This document discusses different electoral systems, including First-Past-The-Post (FPTP), Alternative Vote (AV), and Supplementary Vote. It provides examples of how each system would work using sample vote counts. FPTP is described as having advantages of simplicity and strong government, but also exaggerating results and marginalizing some votes. AV and Supplementary Vote aim to elect candidates supported by over 50% by redistributing lower-preference votes. However, AV is still not fully proportional and some question if fringe candidates could influence outcomes.
Presentation prepared for a series of lectures on Voting and Elections for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
The document discusses different types of governments and political systems used in the British Caribbean over the past 500 years. It provides information on the branches of government, how laws are made, electoral systems, and characteristics of good governance. Specifically, it notes that the British Caribbean islands have experienced representative systems, republics, constitutional monarchies, and crown colony governments. It also states that Trinidad and Tobago is the only British Caribbean island that is now a republic.
This document provides information about elections and voting in the UK. It defines key terms like election, manifesto, and mandate. It describes the functions of elections like representation, choosing a government, participation, and accountability. It also outlines different electoral systems used in the UK, including first-past-the-post, alternative vote, supplementary vote, regional list, and single transferable vote. It provides details on the features, advantages, and disadvantages of each system.
difference between parliamentary govt and presidential govtAmulya Nigam
1. There are two main types of democracy - parliamentary and presidential. In a parliamentary democracy, the prime minister is both the head of government and answers directly to parliament, while in a presidential system the president is the head of state and head of government separately from the legislature.
2. Key differences are that in a parliamentary system the government is responsible to parliament and can be removed by a no-confidence vote, while in a presidential system the president has a fixed term and is not accountable to the legislature.
3. Additionally, in a parliamentary system the prime minister and ministers are usually members of parliament, whereas in a presidential system strict separation of powers means the president and cabinet cannot be legislators.
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH: PHILIPPINE PARTY LIST SYSTEMjundumaug1
The document summarizes key aspects of the party-list system for electing representatives to the House of Representatives in the Philippines. It describes how the system aims to provide representation for marginalized groups. Registered national, regional, or sectoral parties and organizations can participate by fielding nominees who must meet certain qualifications. The number of seats allocated is 20% of the total House seats. Voters cast two votes, one for a district representative and one for a party-list. Seats are allocated based on the percentage of the nationwide vote each party receives. Party-list representatives have the same rights and terms as district representatives.
The document discusses issues with Canada's current first-past-the-post electoral system (FPTP) including that it can result in distorted results, wasted votes, and governments being formed without obtaining a majority of the popular vote. It provides examples from past Canadian elections to illustrate these issues. The document also discusses proportional representation systems and notes that many other modern democracies have adopted proportional representation instead of using antiquated FPTP systems like Canada's.
The document discusses representation in the UK Parliament and the First Past the Post (FPTP) electoral system. It explains that FPTP involves voting for a candidate in each constituency, with the candidate receiving the most votes winning the seat. It provides the example of Fiona O'Donnell winning the East Lothian constituency for Labour in 2010. The document outlines some strengths of FPTP, such as simplicity and stability of government, as well as limitations, such as votes not translating directly to seats and smaller parties finding it difficult to gain representation.
The document discusses various committees in the UK parliament. It outlines their strengths and weaknesses, such as departmental select committees having independence but limited research support. It also evaluates representation, accountability, scrutiny and other functions of the House of Commons and House of Lords. Recent reforms like the Backbench Business Committee and elected select committee chairs are mentioned, as well as proposals to reform the House of Lords.
Presentation prepared for a series of lectures on Voting and Elections for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
The document discusses different types of governments and political systems used in the British Caribbean over the past 500 years. It provides information on the branches of government, how laws are made, electoral systems, and characteristics of good governance. Specifically, it notes that the British Caribbean islands have experienced representative systems, republics, constitutional monarchies, and crown colony governments. It also states that Trinidad and Tobago is the only British Caribbean island that is now a republic.
This document provides information about elections and voting in the UK. It defines key terms like election, manifesto, and mandate. It describes the functions of elections like representation, choosing a government, participation, and accountability. It also outlines different electoral systems used in the UK, including first-past-the-post, alternative vote, supplementary vote, regional list, and single transferable vote. It provides details on the features, advantages, and disadvantages of each system.
difference between parliamentary govt and presidential govtAmulya Nigam
1. There are two main types of democracy - parliamentary and presidential. In a parliamentary democracy, the prime minister is both the head of government and answers directly to parliament, while in a presidential system the president is the head of state and head of government separately from the legislature.
2. Key differences are that in a parliamentary system the government is responsible to parliament and can be removed by a no-confidence vote, while in a presidential system the president has a fixed term and is not accountable to the legislature.
3. Additionally, in a parliamentary system the prime minister and ministers are usually members of parliament, whereas in a presidential system strict separation of powers means the president and cabinet cannot be legislators.
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH: PHILIPPINE PARTY LIST SYSTEMjundumaug1
The document summarizes key aspects of the party-list system for electing representatives to the House of Representatives in the Philippines. It describes how the system aims to provide representation for marginalized groups. Registered national, regional, or sectoral parties and organizations can participate by fielding nominees who must meet certain qualifications. The number of seats allocated is 20% of the total House seats. Voters cast two votes, one for a district representative and one for a party-list. Seats are allocated based on the percentage of the nationwide vote each party receives. Party-list representatives have the same rights and terms as district representatives.
The document discusses issues with Canada's current first-past-the-post electoral system (FPTP) including that it can result in distorted results, wasted votes, and governments being formed without obtaining a majority of the popular vote. It provides examples from past Canadian elections to illustrate these issues. The document also discusses proportional representation systems and notes that many other modern democracies have adopted proportional representation instead of using antiquated FPTP systems like Canada's.
The document discusses representation in the UK Parliament and the First Past the Post (FPTP) electoral system. It explains that FPTP involves voting for a candidate in each constituency, with the candidate receiving the most votes winning the seat. It provides the example of Fiona O'Donnell winning the East Lothian constituency for Labour in 2010. The document outlines some strengths of FPTP, such as simplicity and stability of government, as well as limitations, such as votes not translating directly to seats and smaller parties finding it difficult to gain representation.
The document discusses various committees in the UK parliament. It outlines their strengths and weaknesses, such as departmental select committees having independence but limited research support. It also evaluates representation, accountability, scrutiny and other functions of the House of Commons and House of Lords. Recent reforms like the Backbench Business Committee and elected select committee chairs are mentioned, as well as proposals to reform the House of Lords.
this ppt describes different froms of government based on power and authority distribution, the merits and demerits of each form of government are also given. for further educative ppt do comment and if time allow i will surely help you in making your ppt.
The document discusses several key aspects of the election process in the United States:
1) It describes different methods of nominating candidates such as primaries, caucuses, conventions, and petitions. The direct primary has become the principal nomination method.
2) It discusses how elections are administered through precincts, polling places, and different voting methods like in-person voting and absentee/mail-in voting.
3) It covers campaign financing issues including various sources of funding for candidates, laws regulating donations and spending, and existing loopholes in campaign finance regulations.
The documents provide information about parliamentary systems of government and compare the UK and US systems. The UK has a parliamentary democracy where the government is formed from and accountable to Parliament. Key powers of Parliament include representation of citizens, lawmaking, scrutiny of the executive, and recruiting ministers from among MPs. Committees provide one method for scrutiny but their effectiveness is debated.
The document discusses the key aspects of political parties in India. It defines a political party as a group seeking to gain power through democratic means by fielding candidates in elections. It notes key characteristics of political parties like unity of purpose, organized system of working, and pursuing constitutional means and national interest. It also discusses the role of political parties in linking people to the government, participating in elections, and acting as an opposition. Finally, it provides overviews of some major national political parties in India like Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party, Communist Party of India, and others.
A political party is an organized group of citizens who share similar political views and try to control the government through democratic means like elections. Key features of political parties include having a large membership with shared ideology, contesting elections to gain power, and promoting the interests of the nation. Major functions of parties are educating the public, fighting elections, forming the government if winning a majority, and acting as opposition to check the ruling party. India has multiple national parties like BJP, Congress, BSP, and regional parties that are recognized by the Election Commission based on their electoral performance.
The document summarizes requirements for union officer elections under the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA). It discusses who must be elected, nomination and campaign procedures, secret ballot voting, and the role of the Department of Labor's Office of Labor-Management Standards (OLMS) in administering compliance and investigating complaints. Key aspects include minimum frequencies for elections, reasonable qualifications for candidates, members' rights to vote and campaign support, and remedies through the union or by filing a complaint with OLMS.
The presidential system is a form of government where the head of state is also the head of government, separating the executive and legislative branches. Key features include a directly elected president with a fixed term who appoints cabinet members and controls foreign policy and the military. This system provides greater stability but can also lead to conflicts between the president and legislature when their agendas differ.
There are several types of electoral systems for electing representatives. Plurality/first-past-the-post systems are used in the UK, where each constituency elects one member of parliament and the candidate with the most votes wins, even if they do not receive a majority. This system can result in overrepresentation of the largest parties and underrepresentation of others. Majority systems aim to elect candidates supported by over 50% of voters through methods like ranked voting and runoffs. Proportional systems allocate seats to parties based on their overall vote share through closed-list or open-list proportional representation. Hybrid systems combine elements of plurality and proportional systems.
The document discusses different models of representation and electoral systems. It describes trustee and delegate models of representation, where representatives have differing levels of autonomy from their constituents. It also outlines different voting systems like plurality/majority, proportional representation, and mixed systems. It analyzes advantages and disadvantages of these systems in terms of proportionality, strong government, and other factors. Finally, it discusses models of voting behavior like party identification, rational choice, sociological, and dominant ideology perspectives.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the Philippine judiciary. It outlines that judicial power is vested in one Supreme Court, which acts as the court of last resort. It also describes the lower courts that cases can be appealed to, including regional trial courts, sandiganbayan, court of appeals, and others. The document provides details on the composition and jurisdiction of these various courts that make up the Philippine judicial system.
The document discusses features of democracy and dictatorship. It notes that in a democracy, power rests with elected citizens who vote equally. Elections must be free and fair. Democracies have constitutional limits and allow opposition parties. Dictatorships concentrate power in one person or group without elections. The document also compares merits and demerits of each system and provides examples of different countries and situations around the world.
The document provides an overview of the UK constitution, including what a constitution is, the sources of the UK constitution (both written and unwritten), the history and changes over time, key concepts like sovereignty and the unitary system, arguments for and against an uncodified constitution, and the branches of government and separation/fusion of powers. It covers the core structures and concepts that make up the UK's unwritten constitution.
The term ‘Legg' means "law" and 'lature’ the "place"
Another term, which is used as a synonym of Legislature, is ‘Parliament.’ This word stands derived from the French word ‘Parley’ which means to ‘talk’ or to discuss and deliberate.
Each chamber of legislature consists of a number of legislators who use some form of parliamentary procedure to debate political issues and vote on proposed legislation.
The document discusses the differences between federal and unitary systems of government, with federalism involving a division of sovereignty between central and regional authorities. It analyzes proposals for shifting the Philippines from a unitary to a federal system, with various options suggested for dividing the country into federal states or regions based on geography, culture, language or economic viability. The motivation is to potentially boost economic development, decrease political violence, and improve governance through a more decentralized system of government.
The us federal court system & supreme courtpjosephchs
The US federal court system begins with district courts that hear both civil and criminal cases. Losing parties can appeal district court decisions to courts of appeals, and the Supreme Court chooses some cases to review appellate court decisions. The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review to determine if laws are constitutional and can strike down laws, establishing precedent for future cases.
Sovereignty refers to the supreme authority within a territory. It is embodied in the state as the political institution. Sovereignty implies having supreme and unlimited power without being accountable to any external entity. There are different types and aspects of sovereignty including internal sovereignty over citizens and external sovereignty implying independence from foreign control. John Austin's theory defines sovereignty as a determinate human superior who receives habitual obedience from the bulk of society and is not in the habit of obedience to another like superior. Power refers to the ability to influence or control others and can take different forms like reward, coercive, expert and referent power. Authority is power that is seen as legitimate by both the ruler and the ruled, and can be rational-
This document discusses political participation and voting behavior in the UK. It provides an overview of key concepts like democracy, political power vs authority, and different theories that seek to explain voting behavior such as party identification theory, sociological theory, and rational choice theory. It also examines factors that influence voting like social class, partisanship, and more recent short-term influences. Participation in politics has declined over time with fewer people joining political parties or contacting politicians.
AS Sociology Unit 2 (Education) - Cultural Deprivationkirstyodair
This document discusses the cultural deprivation theory, which argues that many working-class children underachieve in school due to lacking certain cultural skills and values taught at home. It outlines three main aspects of alleged cultural deprivation: intellectual development, language development, and attitudes/values. Research is presented that found working-class children scored lower on tests and had less stimulating home environments. Differences in restricted vs. elaborated speech codes and lack of parental interest and achievement motivation are also discussed as factors in the cultural deprivation theory.
this ppt describes different froms of government based on power and authority distribution, the merits and demerits of each form of government are also given. for further educative ppt do comment and if time allow i will surely help you in making your ppt.
The document discusses several key aspects of the election process in the United States:
1) It describes different methods of nominating candidates such as primaries, caucuses, conventions, and petitions. The direct primary has become the principal nomination method.
2) It discusses how elections are administered through precincts, polling places, and different voting methods like in-person voting and absentee/mail-in voting.
3) It covers campaign financing issues including various sources of funding for candidates, laws regulating donations and spending, and existing loopholes in campaign finance regulations.
The documents provide information about parliamentary systems of government and compare the UK and US systems. The UK has a parliamentary democracy where the government is formed from and accountable to Parliament. Key powers of Parliament include representation of citizens, lawmaking, scrutiny of the executive, and recruiting ministers from among MPs. Committees provide one method for scrutiny but their effectiveness is debated.
The document discusses the key aspects of political parties in India. It defines a political party as a group seeking to gain power through democratic means by fielding candidates in elections. It notes key characteristics of political parties like unity of purpose, organized system of working, and pursuing constitutional means and national interest. It also discusses the role of political parties in linking people to the government, participating in elections, and acting as an opposition. Finally, it provides overviews of some major national political parties in India like Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party, Communist Party of India, and others.
A political party is an organized group of citizens who share similar political views and try to control the government through democratic means like elections. Key features of political parties include having a large membership with shared ideology, contesting elections to gain power, and promoting the interests of the nation. Major functions of parties are educating the public, fighting elections, forming the government if winning a majority, and acting as opposition to check the ruling party. India has multiple national parties like BJP, Congress, BSP, and regional parties that are recognized by the Election Commission based on their electoral performance.
The document summarizes requirements for union officer elections under the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA). It discusses who must be elected, nomination and campaign procedures, secret ballot voting, and the role of the Department of Labor's Office of Labor-Management Standards (OLMS) in administering compliance and investigating complaints. Key aspects include minimum frequencies for elections, reasonable qualifications for candidates, members' rights to vote and campaign support, and remedies through the union or by filing a complaint with OLMS.
The presidential system is a form of government where the head of state is also the head of government, separating the executive and legislative branches. Key features include a directly elected president with a fixed term who appoints cabinet members and controls foreign policy and the military. This system provides greater stability but can also lead to conflicts between the president and legislature when their agendas differ.
There are several types of electoral systems for electing representatives. Plurality/first-past-the-post systems are used in the UK, where each constituency elects one member of parliament and the candidate with the most votes wins, even if they do not receive a majority. This system can result in overrepresentation of the largest parties and underrepresentation of others. Majority systems aim to elect candidates supported by over 50% of voters through methods like ranked voting and runoffs. Proportional systems allocate seats to parties based on their overall vote share through closed-list or open-list proportional representation. Hybrid systems combine elements of plurality and proportional systems.
The document discusses different models of representation and electoral systems. It describes trustee and delegate models of representation, where representatives have differing levels of autonomy from their constituents. It also outlines different voting systems like plurality/majority, proportional representation, and mixed systems. It analyzes advantages and disadvantages of these systems in terms of proportionality, strong government, and other factors. Finally, it discusses models of voting behavior like party identification, rational choice, sociological, and dominant ideology perspectives.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the Philippine judiciary. It outlines that judicial power is vested in one Supreme Court, which acts as the court of last resort. It also describes the lower courts that cases can be appealed to, including regional trial courts, sandiganbayan, court of appeals, and others. The document provides details on the composition and jurisdiction of these various courts that make up the Philippine judicial system.
The document discusses features of democracy and dictatorship. It notes that in a democracy, power rests with elected citizens who vote equally. Elections must be free and fair. Democracies have constitutional limits and allow opposition parties. Dictatorships concentrate power in one person or group without elections. The document also compares merits and demerits of each system and provides examples of different countries and situations around the world.
The document provides an overview of the UK constitution, including what a constitution is, the sources of the UK constitution (both written and unwritten), the history and changes over time, key concepts like sovereignty and the unitary system, arguments for and against an uncodified constitution, and the branches of government and separation/fusion of powers. It covers the core structures and concepts that make up the UK's unwritten constitution.
The term ‘Legg' means "law" and 'lature’ the "place"
Another term, which is used as a synonym of Legislature, is ‘Parliament.’ This word stands derived from the French word ‘Parley’ which means to ‘talk’ or to discuss and deliberate.
Each chamber of legislature consists of a number of legislators who use some form of parliamentary procedure to debate political issues and vote on proposed legislation.
The document discusses the differences between federal and unitary systems of government, with federalism involving a division of sovereignty between central and regional authorities. It analyzes proposals for shifting the Philippines from a unitary to a federal system, with various options suggested for dividing the country into federal states or regions based on geography, culture, language or economic viability. The motivation is to potentially boost economic development, decrease political violence, and improve governance through a more decentralized system of government.
The us federal court system & supreme courtpjosephchs
The US federal court system begins with district courts that hear both civil and criminal cases. Losing parties can appeal district court decisions to courts of appeals, and the Supreme Court chooses some cases to review appellate court decisions. The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review to determine if laws are constitutional and can strike down laws, establishing precedent for future cases.
Sovereignty refers to the supreme authority within a territory. It is embodied in the state as the political institution. Sovereignty implies having supreme and unlimited power without being accountable to any external entity. There are different types and aspects of sovereignty including internal sovereignty over citizens and external sovereignty implying independence from foreign control. John Austin's theory defines sovereignty as a determinate human superior who receives habitual obedience from the bulk of society and is not in the habit of obedience to another like superior. Power refers to the ability to influence or control others and can take different forms like reward, coercive, expert and referent power. Authority is power that is seen as legitimate by both the ruler and the ruled, and can be rational-
This document discusses political participation and voting behavior in the UK. It provides an overview of key concepts like democracy, political power vs authority, and different theories that seek to explain voting behavior such as party identification theory, sociological theory, and rational choice theory. It also examines factors that influence voting like social class, partisanship, and more recent short-term influences. Participation in politics has declined over time with fewer people joining political parties or contacting politicians.
AS Sociology Unit 2 (Education) - Cultural Deprivationkirstyodair
This document discusses the cultural deprivation theory, which argues that many working-class children underachieve in school due to lacking certain cultural skills and values taught at home. It outlines three main aspects of alleged cultural deprivation: intellectual development, language development, and attitudes/values. Research is presented that found working-class children scored lower on tests and had less stimulating home environments. Differences in restricted vs. elaborated speech codes and lack of parental interest and achievement motivation are also discussed as factors in the cultural deprivation theory.
AS Government & Politics - Additional Member Systemkirstyodair
The document discusses the Additional Member System (AMS), a hybrid electoral system used in Scotland. It combines First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) and Proportional Representation (PR). Under AMS, some seats are allocated via FPTP and others via PR. For PR seats, parties present lists of candidates and seats are allocated based on each party's overall vote share using the D'Hondt formula. The document analyzes how AMS provides both proportional representation and local representation, but can also create two-tiers of constituencies and weaken representatives' connections to their areas.
AS Government & Politics - Regional List Systemkirstyodair
This document summarizes the key features and advantages and disadvantages of a regional list system for electing representatives. The regional list system uses multi-member constituencies divided into regions, where political parties create ranked lists of candidates. Voters cast a single vote for a party, and seats are allocated to parties based on the proportion of votes received, with candidates taking seats based on their rank on the party list. The system promotes proportional representation but weakens the link between representatives and constituents.
AS Government & Politics - Voting and Social Influenceskirstyodair
This document provides an overview of social influences on voting behavior in UK general elections from 1945-2005. It discusses trends in class, region, gender, age, religion, ethnicity and how they correlate with support for different parties. Turnout rates are declining overall but vary between social groups, with higher turnout among older, more affluent voters. Younger women have become more pro-Labour while older women remain relatively pro-Conservative. Devolution is also discussed as Scotland, Wales and Northern England vote more Labour.
AS History - British Foreign Policy 1.1kirstyodair
British foreign policy underwent a revolution from 1895-1914 as Britain moved away from splendid isolation. Key events highlighted the dangers of isolation, including disputes with other powers over issues like Venezuela, as well as the South African War, which showed Britain's vulnerability. In response, Britain formed ententes with powers like France in 1904 and Russia in 1907 to help address concerns, though these were not formal alliances. Britain also improved relations with the USA and formed an alliance with Japan in 1902 focused on the Far East. However, German actions, including attempts to disrupt the entente with France during the First Moroccan Crisis of 1905-1906, contributed to Britain drawing closer to France as concerns about Germany grew.
AS History - Industrialisation Under Alex III and Wittekirstyodair
Witte pursued policies of state capitalism as Minister of Finance from 1893-1903 to industrialize Russia. He arranged foreign loans, imposed high taxes, and protected domestic industries with tariffs to fund infrastructure projects and attract foreign investment. This led to rapid industrial and economic growth, especially in railways, coal, iron, and oil. However, Witte's policies also increased social problems by expanding the urban proletariat without improving living/working conditions. Overall, his reforms began modernizing Russia's economy but faced criticism for not addressing agricultural issues and increasing the country's dependence on foreign capital.
AS Government & Politics - UK Political Partieskirstyodair
The document provides information about political parties in the UK, including definitions of political parties and different types of parties. It discusses mainstream political parties like the Conservatives, Labour, and Liberal Democrats as well as single-issue parties. It also compares political parties to pressure groups. Additionally, it examines the structure and ideology of the Labour Party in the UK in detail. The document uses examples, definitions, and comparisons to concisely summarize key concepts about political parties in the UK system of government.
This document provides a project report on an online voting system created by Nitin Bhasin for NIIT. The report includes an introduction to the online voting system, background and significance of the study, objectives, justification, scope, requirements, and database design. It aims to address issues with existing voting methods in India by providing a secure online system for citizens to vote from anywhere using just a voter ID and password.
A study of culture, belief and social structureMarcel Duma
This document provides an introduction to the author's framework for analyzing culture, belief and social structure using "idea maps". The author argues that idea maps allow one to compress complex social phenomena into a visual representation of related ideas. Idea maps show the relationships between different concepts, groups, institutions, etc. through identifying the sets of ideas associated with each. The author provides several examples of idea maps analyzing historical groups in China and aspects of the project of interdisciplinary social science. The goal of idea maps is to help communicate and shed light on complex social issues by representing relationships between ideas.
The document discusses the past, present, and future role of minor political parties in the United States. In the past, minor parties influenced key elections such as 1912, 1948, and 1968. Today, minor parties still play an important role as seen in the 1992 and 2000 elections. The author argues that in the future, minor parties will have an increasing impact and may eventually replace the two party system within 30 years, giving voters more options.
AS History - British Foreign Policy III 1914kirstyodair
Britain entered WWI in 1914 primarily due to security and strategic interests in maintaining the balance of power in Europe. While Britain had no formal alliances, the invasion of Belgium and prospect of a German victory threatening British control of the seas and nearby coastlines led Britain to join the war to prevent German domination of Europe. Foreign Secretary Grey's policy of informal agreements with France allowed cooperation without binding alliances, but left Britain's course unclear, dragging it into war once its interests were threatened.
As g&p module 1 unit 1.1 week 1 democracy & political participation (anonymou...brogdale
1. Democracy is a system of government where ultimate political power rests with the people. It comes from the Greek words "demos" meaning people and "kratos" meaning power.
2. There are two main types of democracy - direct democracy, where citizens participate directly in government, and representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to govern on their behalf.
3. Key aspects of democracy include individualism, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Citizens have both rights and responsibilities within a democratic system.
This document proposes an e-voting system that uses eye retina scanning and radio waves to securely transmit vote counts to a remote server. The current system relies on electronic voting machines at each booth that are vulnerable to tampering and technical issues. The proposed system aims to authenticate voters through biometric scanning and eliminate the risks of manipulating physical voting machines or their transportation by storing vote counts on a remote server.
The document discusses elections and representation in democracies. It explains that in large communities, it is not possible for all people to directly govern, so democracies rely on elections of representatives. Elections are necessary to allow people to choose their representatives and change them if desired. For elections to be considered democratic, they must meet certain criteria like regular voting where all votes have equal value, choice among candidates, and results that reflect the people's preferences. The document examines how Indian elections measure up to these democratic standards.
The document discusses various aspects of elections and democracy. It defines elections as the selection of public officials by citizens, and notes that sovereignty resides with the people. It outlines qualifications for electors, including citizenship, age, residence and not being disqualified by law. The document also distinguishes between direct elections, where citizens vote directly for candidates, and indirect elections, where citizens first select representatives who then choose officials. It discusses political parties, campaign periods, and methods for nominating candidates such as primaries, conventions and petitions.
This document discusses electronic voting systems and provides background information on voting in Nigeria. It begins by defining electronic voting and describing different types of electronic voting technologies. It then provides details on Nigeria's existing voting system, including that Nigeria elects a president and national assembly. It has over 2000 elective positions across the federal, state and local levels. The document discusses the significance and objectives of studying electronic voting systems for Nigeria, which include improving accessibility, transparency and reducing errors and fraud. It provides definitions for key terms and outlines the scope and limitations of the study.
Electronic voting system is an effective approach for counting of votes could be faster, more accurate and less labor intensive. In this system we use one effective algorithm called minutiae for Fingerprint. This algorithm can be used to match the Fingerprint images. The Proposed system is used to avoid the vote recasting with help of RFID and Fingerprint. There is way to prohibit the same person from casting multiple ballots using Fingerprint and RFID. In an E-voting system, there is way to prohibit the same person from casting multiple ballots using Fingerprint.
Political Parties And Electoral Politicsvenerallonza
The document discusses political parties and electoral politics in the Philippines. It defines political parties, describes their characteristics and types based on membership, activities, and ideological orientation. It also examines the functions and importance of elections, voting activities, and challenges to the quality of elections in the Philippines.
Philippine political party system: A systemic examinationIAGorgph
The Philippine Political Party System: A Systemic Examination | Presented by Prof. Edmund Tayao at the political party building seminar for the MILF, 16-19 September 2013, Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao
This document provides an overview of electoral systems used in the UK, including:
- First-Past-the-Post (FPTP) system currently used, which can result in disproportionate results and a two-party system.
- Alternative systems like the Additional Member System (AMS) used in Scotland and Wales, which combines FPTP and party list voting for proportional representation.
- Single Transferable Vote (STV) system used in Northern Ireland, which allows ranking candidates by preference to ensure proportional representation.
The document discusses various ways for people to participate in Scottish politics, including voting, joining a political party, participating in election campaigns, becoming a candidate, and signing or sending petitions. Voting is one of the most obvious ways and usually takes place every four to five years for the Scottish Parliament and local councils. People must register to vote and can do so at polling stations on election day or apply for a postal vote. Signing or sending petitions allows people to request action from the Scottish Parliament on issues and some petitions have led to changes in law or policy.
Political Issues in the UK discusses three electoral systems used in the UK - First Past the Post, Single Transferable Vote, and Additional Member System. It also examines factors that influence voting behavior, including both long-term factors like social class, gender, geography, and race as well as short-term factors like current issues, political campaigns, personalities, and media coverage. The document provides arguments for and against each electoral system and voting influence.
The wasted votes problem in MMP - and how to fix itMike Osborne
The current handling of wasted votes in MMP is undemocratic; it needs to change.
Voters who vote for parties that don't meet the threshold effectively get their votes allocated to parties that do meet the threshold.
Allow voters to select parties by preference so that they can explicitly direct where their votes go should they vote for a party that doesn't meet the threshold.
Here are model answers to the assessment questions:
1. Pluralist democracy is a theory that power is dispersed amongst many competing interest groups in society, such as trade unions, businesses, pressure groups etc. rather than being concentrated in one central authority like the state. These groups compete for influence over public policy and government decision making through open debate and discussion.
2. The British political system can be seen as undemocratic in the following ways:
- The House of Lords is unelected yet has legislative powers. Members are appointed not elected so lack democratic legitimacy.
- The first-past-the-post electoral system distorts the share of seats parties receive relative to their share of the national vote. This is un
These slides were presented by Ben Page, CEO, Ipsos MORI and Gideon Skinner, Head of Political Research, Ipsos MORI at our breakfast briefing on 10th April 2015. As well as Ben and Gideon, the panel featured Vicky Pryce, Chief Economic Adviser at the Centre for Economics and Business Research (Cebr) and Joe Murphy, Political Editor at The Evening Standard.
BritainThinks_Guardian Battleground Britain Breakfast Briefing on Emerging Fi...Ben Shimshon
Our panelists have felt disconnected from the national campaign so far. They see the Conservative party relying too heavily on messages about their long term economic plan. The Labour party is seen as unclear about what they stand for. The Lib Dems are seen as lacking identity and impact after being in government. UKIP is still viewed as a one-issue party about immigration. The SNP is seen as having stood up for Scotland but known for little else. Overall, the campaign has not engaged voters or given them much new information to change their views of the parties.
The document summarizes different electoral systems used in the UK and Scotland. It begins by explaining what an electoral system is and then describes the First Past the Post (FPTP) system used in UK general elections. It notes FPTP can result in disproportionate outcomes. The document then explains the Additional Member System (AMS) used in Scottish Parliament elections, which is a hybrid of FPTP and proportional representation. AMS aims to make representation more proportional. It provides an example of how AMS worked in a 2011 Scottish election. The document argues AMS increases fairness compared to FPTP.
The document discusses several topics related to congressional incumbency:
1) Incumbency has become more of a career over time, with the proportion of first-term representatives falling from 58% in the 19th century to 8% by the 1960s.
2) Incumbents have advantages like name recognition, fundraising ability, and ability to perform constituent services, giving them a better chance of re-election.
3) Members of Congress can represent their constituents in different ways - as delegates by following voters' preferences, as trustees by following their own beliefs, or as partisans by prioritizing their political party. Most try to balance these approaches.
4) Congressional caucuses allow members
The document discusses several proposed electoral reforms in India. It identifies issues like politicians using factors like caste, religion and money to influence voters. It suggests that direct election of the Prime Minister could help establish stable governments. Other recommendations include using paper ballots instead of electronic voting machines, monitoring political promises, restricting resignations from office, and ensuring more participation in voting. The overall aim of the proposed reforms is to establish cleaner politics and prioritize citizens' and national interests.
The document summarizes the British electoral system and election process. It discusses how:
1. Britain uses a constituency-based system where MPs represent particular geographical areas. Anyone can run as a candidate by declaring in one of these constituencies.
2. Elections follow formal arrangements, such as candidates submitting expense reports. Voters must be registered and at least 18 years old.
3. Campaigning is more subdued than in the US, with few rallies. The real campaign occurs nationally as parties focus on key issues.
4. Voting takes place on Thursdays at local polling stations. Results are counted and begin reporting overnight, with predictions of the new government by morning.
The Main Characteristics Of Alternative Vote, PR List...Sonia Sanchez
The document discusses several electoral systems used around the world including alternative vote, PR list systems, STV, first past the post, and AMS. It provides details on the characteristics of each system. First past the post can result in a candidate winning without a majority. AMS is used in Germany and gives voters two votes, one for their local representative and one for their preferred party. Proportional representation list systems aim to allocate seats proportionally according to the percentage of votes received.
The document provides a review of topics for a Unit 3 test, including the Electoral College, differences between plurality and majority, key numbers and states in presidential elections, the role of incumbency, primary election timing, campaign finance reforms, and the functions of interest groups, PACs, and lobbyists. It also briefly discusses media coverage of campaigns and differences between primary and general election voters.
The document discusses how democracy and voting works in the United States compared to other democracies. While most democracies use a popular vote system where the candidate with the most total votes wins, the US uses an electoral college system. This system allocates each state a certain number of "electoral votes" based on population. Whichever candidate wins a state gets all of its electoral votes, even if they only win by a small margin. The candidate needs 270 electoral votes to win the presidency overall. This means voters in swing states that could vote either way may feel they have more influence than those in safe states that consistently vote one way.
The document discusses various aspects of elections in India including why elections are needed in a democracy, what makes elections democratic, the electoral process, and challenges to free and fair elections. Key points include:
1) Elections allow citizens to choose their representatives and change the government if desired through regular voting.
2) Features of democratic elections include everyone having an equal vote, multiple choices of parties/candidates, elections held regularly, and votes determining the winner.
3) Challenges to free and fair elections in India include money power giving some candidates unfair advantages and candidates with criminal connections intimidating others.
Marking the Political Parties - LDA Citizen JuryCitizen Network
Learning Disability Alliance England's Citizen Jury marked the 5 main political parties in England on 2nd April 2015. These are the results. These slides tell you what happened and how the parties were scored.
An Analysis of the Electoral Socio-Demographics in the Oldham & Royton Constituency which draws on the literature of Blue Labour, the Revolt on the Right and Co-operative Councils as explanations for the rise of Populist Parties on the Radical Right in the Constituency
Similar to AS Government & Politics - Voting Systems (17)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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2. Key Questions
1. What is the purpose of elections, do they give
recruitment, legitimacy or accountability?
2. What types of electoral system are there?
3. What results do they give?
4. How do we define the success of these systems?
3. I’ve Got A Confession To Make
I’ve been a bit cheeky with the way I’ve taught this subject. Under
this topic we’re supposed to cover voting systems and impact on
voting behaviour. However you’ll have noticed we’ve already
covered some of the reasons and theories of voting behaviour.
Why?
Because this way you can apply the theory to the practice I’m about
to show you and have some top notch discussions!
(Hopefully)
4. A Strictly Need To Know Basis?
Those lovely people at AQA believe that the following are the most important voting systems
currently in operation.
1. First- Past- The- Post (FPTP)
2. Alternative Vote
3. Supplementary Vote
4. Single Transferable Vote (STV)
5. Additional Member System (AMS)
6. Regional List- Proportional Representation
Not only do we need to know how they work but also were they have been used and the relevant
positives and negatives of each system.
6. First Things... Past The Post?
AdamFirst Past The Post (FPTP) is the name
commonly given to the system in the UK
by which citizens elect representatives
to the House of Commons in
Westminster.
Under a FPTP system the country in
question is divided up into areas known
as Constituencies. These areas are
designed to be of similar size in terms of
their inhabitants. (e.g. In the UK the
average size is 70,000 people)
Each Constituency elects one
representative.
7. I've Got The X- Factor!
Under FPTP the winning candidate is the one who gets the most
votes. This is a Simple Plurality. The most obvious example is the UK
Parliamentary Elections. Here are a sample of FPTP At its best and
worst in 2010!
Constituency 1
Conservative- 19,461
Labour- 18,088
Lib Dem- 15, 094
UKIP- 1,624
Green Party- 427
Constituency 2
Conservative- 24,687
Lib Dem- 10,200
Labour- 7,803
Independent- 2,243
Poetry Party- 298
Constituency 3
Lib Dem- 30,896
Conservative- 18,632
Labour- 1,158
UKIP- 801
Constituency 4
Conservative- 17,860
Labour- 17,666
Lib Dem- 8,724
Plaid Cmyru- 1,588
UKIP- 1,530
Constituency 5
Labour- 17,377
Conservative- 15,251
Lib Dem- 5,513
Green Party- 478
BNP- 334
Constituency 6
Green Party- 16,238
Labour- 14,928
Conservative- 12,275
Lib Dem- 7,159
8. Some Odd Facts About FPTP
a1. The smallest majority in the 2010 General
Election was for Michelle Gildernew who won by
only 4 votes!
2. The largest majority in the 2010 General Election
was for Stephen Timms who won by 27,826
votes!
3. The smallest constituency in the UK is Na h-
Eileanan An Iar with 21,884 members.
4. The largest constituency in the UK is the Isle of
Wight with 103,480 members.
5. The highest turnout ever for a General Election
was 83.9% in 1950.
6. The lowest turnout ever for a General Election
was 59.4% in 2001.
7. The biggest ever win was by Labour in 1997 with
418 seats.
8. The first ethnic minority MP was Mancherjee
Bhowanggree in 1895.
9. Hopelessly Advantageous to You!
The following are considered the good points about FPTP. REMEMBER THEM!
1. Simplicity
2. Strong
3. Representative
10. Simple Things For Simple......
Just because people say something is simple doesn’t necessarily make it good or
bad. The question is What is the effect of it being simple?
FPTP- What is the effect of it being simple?
1. Results are obvious- when Michelle is on 21,304 and Rodney is on 21,300 our
clear winner is Michelle. With the other systems it isn’t so obvious at first
glance.
2. Rock and Roll- Once your in, We’re off! You can be in Parliament the next day
for a photo shoot and a cappuccino! (I.e. Get straight to business)
3. It’s the Norm- Enuff’ said we’ve been using this system for over 400 years and it
is relatively effective. There isn’t really that big a demand for reform.
11. Macho, Macho Voting System
In a divided society such as the UK there are
few opportunities for one single party to get
over 50% of the popular vote. It just isn’t
workable. FPTP allows single parties to rule
with large majorities and make decisions
quickly. The ruling party can act quickly
without fear of being overruled in an
emergency.
Put simply if a party puts forward a mandate
that wins them the bulk of seats then surely
we should give them a chance to implement
that model?
Equally if they fail.... We Get Rid Just as
Quickly!
12. I’m Here To Represent.... YOU
a All these people are representatives for a
community somewhere in the UK. Whilst we
may not know who all of them are, they are
familiar faces to their constituents.
They will all have close (hopefully) bonds with
their communities and attend regular-ish
surgeries with local constituents over
important local issues.
Because each constituency has one MP and
they are the one with the most individual
votes they must respond to local issues when
possible. Constituents will primarily vote on
local issues and if an MP fails to address these
then they run the real risk of being voted out.
13. Are You Diss (Advantaging) My Voting
System?
The following are all the bad things about FPTP. REMEMBER them, but also
remember that there are two sides to every argument, two sides to every coin and
a belief that tomorrow will be a better day!
1. Two-Party System
2. Winner’s Bonus
3. Plurality vs. Majority
4. Wasted Votes
5. Tactical Votes
6. Divisive
14. It’s Our Party And We’ll Cry If We
Want To
The two big parties in British Politics are clearly Labour and the Conservatives. It
has been this way for the past 100 years and will probably continue to do so.
Between them they polled 65.1% (19,336,141 votes) in the 2010 General Election.
If You then add the 3rd Party the Liberal Democrats then the figure goes up to
88.1% (26,172,965 votes). What this essentially means is that the 3 biggest parties
have a monopoly of support amongst the UK Public. If any party is to have any real
chance of breaking this monopoly then they must have wealthy backers, mass
support and a highly developed local and national structure. Of all the major fringe
parties none of them fit this bill!
15. Look At The Size Of My....Bonus
To say that FPTP exaggerates how popular you are is like saying that ITV exaggerate
how important Katie Prices’ life is!
The 2010 General Election is a good example:
16. What's That Coming Over The Hill, Is It
A Landslide?
What this means for us common folk is that results get exaggerated. How can
Labour in 1997 with only 43.2% of the National Vote (13,518,167 votes) receive
418 seats (63.2% of the seats) in the House of Commons. FPTP exaggerates the
result and increases the margin beyond recognition.
Whereas in 1992 the Conservatives got 41.9% of the vote (14,093,007 votes) and
got 336 seats (51.7%) of the seats in the House of Commons.
So let me get this straight.... You can get more votes, but still get less seats and a
smaller majority. Even when your share of the votes is only 1.3% less then Tony
Blair’s rabble 5 years later!?!
17. Plurality vs. Majority- Let’s Get It On!
Plurality
Once upon a time: Adam, Betty,
Shamrock and Cthulu take part in an
election. They ask 100 people which
candidate has the best hair. The
results were:
Adam- 36
Shamrock- 31
Betty- 24
Cthulu- 9
Adam is our sleek haired superstar
winner!!!!
Majority
At St. Cheatem’s College a similar
election is held between Mary,
Eduardo, Karlo and Bamboozle. The
results where:
Mary- 49
Eduardo- 21
Karlo- 16
Bamboozle- 14
However at St. Cheatem’s you need a
majority (51%) to win a hair contest.
So they resit the result until someone
gets 51% or over.
18. Recycle My Vote
How can any vote be wasted I hear you cry?
