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History of Design 
Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
LECTURE 5 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Time frame 
• industrial revolution 1750 -1850 
• arts and crafts 1860 to 1910 
• victorian era 1837 to 1901
Geography 
• industrial revolution, it began in the united kingdom ( 1865 – 1913 us 
worlds leading industrial nation) 
• arts and crafts movement, developed first and mostly in the british isles 
• victorian era, began in britain 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
society 
• society 
• Before the Industrial Revolution all work was done by hand, and now it is 
mainly done by machines. Also when the industrial revolution came, the 
style of livinng for everyone changed creating other classes other than 
'Rich' and 'Poor' hence the 'Middle class' which the majority of the English 
and American population is. 
• Before the industrial revolution 80% of people earned income from the 
land. 4/5ths of the population lived in rural areas, leasing land from 
aristocrats and the wealthy and farming agriculture. Families would 
produce mainly what they needed to survive. IR brought about social, 
economical and cultural changes.
Agricultural revolution 
• Enclosure movement (no more open-fiend) 
• Experimental phase
Jethro Tull 
(1674 – 1741) 
• Seed Drill 
• Horse Shoe
Demographic revolution
Social impact 
•Urbanization and 
over crowding 
• Lack of 
sanitation 
• Cities 
Poluted 
•Disease 
• Homeless 
• Religious tension
Child Labour
economy 
• industrial revolution, 
• the basic income during the period increased ten 
times and the population increase 6 times in the two 
centuaries that followed the 1800s. 
• "For the first time in history, the living standards of the 
masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo 
sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this 
economic behavior has happened before". Robert E. 
Lucas, Jr, nobel prise winner. 
• a transition in parts of great britains previosuly manual 
labour and animal based economy towards mine based 
manufacturing, in the later part of the 18th century.
Sectors of economy that grew 
dramatically during this period and 
had significant technological 
advances: 
• Textile Industry 
• Introduction of steam power 
• Iron and steel 
• Railway 
• Coal mining
Inventions ... 
Steam Engine 
• Thoman Newcomen 
(1663 – 1729) 
• James Watt 
(1736 - 1800) 
VS 
James Watt's Improved Steam Engine 
James Watt was sent a Newcomen steam engine to repair 
that led him to invented improvements for steam engines.
... More inventions 
• 1712 Illustration of Thomas 
Newcomen's Steam Engine 
• In 1712, Thomas Newcomen together 
with John Calley built their first steam 
engine. 
Flying Shuttle, Automation of 
Textile Making & The Industrial 
Revolution
Increased Yarn and Thread Production During 
Industrial Revolution The spinning jenny used 
eight spindles of instead of the one found on 
spinning wheels. 
In 1764, a British carpenter and weaver named 
James Hargreaves invented an improved spinning 
jenny, 
Spinning Frame or Water Frame 
Richard Arkwright patented the spinning frame 
or water frame that could produce stronger 
threads for yarns
Spinning Mule Increased Variety in Threads and yarn 
In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the 
spinning mule that combined the moving 
carriage of the spinning jenny with the rollers 
of the water frame 
Power Loom's Effect on the Women of 
the Industrial Revolution 
The power loom was a steam-powered, 
mechanically-operated version of a 
regular loom. A loom is a device that 
combined threads to make cloth.
Practical Sewing Machines & Ready Made Clothing 
After the sewing machine was invented, the ready-made 
clothing industry took off. Before sewing machines, nearly all 
clothing was local and hand-sewn. 
• The telegraph was invented in 1848 
•Laying of the 1st ocean cable in 1864
transport
During the early 19th century, the romantic medieval Gothic revival 
style was developed as a reaction to the symmetry of Palladianism. 
By the middle of the 19th century, as a result of new technology, 
construction was able to incorporate steel as a building component; 
one of the greatest exponents of this was Joseph Paxton, architect 
of the Crystal Palace. In this era of prosperity new methods of 
construction were developed. 
In Scotland, the architect Alexander Thomson who practiced in 
Glasgow was a pioneer of the use of cast iron and steel for 
commercial buildings, blending neo-classical conventionality with 
Egyptian and oriental themes to produce many truly original 
structures.
The transept façade of the original Crystal Palace
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
INDUSTRIALIZATION 
Effects 
– Money 
– Alienation 
Image Source: http://ia.media-imdb. 
com/images/M/MV5BMjMwMDA5NzEwOF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwMzgwNDg3OA@@._V1_SY317_CR5,0,214,317_.jpg 
[ONLINE]
RESPONSE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION 
William Morris (1834 –1896) 
C R Ashbee (1863 –1942) 
W R Lethaby (1857 - 1931) 
Trained as Architects and worked towards unity in the arts. 
“to re-establish a harmony between architect, designer and craftsman and 
to bring handcraftsmanship to the production of well-designer, affordable, 
everyday objects.” 
Image Source: http://media.screened.com/uploads/0/235/636117-modern_times_gears.png [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
The introduction to Arts and Craft 
movement 
• REBELLION against age of mass production 
• Return to TRADITIONAL craft methods and 
‘romantic forms of decor’ 
• Products manufactured by individuals and 
small groups 
• “ATTACKING INDUSTRIAL AGE” 
• Floral, wavy, leaf-like designs 
• Believed IR made man less creative
RESPONSE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION 
Individual expression 
Vernacular 
Use of local materials 
“improvement of commercial design always remained as serious a 
goal as the restoration of craftsmanship. Groups of leading designers 
not only set up craft societies but independent commercial 
companies” 
Image Source: http://media.screened.com/uploads/0/235/636117-modern_times_gears.png [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
SOCIAL REFORM OF ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT 
Change in Working condition 
Belief in restorative power of craftsmanship 
Simple life 
Art as a way of life 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
PRINCIPLES OF ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
HONESTY 
Design Unity 
Joy in Labour 
Individualism 
Regionalism
WILLIAM MORRIS (1834 –1896) 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Influenced by 
– Pre-Raphaelite 
Brotherhood 
– Writings of John 
Ruskin 
Image Source: hhttp://www.literaryplaces.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Portrait-of-William-Morris.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
THE ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT 
The Arts and Crafts Movement was an 
international design movement that originated in 
Britain and flourished between 1880 and 1910. It 
was instigated by the artist and writer William 
Morris (1834–1896) in the 1860s and was inspired 
by the writings of John Ruskin (1819–1900). It 
influenced architecture, domestic design and the 
decorative arts, using simple forms and a medieval 
style of decoration. It advocated truth to materials, 
traditional craftsmanship and economic reform.
WILLIAM MORRIS TRELLIS 
Wallpaper designer by Morris 
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Morris_design_for_Trellis_wallpaper_1862.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
WILLIAM MORRIS RED HOUSE 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Architect - Philip Webb 
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/The_Red_House%2C_Bexleyheath.JPG [ONLINE]
WILLIAM MORRIS RED HOUSE 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Architect - Philip Webb 
Image Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_w4ifTToAw5Q/TD8vQOlxSMI/AAAAAAAACh0/LVo4bxKHSfU/s1600/red+house.jpg 
[ONLINE]
WILLIAM MORRIS RED HOUSE 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Architect - Philip Webb 
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Red_House_window_detail.JPG [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
C R ASHBEE (1863 –1942) 
Influenced by 
– Socialism of William 
Morris (Established 
Guild and School of 
Handicraft in 1888, in 
the slums 
of Whitechapel) 
– Works of John Ruskin 
Image Source: http://www.utopia-britannica.org.uk/Assets/Ashbee.jpg [ONLINE]
C R ASHBEE GUILD AND SCHOOL OF HANDICRAFT 
"seek not only to set a higher standard of craftsmanship, but at 
the same time, and in so doing, to protect the status of the 
craftsman. To this end it endeavours to steer a mean between 
the independence of the artist— which is individualistic and 
often parasitical— and the trade-shop, where the workman is 
bound to purely commercial and antiquated traditions, and 
has, as a rule, neither stake in the business nor any interest 
beyond his weekly wage" 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
C R ASHBEE MAHOGANY VENEERED ETAGÈRE 
Image Source: http://www.victorianweb.org/art/design/ashbee/3.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
C R ASHBEE SILVER MOUNTED DECANTER 
Image Source: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3113/3168776759_c1702917e5.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
W R LETHABY (1857 - 1931) 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Influenced by 
– His Father, craftsman 
and lay preacher 
– Society for the 
Protection of Ancient 
Buildings 
Image Source: http://stoneletters.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/william-lethaby.jpg [ONLINE]
W R LETHABY BUILDING AT COLMORE ROW 
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/122-124_Colmore_Row.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
PHILIP WEBB (1857 - 1931) 
Architect of the first Arts and 
Crafts Building – The Red 
House 
Image Source: http://www.achome.co.uk/biographies/biographies/webb.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
PHILIP WEBB - STANDEN 
House at West Sussex, England. 
