The document is a proof cover sheet for a journal article on the influence of preheating bonding agents on the degree of conversion and bond durability in dental cavities. It requests that the author carefully check the proofs, limit changes to corrections of errors, and confirm that the author list is correct. It also includes two queries asking the author to provide an institutional email address and history date for the article.
This in vitro study assessed the effect of 2% Chlorhexidine Digluconate (CHX) on immediate and six-month micro Shear Bond Strength (μSBS) of an etch-and-rinse adhesive to sound and eroded dentin. Forty bovine incisors were polished to obtain fl at smoothdentin. Specimens were randomly allocated according to substrate (sound dentin and eroded dentin - 3x/day cola drink for 7 days) and treatment (control and CHX – 2% CHX for 60 s after acid etching). After adhesive (Prime & Bond NT, Dentsply) application, four resin composite restorations (Z250, 3M ESPE) were built up on each dentin surface, using the area delimitation technique. Half of the specimens were evaluated by μSBS test after 24 h of water storage, and the other half was evaluated six-month later. Data (MPa) were analyzed with 3-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). The μSBS values obtained for eroded dentin were lower than for sound dentin. Six-month of water storage resulted in signifi cant reduction in bond strength for all groups. However, the decrease in μSBS values was lower when dentin surfaces were pre-treated with CHX, regardless of the substrate. In conclusion, the CHX pretreatment is not able to ensure the same effectiveness of the etch-and-rinse adhesive tested to eroded dentin that to sound dentin, but it minimizes the bonds degradation over time.
Concrete cable trough is in service throughout the UK Network Rail infrastructure including West Coast Main Line Upgrade, Channel Tunnel Rail Link and Southern Power Upgrade projects. Concrete cable troughs have been installed for light rail and underground train systems at Glasgow, Newcastle, Sheffield, Birmingham, Manchester and Nottingham. Specialist and customised rectangular and trapezoidal concrete cable troughs can be produced to order - this includes concrete cable trough, duct and channel. The cable trough system is complemented by a complete range of concrete tees, transitions and curves specifically designed to complement concrete cable trough systems - all cable trough products are approved to Network Rail RT/E/PS/0013.
The concrete cable trough lids are designed to withstand an 11.5 tonne wheel loading thus allowing vehicle overrun - cable trough lids are available in steel chequer plate and concrete infill. All cable trough lids are galvanised to prevent corrosion, with the larger lids having substantial under-bracing to attain required strength. Please note lids with under-bracing will reduce the internal capacity of the cable trough. Concrete cable trough lids provide trackside protection to cable runs including fibre and radio cables.
This in vitro study assessed the effect of 2% Chlorhexidine Digluconate (CHX) on immediate and six-month micro Shear Bond Strength (μSBS) of an etch-and-rinse adhesive to sound and eroded dentin. Forty bovine incisors were polished to obtain fl at smoothdentin. Specimens were randomly allocated according to substrate (sound dentin and eroded dentin - 3x/day cola drink for 7 days) and treatment (control and CHX – 2% CHX for 60 s after acid etching). After adhesive (Prime & Bond NT, Dentsply) application, four resin composite restorations (Z250, 3M ESPE) were built up on each dentin surface, using the area delimitation technique. Half of the specimens were evaluated by μSBS test after 24 h of water storage, and the other half was evaluated six-month later. Data (MPa) were analyzed with 3-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). The μSBS values obtained for eroded dentin were lower than for sound dentin. Six-month of water storage resulted in signifi cant reduction in bond strength for all groups. However, the decrease in μSBS values was lower when dentin surfaces were pre-treated with CHX, regardless of the substrate. In conclusion, the CHX pretreatment is not able to ensure the same effectiveness of the etch-and-rinse adhesive tested to eroded dentin that to sound dentin, but it minimizes the bonds degradation over time.
Concrete cable trough is in service throughout the UK Network Rail infrastructure including West Coast Main Line Upgrade, Channel Tunnel Rail Link and Southern Power Upgrade projects. Concrete cable troughs have been installed for light rail and underground train systems at Glasgow, Newcastle, Sheffield, Birmingham, Manchester and Nottingham. Specialist and customised rectangular and trapezoidal concrete cable troughs can be produced to order - this includes concrete cable trough, duct and channel. The cable trough system is complemented by a complete range of concrete tees, transitions and curves specifically designed to complement concrete cable trough systems - all cable trough products are approved to Network Rail RT/E/PS/0013.
The concrete cable trough lids are designed to withstand an 11.5 tonne wheel loading thus allowing vehicle overrun - cable trough lids are available in steel chequer plate and concrete infill. All cable trough lids are galvanised to prevent corrosion, with the larger lids having substantial under-bracing to attain required strength. Please note lids with under-bracing will reduce the internal capacity of the cable trough. Concrete cable trough lids provide trackside protection to cable runs including fibre and radio cables.
Resin adhesives in endodontics / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
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implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
One of the popular bone graft substitute, especially in spine surgery is calcium phosphate cements (CPCs). This article presents a comparative analysis of the characteristics of different bone grafts substitute and talks about the widespread products used in spine surgery concerning experience of their use.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Resin adhesives in endodontics / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
One of the popular bone graft substitute, especially in spine surgery is calcium phosphate cements (CPCs). This article presents a comparative analysis of the characteristics of different bone grafts substitute and talks about the widespread products used in spine surgery concerning experience of their use.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Preparation and properties of calcium-silicate filled resins for dental restoration. Part I: Chemical-physical characterization and apatite-forming ability.
Profeta AC.
Preparation and properties of calcium-silicate filled resins for dental restoration. Part II: Micro-mechanical behaviour to primed mineral-depleted dentine.
Profeta AC.
Functionalizing a dentin bonding resin to become bioactive (Tobias Tauböck)DrMarkHogan
OBJECTIVES: To investigate chemo-mechanical effects of incorporating alkaline bioactive glass nanoparticles into a light-curable dental resin matrix.
METHODS: An unfilled Bis-GMA/TEGDMA material was infiltrated with up to 20wt% of ultrafine SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5-Bi2O3 particles. The unfilled and filled resins were investigated regarding their viscosity before setting and compared to commercially available materials. Set specimens were immersed for 21 days in phosphate buffered saline at 37°C. Water uptake, pH, Knoop hardness, and degree of conversion of freshly polymerized and stored samples were investigated. Resin surfaces were viewed and mapped in a scanning electron microscope for the formation of calcium phosphate (Ca/P) precipitates. In addition, Raman spectroscopy was performed. Numeric values were statistically compared (p<0.01).><0.01).><0.01) increased the degree of conversion after 21 days. Ca/P precipitates formed on specimens filled with 20wt% of the particles, while they were scarce on counterparts loaded with 10wt%, and absent on unfilled resin surfaces.
SIGNIFICANCE: The results of the current study show that a Bis-GMA-based resin can be functionalized using alkaline nanoparticles. A material with bioactive properties and similar hardness as the unfilled resin was obtained by incorporating 20wt% of ultrafine SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5-Bi2O3 particles into the resin matrix.
Effect Of Solvent Type On Microtensile Bond Strength Of TotalEtch One-Bottle ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Recent advances in orthodontic materials 8th ios-pgsc /certified fixed orth...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Recent advances in orthodontic materials /certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Comparison of Different Dentin Pretreatment Protocols on the Bond Strength of...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Cytotoxicity of denture base acrylic resins /certified fixed orthodontic cour...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
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Major cyber events in 2024
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In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
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Systemic attacks in the Middle East
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
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UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
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Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
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Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
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Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
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The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
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- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
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From Daily Decisions to Bottom Line: Connecting Product Work to Revenue by VP...
J adhesion science technol
1. PROOF COVER SHEET
Journal acronym: TAST
Author(s): Boniek Castillo Dutra Borges
Article title: Influence of the preheating of bonding agents on the degree of conversion and bond
durability in tridimensional dentin cavities
Article no: 736190
Enclosures: 1) Query sheet
2) Article proofs
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1. Please check these proofs carefully. It is the responsibility of the corresponding author to check
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2. Please review the table of contributors below and confirm that the first and last names are
structured correctly and that the authors are listed in the correct order of contribution. This check
is to ensure that your name will appear correctly online and when the article is indexed.
Sequence
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Prefix
Given name(s)
Surname
Boniek Castillo
Dutra
Ana Raquel Rocha
Correia
Antônio Cavalcanti
Charry Alves da
Marco Antonio
Eduardo José
Mario Alexandre
Coelho
Rodivan
Marcos Antônio
Japiassú Resende
Borges
Vilela
Silva-Junior
Silva-Junior
Botelho
Souza-Junior
Sinhoreti
Braz
Montes
Suffix
2. Queries are marked in the margins of the proofs.
AUTHOR QUERIES
General query: You have warranted that you have secured the necessary written permission from the
appropriate copyright owner for the reproduction of any text, illustration, or other material in your article. (Please see http://journalauthors.tandf.co.uk/preparation/permission.asp.) Please check that any
required acknowledgements have been included to reflect this.
AQ1
Please provide institutional email address.
AQ2
Please provide history date for your article (revised date).
AQ3
Please provide the expansion for ‘HEMA and TEGDMA’.
AQ4
Please provide the expansion for ‘Bis-GMA’.
3.
4. TAST
736190
Initial
CE: VK QA: CS
11 October 2012
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
Vol. X, No. X, XXXX 2012, XXX–XXX
Influence of the preheating of bonding agents on the degree of conversion
and bond durability in tridimensional dentin cavities
Boniek Castillo Dutra Borgesa*, Ana Raquel Rocha Correia Vilelab, Antônio Cavalcanti
Silva-Juniorb, Charry Alves da Silva-Juniorb, Marco Antonio Botelhoa, Eduardo José
Souza-Juniorc, Mario Alexandre Coelho Sinhoretic, Rodivan Brazb and Marcos Antônio
Japiassú Resende Montesb
AQ2
a
Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Potiguar University
(Laureate International Universities), Av. Senador Salgado Filho 1610, Natal 59088-725, Brazil;
b
Department of Restorative Dentistry, Pernambuco Dental School, Pernambuco University, Camaragibe,
Brazil; cDepartment of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas,
Piracicaba, Brazil
5
10
(Received 12 August 2012; final version received 29 September 2012)
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC) of dental
bonding agents at different temperatures and the bond durability of restorations bonded
with preheated dental bonding agents. Materials and methods: Three multistep adhesive
systems, including one 3-step etch-and-rinse (Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus) and
two 2-step self-etching systems (Clearfil SE Bond; Filtek Low-Shrinkage Adhesive System), were evaluated. Dental bonding agents were preheated at 25, 37, and 60 °C. Barshaped specimens (n = 5) were prepared for DC analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared/Attenuated Total Fluorescence spectra were obtained, and the DC was calculated by comparing
the aliphatic bonds/reference peaks of nonpolymerized and polymerized materials. For bond
durability analysis, tridimensional dentin cavities were prepared in 180 bovine incisors,
which were then restored. Samples were stored in water for 24 h, and half of them were
subjected to additional degradation with 10% NaOCl for 5 h. The push-out bond strength
test was performed in a universal testing machine until failure. Failure modes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and Tukey’s tests (p < 0.05). Results: Dental bonding agents preheated at 60 °C
showed higher DC values than those preheated at 25 and 37 °C. The temperature of the
dental bonding agent did not influence the bond durability, although fewer adhesive failures
were observed in restorations bonded with dental bonding agents at 60 °C. Conclusion:
Although the preheating of dental bonding agents can increase the DC, it may not improve
the bond durability of dentin restorations.
15
20
25
30
Keywords: preheating; degree of conversion; failure analysis; in vitro; stress
Introduction
One of the major concerns in adhesive dentistry is the durability of bonds to dentin, because
the bonding is established on a complex hydrated biological composite structure [1].
AQ1 Although 3-step etch-and-rinse and 2-step self-etching adhesives have shown better results
*Corresponding author. Email: boniek.castillo@gmail.com
ISSN 0169-4243 print/ISSN 1568-5616 online
Ó 2012 Taylor & Francis
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2012.736190
http://www.tandfonline.com
35
5. TAST
736190
2
5
10
15
20
25
30
Initial
CE: VK QA: CS
11 October 2012
B.C.D. Borges et al.
than their simplified versions [2], continuous degradation of the resin–dentin bond has been
observed for both materials in vivo [3,4]. Thus, efforts should be made to improve the dentin
bond durability of these dental adhesive systems.
The degree of conversion (DC) of the adhesive system and stress at the adhesive interface
due to composite shrinkage fundamentally impact the bond stability over time. The presence
of large amounts of unreacted monomer can expedite water absorption and compromise the
integrity of the hybrid and adhesive layers [5]. As the composite cures, an increase in stiffness, due to volumetric changes that are confined by the cavity walls, results in stresses that
challenge the bond integrity between the composite restoration and the tooth, particularly in
high C-factor cavities [6]. Thus, obtaining a high DC with low stress levels at the adhesive
interface during composite polymerization could improve the dentin bond stability in high
C-factor cavities.
A relatively recent method to increase the DC of resin-based dental materials is to preheat
the materials before photoactivation. Although preheating composite resins up to 68 °C reportedly increases the DC [7–10], few studies have evaluated the DC values of preheated dental
bonding agents. Silorane-based low-shrinkage restoratives have been developed to overcome
the drawbacks associated with the polymerization-related shrinkage of traditional methacrylate-based composite resins. In this technique, a 2-step self-etching adhesive system is used to
bond the silorane-based composite to dental tissues. However, no study has evaluated the
bond durability of restorations in high C-factor dentin cavities when the bonding agent is preheated before polymerization. This study aimed to evaluate: (I) the DC of preheated dental
bonding agents and (II) the bond durability of restorations in high C-factor dentin cavities
bonded with preheated dental bonding agents and filled with methacrylate- or silorane-based
composite resins. The hypotheses tested were as follows: (I) higher temperature would favor
increased DC of the bonding agents and (II) the bond durability of restorations bonded with
preheated bonding agents would be higher.
Materials and methods
35
40
Experimental design
This study tested: (1) the DC of preheated dental bonding agents and (2) the bond durability
of restorations in high C-factor dentin cavities bonded with preheated dental bonding agents
and filled with composite resins. The multistep adhesive systems utilized in this study were
Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (MP) (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), Clearfil SE Bond
(SE) (Kuraray Osaka, Japan), and Filtek Low-Shrinkage (LS) (3M ESPE). The DC was evaluated with three different bonding agents (in MP, SE, and LS) at three different temperatures
(25, 37, and 60 °C). The push-out bond durability was evaluated with three different adhesive
systems (MP, SE, and LS) at three different temperatures of the bonding agents (25, 37, and
60 °C) and with two different aging methods (short-time water storage with or without
subsequent chemical degradation by sodium hypochlorite). The compositions, manufacturers,
and batch numbers of the materials are shown in Table 1.
Preheating of the bonding agents
45
One bottle of each dental bonding agent was kept in an oven (incubator) at 25, 37, or 60 °C
for 2 h before starting the adhesive procedure [11]. One bottle of each dental bonding agent
from the same batch number was used for each temperature, which was checked with a
thermometer before the restorative procedure.
6. Batch number
3-step etch-andrinse adhesive
system
2-step self-etching
adhesive system
2-step self-etching
adhesive system
Dimethacrylatebased composite
resin
Silorane-based
composite resin
Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose
Plus (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN,
USA)
Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray, Tokyo,
Japan)
Filtek Low-Shrinkage Adhesive
System (3M ESPE, St. Paul,
MN, USA)
Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE, St. Paul,
MN, USA)
Filtek Low-Shrinkage Composite
(3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA)
Initial
Notes: HR: bonding agent; HEMA: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate; Bis-GMA: bisphenol-glycidyl methacrylate; 10-MDP: 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate;
TEGDMA: triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; UDMA: diurethane dimethacrylate; TMPTMA: trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate; and Bis-EMA: bisphenol A polyethylene glycol
diether dimethacrylate.
Silane-treated quartz (60–70), 3,4-epoxycyclohexylcyclopolymethylsiloxane
(5–15), Bis-3,4-epoxycyclohexylethyl-phenyl-methylsilane (5–15), yttrium
trifluoride (5–15), products (<26)
Silane-treated silica (75–85), Bis-EMA (1–10), UDMA (1–10), Bis-GMA
(1–10), TEGDMA (<5)
9N115915BR
N139697
Primer: HEMA (15–25), Bis-GMA (15–25), phosphoric acidmethacryloxyhexylesters (5–15), ethanol (10–15), water (10–15), silane-treated silica
(8–12), 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate (5–10), (dimethylamino)ethyl
methacrylate (<5), copolymer of acrylic and itaconic acid (<5), phosphine
oxide (<5), camphorquinone (<5) HR: substituted dimethacrylate (70–80),
silane treated silica (5–10), TEGDMA (5–10), phosphoric acids-6methacryloxy-hexylesters (<5), 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate (<3),
camphorquinone (<3)
Primer: HEMA (10–30), 10-MDP (np), hydrophilic dimethacrylate (np),
water (np), accelerators (np), dyes (np), camphorquinone (np) HR:
Bis-GMA (25–45), HEMA (20–40), 10-MDP (np), hydrophilic
dimethacrylate (np), colloidal silica (np), initiators (np), accelerators (np),
dyes (np), camphorquinone (np)
Etchant: water (55–65), phosphoric acid (30–40), synthetic amorphous
silica (5–10) Primer: ethyl alcohol (70–80), water (20–30),
methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (<2) HR: Bis-GMA (60–70), HEMA
(30–40)
Composition (% by weight) – np: not provided by the manufacturer
Primer: N130675 HR:
N137817
Primer: 00896A HR:
01321A
Etchant: 9NL Primer:
N124653 HR:
N195685
Type
Materials used in this study.
Material (Manufacturer)
Table 1.
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Degree of conversion analysis
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The DC was analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared/Attenuated Total Reflectance (Spectrum
100, PerkinElmer, Shelton, USA) at 24 °C under 64% relative humidity. Silicon molds
(1 mm  1 mm  7 mm) were filled with one drop (10 μL) of the dental bonding agents at each
temperature (n = 5). A Mylar strip was placed on the mold to cover the dental bonding agents.
The specimens were photoactivated for 10 s with a high-radiance light-emitting diode (LED)
unit (Coltolux, Coltène/Whaledent, Allstätten, Switzerland) at 1264 mW/cm2. The specimens
were carefully removed from the silicon molds and stored dry in dark receptacles at 37 °C for
24 h. The absorption spectra of nonpolymerized and polymerized bonding agents were
obtained from the region between 4000 and 650 cmÀ1 with 32 scans at 4 cmÀ1. The DC (%)
was calculated with the following equation: DC (%) = 100 Â [1 À (R polymerized/R nonpolymerized)], where R represents the ratio between the absorbance peaks at 1638 and 1608 cmÀ1.
The final DC values were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (dental
bonding agent  temperature of the dental bonding agent), followed by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).
Push-out bond strength analysis
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Samples were prepared according to a previously described method for the push-out bond
strength test [12]. Figure 1 is a schematic representation of sample preparation and methods
utilized in this study. A total of 180 bovine incisors, free from cracks and structural defects,
were selected. The teeth were disinfected in a 0.1% aqueous solution of thymol at 40 °C for
no longer than 1 week. The roots were removed with a water-cooled diamond saw (South
Bay Technology, San Clement, CA) coupled to a precision cutting machine (Isomet 1000;
Buehler, Lake Forest, IL). The buccal aspect of the crown was wet-ground with 400- and
600-grit SiC abrasive papers in a polishing machine (Labopol-21, Struers, Copenhagen,
Denmark) in order to obtain flat dentin surfaces.
Standardized conical cavities (2 mm top diameter  1.5 mm bottom diameter  2 mm
height) were prepared with conical diamond burs at high-speed, under air–water cooling. A
custom-made preparation device allowed the cavity dimensions to be standardized. The burs
were replaced after every five preparations. To expose the bottom surface of the cavities, the
lingual surfaces were ground in accordance to the procedure described for flattening the
buccal aspects. In this manner, a cavity with a C-factor magnitude of 2.2 was obtained [13].
The prepared specimens were assigned to 18 groups (n = 10), according to the factors
under study (dental adhesive system  temperature of the dental bonding agent  aging
method). The adhesive systems were applied, according to the manufacturers’ instructions, as
follows:
MP: Dentin was etched with 35% phosphoric acid (Scotchbond Etchant, 3M ESPE) for
15 s and thoroughly washed in water for 30 s. Excess water was blot-dried with absorbent
paper, leaving the dentin surface visibly moist (wet-bonding). One coat of the primer was
applied to the dentin and air dried for 10 s at 20 cm. One coat of the bonding agent was
applied and light cured for 10 s with a Coltolux LED at 1264 mW/cm2.
SE: One coat of the self-etching primer was applied to the dentin with slight agitation for
20 s and air dried for 10 s at 20 cm. One coat of the bonding agent was applied and light
cured for 10 s with a Coltolux LED at 1264 mW/cm2.
LS: One coat of the self-etch primer was applied to the dentin with slight agitation for
15 s, air dried for 10 s at 20 cm, and light cured for 10 s with a Coltolux LED at 1264 mW/
cm2. The bonding agent was applied and light cured for 10 s.
After application of the adhesive systems, the specimens were placed onto a glass slab.
The restorative procedures were performed with the composites, which were bulk-inserted
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Figure 1. Schematic representation of sample preparation and methods. To test each adhesive system
in each one of the three temperatures (25, 37, and 60 °C), 20 bovine incisors were used. The roots were
removed with a diamond saw. The buccal aspect of the crown was wet-ground with SiC abrasive papers
in a polishing machine to obtain flat dentin surfaces. Standardized conical cavities (2 mm top
diameter  1.5 mm bottom diameter  2 mm height) were prepared with conical diamond burs, and their
lingual faces were ground. The adhesive systems were applied following the manufacturers’ directions.
The teeth were restored with composite resin and the buccal and lingual aspects of the restorations were
finished with abrasive papers coupled to a polishing machine. The samples were stored in distilled water
at 37 °C for 24 h. Half of them were subjected to further chemical degradation with 10% NaOCl for 5 h
before initiating the push-out bond strength test in a universal testing machine.
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into the cavity from its wider side. For MP and SE, a methacrylate-based composite resin
was used (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE). For LS, the LS composite resin (Filtek Low-Shrinkage,
3M ESPE) was used. Photoactivation was performed with a Coltolux LED at 1264 mW/cm2
for 20 s. The light tip was positioned directly on the restoration, which had been previously
covered with a Mylar strip. The restorations were finished with abrasive cups and diamond
pastes on the buccal and lingual aspects. The samples were stored in distilled water at 37 °C
for 24 h. Half of them were subjected to further chemical degradation with 10% NaOCl for
5 h [14]. The push-out test was performed in a universal testing machine (model 4411,
Instron, Canton, MA, USA). An acrylic device with a central orifice was adapted to the base
of the machine. Each specimen was placed in the device with the top of its cavity against the
acrylic surface. The bottom surface of the restoration was loaded with a 1 mm diameter cylindrical plunger, at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min, until failure of the tooth–composite bond
occurred in the lateral walls of the cavity. The plunger tip was positioned so that it touched
only the filling material, without stressing the surrounding walls. The load required for failure
was recorded by the testing machine, along with the area of each cavity (transformed into
MPa). The data for the bond strength were analyzed by three-way ANOVA (dental adhesive
system  temperature of the dental bonding agent  aging method), followed by Tukey’s test
(p < 0.05).
Failure modes
The fractured specimens were cut in half with a water-cooled low-speed diamond saw (Isomet
1000, Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) to obtain two specimens. Both specimens were fixed to
aluminum stubs, with the fractured interfaces facing upward. Specimens were sputter-coated
with gold (SDC 050 Suptter Coater, Baltec) and evaluated by scanning electronic microscopy
(JEOL, JSM 5600LV, Tokyo, Japan) to determine the failure mode. The failure modes were
defined as adhesive failure, cohesive failure in composite, and mixed failure (adhesive and
cohesive in composite). The data for the failure modes were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis
(p < 0.05).
Results
Dc
30
For the DC, differences among dental bonding agents and among temperatures of the dental
bonding agents were observed (p < 0.01). Multiple comparisons are shown in Table 2. All of
the dental bonding agents presented higher mean DC values when they were preheated at
60 °C. The bonding agent of the LS dental adhesive system presented the lowest mean DC
value at all temperatures.
Table 2. DC of the preheated bonding agents.
Temperature
Bonding agent
MP
SE
LS
25 °C
37 °C
60 °C
83.0 (0.4) Ba
83.7 (1.8) Ba
75.7 (1.5) Bb
82.4 (0.7) Ba
84.3 (1.5) Ba
76.6 (1.8) Bb
89.1 (1.1) Aa
91.6 (1.6) Aa
82.5 (0.6) Ab
Notes: Data are shown as means (standard deviations). Different uppercase letters in rows and lowercase letters in
columns indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).
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Push-out bond strength
5
The push-out bond strength values showed differences in the dental bonding agent  temperature of the dental bonding agent  aging method interaction (p = 0.02). Multiple comparisons
are shown in Table 3. After storage for 24 h in water, the prepolymerization temperatures of
the dental bonding agents influenced the bond strength values only for LS. Tooth restorations
bonded with preheated dental bonding agents at 60 °C presented the highest bond strength
values. LS showed the highest bond strength compared to the other restorative systems,
regardless of the temperature of the dental bonding agent. MP and SE showed bonding
stability after 10% NaOCl degradation at all temperatures of the bonding agent. LS showed
bonding stability when the bonding agent was preheated at 25 or 37 °C.
10
Failure modes
15
The frequencies of the failure modes are shown in Table 4. There were no statistically
significant differences among the temperatures for each adhesive system.
Discussion
The first hypothesis tested in this study was validated, since dental bonding agents preheated
at 60 °C showed increased DC. However, since higher temperature of the bonding agents did
not provided increased bond durability of restorations, the second hypothesis tested was
rejected. The dental bonding agents are a solvent-free mixture of monomers, which are polymerized after photoactivation. All of the bonding agents showed significantly increased DC
values when they were preheated at 60 °C. Improved monomer conversion of resin-based
materials in response to increased prepolymerization temperature can occur for many reasons.
The viscosity of the material is decreased with increasing temperature, which enhances radical
mobility [7]. The higher the curing temperature (below the glass transition temperature), the
greater the collision of nonreactive groups with free radicals [8]. Temperatures of 25, 37, and
60 °C were chosen to simulate room temperature, body temperature, and properly heated
materials, respectively. Only samples that were preheated at 60 °C displayed improved DC
values, presumably because this temperature provided greater radical mobility and collision of
the nonreactive groups with free radicals. This is in agreement with previous studies
investigating composite resins, which obtained increased DC for preheated materials [7–10].
Table 3. Push-out bond strength of dentin cavities restored with preheated 358 bonding agents,
according to aging method.
Temperature
Aging method
Bonding agent
25 °C
37 °C
60 °C
24 h water storage
MP
SE
LS
10.1 (3.8) Ab
10.8 (3.4) Aab
15.2 (3.5) ABa
7.1 (4.0) Ab
11.3 (2.1) Aab
13.5 (1.8) Ba
9.9 (6.6) Ab
11.1 (4.7) Ab
17.1 (3.8) Aa
24 h water and 5 h
10% NaOCl degradation
MP
SE
LS
7.1 (2.5) Aa
8.6 (3.6) Aa
11.8 (5.7) Aa
7.0 (4.1) Aa
7.8 (2.8) Aa
13.3 (5.3) Aa
9.6 (3.5) Aa
9.3 (3.5) Aa
11.4 (4.4)⁄ Aa
Notes: Data are shown as means (standard deviations). ⁄Different from 24 h water storage by ANOVA for the same
bonding agent and temperature (p < 0.05). Different uppercase letters in rows and lowercase letters in columns
indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).
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Table 4. Frequency of the failure modes.
Aging method
24 h water storage
Temperature of the bonding
agent
A
MP
25 °C
37 °C
60 °C
25 °C
37 °C
60 °C
25 °C
37 °C
60 °C
10
5
7
9
7
5
4
5
1
–
–
1
–
–
–
–
–
3
–
5
2
1
3
5
6
5
6
25 °C
37 °C
60 °C
25 °C
37 °C
60 °C
25 °C
37 °C
60 °C
8
7
6
10
6
5
9
7
6
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
3
4
–
4
5
1
3
4
SE
LS
24 h water storage and
5 h 10% NaOCl
degradation
Failure modes
Adhesive
systems
MP
SE
LS
CC M
p
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
Notes: A: adhesive failure; CC: cohesive failure in composite; M: mixed (adhesive and cohesive in composite). ns:
p > 0.05.
Regardless of the prepolymerization temperature, the dental bonding agent of the LS
adhesive system showed the lowest DC values, whereas those of MP and SE were similar.
The different DC values for the three materials can be attributed to differences in their chemiAQ3 cal compositions. HEMA and TEGDMA are diluent monomers that are frequently added to
AQ4 Bis-GMA mixtures to reduce resin viscosity and increase monomer mobility. These
conditions favor the kinetics of monomer conversion [15]. The bonding agents of MP and SE
10
contain higher amounts of HEMA/TEGDMA monomers than does LS, which is probably
why the LS bonding agent showed a lower DC value.
The LS bonding agent showed the lowest DC. However, teeth restored with the LS system
showed the highest immediate bond strengths. In contrast with all other adhesive systems
tested, the self-etching/primer agent of the LS system must be photoactivated. The polymeriz15
able, self-etching primer of the LS adhesive system may mimic a 1-step self-etching adhesive,
because it contains the three cardinal steps for bonding (i.e. etching, priming, and bonding),
leading to the proper impregnation of the dentin substrate and optimal polymerization [16]. In
fact, the DC of the primer layer is even higher than the DC of the adhesive layer in dentin
interfaces bonded with the LS adhesive system [16]. Moreover, because the bond strength was
20
evaluated in high C-factor dentin cavities, the low shrinkage rates of the LS composite [17]
might be related to the improved bond integrity, due to the low stress levels generated in the
adhesive interface. Both of these attributes likely contributed to increase the immediate bond
strength of samples restored with the Filtek low-shrinkage composite restorative.
Despite the bonding agents preheated at 60 °C had higher DC values than those preheated
25
at 25 and 37 °C, an increase in the immediate bond strength was only observed for LS restorations bonded with the bonding agent preheated at 60 °C. Most likely, the combination of
the increased DC of the bonding agent with the low stress levels in the adhesive interface
provided the higher immediate bond strength for these samples. On the other hand, whereas
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the bonding agents of MP and SE showed higher DC values when they were preheated at
60 °C, the higher stress levels generated by the polymerization-induced shrinkage of the traditional methacrylate-based composite resin could have decreased the immediate bond strength
of these samples.
The temperatures of the dental bonding agents provided statistically similar failure modes
for restorations with the same dental adhesive system. Moreover, most of the tested conditions showed statistically similar bond durability of the dentin restorations. In fact, the 3-step
etch-and-rinse and 2-step self-etching adhesive systems have been shown to display satisfactory short-time dentin bond stability [12]. Use of 10% NaOCl as an aging method can induce
oxidation, leading to the fragmentation of resin unprotected collagen fibrils and affecting the
bond integrity [5]. Moreover, 10% NaOCl can promote resin dissolution at the hybrid layer
of adhesive systems [18], decreasing bond integrity. A demineralized dentin zone that is
insufficiently infiltrated by resin at the bottom of the hybrid layer is classically related to
etch-and-rinse adhesive systems. Nevertheless, collagen fibers that are incompletely coated by
resin have also been observed beneath the hybrid layer in self-etching adhesive systems [16].
Thus, all of the adhesive systems tested in this study could have been exposed to both of
these scenarios under 10% NaOCl use.
The improved DC of the LS dental bonding agent preheated at 60 °C was not sufficient to
prevent NaOCl degradation of the adhesive interface. Polymers with high crosslink densities
(CLDs) are morphologically more compact than those with a linear character and are more
resistant to solvent degradation and liquid absorption [19]. Resin-based polymer networks
with different DC values can present similar CLDs [20]. It is likely that the LS dental bonding agent preheated at 60 °C presented an extremely high DC, but a low CLD. This scenario
would favor, to some extent, the increased absorption of NaOCl and resin degradation,
leading to decreased bond integrity.
Different methods, such as the shear and tensile bond strengths, have been used to
measure dentin bond integrity. One disadvantage of these methodologies is that they are
generally performed on flat surfaces. In such situations, the C-factor is very low and the
shrinkage stress is not directed at the bonding interface [13]. For these reasons, the push-out
bond strength test was employed in the present study. The advantage of using the push-out
test is that the bond strength can be evaluated in a high C-factor cavity (2.2), such as Class V
cavities, with high stress generation directed to the bonding area [11]. The entire bonding area
was subjected to the compressive force at the same time, allowing the shear bond strength to
be evaluated in the cavity. The method also provides a better estimation of the bond strength
than does the conventional shear test, because fracture occurs in parallel (not transverse) with
the dentin bonding interface, thereby simulating the clinical condition [21].
5
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35
Conclusion
40
The dental bonding agents tested showed higher DC values when they were preheated at 60 °
C. However, the increased prepolymerization temperature of the dental bonding agents did
not lead to enhanced bond durability in high C-factor dentin cavities. Therefore, increasing of
the DC of dental bonding agents is not sufficient to improve the bond durability of the dentin
restorations.
45
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to KG Sorensen for providing them with their burs and polishing materials.
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