Well my idealistic, intellectual students allow me to explain.
Under First-Past- The-Post System anyone who doesn’t vote for the winner,
essentially wastes their vote. Ohh Yes well it may all well be in the spirit of
democracy but try telling that to the 18,088 people who voted for Nick Bent, or the
15,094 who thought Jo Crotty was their woman. What we’re saying is that the
19,641 who voted for David Mowat are the only ones who matter.
So lemme get this straight.... 33,182 people don’t matter diddly?
Psh.......
19. Knight to E7... Tactical Style
Again this ties into the idea of wasted votes. If you live in Whitney (Dave’s seat) or
Sheffield Hallam (Nick’s seat) or even Doncaster North (Ed’s seat). Then what is
the point of voting for anyone else? Because as we’ve already established...
Your Vote is worth diddly squat!
Or is it?
You Sneaky Little Blighter I see what your about to suggest.
20. What Is Tactical Voting?
An excellent question my educational friends. The answer is something like this...
Tactical Voting is where a citizen votes for a candidate who is not their first choice
because this candidate has more chance of unseating the current MP or winning
the seat. This has become increasingly popular amongst Labour voters in
Conservative strongholds, voting Liberal Democrat to unseat a Tory. It is also a
feature for Liberal Democrats in Conservative strongholds where Labour are 2nd.
21. Divide and Conquer
Let’s be honest for a second....
Who thinks that Southerners are Soft Boiled, Espresso Loving Socialite Champagne
Lefties who think that Welfare is buying Fair Trade Chocolate?
OR
That the Scottish are aggressive Nationalists who only wear a kilt because it annoys
the English and are welcome to North Sea Oil if it will shut them up about
independence?
OR
Yorkshire folk are Right Wing Farming Land Owners who use a Range Rover to drive
from the gate to the front door and generally don’t like anyone who earns less then
£30,000 a year?
OR
The Welsh can drop the act, we all know you speak English, There’s only 3 people in
Wales who speak Welsh and their all in Plaid Cmyru and lets be honest Wales
wouldn’t be much without all the English tourists going to Rhyl for the cheap rock
and the weather and going to Cardiff to get drunk and arrested for indecent
exposure?
22. It’s A Photo Finish
Point is the UK is a divided nation. With a Labour heartland in the North West of
England, Scotland and Wales, Conservative strongholds in the South and in rural
Northern communities. The Liberal Democrats have also began to establish
themselves in remote Southern Communities and smaller towns in the North.
Most of these seats are unwinnable by the opposition parties and this fosters
adversarial politics, in which successive Governments with different ideological
views win power and then reverse the policies of the previous Governments
creating instability, economic ruin and cheesy sound bites aplenty.
24. Alternative Culture
Obviously we don’t have the Alternative
Vote in the UK, however it's worth knowing
about how AV works so that if we get an
exam question on it… We could easily
answer it.
AV is a Preferential System in which a voter
is asked to rank candidates in order of
preference.
For a candidate to win a seat they must
secure 50% or more of the overall votes
(therefore having a majority).
25. AV- Count
Let’s use the example of Warrington
South. The results on 1st preference
look like this:
David Mowat- Conservative- 19,641
Nick Bent- Labour- 18,088
Jo Crotty- Liberal Democrat- 15,094
James Ashington UKIP- 1,624
Steph Davies- Green- 427
Overall Turnout = 54,974
Amount needed under AV=27,487
So there is no winner yet!
Round 2
We remove the last place candidate
and give their second choices to the
other parties. Assuming that
Greens may vote Labour or Lib Dem:
David Mowat- Conservative- 19,641
Nick Bent- Labour- 18,301
Jo Crotty- Liberal Democrat- 15,308
James Ashington- UKIP- 1,624
Amount needed under AV= 27,487
Still no winner.
26. Round Eyed Girl
Round 3
With no winner we now remove the
UKIP candidate and allocate their 3rd
Preference. Would they vote Tory?
David Mowat- Conservative- 21,265
Nick Bent- Labour- 18,301
Jo Crotty- Liberal Democrat- 15,308
Amount needed under AV= 27,487
Still no winner.
Round 4
Now we remove the 3rd Placed Liberal
Democrats and allocate their fourth
choice. Now assuming that about 75%
would vote Labour. The final result
looks like:
1.*Nick Bent- Labour- 29,782*
2.David Mowat- Conservative- 25,092
So in the final round Labour win. Bear
in mind this is a rough outline. I'm
making generalisations on voting
trends. However it is an entirely
possible outcome.
27. The Mad, The Bad and the AV
Alternative Most
1. Every candidate elected has 50%
of the constituents voting for
them.
2. The elected candidate is broadly
popular with all members of a
constituency, not just a chosen
majority.
3. It still keeps the MP and
Constituency link favoured under
FPTP.
4. It works. It has been used in
Australian General Elections
since 1924.
Alternative Woes
1.It isn’t a Proportional system. If used
on the 1997 General Election result it
would have given Labour an even
bigger majority (77% of seats).
2. The candidate with the most 1st
preference votes isn’t guaranteed
victory, as shown by my example.
3. There is a small chance that
extreme fourth and fifth choice
candidates and voters may hold the
balance of power.
29. Supplements
The Supplementary Vote is already used in the UK. We use
it in all elections for Elected Mayors, such as Boris
Johnson. It’s a shortened Version of the Alternative Vote
(we still need over 50% to win) system, in that a voter only
puts down their 1st and 2nd preference. Let’s apply it to the
London Mayoral Elections.
London Elections 2008- 1st Preference
Boris Johnson- Conservative- 1,043,761
Ken Livingstone- Labour- 893,877
Brian Paddick- Lib Dem- 236,685
Sian Berry- Green- 77,374
Richard Barnbrook- BNP- 69,710
Alan Craig- Christian Alliance- 39,249
Gerard Batten- UKIP- 22,422
Lindsey German- Left List- 16,796
Winston McKenzie- Independent- 5,389
30. Supplementary My Dear Watson
In the second round of Supplementary Voting we remove ALL candidates except the
top two and we allocate all the votes based on people’s second preference. So the
contest looks like this, I’ve included the other candidates so you can see how each
person did:
Second Preference
Boris Johnson- Conservative- 257,792
Ken Livingstone- Labour- 303,198
Brian Paddick- Lib Dem- 641,412
Sian Berry- Green- 331,727
Richard Barnbrook- BNP- 128,609
Alan Craig- Christian Alliance- 80,140
Gerard Batten- UKIP- 113,651
Lindsey German- Left List- 35,057
Winston McKenzie- Independent- 38,954
Final
Boris Johnson- Conservative- 1,168,738
Ken Livingstone- Labour- 1,028,966
31. Do’s and Don'ts
Supplementaryes
1. The winning candidate (shown by
Boris) must have a broad 50% of
support across the electorate.
2. It eliminates the risks under AV of
3rd Choice minor parties sneaking
in. As this system only looks at the
top 2 candidates.
3. It works. The Supplementary is
used widely in the UK and across
Europe. It gives a strong mandate
like FPTP and has the majoritarian
aspect of AV.
Supplemeno
1. The winner as shown by Boris in
2008 might not be the most
popular 2nd Choice but gets through
because no-one got as many 1st
choice votes.
2. Even if we used this in the General
Elections it would not deliver a fair
result. In fact it would further
exaggerate the majorities that
parties get.
3. It is deeply punishing to minor
parties such as the Greens and
UKIP who’s 2nd Preference status is
essentially ignored.
33. Proportional Explanation
There are a number of different ways of having
elections using Proportional Representation.
Since 1999 we have use a system of PR called the
Regional List system for elections to the
European Parliament.
For EU Parliamentary Elections, the UK is divided
up into 11 multi-member constituencies. Each
constituency votes for the party they prefer.
When the votes are counted the parties get a
number of MEPs roughly in proportion with the
amount of votes they received.
34. How To Stop A Problem Like Nick Griffin
Britain uses what’s know as a ‘Closed List System’.
What this means for us plebes at the bottom is
essentially we don’t pick our MEP, the party pick it
for us.
Each party ranks their candidates numerically. The
more popular you are the closer to no.1 you are.
When the seats are given to the parties they pick
their MEPs based on who’s ranked highest on their
own list.
Note how Nick Griffin is no.1 on the BNP list and
the BNP got 2 seats.
35. Fair Share- European Parliament
Election Results
Party Percentage of Vote No. of Seats
Conservative 27.7% 25 (36%)
UKIP 16.5% 13 (19%)
Labour 15.7% 13 (19%)
Liberal Democrat 13.7% 11 (16%)
Green 8.6% 2 (3%)
BNP 6.2% 2 (3%)
SNP 2.1% 2 (3%)
Plaid Cymru 0.8% 1 (3%)
36. Regional Accents
Proportional
1. This is the most proportional of all
the systems. The more votes a
party gets the more seats they
get.
2. Smaller parties which are popular
but struggle in General Elections
(e.g. UKIP and Greens) can turn
this into seats at a European level.
3. The list system allows parties to
naturally increase the number of
female and ethnic minority
candidates by placing them higher
up the list.
Conportional
1. People don’t know who exactly
they are voting for. MEPs tend to
have very weak links to their
constituencies.
2. The parties control who gets
picked by placing them on lists.
The top candidate might not be
the best but the most loyal to the
party.
3. It isn’t totally perfect. The regions
in the UK are of different size
meaning it is harder for the
Greens in England to get elected
than the SNP in Scotland.
38. What Is STV?
The Single Transferable Vote system is a voting system based on quotas of voters
(jokes about Poets come to mind). It is used in the Northern Irish Stormont
Elections and Parliamentary elections in the Republic of Ireland.
1. The old constituency model of FPTP still exists, however constituencies have
multiple members elected to Parliament.
2. Voters are asked to rank candidates numerically in order of preference.
Therefore we firstly look at voters first preference.
3. If after counting the first preference, there is no winner, then we look at the
second preference and count these as well. We continue right through all the
ranked preferences until we have enough candidates to fill all the seats. The
lowest ranked candidate is removed and their preferences are then allocated.
4. It is also crucial to note that once a candidate has enough votes for a seat, any
additional votes for them are ignored and we instead look at other choices.
The winning candidates for each are the ones that get a specific quota of votes.
This quota is decided using a specific formula.
39. Quota Me In For A Late Shift!
Behold! The Droop Formula to work out how many votes will be needed for any
candidate to win a seat in a constituency. Each candidate would need to reach this
quota in their constituency (though it will change in each constituency).
Quota= Total Valid Votes +1
Total Number of seats +1
Let’s put that Droop formula into practice!
(The number
of votes
needed to win
a seat)
40. Dr Droop Doggy Snogg
Lets put this Droop-tastic formula into practice:
e.g. Knowsley- Voting Population= 44,654
Representatives- 3 (it’s a big place that's why!) So......
Quota= 44,654 + 1 Quota= 44,654 +1
3+1 4
Quota= 11,163.5 + 1
Quota to win 1 seat = 11,164.5
41. Recap
So if for example the candidates in Knowsley are:
George Howarth- Labour
Flo Clucas- Liberal Democrats
David Dunne- Conservative
Steven Greenhalgh- BNP
Anthony Rundle- UKIP
There are 3 seats up for grabs!
So each candidate is going to need 11,165 votes. Realistically who do we think can
get that?
42. Ohh No! I’ve Got An STV (Voting
System)
The most often cited example of an STV in operation is the Northern Ireland
elections to Stormont. Below are the 2011 elections (more are due in 2015). These
are the most recent results:
Democratic Unionist Party- 38 seats (30.1%)
Sinn Fein- 29 seats (26.9%)
Ulster Unionist Party- 16 seats (13.2%)
Social Democrat and Labour Party- 14 seats (14.2%)
Alliance Party- 8 seats (7.7%)
What is worth noting is that these where the 1st free elections in Northern Ireland
for many years. The results show that STV has provided a careful balance between
the Loyalists and the Republicans. No one party can dominate in its views. Of all the
votes cast, over 80% were used to contribute to the final result.
What do you think this means?
43. You Were Made For Me… Everybody
Tells Me So!
a
Firstly a big thanks to the BBC on this. After the
General Election they looked at how that result
would have looked if voters had used the Single
Transferable Vote system.
The most obvious point is that it doesn’t actually
change the single biggest party in Parliament. The
Conservatives are still the winners, however this
time its much closer.
Labour are much much closer and the Liberal
Democrats are now an established 3rd party who
will be a large partner in any likely coalition.
And as we can see the fringe parties have trebled
their share of seats!
44. Strength In Numbers
The following are the good bits about STV. However it’s a like a coin, this debate has
TWO sides!
1. Proportional
2. Fair Play
3. Choice
4. Representation
5. Successful
45. Proportional Representation
One of the biggest flaws of the FPTP system is that votes will be worth more
depending what part of the country we live in. However under STV all this
changes. Because we can numerically rank our choices and that each constituency
has more then one representative, the result becomes a lot fairer. If you look at
the UK as a whole, this also has wider implications. Because each constituency has
a quota system, overall candidates around the country need similar votes to be
selected.
According to the BBC, each potential candidate will need between 15,000-20,000
votes to win a seat, irrespective of where that seat actually is.
46. Fair Play League
If winning is the aim, then STV is the game.
To get a majority in Parliament under the STV system it makes sense that across
the whole country that particular party must have gained over 50% of the popular
vote. Not only that but likelihood is they are at least our 1st or 2nd Choice.
So if you get over 50% of the vote the likelihood is your going to get wider support
across society and generally the Government is likely to have a bigger incentive to
Govern in the wider political interest of the voters.
47. So Much Choice
aIt’s most definitely all about personal choice
with STV. Whereas with FPTP you only get one
chance to make it count… You might never get
this moment again.
Under STV you can genuinely vote for the
Liberal Democrats in a safe Labour seat, You
can vote for the BNP in Burnley, you can vote
Conservative in Scotland and just to be
awkward you can vote both Loyalist and
Republican in Northern Ireland.
Unlike AV this system doesn’t create instability
by requiring 51% for a winner, instead we
have a specific fair quota for 2 or more
players.
48. Representation and Jubilations
Under STV each constituency has a number of representatives relative to the size
of its electorate. Clearly this means:
More Voters = More Representatives = More Political Clout
So a large seat like Knowsley might have 2 or 3 representatives whereas a smaller
seat like the Orkney Islands will get 2. This seems a lot fairer doesn’t it?
Incidentally because the quota will vary depending on the electorate it ends the
idea of safe seats.
49. Top Of The Tops!
.We built this system, we built this system on
Single Transferable Vote success to paraphrase
KISS.
The STV system already works with great success
in Northern Ireland and in the Republic of Ireland.
What a baptism of fire!
Point is if it can effectively provide sound
Government for such political partisan
communities, it might work a treat in the idyllic
political backdrop that is England.
50. I Can’t Wait For The Weakness To
Begin
Again its all very nice to know what's good about STV, but what
about the bad stuff. The path to A’s and B’s is littered with smashing
strengths AND weaknesses.
1. Accuracy
2. Votes vs. Seats
3. Losing Touch
4. Coalition Bonanza
5. Complex
51. Is STV Wide Of The Mark?
Now we’re getting into the big problems. Because STV uses a quota, once your
candidate is over that quota voting stops for that person.
So remember in the new and improved Knowsley we said our Quota was 11,165?
Well here’s how it panned out in 2010:
George Howarth (Labour)- 31,650
Flo Clucas (Lib Dem)- 5,960
David Dunne (Conservative)- 4,004
Steven Greenhalgh (BNP) – 1,895
Anthony Rundle (UKIP) – 1,145
52. Signed, Sealed The Winner I’m Yours!
Under the STV system only George has cleared the 11,165 vote quota (and by
quite a margin) so he is automatically selected. The other 20,485 Labour voters
are discounted here and we instead look at their second choice!
So an obvious (but not inevitable) beneficiary would be Flo Clucas who would
possibly get some of that lovely bounty of 2nd preference votes.
How likely is it Conservative Dave would get any?
Who do we think could be our number 3 candidate in Knowsley?
Is it me or do you get a sneaking suspicion the BNP might just crawl over the
quota?
53. Votes vs. Seats (Cue Rocky Theme
Music)
Despite the fact that STV is a
lot fairer then FPTP, there’s no
hiding from the fact that it still
isn’t totally fair. Those 20,000
odd people who’s Labour votes
where ignored aren’t happy
and I imagine the
Conservative, BNP and UKIP
won’t be too happy at getting
in as a 3rd choice... If at all.
Fact is Proportional results
represent the whole of society
much better.
54. Your Out Of Touch, Your Out Of Time
We’ve all had a good moan about the fact that George never comes
to visit. But you can imagine it would be a whole lot worse if we had
multiple representatives, especially if they are all from different bits
of Knowsley.
You can also bet that they would become
More aligned to their Westminster Parties
Then their constituents.
55. Don’t Be Shy Nick Go Bonanza!
As mentioned before the STV system
makes it a whole lot closer in terms of
the results. This also practically
guarantees that Governments will be
Coalitions in future. Remember what
we said about FPTP?
If you use FPTP you probably don’t like
coalitions, they are seen as weak and
ineffective. And right before your eyes
you have a voting system which gives
us..... Lots of Coalitions.
56. For Life's’ Little Complexities
Do you remember when the winner was the geezer with the highest number of
votes? Weren't they the best times?
Then all of a sudden STV comes along with it’s complex formulas and illogical quota
system. Does it have the same magic as a FPTP results night?
Does it heck.
Point is it isn’t immediately obvious who’s won and that's bound to turn people off
politics.
58. It’s Complicated
The Additional Member System (AMS)
is the name given to a hybrid electoral
system in which a proportion of the
representatives are selected using the
good old First-Past-The-Post system,
and the rest are allocated on the basis
of Proportional Representation.
While this all sounds a bit foreign, it’s
used with great success in Scotland for
the Holyrod elections. So to recap
AMS= FPTP + PR
59. How Does It Work?
The First-Past-The-Post Bit
This would operate the same way as
FPTP in the UK. However crucially
not all the seats in Parliament are
available under FPTP. So if we use
the UK as an example:
Overall Seats: 650
Seats Under FPTP: (e.g.) 325
The Proportional Representation Bit
What's different is that the rest of the
seats are allocated under PR.
1. Voters fill in 2 slips, 1 for their MP
and a second for their preferred
party.
2. The second slips are counted and
the remaining seats are allocated
based on their share of the vote.
60. D’Hondt If You Love Voting
To allocate seats under the AMS system each seat is allocated in rounds. In each
round we use the following formula is:
Extra Seat = Total Votes For Party +1
Total Seats Owned
So for all the 325 seats up for grabs we would use this system EVERY single time
and for every single party. The party with the highest figure for each round wins
the seat.
* However to qualify for this the party must reach a threshold (percentage) of
the overall votes cast. (E.g. In Germany and Scotland it’s 5%).
61. Bear With Me…..
D’Hondt If You Love Voting
No. Extra Seats= Total Votes for Party
Total Seats Owned + 1
(Say we want to add a further 3 seats)
Consider the following from the General Election 2010
Conservative- 10,726,614 (306)
Labour- 8,609,527 (258)
Lib Dem- 6,836,824 (57)
DUP- 168,216 (8)
SNP- 491,386 (6)
Plaid Cmyru- 165,394 (3)
Under the D’Hondt system the Lib Dems would accumulate a large number
Of extra seats.
Round 1
Tory= 10,726,614/307= 34,940
Labour= 8,609,527/259= 33,241
Lib Dem= 6,836,824/58= 117,871
SNP= 491,386/7= 70,198
DUP= 168, 216/9= 18,691
Plaid= 165,394/4= 41,349
Round 2
Tory= 10,726,614/307= 34,940
Labour= 8,609,527/259= 33,241
Lib Dem= 6,836,824/59= 115,873
SNP= 491,386/7= 70,198
DUP= 168,216/9= 18,691
Plaid= 165,394/4= 41,349
Round 3
Tory= 10,726,614/307
Labour= 8,609,527/259= 33,241
Lib Dem= 6,836,824/60= 113,947
SNP= 491,386/7= 70,198
DUP= 168,216/9= 18,691
Plaid= 165,394/4= 41,349
62. It’s Grim Up North (Of The Border)
The most obvious example of AMS in action is for the Scottish Parliamentary
Elections. Let’s look at how they roll and see if we can learn anything.
Scottish Parliament- FPTP- Part 1
In Scotland 73 of the Parliamentary
seats are decided using FPTP system.
The results are below.
SNP- 53
Labour- 15
Conservatives- 3
Liberal Democrats- 2
Scottish Parliament- PR- Part 2
In Scotland 56 of the Parliamentary
seats are allocated using the PR
system. Results below:
Labour- 22
SNP- 16
Conservatives- 12
Liberal Democrats- 3
Greens- 2
The big winners here are the SNP who are the largest single party and the
Conservatives who treble their share of the vote!
63. II Love AMS, Put Another Vote In The
System Baby!
Here we go it’s Strengths of the Additional Member System time!
1. Proportional
2. Representation
3. Choice
4. Simple-ish
5. Threshold
64. Your All In Proportion
Finally you now have a system which has all the stability of FPTP, but also has the
proportionality of PR. It takes account of the wider political mood of the nation
rather then a narrow campaign amongst swing voters.
So whilst the FPTP system still operates, we also have a second vote on much
broader terms in which voters say who they want NATIONALLY!
For the P.R. Part of the system each party puts forward a list of candidates and
depending upon how many seats they are allocated under the P.R. a number of
candidates from each list are sent to Government.
65. The Representation Of The People
Under P.R. there are no individual
communities only areas which vote for a
party and that party produces a list of
people they want. Depending on that
parties’ share of the vote a specific
number of candidates on that list will be
selected as representatives.
The most obvious example of this in
practice is the European Parliamentary
elections.
However with AMS we still keep our
constituencies….Yehy!
66. Choice Your Words Carefully
You get two voting slips:
1. Vote for your regional representative.
2. Vote for your party of choice.
Whilst this does allow an element of the ‘Safe Seat’ culture we get under FPTP, it
allows a cheeky outlet for voters to express themselves properly in the second
vote.
Not only that but the system deliberately rewards parties that struggle to get seats
under FPTP (I.e. the Liberal Democrats).
67. Simple-ish Politics
Most people understand First-Past-The-Post.
Most people understand the basic principle of Proportional Representation.
As a hybrid system AMS seems to get the best out of both systems. If selected it
would be relatively easy to explain to the electorate.
The only issue of complexity would be calculating who had won seats through the
D’Hondt formula.
68. Take The Bad With The Worse
Yep It’s that time were we criticise the system now. These are some of the issues
which arise with an AMS system.
1. Two-Tier
2. Weaklings
3. Under-Representation
4. Uncertainty
5. Accuracy?
69. Uncertain and Inaccurate
Uncertainty
There is no certainty to this system.
As my mini presentation shows a
large number of seats quickly fill up
for Liberal Democrats. As this
stands it seems ok, but as the seats
start to move amongst the smaller
parties it creates instability.
Accuracy
If we start tinkering with
constituencies is it fair to say they
start to become a bit artificial and
that the people chosen to
represent them are less significant
to the constituency?
70. 2nd Class Constituencies
This is almost a tale of 2 cities. If you constituency is electing using the FPTP part
of the system, then your representative will generally be known locally and will
have connections to the community they represent.
However.... If your constituency is allocated a representative under the PR bit of
the system then they will be chosen by a party list system and allocated to you.
They will be unlikely to know the constituency and will simply be selected on the
basis of how highly the party rates them.
So some constituencies have dedicated representatives (i.e. Labour in Scotland
are very good at this), whereas others are given representatives under PR who
may not be in the interests of that community (the overall growth in the SNP and
Conservative vote is a concern).
71. Weaklings
Weak Representatives
This ties into the last point about
party lists. Each party will have a list
of potential candidates for the PR
seats before the election. That list is
ranked in order of who the party
think is best. So MR/MRS no.1 spot
its looking promising. MR/MRS
no.325 slot might not have it so
easy. As such if they get elected
these people owe their career to
the party NOT to you!
Weak Government
If we look at the systems which use
AMS (Scotland, Germany, Italy and
Russia) one feature is that the PR
element creates political
uncertainty. With the exception of
Russia all these countries either
have a coalition Government or a
minority rule Government which
has to bargain for every issue or face
loosing a vote of no confidence.
72. Underground Over ground
Representation Free
If PR is all about a fair representation,
then why does the AMS version mean
we need a threshold to even qualify.
If we apply this to our elections then
for a party to qualify for the threshold
we need to look at a few things.
Total number of votes = 29,691,380
Threshold 5%
Voters for you needed = 1,484,569