The document provides an overview of the Arts and Crafts Movement and Art Nouveau movements. It discusses key figures like William Morris who reacted against the Industrial Revolution by advocating for traditional craftsmanship. The Arts and Crafts Movement originated in Britain in the 1860s and emphasized honesty in materials, craftsmanship, and design unity. The movement spread to the United States where it influenced architects like Greene and Greene. The document also provides examples of characteristic Arts and Crafts architecture and designs by William Morris, Ashbee, Webb, and others. It notes Art Nouveau differed through its embrace of new materials and protest of traditional styles.

1. History of Design
Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
LECTURE 5
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

2. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Time frame
• industrial revolution 1750 -1850
• arts and crafts 1860 to 1910
• victorian era 1837 to 1901

3. Geography
• industrial revolution, it began in the united kingdom ( 1865 – 1913 us
worlds leading industrial nation)
• arts and crafts movement, developed first and mostly in the british isles
• victorian era, began in britain
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

4. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
society
• society
• Before the Industrial Revolution all work was done by hand, and now it is
mainly done by machines. Also when the industrial revolution came, the
style of livinng for everyone changed creating other classes other than
'Rich' and 'Poor' hence the 'Middle class' which the majority of the English
and American population is.
• Before the industrial revolution 80% of people earned income from the
land. 4/5ths of the population lived in rural areas, leasing land from
aristocrats and the wealthy and farming agriculture. Families would
produce mainly what they needed to survive. IR brought about social,
economical and cultural changes.

5. Agricultural revolution
• Enclosure movement (no more open-fiend)
• Experimental phase

6. Jethro Tull
(1674 – 1741)
• Seed Drill
• Horse Shoe

7. Demographic revolution

8. Social impact
•Urbanization and
over crowding
• Lack of
sanitation
• Cities
Poluted
•Disease
• Homeless
• Religious tension

9. Child Labour

10. economy
• industrial revolution,
• the basic income during the period increased ten
times and the population increase 6 times in the two
centuaries that followed the 1800s.
• "For the first time in history, the living standards of the
masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo
sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this
economic behavior has happened before". Robert E.
Lucas, Jr, nobel prise winner.
• a transition in parts of great britains previosuly manual
labour and animal based economy towards mine based
manufacturing, in the later part of the 18th century.

11. Sectors of economy that grew
dramatically during this period and
had significant technological
advances:
• Textile Industry
• Introduction of steam power
• Iron and steel
• Railway
• Coal mining

12. Inventions ...
Steam Engine
• Thoman Newcomen
(1663 – 1729)
• James Watt
(1736 - 1800)
VS
James Watt's Improved Steam Engine
James Watt was sent a Newcomen steam engine to repair
that led him to invented improvements for steam engines.

13. ... More inventions
• 1712 Illustration of Thomas
Newcomen's Steam Engine
• In 1712, Thomas Newcomen together
with John Calley built their first steam
engine.
Flying Shuttle, Automation of
Textile Making & The Industrial
Revolution

14. Increased Yarn and Thread Production During
Industrial Revolution The spinning jenny used
eight spindles of instead of the one found on
spinning wheels.
In 1764, a British carpenter and weaver named
James Hargreaves invented an improved spinning
jenny,
Spinning Frame or Water Frame
Richard Arkwright patented the spinning frame
or water frame that could produce stronger
threads for yarns

15. Spinning Mule Increased Variety in Threads and yarn
In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the
spinning mule that combined the moving
carriage of the spinning jenny with the rollers
of the water frame
Power Loom's Effect on the Women of
the Industrial Revolution
The power loom was a steam-powered,
mechanically-operated version of a
regular loom. A loom is a device that
combined threads to make cloth.

16. Practical Sewing Machines & Ready Made Clothing
After the sewing machine was invented, the ready-made
clothing industry took off. Before sewing machines, nearly all
clothing was local and hand-sewn.
• The telegraph was invented in 1848
•Laying of the 1st ocean cable in 1864

17. transport

18. During the early 19th century, the romantic medieval Gothic revival
style was developed as a reaction to the symmetry of Palladianism.
By the middle of the 19th century, as a result of new technology,
construction was able to incorporate steel as a building component;
one of the greatest exponents of this was Joseph Paxton, architect
of the Crystal Palace. In this era of prosperity new methods of
construction were developed.
In Scotland, the architect Alexander Thomson who practiced in
Glasgow was a pioneer of the use of cast iron and steel for
commercial buildings, blending neo-classical conventionality with
Egyptian and oriental themes to produce many truly original
structures.

19. The transept façade of the original Crystal Palace

20. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
INDUSTRIALIZATION
Effects
– Money
– Alienation
Image Source: http://ia.media-imdb.
com/images/M/MV5BMjMwMDA5NzEwOF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwMzgwNDg3OA@@._V1_SY317_CR5,0,214,317_.jpg
[ONLINE]

21. RESPONSE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION
William Morris (1834 –1896)
C R Ashbee (1863 –1942)
W R Lethaby (1857 - 1931)
Trained as Architects and worked towards unity in the arts.
“to re-establish a harmony between architect, designer and craftsman and
to bring handcraftsmanship to the production of well-designer, affordable,
everyday objects.”
Image Source: http://media.screened.com/uploads/0/235/636117-modern_times_gears.png [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

22. The introduction to Arts and Craft
movement
• REBELLION against age of mass production
• Return to TRADITIONAL craft methods and
‘romantic forms of decor’
• Products manufactured by individuals and
small groups
• “ATTACKING INDUSTRIAL AGE”
• Floral, wavy, leaf-like designs
• Believed IR made man less creative

23. RESPONSE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION
Individual expression
Vernacular
Use of local materials
“improvement of commercial design always remained as serious a
goal as the restoration of craftsmanship. Groups of leading designers
not only set up craft societies but independent commercial
companies”
Image Source: http://media.screened.com/uploads/0/235/636117-modern_times_gears.png [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

24. SOCIAL REFORM OF ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT
Change in Working condition
Belief in restorative power of craftsmanship
Simple life
Art as a way of life
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

25. PRINCIPLES OF ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
HONESTY
Design Unity
Joy in Labour
Individualism
Regionalism

26. WILLIAM MORRIS (1834 –1896)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Influenced by
– Pre-Raphaelite
Brotherhood
– Writings of John
Ruskin
Image Source: hhttp://www.literaryplaces.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Portrait-of-William-Morris.jpg [ONLINE]

27. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

28. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

29. THE ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT
The Arts and Crafts Movement was an
international design movement that originated in
Britain and flourished between 1880 and 1910. It
was instigated by the artist and writer William
Morris (1834–1896) in the 1860s and was inspired
by the writings of John Ruskin (1819–1900). It
influenced architecture, domestic design and the
decorative arts, using simple forms and a medieval
style of decoration. It advocated truth to materials,
traditional craftsmanship and economic reform.

30. WILLIAM MORRIS TRELLIS
Wallpaper designer by Morris
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Morris_design_for_Trellis_wallpaper_1862.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

31. WILLIAM MORRIS RED HOUSE
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Architect - Philip Webb
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/The_Red_House%2C_Bexleyheath.JPG [ONLINE]

32. WILLIAM MORRIS RED HOUSE
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Architect - Philip Webb
Image Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_w4ifTToAw5Q/TD8vQOlxSMI/AAAAAAAACh0/LVo4bxKHSfU/s1600/red+house.jpg
[ONLINE]

33. WILLIAM MORRIS RED HOUSE
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Architect - Philip Webb
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Red_House_window_detail.JPG [ONLINE]

34. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
C R ASHBEE (1863 –1942)
Influenced by
– Socialism of William
Morris (Established
Guild and School of
Handicraft in 1888, in
the slums
of Whitechapel)
– Works of John Ruskin
Image Source: http://www.utopia-britannica.org.uk/Assets/Ashbee.jpg [ONLINE]

35. C R ASHBEE GUILD AND SCHOOL OF HANDICRAFT
"seek not only to set a higher standard of craftsmanship, but at
the same time, and in so doing, to protect the status of the
craftsman. To this end it endeavours to steer a mean between
the independence of the artist— which is individualistic and
often parasitical— and the trade-shop, where the workman is
bound to purely commercial and antiquated traditions, and
has, as a rule, neither stake in the business nor any interest
beyond his weekly wage"
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

