimension indicators receive the same weight.
Growth analysis
To assess an individual country’s innovation performance over a time series, we conducted
a growth analysis. For this purpose, we arranged the indicators at the dimension level (i.e.
human resources; open, excellent and attractive research systems; finance and support;
business R&D expenditure; intellectual assets; and economic size) from 1999 to 2009 to
observe changes and trends in each dimension. In addition to the dimensions level, we
computed the growth rates for the SSTII from 1999 to 2009. Therefore, we calculated the
average value between 1999 and 2009 for each dimension to obtain a general picture
regarding the clustering of countries in leaders, followers, catching-up, and trailing
countries. The second measure of the growth analysis was the annual average growth rate.
To compute this rate, we first calculated ‘‘the annual growth rate of the composite indicator
between two consecutive years t - 1 and t’’ (Tarantola 2008). In the second calculation,
we defined the overall growth rate of the entire period, from year 0 to t, i.e. the change
from 1999 to 2009. The third and last calculation we made was the annual average growth
rate between 1999 and 2009. After this step, the maximum for each country and the
maximum for each cluster were displayed.
Categorisation
To categorise the countries, we defined five groups (i.e. significant progress, slight pro-
gress, stagnant, slight regression, and significant regression) and computed the average of
all positive and all negative overall growth rates. The average of the positive values
corresponded to significant and slight progress. The average of the negative values cor-
responded to slight and significant regression. In more detail, the group that displayed
‘‘significant progress’’ included all countries that were performing above the positive
average. Second, those countries that had a positive rate but were below the average were
categorised as ‘‘slight progress’’. Third, ‘‘stagnant’’ related to those countries that did not
record any changes within the time series. Fourth, the group of ‘‘slight regression’’
included those countries that had a negative overall growth rate but were above the neg-
ative average. Finally, the countries below the negative average were categorised in the
‘‘significant regression’’ group.
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15. ASEAN benchmarking
Findings
Our quantitative findings are based upon SSTII (Table 6) and growth analysis (Table 7).
To identify the pattern of national STI performance, composite indexes were computed for
each year and each country by taking the average of all indicator dimensions for the period
1999–2009. Each indicator dimension was computed by averaging the sub-indicator nor-
malised scores for a given year. After each national mean was calculated, we computed the
overall mean to identify ‘‘leader’’, ‘‘follower’’, ‘‘catching-up’’, and ‘‘trailing’’ countries.
The overall mean corresponds to the group of ‘‘catching-up’’ countries. Countries with
scores above the overall mean 0.3 are considered to be ‘‘follower’’ or ‘‘leader’’. ‘‘Leader’’
is represented by the maximum 0.6. Countries with scores below the overall mean 0.3 are
considered to be ‘‘catching up’’ or ‘‘trailing’’. ‘‘Trailing’’ is represented by the minimum
0.2.
The result shows that positions at the top and at the bottom are unambiguous, and
independent of the weighing vector. Altogether, this result seems rather close to the
conclusion that the weighing regime is only of secondary importance, thus vindicating the
decision to keep the weighing as simple as possible (Schibany and Streicher 2008).
As a result, the quantitative evidence suggests that ASEAN member states had differing
patterns of STI performance. In particular, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Lao PDR,
Myanmar, and Vietnam were ‘‘trailing’’. Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand were
‘‘catching up’’. Malaysia was a ‘‘follower’’. Finally, Singapore was a ‘‘leader’’. In addition,
the pattern of growth did not behave as a bell curve. In particular, Brunei Darussalam,
Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand showed ‘‘significant progress’’. Indonesia, Cam-
bodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Singapore, and Vietnam showed ‘‘slight progress’’. No AS-
EAN countries showed ‘‘stagnation’’, ‘‘slight regression’’, or ‘‘significant regression’’.
Based upon our quantitative findings, we are able to reject the first null hypothesis,
which was that the overall STI performance is distributed normally across ASEAN
member states. Therefore, we propose the following alternative hypothesis: The overall
STI performance is distributed in a skewed fashion across ASEAN member states, with
one leader and many trailing countries and with progress in terms of growth.
Similar results have been reported by Nguyen and Pham (2011). Between 1991 and
2010, scientists from the ASEAN countries have published 0.5% of the world scientific
output. Singapore led the region with the highest number of publications (accounting for
45% of the countries’ total publications), followed by Thailand (21%), Malaysia (16%),
Vietnam (6%), Indonesia and the Philippines (5% each). The number of scientific articles
from those countries has increased by 13% per year, with the rate of increase being highest
in Thailand and Malaysia, and lowest in Indonesia and the Philippines. Based on the
relationship between scientific output and knowledge economy, Nguyen and Pham (2011)
identified four clusters of countries: Singapore as the first group; Thailand and Malaysia
in the second group; Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines in the third group; and
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Brunei in the fourth group.
The evidence provided in Table 8 suggests that ASEAN member states performed
idiosyncratically with respect to finance and support; open, excellent and attractive
research systems; business R&D expenditure; human resources, and intellectual assets.
Brunei Darussalam and Lao PDR emphasised finance and support (financial goal). Sin-
gapore emphasised open, excellent and attractive research systems (diffusion goal). Lao
PDR, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand emphasised business R&D expenditure
(managerial goal). Indonesia and Vietnam emphasised human resources (systemic goal).
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18. V. Rodriguez, A. Soeparwata
Table 8 STI dimensions at national level
STI Finance and Open, excellent and Business R&D Human Intellectual
dimension support attractive research expenditure resources assets
systems
BN 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
KH 0.6 N/A 0.0 0.1 N/A
ID 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.4
LA 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.1 N/A
MY 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.4
MM N/A N/A 0.0 0.6 N/A
PH 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.2
SG 0.2 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.8
TH 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3
VN 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.1
Based upon our quantitative findings, we are able to reject the second null
hypothesis, which is that the STI performance dimensions are distributed normally
across ASEAN member states. Therefore, we propose the following alternative
hypothesis: The STI dimensions are distributed in a skewed fashion across ASEAN
member states.
Human resources are crucial for innovation. From 1999 to 2009, ASEAN emphasised
the possession of an educated and highly skilled labour force. In particular, BN and SG
showed ‘‘significant progress’’. KH, MY, PH, TH, and VN showed ‘‘slight progress’’.
However, LA showed ‘‘significant regression’’. MY led performance in terms of human
resources. ID and MM were following. PH, SG, TH, and VN were catching up. BN, KH,
and LA were trailing.
Open, excellent and attractive research systems are important for international com-
petitiveness. From 1999 to 2009, ASEAN emphasised the importance of attracting inter-
national students. In particular, MY, TH, and VN showed ‘‘significant progress’’. BN, LA,
and PH showed ‘‘slight progress’’. SG was leading in performance in terms of open,
excellent and attractive research systems. MY was following. ID, PH, and TH were
catching up. BN, KH, LA, MM, and VN were trailing.
Innovation calls for the availability of government support programmes for innovation
activities and finance schemes for innovation projects. From 1999 to 2009, ASEAN did not
sufficiently emphasise the role possessing adequate finance and support. In particular, PH
showed ‘‘significant progress’’. ID showed ‘‘slight progress’’. However, MY showed
‘‘slight regression’’. BN, SG, TH showed ‘‘significant regression’’. KH led in terms of
finance and support. BN and ID were following. LA, TH, and VN were catching up. MY,
PH, and SG were trailing.
Business R&D expenditures are also critical for innovation. From 1999 to 2009, AS-
EAN did not sufficiently emphasise the role of business R&D. In particular, MY showed
‘‘significant progress’’. SG and TH showed ‘‘slight progress’’. However, BN showed
‘‘slight regression’’. ID and PH showed ‘‘significant regression’’. Despite the regression,
MY and PH led in terms of business R&D. SG was following. LA and TH were catching
up. BN, ID, and VN were trailing.
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19. ASEAN benchmarking
Finally, patent activity is a framework condition for innovation. From 1999 to 2009,
ASEAN emphasised the role of patent applications and grants. In particular, BN, ID, TH,
and VN showed ‘‘significant progress’’. MY, PH, and SG showed ‘‘slight progress’’. SG led
performance in terms of intellectual assets. ID, MY, and TH were catching up. BN, PH,
and VN were trailing.
Discussion
Lall (2000) argues that the process of technological change in ASEAN is more a matter
of acquiring and improving technological capabilities than innovating at the forefront of
knowledge. Our findings show that science is not a priority among economies in BN,
KH, and LA. Moreover, BN, KH, LA, MM, and VN trailed in terms of international
students. The major challenge facing ASEAN science is the limited size of its members’
educated and highly skilled labour force. Therefore, ASEAN should focus on an idio-
syncratic formulation of STI polices to increase the number of graduates in science,
engineering, manufacturing, and construction and the number of researchers and inter-
national students.
Comparing our results with that of Vinluan (2011), the Philippines ranked low in
research productivity compared to Singapore, Thailand, and Malaysia, particularly starting
in the 1990s.
Some ASEAN member states with low national R&D expenditures possessed ambitious
development plans. Malaysia’s 7th 5-year plan (1996–2000) sought to increase GERD as a
proportion of GNP to 1% from 0.4% and to increase the number of scientists and tech-
nicians to 1,000 per million of its population, as compared with 400 in 1992. However, the
region as a whole did not sufficiently emphasise the role of public and private R&D.
Therefore, ASEAN should foster R&D investment by asking FDI to localise R&D labo-
ratories and facilities in catching-up and trailing countries.
STI has become central in ASEAN not only for countries that have achieved high
income (e.g. Singapore), but also for some of the lower-middle income countries that
are still in the catch-up phase (e.g. Indonesia and the Philippines) as shown in Table 10.
We found that high-income economies such as Brunei Darussalam and Singapore do not
show the same STI performance (trailing vs. leader) despite the fact they have a high
governance score (Table 9) and a high development index. The gap, according to the
data in Table 8, appears to be associated with the open, excellent, and attractive
research systems, business R&D expenditures, and intellectual assets that Singapore
possesses and Brunei Darussalam lacks. For Singapore, close to or at the technological
frontier, the growth potential inherent in the manufacturing and service industries in
which Singapore has acquired comparative advantage now rests on staying abreast of
the latest technological developments elsewhere and producing a steady stream of
innovations.
During the past 11 years, ASEAN countries experienced economic growth. How-
ever, the region did not do enough to move up the value chain or to increase its
reliance on productivity-enhancing innovations based on S&T for its dominant source
of growth. In particular, ID, KH, LA, and VN showed ‘‘significant progress’’. BN,
MM, PH, SG, and TH showed ‘‘slight progress’’. SG led performance in terms of GDP
per capita. BN was following. MM and TH were catching up. ID, KH, LA, MY, PH,
and VN were trailing.
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20. 123
Table 9 Governance score from -2.5 to ?2.5 for 2009
Country Voice and Political stability and absence Government Regulatory Rule of Control of Governance score
accountability of violence or terrorism effectiveness quality law corruption average 2009
Brunei -0.79 1.35 0.87 1.11 0.79 0.96 0.72
Darussalam
Cambodia -0.88 -0.63 -0.74 -0.37 -1.05 -1.18 -0.81
Indonesia -0.05 -0.64 -0.21 -0.28 -0.56 -0.71 -0.41
Lao PDR -1.71 0 -1.03 -1.05 -0.94 -1.14 -0.98
Malaysia -0.53 0.07 0.99 0.33 0.55 0.02 0.24
Myanmar -2.17 -1.72 -1.85 -2.31 -1.52 -1.75 -1.89
Philippines -0.12 -1.42 -0.14 0.02 -0.53 -0.71 -0.48
Singapore -0.4 1.15 2.19 1.84 1.61 2.26 1.44
Thailand -0.4 -1.11 0.15 0.37 -0.13 -0.23 -0.23
Vietnam -1.52 0.19 -0.26 -0.56 -0.43 -0.52 -0.52
Governance score average computed by the authors
Source: Kaufmann et al. (2011)
V. Rodriguez, A. Soeparwata
21. ASEAN benchmarking
Table 10 Governance, income, STI performance and human development
Country Governance Income group 2009 STI performance Human Development
score average 2009–1999 Index—Inequality-
2009 adjusted
Brunei Darussalam 0.72 High income: non-OECD Trailing 0.805—N/A
Cambodia -0.81 Low income Catching up 0.494—0.351
Indonesia -0.41 Lower middle income Trailing 0.600—0.494
Lao PDR -0.98 Low income Trailing 0.497—0.374
Malaysia 0.24 Upper middle income Trailing 0.744—N/A
Myanmar -1.89 Low income Follower 0.451—N/A
Philippines -0.48 Lower middle income Catching up 0.638—0.518
Singapore 1.44 High income: non-OECD Leader 0.846—N/A
Thailand -0.23 Lower middle income Catching up 0.654—0.516
Vietnam -0.52 Lower middle income Trailing 0.572—0.478
Governance score average 2009 and STI performance 2009–1999 computed by the authors. Income group
2009 computed by World Bank (2011). Human Development Index—Inequality-adjusted computed by
United Nations Development Programme (2010)
Policy recommendations and conclusion
The first goal of this article was accomplished by providing empirical evidence of the STI
performance in ASEAN at the national level by comparing and contrasting previous
findings regarding STI policies in ASEAN. As a result, we answered the research question
and provided an alternative set of hypotheses. What was the STI performance of ASEAN
member states?
The results of the quantitative analysis indicate that ASEAN member states had dif-
fering patterns of STI performance. In addition, the pattern of growth did not behave as a
bell curve. Therefore, one alternative hypothesis suggests that the overall STI performance
is distributed across ASEAN member states in a skewed fashion, with one leader and many
trailing countries, and with progress in terms of growth. Further quantitative results
indicate that ASEAN member states performed idiosyncratically with respect to the six
quantitative dimensions. Therefore, another alternative hypothesis suggests that the STI
dimensions are distributed across ASEAN member states in a skewed fashion.
We uncovered several interesting findings in addition to the main results. Lao PDR,
Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand emphasised business R&D expenditure, which
corresponds to a managerial goal. Furthermore, the Philippines, Thailand, and Malaysia
were among the member states in the mid-position between catching-up and following.
Regarding a better or alternative explanation of the results, this research suggests that
national emphasis on STI policies is not the only factor influencing STI performance; the
development stage and history (colonial influence) of ASEAN member states, as suggested
by Remøe (2010) and Dodgson (2002), may also be factors.
In relation to transferability, the findings of our study demonstrate similarities to the
EU in reference to performance and governance. Both governance systems include
inter-governmentalism, comitology, and the open method of coordination. Both regional
organisations show a similar country distribution to the four groups in percentages. In
ASEAN, the member states are distributed in percentages as follows: trailing 50%,
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22. V. Rodriguez, A. Soeparwata
catching-up 30%, follower 10%, and leader 10%. In the EU, the distribution is trailing
37%, catching-up 33%, follower 14.8%, and leader 14.8%.
While this study is relevant for the reasons given above, there are limitations. First,
this study has fewer indicators than the studies conducted in the EU context due to the
unavailability of data for some ASEAN member states. Second, the results of this study
should be tested in a comparative study of regional integration in developing countries.
Third, the time scope of this study (1999–2009) included changes of governments and
changed priorities in the field of STI, as well as other differing contexts relevant to
ASEAN member states, e.g. the devastating tsunamis of 2004 and 2006.
Due to the limitations and the descriptive character of the research, this study raises
several issues for follow-up studies. To tackle the first limitation, future research should
include a follow-up study with a similar methodology after the lapse of 10 years in order to
include the period 2010–2020, or they should include additional indicators in order to
reflect a broader picture of STI performance in ASEAN. To tackle the second limitation,
future research should include a comparative study between ASEAN and Mercosur or
between ASEAN and the African Union. To tackle the third limitation, future research
should include in-depth case studies of ASEAN member states’ STI performance and the
achievement of ‘‘Vision 2020’’ or ASEAN country-to-country performance comparisons
between leader and trailing countries.
In addition, our research identifies categories and performance in a heterogeneous
regional organisation, namely, ASEAN. This heterogeneous character is reflected in sev-
eral other regional organisations, i.e. EU, Mercosur, and the African Union. Therefore, our
research might allow future comparisons in different parts of the world at the country and
regional level if the same methodology is applied.
Our research includes a form of policy evaluation. In general, the study provides a broad
picture of STI in ASEAN. This is important in assisting the monitoring of the imple-
mentation of ‘‘Vision 2020’’ with regard to STI through a comparative assessment of the
STI performance of ASEAN member states. The results assist in the determination of
relative weaknesses and strengths of national innovation systems and could raise policy
discussions at the ASEAN and the national levels.
STI policies play an increasingly important role in the international economy. The most
compelling evidence of this phenomenon in ASEAN is ‘‘Vision 2020’’. The premise was
that STI are related to economic growth. Data were amassed for each of the affected
countries to prove this case. These data led to the conclusion that ASEAN countries
experienced economic growth between 1999 and 2009. However, the region did not do
enough to move up the value chain and increase its reliance on productivity-enhancing
innovations based on S&T as a dominant source of growth, despite the fact that ASEAN
countries pursued the establishment of STI goals. How, then, do we begin to fashion policy
recommendations at the national and regional levels? We can separate recommendations
into two main sets.
The first set involves the norms themselves. The STI regime is expressed through
norms. As far as the concept of norms is concerned, STI norms are social definitions
regarding what is appropriate in achieving STI policy goals. At the national level, such
norms define the legitimacy of a state’s activities. At the ASEAN level, they define the
legitimacy of ASEAN actors’ activities. In the sphere of STI regulation, defining these
norms defines ASEAN institutions, the state, their relation with each other, and their
relation with those regulated. Following Donnelly (2010), two types of norms exist:
constitutive and regulative. ‘‘Constitutive norms’’ define the actors and entities that are
legitimately involved in the process of governance. ‘‘Regulative norms’’ define the
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23. ASEAN benchmarking
interaction between actors and entities in the act of governing and reinforce the commit-
ment to constitutive norms through social activities.
The connection between the constitutionalisation of STI governance in ASEAN
depends on the perceptions of the state at the national level (either nanny state or laissez-
faire state). Explicit norms at the ASEAN level require resonance with implicit or explicit
norms at the national level. Regulative norms can be broken down analytically into
archetypal narratives regarding the state and business or the market. The state can be seen
as either a nanny state or state based on laissez-faire policies. The business or market can
be seen as beneficial to society or opportunistic. Therefore, STI norms that are regulative
reflect vertical and horizontal interactions.
In this respect, Ahrens (2002) analysed critical problems of policy implementation
and sought to identify general principles that might be suitable as guideposts in
making the state more effective regardless of the particularities of its STI policy. He
argues that governments must assume a market-enhancing role and must enhance the
state’s capabilities and capacities for implementing public policies. Crafting public
institutions that ensure accountability, transparency, and predictability of policymaking
and involve the private sector in political decision-making processes is critical for
successful policy implementation. In addition to institutional arrangements that help
governments credibly pre-commit to policies, the quality and institutional design of
public administration and public–private interfaces are crucial ingredients of an
effective governance structure.
The second set of recommendations involves the type of system that should be
developed for ensuring compliance with these norms. Which institutions should be
involved and what methods should be authorised for use? If we look at regional innovation
systems, the debates have implicated the issue of how to find a feasible balance between
the need to respect diversity among member states and the unity of ‘‘Vision 2020’’. The
open method of coordination is an oriented policy instrument that might address this
balance. The main procedures of this method are common guidelines to be translated into
national policy, combined with periodic monitoring, evaluation, and peer review organised
as mutual learning processes, and accompanied by indicators and benchmarks as means of
comparing best practice.
The open method of coordination might improve ASEAN integration by providing
better tools for achieving integration and generating new solutions to STI coordination
problems. Such a method formalises the process of integration by coordination, by which
integration is no longer a transfer of competences to the supranational or regional level that
requires subsequent mandatory adaptation of national institutions and rules but essentially
a reconciliation of national policies that reflects the diversity and strong interdependency of
ASEAN economies.
Acknowledgments We thank the Department of Legal and Economic Governance Studies of Twente
University for providing the venue where these ideas were initially discussed and much of the work was
done. We especially appreciate the excellent reviewer of Scientometrics, who made remarkable suggestions
on a previous version of the manuscript. We are indebted to Tibor Braun for providing access to
Scientometrics publications. We are grateful for the excellent assistance provided by Udayasree Daruvuru
from Springer.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncom-
mercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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24. V. Rodriguez, A. Soeparwata
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