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Standen_Exterior.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
PHILIP WEBB - STANDEN 
House at West Sussex, England. 
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Standen_Interior.jpg [ONLINE]
INFLUENCE ON USA- ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE 
“The idea that every country should have an architecture that 
reflects its own particular history, geography and climate was 
central to the Arts and Crafts movement” 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
INFLUENCE ON USA- DAVID B GAMBLE HOUSE 
Image Source: http://www.huntington.org/uploadedImages/Files/images/greenegamble.jpg [ONLINE] 
House at West Sussex, England, Designed by Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather 
Greene (1908) 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
INFLUENCE ON USA- DAVID B GAMBLE HOUSE 
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gamble_Porch.jpg [ONLINE] 
House at West Sussex, England, Designed by Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather 
Greene 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
INFLUENCE ON USA- MILLARD HOUSE HOUSE 
Image Source: http://millardhouse.com/mhouse237/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/a_splash-2.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
F L Wright (1932)
INFLUENCE ON USA- MILLARD HOUSE HOUSE 
Image Source: http://millardhouse.com/mhouse237/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/a_splash-1.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
F L Wright (1923)
INFLUENCE ON USA- WAINWRIGHT BUILDING 
Image Source: http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1883/flashcards/634705/jpg/wainwright-building.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Architect – Louis Sullivan (1890-91)
INFLUENCE ON USA- WAINWRIGHT BUILDING 
Image Source: http://larryspeck.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/78-710.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Architect – Louis Sullivan (1890-91)
INFLUENCE ON USA- WAINWRIGHT BUILDING 
Image Source: http://timothypflueger.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/wainwright-building-habs-cropped.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Architect – Louis Sullivan (1890-91)
American examples 
of “Arts & Crafts” 
style houses.
ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT & ART NOUVEAU 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Rough Timeline 
Arts and Crafts Movement – 1860s – 1910s 
Art Nouveau – 1890s-1910s
ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT & ART NOUVEAU 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Principles 
Imbibing all art forms 
Art as a way of life
ART NOUVEAU DIFFERENT FROM ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT? 
Use of New Materials 
Protest against the traditional 
“William Morris was the theoretician whose beliefs more than 
those of anyone else initiated the Art Nouveau movement” 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
HEYGATE MACKMURDO (1851 – 1941) TITLE PAGE (1883) 
“ Mackmurdo’D first graphic expression of Art Nouveau is generally accepted 
as his title page for Wren’s City Churches, published by G Allen in 1883” 
Image Source: http://www.aiga.org/uploadedImages/AIGA/Content/Inspiration/Voice/ART_Patton_BackStart_300x368.jpg 
[ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
HEYGATE MACKMURDO (1851 – 1941) CHAIR (1883) 
Image Source: http://hogd.pbworks.com/f/1254968919/Mackmurdo's%20chair.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
MAISON DE L'ART NOUVEAU 
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Siegfried_bing_exposition_20050227.JPG [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Opened on 1895, Paris
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 ) 
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_glasgow_school_of_art.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Glasgow School of Art (1897)
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 ) 
Image Source: http://brst440.commons.yale.edu/files/glasgow-school-of-art.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Glasgow School of Art (1897)
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 ) 
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Wfm_mackintosh_lighthouse.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
The Lighthouse, Glasgow (1895)
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 ) 
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lighthouse_glasgow_spiral_staircase.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
The Lighthouse, Glasgow (1895)
ART NOUVEAU 
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH
ART NOUVEAU 
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 ) 
Image Source: http://www.urbansuite.co.uk/images/D/charles-rennie-mackintosh-hill-house-chair-1274-1.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Ladderback Chair
ART NOUVEAU 
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
MARGARET MACDONALD MACKINTOSH
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH TYPEFACE 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH PRODUCT DESIGN 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
ANTONI GAUDÍ (1852 –1926 ) 
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Sagrada_Familia_01.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Sagrada Família (1883)
ANTONI GAUDÍ (1852 –1926 ) 
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sagrada_Familia_nave_roof_detail.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Sagrada Família (1883)
LOUIS SULLIVAN (1856 –1924 ) 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Wainwright building(1890) 
Image Source: http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1883/flashcards/634705/jpg/wainwright-building.jpg [ONLINE]
LOUIS SULLIVAN (1856 –1924 ) 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Wainwright building(1890) 
Image Source: http://media.archinform.net/m/00002620.jpg [ONLINE]
VICTOR HORTA (1861 –1947 ) 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Tassel House (1893) 
Image Source: http://hanser.ceat.okstate.edu/6083/Horta/Tassel/Brussels-Hotel%20Tassel,%20ext.%20facade.jpg [ONLINE]
VICTOR HORTA (1861 –1947 ) 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Tassel House (1893) 
Image Source: 
http://hanser.ceat.okstate.edu/6083/Horta/Tassel/Victor%20Horta;%20Brussels,%20Tassel%20House,%201893- 
5,%20floor%20plans%20of%20restoration2.JPG [ONLINE]
VICTOR HORTA (1861 –1947 ) 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Tassel House (1893) 
Image Source: http://www.buamai.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/91418726_f96132ab6b_o.jpg [ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
ANTONI GAUDÍ (1852 –1926 ) 
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Casa_Mil%C3%A0_%28Barcelona%29_- 
_5.jpg/800px-Casa_Mil%C3%A0_%28Barcelona%29_-_5.jpg [ONLINE] 
Casa Milà (1907)
ANTONI GAUDÍ (1852 –1926 ) 
Image Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/- 
cR6a1iXhLIM/URP0goQXVtI/AAAAAAAAACI/iIA35t7Ysb8/s640/Casa_Mila_Rooftop.jpg [ONLINE] 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Casa Milà (1907)
LOUIS SULLIVAN (1856 –1924 ) 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Merchants' National Bank (1914) 
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LSGrinnell7.jpg [ONLINE]
LOUIS SULLIVAN (1856 –1924 ) 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Merchants' National Bank (1914) 
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LSGrinnell3.jpg [ONLINE]
PETER BEHRENS (1868 –1940 ) 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
AEG Turbine Factory (1908) 
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/AEG_by_Peter_Behrens.jpg [ONLINE]
JOSEF HOFFMANN (1870 –1956 ) 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
Kubus armchair(1910) 
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Josef_Hoffmann_-_Kubus_Fauteuil_%281910%29.jpg 
[ONLINE]
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau 
ART NOUVEAU LETTERING
Gustav Klimt (July 14, 1862 – February 6, 1918) was an Austrian 
symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the 
Vienna Secession movement. Klimt is noted for his paintings, murals, 
sketches, and other objets d'art. Klimt's primary subject was the 
female body; his works are marked by a frank eroticism. 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Gustave Moreau (6 April 1826 – 18 April 1898) 
was a French Symbolist painter whose main 
emphasis was the illustration of biblical and 
mythological figures. As a painter, Moreau 
appealed to the imaginations of some 
Symbolist writers and artists. 
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

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Arts & crafts

  • 1. History of Design Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau LECTURE 5 History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 2. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Time frame • industrial revolution 1750 -1850 • arts and crafts 1860 to 1910 • victorian era 1837 to 1901
  • 3. Geography • industrial revolution, it began in the united kingdom ( 1865 – 1913 us worlds leading industrial nation) • arts and crafts movement, developed first and mostly in the british isles • victorian era, began in britain History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 4. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau society • society • Before the Industrial Revolution all work was done by hand, and now it is mainly done by machines. Also when the industrial revolution came, the style of livinng for everyone changed creating other classes other than 'Rich' and 'Poor' hence the 'Middle class' which the majority of the English and American population is. • Before the industrial revolution 80% of people earned income from the land. 4/5ths of the population lived in rural areas, leasing land from aristocrats and the wealthy and farming agriculture. Families would produce mainly what they needed to survive. IR brought about social, economical and cultural changes.
  • 5. Agricultural revolution • Enclosure movement (no more open-fiend) • Experimental phase
  • 6. Jethro Tull (1674 – 1741) • Seed Drill • Horse Shoe
  • 8. Social impact •Urbanization and over crowding • Lack of sanitation • Cities Poluted •Disease • Homeless • Religious tension
  • 10. economy • industrial revolution, • the basic income during the period increased ten times and the population increase 6 times in the two centuaries that followed the 1800s. • "For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before". Robert E. Lucas, Jr, nobel prise winner. • a transition in parts of great britains previosuly manual labour and animal based economy towards mine based manufacturing, in the later part of the 18th century.
  • 11. Sectors of economy that grew dramatically during this period and had significant technological advances: • Textile Industry • Introduction of steam power • Iron and steel • Railway • Coal mining
  • 12. Inventions ... Steam Engine • Thoman Newcomen (1663 – 1729) • James Watt (1736 - 1800) VS James Watt's Improved Steam Engine James Watt was sent a Newcomen steam engine to repair that led him to invented improvements for steam engines.
  • 13. ... More inventions • 1712 Illustration of Thomas Newcomen's Steam Engine • In 1712, Thomas Newcomen together with John Calley built their first steam engine. Flying Shuttle, Automation of Textile Making & The Industrial Revolution
  • 14. Increased Yarn and Thread Production During Industrial Revolution The spinning jenny used eight spindles of instead of the one found on spinning wheels. In 1764, a British carpenter and weaver named James Hargreaves invented an improved spinning jenny, Spinning Frame or Water Frame Richard Arkwright patented the spinning frame or water frame that could produce stronger threads for yarns
  • 15. Spinning Mule Increased Variety in Threads and yarn In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule that combined the moving carriage of the spinning jenny with the rollers of the water frame Power Loom's Effect on the Women of the Industrial Revolution The power loom was a steam-powered, mechanically-operated version of a regular loom. A loom is a device that combined threads to make cloth.
  • 16. Practical Sewing Machines & Ready Made Clothing After the sewing machine was invented, the ready-made clothing industry took off. Before sewing machines, nearly all clothing was local and hand-sewn. • The telegraph was invented in 1848 •Laying of the 1st ocean cable in 1864
  • 18. During the early 19th century, the romantic medieval Gothic revival style was developed as a reaction to the symmetry of Palladianism. By the middle of the 19th century, as a result of new technology, construction was able to incorporate steel as a building component; one of the greatest exponents of this was Joseph Paxton, architect of the Crystal Palace. In this era of prosperity new methods of construction were developed. In Scotland, the architect Alexander Thomson who practiced in Glasgow was a pioneer of the use of cast iron and steel for commercial buildings, blending neo-classical conventionality with Egyptian and oriental themes to produce many truly original structures.