36. C R ASHBEE MAHOGANY VENEERED ETAGÈRE
Image Source: http://www.victorianweb.org/art/design/ashbee/3.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

37. C R ASHBEE SILVER MOUNTED DECANTER
Image Source: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3113/3168776759_c1702917e5.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

38. W R LETHABY (1857 - 1931)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Influenced by
– His Father, craftsman
and lay preacher
– Society for the
Protection of Ancient
Buildings
Image Source: http://stoneletters.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/william-lethaby.jpg [ONLINE]

39. W R LETHABY BUILDING AT COLMORE ROW
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/122-124_Colmore_Row.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

40. PHILIP WEBB (1857 - 1931)
Architect of the first Arts and
Crafts Building – The Red
House
Image Source: http://www.achome.co.uk/biographies/biographies/webb.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

41. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
PHILIP WEBB - STANDEN
House at West Sussex, England.
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Standen_Exterior.jpg [ONLINE]

42. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
PHILIP WEBB - STANDEN
House at West Sussex, England.
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Standen_Interior.jpg [ONLINE]

43. INFLUENCE ON USA- ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE
“The idea that every country should have an architecture that
reflects its own particular history, geography and climate was
central to the Arts and Crafts movement”
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

44. INFLUENCE ON USA- DAVID B GAMBLE HOUSE
Image Source: http://www.huntington.org/uploadedImages/Files/images/greenegamble.jpg [ONLINE]
House at West Sussex, England, Designed by Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather
Greene (1908)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

45. INFLUENCE ON USA- DAVID B GAMBLE HOUSE
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gamble_Porch.jpg [ONLINE]
House at West Sussex, England, Designed by Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather
Greene
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

46. INFLUENCE ON USA- MILLARD HOUSE HOUSE
Image Source: http://millardhouse.com/mhouse237/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/a_splash-2.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
F L Wright (1932)

47. INFLUENCE ON USA- MILLARD HOUSE HOUSE
Image Source: http://millardhouse.com/mhouse237/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/a_splash-1.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
F L Wright (1923)

48. INFLUENCE ON USA- WAINWRIGHT BUILDING
Image Source: http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1883/flashcards/634705/jpg/wainwright-building.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Architect – Louis Sullivan (1890-91)

49. INFLUENCE ON USA- WAINWRIGHT BUILDING
Image Source: http://larryspeck.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/78-710.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Architect – Louis Sullivan (1890-91)

50. INFLUENCE ON USA- WAINWRIGHT BUILDING
Image Source: http://timothypflueger.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/wainwright-building-habs-cropped.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Architect – Louis Sullivan (1890-91)

51. American examples
of “Arts & Crafts”
style houses.

52. ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT & ART NOUVEAU
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Rough Timeline
Arts and Crafts Movement – 1860s – 1910s
Art Nouveau – 1890s-1910s

53. ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT & ART NOUVEAU
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Principles
Imbibing all art forms
Art as a way of life

54. ART NOUVEAU DIFFERENT FROM ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT?
Use of New Materials
Protest against the traditional
“William Morris was the theoretician whose beliefs more than
those of anyone else initiated the Art Nouveau movement”
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

55. HEYGATE MACKMURDO (1851 – 1941) TITLE PAGE (1883)
“ Mackmurdo’D first graphic expression of Art Nouveau is generally accepted
as his title page for Wren’s City Churches, published by G Allen in 1883”
Image Source: http://www.aiga.org/uploadedImages/AIGA/Content/Inspiration/Voice/ART_Patton_BackStart_300x368.jpg
[ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

56. HEYGATE MACKMURDO (1851 – 1941) CHAIR (1883)
Image Source: http://hogd.pbworks.com/f/1254968919/Mackmurdo's%20chair.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

57. MAISON DE L'ART NOUVEAU
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Siegfried_bing_exposition_20050227.JPG [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Opened on 1895, Paris

58. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 )
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_glasgow_school_of_art.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Glasgow School of Art (1897)

59. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 )
Image Source: http://brst440.commons.yale.edu/files/glasgow-school-of-art.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Glasgow School of Art (1897)

60. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 )
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Wfm_mackintosh_lighthouse.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
The Lighthouse, Glasgow (1895)

61. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 )
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lighthouse_glasgow_spiral_staircase.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
The Lighthouse, Glasgow (1895)

62. ART NOUVEAU
______________________________________________________________________________________________
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH

63. ART NOUVEAU
______________________________________________________________________________________________
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH

64. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 )
Image Source: http://www.urbansuite.co.uk/images/D/charles-rennie-mackintosh-hill-house-chair-1274-1.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Ladderback Chair

65. ART NOUVEAU
______________________________________________________________________________________________
MARGARET MACDONALD MACKINTOSH

66. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH TYPEFACE
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

67. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH PRODUCT DESIGN
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

68. ANTONI GAUDÍ (1852 –1926 )
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Sagrada_Familia_01.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Sagrada Família (1883)

69. ANTONI GAUDÍ (1852 –1926 )
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sagrada_Familia_nave_roof_detail.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Sagrada Família (1883)

70. LOUIS SULLIVAN (1856 –1924 )
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Wainwright building(1890)
Image Source: http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1883/flashcards/634705/jpg/wainwright-building.jpg [ONLINE]

71. LOUIS SULLIVAN (1856 –1924 )
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Wainwright building(1890)
Image Source: http://media.archinform.net/m/00002620.jpg [ONLINE]

72. VICTOR HORTA (1861 –1947 )
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Tassel House (1893)
Image Source: http://hanser.ceat.okstate.edu/6083/Horta/Tassel/Brussels-Hotel%20Tassel,%20ext.%20facade.jpg [ONLINE]

73. VICTOR HORTA (1861 –1947 )
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Tassel House (1893)
Image Source:
http://hanser.ceat.okstate.edu/6083/Horta/Tassel/Victor%20Horta;%20Brussels,%20Tassel%20House,%201893-
5,%20floor%20plans%20of%20restoration2.JPG [ONLINE]

74. VICTOR HORTA (1861 –1947 )
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Tassel House (1893)
Image Source: http://www.buamai.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/91418726_f96132ab6b_o.jpg [ONLINE]

75. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
ANTONI GAUDÍ (1852 –1926 )
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Casa_Mil%C3%A0_%28Barcelona%29_-
_5.jpg/800px-Casa_Mil%C3%A0_%28Barcelona%29_-_5.jpg [ONLINE]
Casa Milà (1907)

76. ANTONI GAUDÍ (1852 –1926 )
Image Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
cR6a1iXhLIM/URP0goQXVtI/AAAAAAAAACI/iIA35t7Ysb8/s640/Casa_Mila_Rooftop.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Casa Milà (1907)

77. LOUIS SULLIVAN (1856 –1924 )
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Merchants' National Bank (1914)
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LSGrinnell7.jpg [ONLINE]

78. LOUIS SULLIVAN (1856 –1924 )
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Merchants' National Bank (1914)
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LSGrinnell3.jpg [ONLINE]

79. PETER BEHRENS (1868 –1940 )
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
AEG Turbine Factory (1908)
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/AEG_by_Peter_Behrens.jpg [ONLINE]

80. JOSEF HOFFMANN (1870 –1956 )
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Kubus armchair(1910)
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Josef_Hoffmann_-_Kubus_Fauteuil_%281910%29.jpg
[ONLINE]

81. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
ART NOUVEAU LETTERING

82. Gustav Klimt (July 14, 1862 – February 6, 1918) was an Austrian
symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the
Vienna Secession movement. Klimt is noted for his paintings, murals,
sketches, and other objets d'art. Klimt's primary subject was the
female body; his works are marked by a frank eroticism.
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

83. Gustave Moreau (6 April 1826 – 18 April 1898)
was a French Symbolist painter whose main
emphasis was the illustration of biblical and
mythological figures. As a painter, Moreau
appealed to the imaginations of some
Symbolist writers and artists.
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

84. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau