Material transfer agreements (MTAs) are used to transfer research materials between organizations for various purposes like storage, research, or commercial use. MTAs were pioneered by industry but are now also commonly used in academia. There are differing views between industry, which aims to protect commercial interests, and academia, which values open access of ideas. Key points of negotiation in MTAs include licensing terms, restrictions on publishing or distributing materials, and ownership of resulting inventions. Standardization efforts have aimed to simplify MTAs between non-profit organizations but many variables remain depending on the specific goals and needs of the parties involved.
ASEAN benchmarking in terms of science, technology, and innovation from 1999 ...ndbaf03
This article analyzes the science, technology, and innovation (STI) performance of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states from 1999 to 2009. It uses composite indicators across six dimensions - human resources, research systems, finance/support, business R&D expenditure, intellectual assets, and economic size - to test whether STI performance was normally distributed. The findings show differing patterns of performance among countries, with asymmetrical growth. National STI policies varied in their goals. The article aims to provide empirical evidence on national STI performance and comparisons to previous studies to inform ASEAN policy discussions.
This document provides a summary and analysis of methods for classifying innovation policies in the European Union. It begins by defining innovation and discussing models of innovation systems and policies. It then describes the multidimensional policy framework of the EU and challenges of classifying its diverse innovation policies. The document presents a biological and neofunctional approach to grouping EU innovation policies into taxa and types. It concludes by examining frameworks for innovation policy instrumentation.
The document discusses a case study on Enron, including that Enron's business model involved commodity trading and extrapolation, its executives and board of directors were involved, it had accounting issues with off-balance-sheet partnerships, and ethical issues with fraud. It prompts open discussions on the future governance of public companies after such scandals and if similar events could happen again, and the roles and cultures of accountants/auditors. It lists sources for further reading.
Study On The Quality Of The Patent System in Europe Enndbaf03
This study is dedicated to a comprehensive assessment of the quality of the patent system in Europe. An effective system for the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights represents an essential element for the growth of economies, which are based on the generation and exploitation of new scientific and technological knowledge. The well-known risks of market failures in the private financing of innovation investments call for a continuous effort of policy makers to the improvements of the tools that are expected to guarantee proper private returns from R&D activities while protecting also the interests of consumers and society at large. The increased salience of patents to companies competing in the knowledge economy has raised concerns throughout the world in the past decade about the actual effectiveness of the current patent systems.
Access to data and material for research: putting empirical evidence into per...ndbaf03
The aim of this article is to put into critical perspective the empirical findings on
secrecy and withholding in research. In other words, by taking existing
empirical literature into account, it is intended that a crucial question is
answered: Is secrecy and withholding in research harmful or innocuous to
science? To understand how secrecy and withholding in research have
affected academic science, empirical studies have been placed in the wider
context of Mertonian underpinnings of the anticommons threat. The turning
point in testing the effects of secrecy and withholding of data and material
on scientific research was marked by statistical studies based on surveys and
bibliometric measures. These two types of empirical studies have given
answers to the basic question since academia was threatened by different
modes of practicing science.
van Bavel, R., Voigt, P., Rodriguez, V. (Eds.) 2008. Role and Dynamics of Corporate R&D: Summary Report of the First European Conference on Corporate R&D. Seville: European Commission.
“ DOING BUSINESS IN A CROSS-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT”ndbaf03
A complimentary professional seminar will be held on June 22nd from 17:30-20:00 at the Leiden Campus room 7. The keynote speaker will be His Excellency Mr. Shota Gvineria, the Ambassador of Georgia to the Netherlands. Special guest speakers will include a Georgian television personality, a One MBA graduate, a medical doctor, and a former international bank manager who advised Georgian banks. The seminar is titled "Doing Business in a Cross-Cultural Environment" and will include refreshments and a speed-networking session.
ASEAN benchmarking in terms of science, technology, and innovation from 1999 ...ndbaf03
This article analyzes the science, technology, and innovation (STI) performance of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states from 1999 to 2009. It uses composite indicators across six dimensions - human resources, research systems, finance/support, business R&D expenditure, intellectual assets, and economic size - to test whether STI performance was normally distributed. The findings show differing patterns of performance among countries, with asymmetrical growth. National STI policies varied in their goals. The article aims to provide empirical evidence on national STI performance and comparisons to previous studies to inform ASEAN policy discussions.