  • 19. The transept façade of the original Crystal Palace
  • 20. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau INDUSTRIALIZATION Effects – Money – Alienation Image Source: http://ia.media-imdb. com/images/M/MV5BMjMwMDA5NzEwOF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwMzgwNDg3OA@@._V1_SY317_CR5,0,214,317_.jpg [ONLINE]
  • 21. RESPONSE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION William Morris (1834 –1896) C R Ashbee (1863 –1942) W R Lethaby (1857 - 1931) Trained as Architects and worked towards unity in the arts. “to re-establish a harmony between architect, designer and craftsman and to bring handcraftsmanship to the production of well-designer, affordable, everyday objects.” Image Source: http://media.screened.com/uploads/0/235/636117-modern_times_gears.png [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 22. The introduction to Arts and Craft movement • REBELLION against age of mass production • Return to TRADITIONAL craft methods and ‘romantic forms of decor’ • Products manufactured by individuals and small groups • “ATTACKING INDUSTRIAL AGE” • Floral, wavy, leaf-like designs • Believed IR made man less creative
  • 23. RESPONSE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Individual expression Vernacular Use of local materials “improvement of commercial design always remained as serious a goal as the restoration of craftsmanship. Groups of leading designers not only set up craft societies but independent commercial companies” Image Source: http://media.screened.com/uploads/0/235/636117-modern_times_gears.png [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 24. SOCIAL REFORM OF ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT Change in Working condition Belief in restorative power of craftsmanship Simple life Art as a way of life History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 25. PRINCIPLES OF ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau HONESTY Design Unity Joy in Labour Individualism Regionalism
  • 26. WILLIAM MORRIS (1834 –1896) History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Influenced by – Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood – Writings of John Ruskin Image Source: hhttp://www.literaryplaces.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Portrait-of-William-Morris.jpg [ONLINE]
  • 27. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 28. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 29. THE ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT The Arts and Crafts Movement was an international design movement that originated in Britain and flourished between 1880 and 1910. It was instigated by the artist and writer William Morris (1834–1896) in the 1860s and was inspired by the writings of John Ruskin (1819–1900). It influenced architecture, domestic design and the decorative arts, using simple forms and a medieval style of decoration. It advocated truth to materials, traditional craftsmanship and economic reform.
  • 30. WILLIAM MORRIS TRELLIS Wallpaper designer by Morris Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Morris_design_for_Trellis_wallpaper_1862.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 31. WILLIAM MORRIS RED HOUSE History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Architect - Philip Webb Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/The_Red_House%2C_Bexleyheath.JPG [ONLINE]
  • 32. WILLIAM MORRIS RED HOUSE History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Architect - Philip Webb Image Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_w4ifTToAw5Q/TD8vQOlxSMI/AAAAAAAACh0/LVo4bxKHSfU/s1600/red+house.jpg [ONLINE]
  • 33. WILLIAM MORRIS RED HOUSE History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Architect - Philip Webb Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Red_House_window_detail.JPG [ONLINE]
  • 34. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau C R ASHBEE (1863 –1942) Influenced by – Socialism of William Morris (Established Guild and School of Handicraft in 1888, in the slums of Whitechapel) – Works of John Ruskin Image Source: http://www.utopia-britannica.org.uk/Assets/Ashbee.jpg [ONLINE]
  • 35. C R ASHBEE GUILD AND SCHOOL OF HANDICRAFT "seek not only to set a higher standard of craftsmanship, but at the same time, and in so doing, to protect the status of the craftsman. To this end it endeavours to steer a mean between the independence of the artist— which is individualistic and often parasitical— and the trade-shop, where the workman is bound to purely commercial and antiquated traditions, and has, as a rule, neither stake in the business nor any interest beyond his weekly wage" History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 36. C R ASHBEE MAHOGANY VENEERED ETAGÈRE Image Source: http://www.victorianweb.org/art/design/ashbee/3.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 37. C R ASHBEE SILVER MOUNTED DECANTER Image Source: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3113/3168776759_c1702917e5.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 38. W R LETHABY (1857 - 1931) History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Influenced by – His Father, craftsman and lay preacher – Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings Image Source: http://stoneletters.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/william-lethaby.jpg [ONLINE]
  • 39. W R LETHABY BUILDING AT COLMORE ROW Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/122-124_Colmore_Row.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 40. PHILIP WEBB (1857 - 1931) Architect of the first Arts and Crafts Building – The Red House Image Source: http://www.achome.co.uk/biographies/biographies/webb.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 41. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau PHILIP WEBB - STANDEN House at West Sussex, England. Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Standen_Exterior.jpg [ONLINE]
  • 42. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau PHILIP WEBB - STANDEN House at West Sussex, England. Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Standen_Interior.jpg [ONLINE]
  • 43. INFLUENCE ON USA- ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE “The idea that every country should have an architecture that reflects its own particular history, geography and climate was central to the Arts and Crafts movement” History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 44. INFLUENCE ON USA- DAVID B GAMBLE HOUSE Image Source: http://www.huntington.org/uploadedImages/Files/images/greenegamble.jpg [ONLINE] House at West Sussex, England, Designed by Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather Greene (1908) History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 45. INFLUENCE ON USA- DAVID B GAMBLE HOUSE Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gamble_Porch.jpg [ONLINE] House at West Sussex, England, Designed by Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather Greene History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 46. INFLUENCE ON USA- MILLARD HOUSE HOUSE Image Source: http://millardhouse.com/mhouse237/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/a_splash-2.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau F L Wright (1932)
  • 47. INFLUENCE ON USA- MILLARD HOUSE HOUSE Image Source: http://millardhouse.com/mhouse237/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/a_splash-1.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau F L Wright (1923)
  • 48. INFLUENCE ON USA- WAINWRIGHT BUILDING Image Source: http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1883/flashcards/634705/jpg/wainwright-building.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Architect – Louis Sullivan (1890-91)
  • 49. INFLUENCE ON USA- WAINWRIGHT BUILDING Image Source: http://larryspeck.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/78-710.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Architect – Louis Sullivan (1890-91)
  • 50. INFLUENCE ON USA- WAINWRIGHT BUILDING Image Source: http://timothypflueger.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/wainwright-building-habs-cropped.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Architect – Louis Sullivan (1890-91)
  • 51. American examples of “Arts & Crafts” style houses.
  • 52. ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT & ART NOUVEAU History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Rough Timeline Arts and Crafts Movement – 1860s – 1910s Art Nouveau – 1890s-1910s
  • 53. ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT & ART NOUVEAU History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Principles Imbibing all art forms Art as a way of life
  • 54. ART NOUVEAU DIFFERENT FROM ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT? Use of New Materials Protest against the traditional “William Morris was the theoretician whose beliefs more than those of anyone else initiated the Art Nouveau movement” History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 55. HEYGATE MACKMURDO (1851 – 1941) TITLE PAGE (1883) “ Mackmurdo’D first graphic expression of Art Nouveau is generally accepted as his title page for Wren’s City Churches, published by G Allen in 1883” Image Source: http://www.aiga.org/uploadedImages/AIGA/Content/Inspiration/Voice/ART_Patton_BackStart_300x368.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 56. HEYGATE MACKMURDO (1851 – 1941) CHAIR (1883) Image Source: http://hogd.pbworks.com/f/1254968919/Mackmurdo's%20chair.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 57. MAISON DE L'ART NOUVEAU Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Siegfried_bing_exposition_20050227.JPG [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Opened on 1895, Paris
  • 58. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 ) Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_glasgow_school_of_art.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Glasgow School of Art (1897)
  • 59. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 ) Image Source: http://brst440.commons.yale.edu/files/glasgow-school-of-art.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Glasgow School of Art (1897)
  • 60. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 ) Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Wfm_mackintosh_lighthouse.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau The Lighthouse, Glasgow (1895)
  • 61. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 ) Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lighthouse_glasgow_spiral_staircase.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau The Lighthouse, Glasgow (1895)
  • 64. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 ) Image Source: http://www.urbansuite.co.uk/images/D/charles-rennie-mackintosh-hill-house-chair-1274-1.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Ladderback Chair
  • 66. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH TYPEFACE History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 67. CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH PRODUCT DESIGN History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 68. ANTONI GAUDÍ (1852 –1926 ) Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Sagrada_Familia_01.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Sagrada Família (1883)
  • 69. ANTONI GAUDÍ (1852 –1926 ) Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sagrada_Familia_nave_roof_detail.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Sagrada Família (1883)
  • 70. LOUIS SULLIVAN (1856 –1924 ) History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Wainwright building(1890) Image Source: http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1883/flashcards/634705/jpg/wainwright-building.jpg [ONLINE]
  • 71. LOUIS SULLIVAN (1856 –1924 ) History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Wainwright building(1890) Image Source: http://media.archinform.net/m/00002620.jpg [ONLINE]
  • 72. VICTOR HORTA (1861 –1947 ) History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Tassel House (1893) Image Source: http://hanser.ceat.okstate.edu/6083/Horta/Tassel/Brussels-Hotel%20Tassel,%20ext.%20facade.jpg [ONLINE]
  • 73. VICTOR HORTA (1861 –1947 ) History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Tassel House (1893) Image Source: http://hanser.ceat.okstate.edu/6083/Horta/Tassel/Victor%20Horta;%20Brussels,%20Tassel%20House,%201893- 5,%20floor%20plans%20of%20restoration2.JPG [ONLINE]
  • 74. VICTOR HORTA (1861 –1947 ) History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Tassel House (1893) Image Source: http://www.buamai.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/91418726_f96132ab6b_o.jpg [ONLINE]
  • 75. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau ANTONI GAUDÍ (1852 –1926 ) Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Casa_Mil%C3%A0_%28Barcelona%29_- _5.jpg/800px-Casa_Mil%C3%A0_%28Barcelona%29_-_5.jpg [ONLINE] Casa Milà (1907)
  • 76. ANTONI GAUDÍ (1852 –1926 ) Image Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/- cR6a1iXhLIM/URP0goQXVtI/AAAAAAAAACI/iIA35t7Ysb8/s640/Casa_Mila_Rooftop.jpg [ONLINE] History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Casa Milà (1907)
  • 77. LOUIS SULLIVAN (1856 –1924 ) History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Merchants' National Bank (1914) Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LSGrinnell7.jpg [ONLINE]
  • 78. LOUIS SULLIVAN (1856 –1924 ) History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Merchants' National Bank (1914) Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LSGrinnell3.jpg [ONLINE]
  • 79. PETER BEHRENS (1868 –1940 ) History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau AEG Turbine Factory (1908) Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/AEG_by_Peter_Behrens.jpg [ONLINE]
  • 80. JOSEF HOFFMANN (1870 –1956 ) History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau Kubus armchair(1910) Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Josef_Hoffmann_-_Kubus_Fauteuil_%281910%29.jpg [ONLINE]
  • 81. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau ART NOUVEAU LETTERING
  • 82. Gustav Klimt (July 14, 1862 – February 6, 1918) was an Austrian symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Secession movement. Klimt is noted for his paintings, murals, sketches, and other objets d'art. Klimt's primary subject was the female body; his works are marked by a frank eroticism. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 83. Gustave Moreau (6 April 1826 – 18 April 1898) was a French Symbolist painter whose main emphasis was the illustration of biblical and mythological figures. As a painter, Moreau appealed to the imaginations of some Symbolist writers and artists. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
  • 84. History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau