The study evaluated the influence of eugenol-containing endodontic sealers and resin luting strategies on the pull-out bond strength of glass fiber posts to dentin. Sixty-four bovine teeth were treated with either gutta-percha alone or with a eugenol-based sealer, then fiber posts were cemented using different adhesive systems and resin cements. The eugenol sealer did not affect bond strength regardless of the luting strategy. Resin cements from the same manufacturer resulted in similar bond strengths, while a dual-cured cement paired with a two-step adhesive yielded higher strength than a self-cured cement. The eugenol sealer did
Single Visit Replacement of Central Maxillary Using Fiber-Reinforced Composi...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Fiber reinforced composites are high strength filling materials composed of conventional composites and glass fibres. They exhibit extensive applications in different fields of dentistry. This clinical report present a case where FRC technology was successfully used to restore central maxillary incisor edentulous area in terms of esthetic-cosmetic values and functionality.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Effects of filler size on the mechanical properties of polymer filled dental ...Fathie Kundie
This article reviews the relevant literature on the mechanical
properties of polymer dental composites filled with micro- and nano-scale particles. The effects of particle size on fracture toughness, flexural strength, and hardness were examined
with emphasis on other important factors for improvement. The second section focused on the toughening mechanisms of particulate-polymer composites.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Resin luting agents /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Objective: To investigate the bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer enhanced with bioactive glass (Activa BioActive-Base/Liner) to composite resin using different dental adhesive systems.
Study Design: In this study, Activa BioActive-Base/Liner (ABA/BL) was placed in cylindrical cavities formed in acrylic blocks. In blocks divided into 6 groups according to the adhesive system to be applied, two-step etch-and-rinse Gluma 2 Bond (Heraeus Kulzer, Germany), one-step self-etch Gluma Self Etch (Heraeus Kulzer), universal system Gluma Universal (Heraeus Kulzer), two-step self-etch Clearfil SE Protect (Kuraray, Japan), one-step self-etch Clearfil S3 Bond Plus (Kuraray), and universal system Clearfil S3 Bond Universal (Kuraray) adhesive systems were applied on ABA/BL. After composite resin (3M ESPE Filtek Ultimate) was applied to the prepared surfaces, the specimens were placed in a universal test device and shear bond strength test was determined. Fracture types were evaluated using a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk, two-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Post-Hoc Multiple Comparisons tests.
Results: In terms of bond strength values, the highest bond value was seen in the two-step self-etch (Clearfil SE Protect) group, and the lowest bond strength value was seen in the universal system (Clearfil S3 Bond Universal) group. There was no statistically significant difference between the adhesive agent groups in terms of bond strength values (p>0.05).
Conclusion: It is thought that choosing the two-step self-etch technique as an adhesive system when resin-modified glass ionomer enhanced with bioactive glass (ABA/BL) is used as the pulp capping/base material will be more appropriate in terms of bond strength.
Keywords: adhesive systems, bioactive materials, bond strength, cariostatic agents, composite resins, dental materials, fluorides, glass ionomer, glass ionomer cements, materials testing, vital pulp therapy
Resin based obturation / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Single Visit Replacement of Central Maxillary Using Fiber-Reinforced Composi...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Fiber reinforced composites are high strength filling materials composed of conventional composites and glass fibres. They exhibit extensive applications in different fields of dentistry. This clinical report present a case where FRC technology was successfully used to restore central maxillary incisor edentulous area in terms of esthetic-cosmetic values and functionality.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Effects of filler size on the mechanical properties of polymer filled dental ...Fathie Kundie
This article reviews the relevant literature on the mechanical
properties of polymer dental composites filled with micro- and nano-scale particles. The effects of particle size on fracture toughness, flexural strength, and hardness were examined
with emphasis on other important factors for improvement. The second section focused on the toughening mechanisms of particulate-polymer composites.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Resin luting agents /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Objective: To investigate the bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer enhanced with bioactive glass (Activa BioActive-Base/Liner) to composite resin using different dental adhesive systems.
Study Design: In this study, Activa BioActive-Base/Liner (ABA/BL) was placed in cylindrical cavities formed in acrylic blocks. In blocks divided into 6 groups according to the adhesive system to be applied, two-step etch-and-rinse Gluma 2 Bond (Heraeus Kulzer, Germany), one-step self-etch Gluma Self Etch (Heraeus Kulzer), universal system Gluma Universal (Heraeus Kulzer), two-step self-etch Clearfil SE Protect (Kuraray, Japan), one-step self-etch Clearfil S3 Bond Plus (Kuraray), and universal system Clearfil S3 Bond Universal (Kuraray) adhesive systems were applied on ABA/BL. After composite resin (3M ESPE Filtek Ultimate) was applied to the prepared surfaces, the specimens were placed in a universal test device and shear bond strength test was determined. Fracture types were evaluated using a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk, two-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Post-Hoc Multiple Comparisons tests.
Results: In terms of bond strength values, the highest bond value was seen in the two-step self-etch (Clearfil SE Protect) group, and the lowest bond strength value was seen in the universal system (Clearfil S3 Bond Universal) group. There was no statistically significant difference between the adhesive agent groups in terms of bond strength values (p>0.05).
Conclusion: It is thought that choosing the two-step self-etch technique as an adhesive system when resin-modified glass ionomer enhanced with bioactive glass (ABA/BL) is used as the pulp capping/base material will be more appropriate in terms of bond strength.
Keywords: adhesive systems, bioactive materials, bond strength, cariostatic agents, composite resins, dental materials, fluorides, glass ionomer, glass ionomer cements, materials testing, vital pulp therapy
Resin based obturation / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Endodontic sealers a summary and a quick review Rami Al-Saedi
a slideshow presentation lectured and presented in Al-Sadr Specialized dental center in the continuing dental learning weekly lectures.
Rusafa medical institute- Baghdad- Iraq
lecturer: Dr. Rami Ahmed Jumaah (BDS)
Supervisor: Dr. Iman J. Ahmed (BDS: MSc)
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Bioactive effects of a calcium/sodium phosphosilicate on the resin–dentine in...DrMarkHogan
This study evaluated, through microtensile bond strength (μTBS) testing, the bioactive effects of a calcium/sodium phosphosilicate (BAG) at the resin–dentine interface after 6 months of storage in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also per- formed. Three bonding protocols were evaluated: (i) RES-Ctr (no use of BAG), (ii) BAG containing adhesive (BAG-AD), and (iii) BAG/H3PO4 before adhesive (BAG-PR). The dentin-bonded specimens were prepared for μTBS testing, which was carried out after 24 h or 6 months of storage in PBS. Scanning electron microscopy ultramorphology analysis was performed after debonding. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to evaluate the morphological and nanoleakage changes induced by PBS storage. High μTBS values were achieved in all groups after 24 h of storage in PBS. Subsequent to 6 months of storage in PBS the specimens created using the BAG-AD bonding approach still showed no significant reduction in μTBS. Moreover, specimens created using the BAG-AD or the BAG-PR approach showed an evident reduction of nanoleakage after prolonged storage in PBS. The use of BAG-containing adhesive may enhance the durability of the resin–dentine bonds through therapeutic/protective effects associated with mineral deposition within the bonding interface and a possible interference with collagenolytic enzyme activity (matrix metalloproteinases) responsible for the degradation of the hybrid layer.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Resin adhesives in endodontics / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Preparation and properties of calcium-silicate filled resins for dental restoration. Part II: Micro-mechanical behaviour to primed mineral-depleted dentine.
Profeta AC.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
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1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
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• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
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The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
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Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
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Artigo acta latinoamericana 2010
1. 216
EFFECT OF ENDODONTIC SEALER AND RESIN LUTING STRATEGIES
ON PULL-OUT BOND STRENGTH OF GLASS FIBER POSTS TO DENTIN
Eduardo J Souza-Junior, Vanessa C P S Bueno, Carlos T S Dias, Luís A M S Paulillo
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University
of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
ABSTRACT were submitted to a two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05).
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of eugenol- The eugenol-based sealer did not influence the pull-out bond
containing endodontic sealers and luting strategy on the pull-out strength of fiber posts regardless of the luting strategy. RelyX
bond strength of glass fiber posts to dentin. Sixty-four bovine ARC showed higher bond strength than C&B Cement when used
incisors were randomly assigned into two groups of 32 speci- with Single Bond 2 adhesive system, when the eugenol-based
mens each for obturation procedure with gutta-percha only, or sealer was present. All Bond 2, when associated to all cements
with Pulp Canal Sealer EWT. Subsequently, the roots were pre- studied, promoted similar bond strength, regardless of the
pared for the fiber post Reforpost and all specimens of each eugenol-containing endodontic sealer. In conclusion, eugenol-
endodontic sealing procedure were allocated to four groups containing sealer did not influence the pull-out bond strength
(n=8), according to the strategies for post cementation: A) Sin- values of the resin luting systems for glass fiber post cementa-
gle Bond 2 and RelyX ARC; B) All Bond 2 and C&B cement; C) tion. The bond system and resin cement association from the
All Bond 2 and RelyX ARC; D) Single Bond 2 and C&B Cement. same manufacturer had similar bond strength values for dentin.
The posts were cemented immediately after the endodontic treat-
ment. The pull-out test was performed at a cross-head speed of Key words: dental cements, post and core technique, tensile
0.5 mm/min in a universal testing machine (EMIC). Data (Kgf) strength.
EFEITO DO CIMENTO ENDODÔNTICO E DA ESTRATÉGIA DE CIMENTAÇÃO RESINOSA
NA RESISTÊNCIA DE UNIÃO POR TRAÇÃO DE PINOS DE FIBRA DE VIDRO À DENTINA
RESUMO análise estatística foi realizada pelos testes ANOVA de dois
O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência de cimentos fatores e teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0.05). O cimento endodôntico con-
endodônticos à base de eugenol e estratégia de cimentação tend eugenol não influenciou a resistência de união à tração
resinosa na resistência à tração de pinos de fibra de vidro à (pull-out) dos pinos de fibra, independente da estratégia de
dentina. Sessenta e quatro incisivos bovinos foram aleatoria- cimentação. O RelyX ARC ofereceu maior resistência de união
mente divididos em dois grupos com 32 espécimes para cada do pino à dentina, comparado ao C&B Cement quanto utilizado
procedimento de obturação, com o cimento à base de eugenol com o Adper Single Bond 2, na presença do cimento endodônti-
Pulp Canal Sealer EWT ou somente com guta percha pela técni- co contendo eugenol. O All Bond 2 quando associado a todos os
ca termoplastificada. Após, realizou-se o prepare do conduto cimentos estudados promoveram uma resistência de união
radicular para o pino de fibra Reforpost e posteriormente, as semelhante, independente do conteúdo de eugenol na cimen-
amostras de cada procedimento obturador foram separadas em tação endodôntica. Em conclusão, o cimento endodôntico à base
quarto grupos (n=8), considerando as estratégias para cimen- de eugenol não influenciou na resistência à tração de pinos de
tação do pino: A) Adper Single Bond 2 e RelyX ARC; B) All Bond fibra à dentina. A associação de sistema adesivo e cimento
2 e C&B cement; C) All Bond 2 e RelyX ARC; D) Adper Single resinoso do mesmo fabricante apresentou valores de resistência
Bond 2 e C&B Cement. Os pinos foram imediatamente cimenta- de união semelhantes na cimentação de pinos de fibra.
dos após o tratamento endodôntico. Dessa maneira, o teste de
pull-out foi realizado a uma velocidade de 0.5 mm/min em Palavras-chave: cimentos dentais, técnica de pino e núcleo,
máquina de ensaio universal (EMIC DL2000). Os dados (Kgf) A resistência à tração.
INTRODUCTION ture2, intracanal retainers must be placed to increase
Endodontic therapy should not be considered as the the retention of the restoration3-5.
final stage in dental treatment, since the form, func- Developments in adhesive dentistry have enabled the
tion and esthetic appearance of the tooth must be use of fiber-reinforced posts, which have a similar elas-
restored1. In cases in which direct restoration alone tic modulus to dentin, thus reducing the risk of root
is not indicated due to the great loss of tooth struc- fracture6-10. Moreover, fiber posts are considered to be
Acta Odontol. Latinoam. 2010 ISSN 0326-4815 Vol. 23 Nº 3 / 2010 / 216-221
2. Bond strength of fiber posts to dentin 217
a good alternative substitute to metallic posts and cores posts19. Eugenol-based endodontic sealers are report-
in the restoration of endodontically restored teeth, ed to alter some composite properties, such as
especially because of their natural translucency, excel- hardening and monomer conversion, since the pres-
lent esthetic results and root reinforcement11-13. ence of eugenol in the cement composition may
Fiber post retention is associated to the satisfactory inhibit polymerization of the resin cement and bond
degree of conversion of the bond system and resin system, thus reducing tensile strength20,21. Moreover,
cements inside the root canal, due to the attenuation the literature does not clarify whether this actually
of the light intensity that reaches all the root canal occurs, because some authors found no decrease in
area14. In an attempt to overcome this problem, dual fiber post bond strength when a eugenol-containing
curing resin cements were developed to combine sealer was used before the root canal preparation for
important properties of chemical and light curing to post placement13,22,23. It should also be considered that
provide efficient conversion in deeper areas with the eugenol placed on the root canal walls after
reduced light penetration15,16. However, it is known endodontic treatment may be removed during post
that self-cured resins are not compatible with most preparation procedure and/or dentin acid etching in
conventional 2-step etch-and-rinse adhesive sys- the total-etch bonding technique20,21,24,25.
tems. This is due to the fact that the composition of Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the
these adhesive systems includes acidic monomers influence of a eugenol-containing endodontic seal-
which, when in contact with these composites, react er and the resin luting strategy on the pull-out bond
with tertiary amines and inhibit the activation of the strength of glass fiber posts to root dentin. The
polymerization reaction17. Such incompatibility also hypothesis tested is that the eugenol-based sealer
occurs with dual or chemically cured resin cements, would decrease the bond strength of the resin luting
and can be an important problem during fiber post cements to root dentin when using a glass fiber post.
cementation with current resin luting cements18. Also, self-cured resin cement is expected to yield
Hence, it is important to investigate the behavior of lower post retention inside root canal.
different adhesive systems/resin cement associa-
tions under root canal confinement, since clinicians MATERIAL AND METHODS
use a large number of commercial brands and a stan- The materials used in this study are presented in
dard luting protocol has not yet been established. Table 1.
Furthermore, some endodontic sealers are also known Sixty-four bovine incisors were selected, cleaned and
to influence the resinous cementation strategy of fiber stored in a 0.5% chloramine T solution at 4°C for no
Table 1: Commercial brand, composition and manufacturer of the used materials.
Materials Composition Manufacturer
C&B cement Base (Batch #019078): Bis - GMA, Ethoxylated Bis-GMA, Triethyleneglycol Bisco, Schaumburg,
Dimethacrylate, fused silica, glass filler, sodium fluoride IL, USA
Catalyst (Batch #019208): Bis-GMA, Triethyleneglycol Dimethacrylate,
fused silica
RelyX ARC Paste A: Silane treated ceramic, Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, camphoroquinone, 3M ESPE, St Paul,
(Batch #GU9JG) silane treated silica, functionalized dimethacrylate polymer. Minnesota, USA
Paste B: Silane treated ceramic, TEGDMA, Bis-GMA, silane treated sílica,
functionalized dimethacrylate polymer (EYFH)
All Bond 2 Primer A (Batch #0500003574): Na-N-tolyglycine glycidylmethacrylate Bisco, Schaumburg,
(NTG-GMA), acetone, ethanol, water. IL, USA
Primer B (Batch #0500003579): BPDM, acetone, photoinitiator
D/E Resin (Batch #0500004549): Bis-GMA, HEMA, UDMA,
camphoroquinone, amine activator
Single Bond 2 Dimethacrylates, HEMA, Polyalkenoid acid copolymer, 5nm silane treated 3M ESPE, St Paul,
(Batch #9XB) colloidal silica, ethanol, water, photoinitiator. Minnesota, USA
Vol. 23 Nº 3 / 2010 / 216-221 ISSN 0326-4815 Acta Odontol. Latinoam. 2010
3. 218 Eduardo J Souza-Junior, Vanessa C P S Bueno, Carlos T S Dias, Luís A M S Paulillo
more than a week. Roots of similar size and shape cement C&B Cement (Bisco, Schaumburg, IL,
were sectioned off 1 mm under the cement enamel USA.); C) posts fixed with All Bond 2 and RelyX
junction using a double-face diamond saw (K.G. ARC; D) posts fixed with Adper Single Bond 2 and
Sorensen, SP, Brazil). Then the cervical root third C&B Cement. All bond systems were applied with
was ground using 320 and 600 grit silicon carbide a microbrush according to the manufacturer’s rec-
(SiC) abrasive paper (Carbimet Disc Set, Buehler, ommendation and resin luting cements were mixed
Lake Bluff, IL, USA) to the final root length of according the manufacturer´s instructions and
16mm. After grinding, the coronal diameters of root placed into the root canal with a lentulo spiral drill.
canals were measured with a digital caliper (Starret The light curing source used was a quartz tungsten
727, Starret, Itu, Brazil) and specimens with diame- halogen light Degulux (Degussa, Germany/500
ter larger than 1.5 (diameter of the post) were mW/cm2) in a continuous mode at 10 seconds for
discarded. Root canals were instrumented to a work- the bonding systems and 40 seconds for the dual-
ing length at 15 mm (1 mm short of the apex). cured cement. Before cementation, silane treatment
The instrumented samples were then randomly (Prosil, FGM, Joenvile, Brazil) was performed, by
assigned to two groups of 32 specimens each for the applying the coupling agent on the surfaces of each
obturation procedure. Group 1 root canals were obtu- fiber post and leaving to dry for 1 minute. After that,
rated with gutta-percha and a eugenol-containing the posts were cemented immediately after the
sealer, Pulp Canal Sealer EWT (Kerr Dental, Orange, endodontic treatment.
CA, USA) and group 2 root canals were filled only
with heat plasticized gutta-percha cones without Pull-out test
endodontic sealer. The excess gutta-percha filling For the pull-out test, a polystyrene cylinder was
was removed with a heated vertical condenser and built at the coronary portion of the fiber post, with
vertical condensation was performed. A Gates-Glid- a stainless steel wire strap at the top. Specimens
den drill #5 was used to remove the gutta-percha at were attached to the lower portion of a universal
the length of 12 mm (remaining endodontic filling of testing machine (Emic DL 5000, São José dos Pin-
3 mm), which corresponds to the standardized length hais, PR, Brazil) and the wire strap at the top of the
of the post inside the root canal. specimen was directly connected to the upper part
After preparation, specimens were embedded in a of the system, which was in contact with the load
PVC cylinder (height: 25 mm, diameter: 10 mm) cell (Fig. 1). The pull-out test was performed at a
filled with chemically cured acrylic resin (Dencrilay, cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min. The data obtained
Dencril, Vaieiras, SP, Brazil). For specimen inclusion (Kgf) were submitted to a two-way ANOVA and the
in the acrylic resin, the preparation bur of the post sys- post-hoc Tukey’s tests at 5 % significance.
tem was placed inside the prepared root canal, and
the entire set was placed parallel to the PVC pipe and RESULTS
perpendicular to the ground, with a parallelometer. The two-way ANOVA test applied did not show a
The most coronal portion of the root was 3 mm up to significant effect between the factors studied
the acrylic resin inside the PVC cylinder. (endodontic sealer x luting strategy); however, there
Roots were prepared with #3 burs of the glass fiber was difference for the luting strategy factor, requir-
post system Reforpost (Angelus, Londrina, PR, ing Tukey test application. Means and standard
Brazil) with 1.5 mm diameter. Subsequently, speci- deviation obtained for the experimental groups in
mens from each endodontic sealing procedure (with the tensile strength test are presented in Table 2.
and without eugenol-containing sealer) were allo- The endodontic sealer used did not influence the pull-
cated to four groups (n=8), considering the out bond strength of fiber posts regardless of the resin
strategies for post cementation: A) posts fixed with luting strategy. RelyX ARC showed higher bond
the 2-step light-cured adhesive system Adper Sin- strength than C&B Cement when used with Single
gle Bond 2 (3M ESPE, St Paul, Minnesota, USA) Bond 2 bond system, when the endodontic sealer was
and the dual-cured cement RelyX ARC (3M ESPE, presentThus in the absence of Pulp Canal Sealer
St Paul, Minnesota, USA); B) posts fixed with the EWT, RelyX ARC presented higher pull-out bond
3-step light-cured adhesive system All Bond 2 strength when used with Single Bond 2 and the asso-
(Bisco, Schaumburg, IL, USA) and the self-cured ciation of C&B cement with this light-cured
Acta Odontol. Latinoam. 2010 ISSN 0326-4815 Vol. 23 Nº 3 / 2010 / 216-221
4. Bond strength of fiber posts to dentin 219
Table 2: Pull-out bond strength of fiber posts in the
groups tested.
Resin luting systems Endodontic No Endodontic
sealer sealer
Single Bond 2/RelyX ARC 37.4 (12.8) A 45.5 (9.2) A
All Bond 2/C&B cement 27.1 (8.3) ABC 38.9 (7.1) AB
All Bond 2/RelyX ARC 33.4 (11.4) AB 29.2 (13.4) BC
Single Bond 2/C&B cement 21.3 (6.3) C 23.5 (4.8) C
Different letters in the columns means statistical difference
( )- Standard deviation
strength and the self-cured cement showed similar
or lower bond strength values compared to the dual-
cured cement. The primary expectation was that the
non-eugenol-containing sealer groups would have
higher mean tensile bond strengths compared to
eugenol-containing groups. The results showed no
difference between the two groups in this study
regarding the eugenol content. These findings are
in agreement with the results obtained by many
authors13,21,23,24, who, even assessing tensile strength
a week later, noted that the endodontic sealer did
not influence post retention. It may be explained
due to the removal of the residual eugenol by the
mechanical preparation of the root canal and/or by
Fig. 1: Pull-out testing configuration. (A) bovine root speci- the cleaning promoted by the phosphoric acid in
men; (B) glass fiber post cemented; (C) PVC tube filled with bonding procedure22,25. Cleaning the bonding sub-
acrylic resin; (D) polystyrene cylinder used to attach the fiber
strate may be the most critical factor in achieving
post; (E) stainless steel wire strap attached to the upper por-
tion of the universal testing machine; (F) upper portion of the success with resin cements, which was carried out
system, connected to the load cell. in this work22. These results indicate that the post
retainer may be cemented immediately after filling,
regardless of the endodontic sealer, thus preventing
adhesive. All Bond 2 promoted similar bond strength coronary microleakage26-28 and favoring the root
as when all resin cements were used, regardless of canal treatment prognosis.
the eugenol-containing endodontic sealer. On the other hand, it is recommended that the same
brand adhesive system and luting cement should be
DISCUSSION used in order to avoid incompatibility17.With no
Unsuitability or absence of restorations after a root eugenol-based endodontic sealer, it was shown that
canal obturation procedure are relevant factors that Single Bond 2 should not be indicated for use with
may determine the failure of an endodontic treat- self-cured cements, due to the lower tensile bond
ment. In cases of great amount of tooth structure strength values found, compared to the others post
loss, glass fiber post cementation can increase fixing strategies. However, when eugenol was pres-
restoration retention and establish satisfactory tooth ent in the endodontic sealer, RelyX ARC promoted
rehabilitation26. higher bond strength values compared to the self-
Some authors19-21 say that residual eugenol could cured cement, probably because of the photocuring
inhibit the setting of resin cement, decreasing bond characteristic of the dual-cured cement. Regardless
quality responsible for the adequate fiber post reten- of the endodontic sealer, Single bond 2 promoted
tion. Therefore, the tested hypothesis was rejected, lower bond strength values when used with the self-
since the eugenol sealer did not affect the post bond cured cement, possibly because of polyalkenoid acid
Vol. 23 Nº 3 / 2010 / 216-221 ISSN 0326-4815 Acta Odontol. Latinoam. 2010
5. 220 Eduardo J Souza-Junior, Vanessa C P S Bueno, Carlos T S Dias, Luís A M S Paulillo
copolymer and other acidic monomer content that free radicals in chemically activated compounds17. The
could be responsible for the reduction in the degree lack of free radicals in the resinous cement mass that
of conversion of the resin cement due to incompati- was not activated by light may be assigned to deficient
bility17. There are differences in pH values between polymerization, which may explain the tensile
the bonding systems (Single bond 2 - pH 4.6 and All strength values obtained by the Single Bond 2/RelyX
bond 2 - pH 6.1), which may be responsible for the ARC system.
low degree of conversion of self-cured resinous mate- For the All Bond 2/RelyX ARC group, the chemi-
rials such as resin cements29. However, the curing cal incompatibility between the brands of different
depth of the resin luting cement inside the root canal materials was probably more evident when no
may not be satisfactory due to the acidic monomers, endodontic sealer was present, with lower bond
which may affect the hardening reaction of dual and strength values compared to Single Bond 2/RelyX
self-cured cements, preventing the initiation of the ARC group. It may have occurred due to the fact
oxide-reduction reaction that occurs between the ter- that NTG-GMA monomers of All Bond 2 Adhesive
tiary amine and the benzoyl peroxide17. systems may interfere with the curing reaction of
There was no statistical difference in pull-out bond the resin cement which does not have this monomer
strength between resin luting strategies Single content, affecting the pull-out bond strength of the
Bond2/RelyX ARC and All Bond 2/C & B cement. entire system to root dentin.
These similar bond strength values may be explained Although some in vitro studies exist, final conclu-
by chemical compatibility from each manufacturer17. sions regarding glass fiber systems will depend on the
Both the acidic monomers polymerized poorly in the outcomes of clinical trials. Long-term clinical studies
presence of the redox system – peroxide-amine – and and investigations of retention ability of glass fiber
the tertiary amines neutralized by these monomers lost dowels in the intra-oral environment can best evalu-
their reduction ability18. This may explain the lower ate the quality and durability of these restorations.
bond strength values when a 2-step adhesive was used
in combination with self-cured resin cement. The CONCLUSIONS
redox reaction products may be deposited as globular Eugenol-containing endodontic sealer did not influ-
structures within some of the air bubbles found along ence the pull-out bond strength values of the resin
the composite/adhesive interface. These bubbles may luting systems for fiber post cementation.
represent an ultra-structural manifestation of the elec- Bond system and resin cement association from the
tron transfer complex between acid monomers and the same manufacturer presented similar bond strength
binary redox initiators that prevent the generation of values.
CORRESPONDENCE
Eduardo José Souza-Junior
Piracicaba Dental School,
State University of Campinas (UNICAMP),
Department of Restorative Dentistry
P.O. BOX 52, Avenida Limeira, 901,
Areião, 13414-903, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
edujcsj@gmail.com
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Vol. 23 Nº 3 / 2010 / 216-221 ISSN 0326-4815 Acta Odontol. Latinoam. 2010