This document provides a summary and analysis of methods for classifying innovation policies in the European Union. It begins by defining innovation and discussing models of innovation systems and policies. It then describes the multidimensional policy framework of the EU and challenges of classifying its diverse innovation policies. The document presents a biological and neofunctional approach to grouping EU innovation policies into taxa and types. It concludes by examining frameworks for innovation policy instrumentation.
The document discusses a case study on Enron, including that Enron's business model involved commodity trading and extrapolation, its executives and board of directors were involved, it had accounting issues with off-balance-sheet partnerships, and ethical issues with fraud. It prompts open discussions on the future governance of public companies after such scandals and if similar events could happen again, and the roles and cultures of accountants/auditors. It lists sources for further reading.
Study On The Quality Of The Patent System in Europe Enndbaf03
This study is dedicated to a comprehensive assessment of the quality of the patent system in Europe. An effective system for the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights represents an essential element for the growth of economies, which are based on the generation and exploitation of new scientific and technological knowledge. The well-known risks of market failures in the private financing of innovation investments call for a continuous effort of policy makers to the improvements of the tools that are expected to guarantee proper private returns from R&D activities while protecting also the interests of consumers and society at large. The increased salience of patents to companies competing in the knowledge economy has raised concerns throughout the world in the past decade about the actual effectiveness of the current patent systems.
Access to data and material for research: putting empirical evidence into per...ndbaf03
The aim of this article is to put into critical perspective the empirical findings on
secrecy and withholding in research. In other words, by taking existing
empirical literature into account, it is intended that a crucial question is
answered: Is secrecy and withholding in research harmful or innocuous to
science? To understand how secrecy and withholding in research have
affected academic science, empirical studies have been placed in the wider
context of Mertonian underpinnings of the anticommons threat. The turning
point in testing the effects of secrecy and withholding of data and material
on scientific research was marked by statistical studies based on surveys and
bibliometric measures. These two types of empirical studies have given
answers to the basic question since academia was threatened by different
modes of practicing science.
van Bavel, R., Voigt, P., Rodriguez, V. (Eds.) 2008. Role and Dynamics of Corporate R&D: Summary Report of the First European Conference on Corporate R&D. Seville: European Commission.
“ DOING BUSINESS IN A CROSS-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT”ndbaf03
A complimentary professional seminar will be held on June 22nd from 17:30-20:00 at the Leiden Campus room 7. The keynote speaker will be His Excellency Mr. Shota Gvineria, the Ambassador of Georgia to the Netherlands. Special guest speakers will include a Georgian television personality, a One MBA graduate, a medical doctor, and a former international bank manager who advised Georgian banks. The seminar is titled "Doing Business in a Cross-Cultural Environment" and will include refreshments and a speed-networking session.
Accessing other people’s technology for nonprofit researchBhavitha Pulaparthi
There are several options for non-profit research institutions to access patented technologies for research purposes. These include cross-licensing agreements where each party grants rights to their intellectual property; research-only licenses that do not permit commercialization; market segmentation strategies to avoid patent infringement; mergers or joint ventures between parties; cost-free licensing of unused technologies from private companies; patent pooling where rights are aggregated and licensed to third parties; and independent development of alternative research tools. However, current patent law provides no general research exemption, so non-profit institutions still face risks from infringement suits regardless of location or purpose. Mechanisms are needed to clearly define the boundaries between non-commercial research and commercial activities.
This document discusses the intersection of pharmacoepidemiology and various areas of law. It begins by introducing tort law and how product liability lawsuits can help uncover safety issues. It then examines contract law and how collaborative research requires formal agreements. Finally, it discusses intellectual property law and how some pharmacoepidemiology methods have been patented. The document aims to outline key legal considerations in the field of pharmacoepidemiology.
This document outlines four principles of open science: (1) open access to literature from funded research, (2) access to research tools from funded research, (3) putting data from funded research in the public domain, and (4) investing in open cyberinfrastructure. The principles aim to make more scientific knowledge accessible and reusable by removing legal and technical barriers to accessing and sharing published literature, research materials, data, and infrastructure. Adopting these open science principles could help advance new discoveries by allowing ideas and information to flow more freely between researchers.
The CREATE Act -- As viewed from the Ivory Towers and from the TrenchesKevin E. Flynn
The CREATE Act aims to promote collaborative research by allowing research partners to share confidential information without risk of creating prior art that could bar patentability of their joint inventions. However, the CREATE Act has had limited effect so far. While intended to benefit collaborations, its requirements of disclosing partner names and the research field introduce confidentiality issues. It also does not address challenges in determining inventorship dates and scope of the research agreement. From a practical perspective, the CREATE Act is best viewed as a fallback protection rather than an initial strategy during prosecution due to its requirements and risks of other rejections. Overall, the CREATE Act provides some safeguards for collaborative research but confidentiality concerns and procedural challenges have limited its impact to date.
The document summarizes a panel discussion on the evolving landscape of molecular diagnostics in light of recent changes in patent law. The panelists, who represented both public and private sector organizations, discussed how Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patentable subject matter. This has made it more difficult to patent diagnostic methods, natural products, and isolated genomic sequences. The panelists outlined strategies for companies to diversify their patent portfolios and pursue more creative claiming approaches in response to the changing legal environment. They also emphasized the importance of demonstrating clinical utility rather than relying solely on patent protection. While the full impacts of the new case law remain uncertain, the consensus was that clarity around patent eligibility is needed for continued innovation in molecular diagnostics
Are Intellectual Property Rights Evolving Towards the Enclosure of the 'Intan...Rafael Escalona Reynoso
This document discusses concerns about the expansion of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and their potential negative effects on research and innovation. It argues that while IPR systems aim to promote innovation, recent advances in how IPRs are applied have moved "upstream" in the research cycle in ways that may discourage future research. The document examines IPRs across five dimensions - what can be owned, who can own, how it can be used, how it is enforced, and how it is transferred. It suggests new forms of shared IPRs may better promote expansion of knowledge than strict temporary monopolies. Biotechnology is used as an example of challenges in applying IPRs to intangible things like genetic sequences.
This document discusses some of the key legal issues facing collaborative e-Research projects in Australia. It outlines the national strategy that identifies priorities for investment in research infrastructure, including platforms for collaboration. Some of the main legal issues discussed are contractual frameworks for collaboration, intellectual property sharing, and privacy and data management challenges with large datasets distributed internationally across collaborating teams. National guidelines could help streamline inter-agency collaboration on establishing agreements around data sharing, publication, security and privacy.
The document discusses various challenges non-profit research institutions face in accessing patented technologies. It notes that while research exemptions exist, they are limited. It also outlines 10 options for accessing other's technologies, such as cross-licensing, research-only licenses, patent pooling, alliances with independent developers, and pressing technology holders to share. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding intellectual property rights and ensuring freedom to operate for public science worldwide.
This document discusses how ontologies can help manage knowledge in drug discovery. It notes that while companies invest heavily in data generation, they struggle to effectively harness this data. Ontologies provide a way to semantically represent knowledge from diverse sources and distribute it for applications. This allows knowledge to be more effectively applied to important tasks like decision making, data analysis, and text mining of literature. The document compares different ontology standards and notes their suitability for knowledge management versus computational reasoning. It concludes that ontologies can support applications in drug discovery by providing integrated access to knowledge from multiple sources.
India's patent laws are under pressure from legal challenges by pharmaceutical companies Bayer and Novartis. Bayer is appealing India's first compulsory license granted for the anti-cancer drug Nexavar. Novartis' long legal challenge against India's rejection of its patent application for the leukemia drug Glivec may be heard by the Indian Supreme Court in September. Critics argue these challenges threaten India's ability to prioritize public health in its patent laws and misinterpret provisions of international intellectual property agreements that aim to promote access to medicines. Supporters counter that India's laws are fully compliant with its international obligations. The outcome of these cases will impact public health in developing countries.
This presentation examined the role of Material Transfer Agreements in bioprospecting relationships. Also covered were issues on benefits sharing under the Convention on Biological Diversity and the implementation of the CBD.
Adams The Legalized Crime Of Banking And A Constitutional Remedy (1958)legalservices
This document discusses standards and practices for evaluating the quality of scientific work, particularly work conducted for regulatory purposes. It outlines several key standards: the Information Quality Act, which governs information disseminated by federal agencies; Good Laboratory Practice standards, which prescribe procedures for laboratory studies; peer review; and transparency. It argues that scientific work conducted for regulatory purposes is often held to more rigorous standards and is therefore likely to be more reliable. However, these standards should not be applied differently based on the reason the work was conducted.
The document discusses different mechanisms for protecting technological innovations, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets. Patents protect inventions and can be obtained for processes, machines, manufactured items. Copyright protects original artistic and literary works. Trademarks protect words or symbols used to identify the source of goods. Trade secrets protect valuable confidential information that businesses keep private, like formulas. The key factors in determining the appropriate protection include the nature of the innovation and the ability of competitors to imitate it. Firms must decide whether vigorous protection is best, or allowing some diffusion to encourage adoption of the technology.
1) Maintaining US leadership in medical innovation requires consistent application of policies that incentivize innovation, such as tax breaks for research and strong intellectual property protections.
2) Collaboration between government, private industry, and academia can speed up the discovery process and maximize potential by bringing together diverse expertise and resources.
3) The pharmaceutical industry has a responsibility to safely develop and validate new treatments while also taking risks to pursue new cures, but government policies must continue fostering an environment where innovation can thrive.
The document discusses the responsibilities of key players in biomedical research, including investigators, sponsors, research participants, communities, and regulatory authorities. It argues that while guidelines have focused on investigator and sponsor responsibilities, regulatory authorities and participants also have important responsibilities that are not fully addressed. For participants, the key responsibilities discussed are: understanding the research nature and risks/benefits, complying with study requirements, and potentially benefiting from the research. The document also discusses responsibilities toward communities and children.
2013 Open PHACTS Scientific Questions Posteropen_phacts
This document discusses scientific competency questions that were collected by the Open PHACTS consortium to guide the development of the Open PHACTS integrated pharmacological data platform. 83 questions were provided by consortium members and prioritized, with the top 20 questions clustered into two groups related to compound-target and compound-target-disease/pathway interactions. Analyzing the questions revealed that compound, target, pathway and disease data needs to be associated to answer them. This informed the selection of public databases and drove the requirements for linking data sources in Open PHACTS.
This document discusses a firm's strategy around protecting technological innovations. It explains that while traditionally firms have emphasized vigorously protecting innovations, the decision is actually complex. Sometimes not vigorously protecting a technology can be advantageous by encouraging other producers to support the technology and increase its adoption. The document then reviews factors that determine how much value a firm can capture from an innovation and the mechanisms available to protect it, including patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets. It examines the tradeoffs between open and closed protection strategies and concludes by listing factors for a firm's protection strategy.
This document discusses issues related to intellectual property rights (IPRs) in agriculture. It discusses the debate around introducing an IPR regime in agriculture and the roles of public and private sectors in research. Some key points made are:
1) Private companies rely heavily on publicly funded research for developing new varieties but seek patent protection for their own varieties.
2) Fundamental breakthroughs like DNA research are "public goods" accessible to all, but applications of that knowledge can be patented for private profit.
3) Public research is better able to address long-term issues like sustainability, resource management, and correcting problems with new varieties compared to private companies driven by profit.
SKGF_Advisory_Stem Cells-Patent Pools to the Rescue_2005SterneKessler
Stem cell research faces challenges due to numerous existing and pending patents covering related technologies. A patent pool is proposed to consolidate these patents into a single license to streamline access for researchers and developers. A patent pool would integrate complementary patents and reduce costs by avoiding multiple licensing agreements. However, any patent pool must be carefully designed to avoid anti-competitive behaviors like restricting innovation. If properly structured, a stem cell patent pool could enable continued progress while respecting patent holders' rights.
Open Access is changing research in three key ways according to the document:
1. Open Access is spreading beyond just publications to include data, protocols, software, research instruments, which is changing the nature of science itself.
2. Open Access is changing the nature of scientific papers by making them accessible to scientists in different fields and advanced users, as well as changing the processes around papers.
3. Open Access is creating new interactions between research and society and moving from just Open Access to publications towards commons-based science where data, protocols, software, and research instruments are also made openly accessible.
Accessing other people’s technology for nonprofit researchBhavitha Pulaparthi
There are several options for non-profit research institutions to access patented technologies for research purposes. These include cross-licensing agreements where each party grants rights to their intellectual property; research-only licenses that do not permit commercialization; market segmentation strategies to avoid patent infringement; mergers or joint ventures between parties; cost-free licensing of unused technologies from private companies; patent pooling where rights are aggregated and licensed to third parties; and independent development of alternative research tools. However, current patent law provides no general research exemption, so non-profit institutions still face risks from infringement suits regardless of location or purpose. Mechanisms are needed to clearly define the boundaries between non-commercial research and commercial activities.
This document discusses the intersection of pharmacoepidemiology and various areas of law. It begins by introducing tort law and how product liability lawsuits can help uncover safety issues. It then examines contract law and how collaborative research requires formal agreements. Finally, it discusses intellectual property law and how some pharmacoepidemiology methods have been patented. The document aims to outline key legal considerations in the field of pharmacoepidemiology.
This document outlines four principles of open science: (1) open access to literature from funded research, (2) access to research tools from funded research, (3) putting data from funded research in the public domain, and (4) investing in open cyberinfrastructure. The principles aim to make more scientific knowledge accessible and reusable by removing legal and technical barriers to accessing and sharing published literature, research materials, data, and infrastructure. Adopting these open science principles could help advance new discoveries by allowing ideas and information to flow more freely between researchers.
The CREATE Act -- As viewed from the Ivory Towers and from the TrenchesKevin E. Flynn
The CREATE Act aims to promote collaborative research by allowing research partners to share confidential information without risk of creating prior art that could bar patentability of their joint inventions. However, the CREATE Act has had limited effect so far. While intended to benefit collaborations, its requirements of disclosing partner names and the research field introduce confidentiality issues. It also does not address challenges in determining inventorship dates and scope of the research agreement. From a practical perspective, the CREATE Act is best viewed as a fallback protection rather than an initial strategy during prosecution due to its requirements and risks of other rejections. Overall, the CREATE Act provides some safeguards for collaborative research but confidentiality concerns and procedural challenges have limited its impact to date.
The document summarizes a panel discussion on the evolving landscape of molecular diagnostics in light of recent changes in patent law. The panelists, who represented both public and private sector organizations, discussed how Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patentable subject matter. This has made it more difficult to patent diagnostic methods, natural products, and isolated genomic sequences. The panelists outlined strategies for companies to diversify their patent portfolios and pursue more creative claiming approaches in response to the changing legal environment. They also emphasized the importance of demonstrating clinical utility rather than relying solely on patent protection. While the full impacts of the new case law remain uncertain, the consensus was that clarity around patent eligibility is needed for continued innovation in molecular diagnostics
Are Intellectual Property Rights Evolving Towards the Enclosure of the 'Intan...Rafael Escalona Reynoso
This document discusses concerns about the expansion of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and their potential negative effects on research and innovation. It argues that while IPR systems aim to promote innovation, recent advances in how IPRs are applied have moved "upstream" in the research cycle in ways that may discourage future research. The document examines IPRs across five dimensions - what can be owned, who can own, how it can be used, how it is enforced, and how it is transferred. It suggests new forms of shared IPRs may better promote expansion of knowledge than strict temporary monopolies. Biotechnology is used as an example of challenges in applying IPRs to intangible things like genetic sequences.
This document discusses some of the key legal issues facing collaborative e-Research projects in Australia. It outlines the national strategy that identifies priorities for investment in research infrastructure, including platforms for collaboration. Some of the main legal issues discussed are contractual frameworks for collaboration, intellectual property sharing, and privacy and data management challenges with large datasets distributed internationally across collaborating teams. National guidelines could help streamline inter-agency collaboration on establishing agreements around data sharing, publication, security and privacy.
The document discusses various challenges non-profit research institutions face in accessing patented technologies. It notes that while research exemptions exist, they are limited. It also outlines 10 options for accessing other's technologies, such as cross-licensing, research-only licenses, patent pooling, alliances with independent developers, and pressing technology holders to share. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding intellectual property rights and ensuring freedom to operate for public science worldwide.
This document discusses how ontologies can help manage knowledge in drug discovery. It notes that while companies invest heavily in data generation, they struggle to effectively harness this data. Ontologies provide a way to semantically represent knowledge from diverse sources and distribute it for applications. This allows knowledge to be more effectively applied to important tasks like decision making, data analysis, and text mining of literature. The document compares different ontology standards and notes their suitability for knowledge management versus computational reasoning. It concludes that ontologies can support applications in drug discovery by providing integrated access to knowledge from multiple sources.
India's patent laws are under pressure from legal challenges by pharmaceutical companies Bayer and Novartis. Bayer is appealing India's first compulsory license granted for the anti-cancer drug Nexavar. Novartis' long legal challenge against India's rejection of its patent application for the leukemia drug Glivec may be heard by the Indian Supreme Court in September. Critics argue these challenges threaten India's ability to prioritize public health in its patent laws and misinterpret provisions of international intellectual property agreements that aim to promote access to medicines. Supporters counter that India's laws are fully compliant with its international obligations. The outcome of these cases will impact public health in developing countries.
This presentation examined the role of Material Transfer Agreements in bioprospecting relationships. Also covered were issues on benefits sharing under the Convention on Biological Diversity and the implementation of the CBD.
Adams The Legalized Crime Of Banking And A Constitutional Remedy (1958)legalservices
This document discusses standards and practices for evaluating the quality of scientific work, particularly work conducted for regulatory purposes. It outlines several key standards: the Information Quality Act, which governs information disseminated by federal agencies; Good Laboratory Practice standards, which prescribe procedures for laboratory studies; peer review; and transparency. It argues that scientific work conducted for regulatory purposes is often held to more rigorous standards and is therefore likely to be more reliable. However, these standards should not be applied differently based on the reason the work was conducted.
The document discusses different mechanisms for protecting technological innovations, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets. Patents protect inventions and can be obtained for processes, machines, manufactured items. Copyright protects original artistic and literary works. Trademarks protect words or symbols used to identify the source of goods. Trade secrets protect valuable confidential information that businesses keep private, like formulas. The key factors in determining the appropriate protection include the nature of the innovation and the ability of competitors to imitate it. Firms must decide whether vigorous protection is best, or allowing some diffusion to encourage adoption of the technology.
1) Maintaining US leadership in medical innovation requires consistent application of policies that incentivize innovation, such as tax breaks for research and strong intellectual property protections.
2) Collaboration between government, private industry, and academia can speed up the discovery process and maximize potential by bringing together diverse expertise and resources.
3) The pharmaceutical industry has a responsibility to safely develop and validate new treatments while also taking risks to pursue new cures, but government policies must continue fostering an environment where innovation can thrive.
The document discusses the responsibilities of key players in biomedical research, including investigators, sponsors, research participants, communities, and regulatory authorities. It argues that while guidelines have focused on investigator and sponsor responsibilities, regulatory authorities and participants also have important responsibilities that are not fully addressed. For participants, the key responsibilities discussed are: understanding the research nature and risks/benefits, complying with study requirements, and potentially benefiting from the research. The document also discusses responsibilities toward communities and children.
2013 Open PHACTS Scientific Questions Posteropen_phacts
This document discusses scientific competency questions that were collected by the Open PHACTS consortium to guide the development of the Open PHACTS integrated pharmacological data platform. 83 questions were provided by consortium members and prioritized, with the top 20 questions clustered into two groups related to compound-target and compound-target-disease/pathway interactions. Analyzing the questions revealed that compound, target, pathway and disease data needs to be associated to answer them. This informed the selection of public databases and drove the requirements for linking data sources in Open PHACTS.
This document discusses a firm's strategy around protecting technological innovations. It explains that while traditionally firms have emphasized vigorously protecting innovations, the decision is actually complex. Sometimes not vigorously protecting a technology can be advantageous by encouraging other producers to support the technology and increase its adoption. The document then reviews factors that determine how much value a firm can capture from an innovation and the mechanisms available to protect it, including patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets. It examines the tradeoffs between open and closed protection strategies and concludes by listing factors for a firm's protection strategy.
This document discusses issues related to intellectual property rights (IPRs) in agriculture. It discusses the debate around introducing an IPR regime in agriculture and the roles of public and private sectors in research. Some key points made are:
1) Private companies rely heavily on publicly funded research for developing new varieties but seek patent protection for their own varieties.
2) Fundamental breakthroughs like DNA research are "public goods" accessible to all, but applications of that knowledge can be patented for private profit.
3) Public research is better able to address long-term issues like sustainability, resource management, and correcting problems with new varieties compared to private companies driven by profit.
SKGF_Advisory_Stem Cells-Patent Pools to the Rescue_2005SterneKessler
Stem cell research faces challenges due to numerous existing and pending patents covering related technologies. A patent pool is proposed to consolidate these patents into a single license to streamline access for researchers and developers. A patent pool would integrate complementary patents and reduce costs by avoiding multiple licensing agreements. However, any patent pool must be carefully designed to avoid anti-competitive behaviors like restricting innovation. If properly structured, a stem cell patent pool could enable continued progress while respecting patent holders' rights.
Open Access is changing research in three key ways according to the document:
1. Open Access is spreading beyond just publications to include data, protocols, software, research instruments, which is changing the nature of science itself.
2. Open Access is changing the nature of scientific papers by making them accessible to scientists in different fields and advanced users, as well as changing the processes around papers.
3. Open Access is creating new interactions between research and society and moving from just Open Access to publications towards commons-based science where data, protocols, software, and research instruments are also made openly accessible.