Artificial intelligence (AI) is a commonly used term as a result of adopting an overly generalized representation.
The main problem is definitions of “intelligence,” which often misinterpret practical notions that the term indicates.
The term serial extraction describes an orthodontic treatment procedure that involves the orderly removal of selected deciduous and permanent teeth in a predetermined sequence
Development of dental occlusion in orthodonticsMothi Krishna
The document discusses the development of dental occlusion from birth through adulthood. It describes the four periods of occlusal development: pre-dental, deciduous dentition, mixed dentition, and permanent dentition. Key events in each period include the development of gum pads in infancy, eruption of primary teeth from 6 months to 6 years, transition between primary and permanent teeth from 6-12 years, and the final establishment of occlusion with full eruption of the permanent dentition. The concepts of ideal and normal occlusion are also introduced.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document discusses orthodontic diagnosis and the essential and supplemental diagnostic aids used. It describes the key components of clinical examination including case history, medical history, dental history, and physical examination of the head, face, lips, nose, and chin. Clinical examination aims to evaluate oral health and function, identify the nature of malocclusions, and determine which diagnostic records are needed for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Artificial intelligence has the potential to transform dentistry. It can help with tasks like scheduling appointments, taking patient histories, and assisting with diagnoses and treatment planning. AI uses machine learning algorithms that learn from large amounts of dental data to help detect issues in radiographs and identify oral diseases. While AI shows promise in many areas like orthodontics, restorative dentistry, and oral pathology, challenges remain around data privacy, system complexity, and ensuring AI outcomes can be readily applied in clinical practice. Overall, AI aims to enhance the work of dental professionals by allowing for more accurate, consistent analyses and diagnoses, not replace human expertise.
Clinical facial analysis (CFA) is used by clinicians to evaluate a patient's face, defining its proportions, appearance, symmetry, and deformities. CFA is beneficial for orthodontists and maxillofacial surgeons to diagnose deformities, plan treatment, and predict outcomes. The steps in CFA include positioning the patient and then analyzing frontal, profile, and 45 degree views of the face to assess vertical and transverse proportions, lip shape, chin position, smile, dental factors, and soft tissue contours. CFA parameters can vary based on racial background, culture, gender, and clinician preferences, and CFA should be performed at initial observation and prior to establishing treatment.
Differential diagnosis and management of gummy smileAbhilasha Goyal
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of gummy smiles. It defines a gummy smile as excessive gingival display when smiling. There are multiple potential etiologies including altered passive eruption, a short upper lip, hyperactive upper lip, vertical maxillary excess, and loss of tooth torque. A thorough facial and intraoral examination is required to differentiate between these causes to guide treatment. Management depends on the specific diagnosis but may include gingivectomy, lip repositioning, orthodontics, orthognathic surgery, or Botox injections. An interdisciplinary approach is often needed to achieve stable correction of gummy smiles.
The document discusses the management of midline diastema. It begins by covering the main etiological factors, including transient malocclusion, tooth material-arch length discrepancies, abnormal frenal attachments, and pressure habits. It then discusses diagnosis and the three phases of management: removal of the cause, active treatment using removable or fixed appliances, and retention using retainers or permanent bonded retainers. The goal is to first address the underlying cause, use appliances to close the space, and retain the correction long-term to prevent relapse.
The term serial extraction describes an orthodontic treatment procedure that involves the orderly removal of selected deciduous and permanent teeth in a predetermined sequence
Development of dental occlusion in orthodonticsMothi Krishna
The document discusses the development of dental occlusion from birth through adulthood. It describes the four periods of occlusal development: pre-dental, deciduous dentition, mixed dentition, and permanent dentition. Key events in each period include the development of gum pads in infancy, eruption of primary teeth from 6 months to 6 years, transition between primary and permanent teeth from 6-12 years, and the final establishment of occlusion with full eruption of the permanent dentition. The concepts of ideal and normal occlusion are also introduced.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document discusses orthodontic diagnosis and the essential and supplemental diagnostic aids used. It describes the key components of clinical examination including case history, medical history, dental history, and physical examination of the head, face, lips, nose, and chin. Clinical examination aims to evaluate oral health and function, identify the nature of malocclusions, and determine which diagnostic records are needed for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Artificial intelligence has the potential to transform dentistry. It can help with tasks like scheduling appointments, taking patient histories, and assisting with diagnoses and treatment planning. AI uses machine learning algorithms that learn from large amounts of dental data to help detect issues in radiographs and identify oral diseases. While AI shows promise in many areas like orthodontics, restorative dentistry, and oral pathology, challenges remain around data privacy, system complexity, and ensuring AI outcomes can be readily applied in clinical practice. Overall, AI aims to enhance the work of dental professionals by allowing for more accurate, consistent analyses and diagnoses, not replace human expertise.
Clinical facial analysis (CFA) is used by clinicians to evaluate a patient's face, defining its proportions, appearance, symmetry, and deformities. CFA is beneficial for orthodontists and maxillofacial surgeons to diagnose deformities, plan treatment, and predict outcomes. The steps in CFA include positioning the patient and then analyzing frontal, profile, and 45 degree views of the face to assess vertical and transverse proportions, lip shape, chin position, smile, dental factors, and soft tissue contours. CFA parameters can vary based on racial background, culture, gender, and clinician preferences, and CFA should be performed at initial observation and prior to establishing treatment.
Differential diagnosis and management of gummy smileAbhilasha Goyal
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of gummy smiles. It defines a gummy smile as excessive gingival display when smiling. There are multiple potential etiologies including altered passive eruption, a short upper lip, hyperactive upper lip, vertical maxillary excess, and loss of tooth torque. A thorough facial and intraoral examination is required to differentiate between these causes to guide treatment. Management depends on the specific diagnosis but may include gingivectomy, lip repositioning, orthodontics, orthognathic surgery, or Botox injections. An interdisciplinary approach is often needed to achieve stable correction of gummy smiles.
The document discusses the management of midline diastema. It begins by covering the main etiological factors, including transient malocclusion, tooth material-arch length discrepancies, abnormal frenal attachments, and pressure habits. It then discusses diagnosis and the three phases of management: removal of the cause, active treatment using removable or fixed appliances, and retention using retainers or permanent bonded retainers. The goal is to first address the underlying cause, use appliances to close the space, and retain the correction long-term to prevent relapse.
Maintenance therapy after active periodontal treatment involves regular recall visits and re-evaluations by the dental team to prevent recurrence of periodontal disease. The goals are to maintain healthy teeth and gums for life through controlling factors like plaque, treating new issues early, and reinforcing proper home care. Regular recall visits every 3 months initially, extending longer as periodontal health improves, allow monitoring and early treatment if disease recurs due to causes like incomplete plaque removal or failure to follow the recall schedule.
This document provides an overview of immediate implant placement. It defines key terminology, discusses the advantages of immediate placement which include preserving bone and soft tissue and reducing treatment time. Guidelines for extractions that allow for immediate placement are described, such as atraumatic extractions and osteotomy preparation techniques. Factors such as implant selection, the use of grafts, and loading protocols are summarized. Potential disadvantages including lack of control of implant position and difficulty obtaining primary stability are also mentioned. The document concludes with a review of literature on case reports evaluating immediate placement.
This document discusses several key considerations for orthodontic treatment in adults. It notes that biological factors like decreased vascularity and bone density make tooth movement more difficult in adults compared to children. Proper diagnosis is important, considering issues like missing teeth and periodontal disease that can impact anchorage. Treatment objectives focus on establishing optimal occlusion and contacts while balancing aesthetics, function, and stability. Lower force levels are recommended due to reduced biological response in adults. Multidisciplinary treatment may be needed and retention requires a long-term approach.
Vestibuloplasty- ridge extension proceduresZeeshan Arif
This document discusses various ridge extension procedures used in dentistry. It begins by introducing the purpose of ridge extension procedures and classifying different types of ridge deficiencies. It then describes three main techniques - mucosal advancement vestibuloplasty, secondary epithelization vestibuloplasty, and grafting vestibuloplasty. Several specific procedures are outlined, including closed submucosal vestibuloplasty, maxillary and mandibular vestibuloplasty, and modifications like the Kazanjian technique and Clark's technique. The document provides detailed information on how each procedure is performed.
This document discusses the interrelationships between orthodontics and periodontics. It notes that orthodontic tooth movement can potentially harm or benefit the periodontal tissues. Topics covered include the periodontal responses to different types of orthodontic tooth movement, as well as how orthodontics can be used to treat osseous defects and improve a patient's periodontal health and access to oral hygiene. However, orthodontic forces may also cause problems like gingival inflammation, root resorption, and pulpal reactions. The document emphasizes the importance of the orthodontist working closely with the periodontist.
This document discusses prosthetic options for implant dentistry. It outlines 5 prosthetic options (FP-1 to FP-3 and RP-4 to RP-5) and describes the amount of support and number of implants required for each. The key steps are to first plan the desired prosthesis, then determine the ideal abutment positions and amount of support needed before placing implants and designing the final restoration. Removable prostheses offer advantages like fewer implants and reduced costs but have higher risks of bone resorption over time.
This document discusses impacted wisdom teeth and their management. It begins by defining impacted teeth and describing the various classifications of impaction. Mesioangular impaction of the mandibular third molar is the most common type. Complications of impacted teeth include pericoronitis, cyst formation, root resorption of adjacent teeth, and pathological fractures. Extraction is usually recommended when a tooth is partially erupted or fully covered by bone or soft tissue. While prophylactic extraction remains controversial, evidence suggests extracting impacted teeth with signs of pathology or repeat episodes of pericoronitis. Careful examination is needed to evaluate risks and benefits of extraction versus retention.
This slide gives you ideas about functional matrix theory revisited by Melvin moss in a series of four articles which he tells the limitations of his first study and how he corrected it . this slide includes Functional matrix theory
Constrains of FMH,Functional matrix theory revisited
Articles,Reference
This document discusses oroantral communications, which are abnormal openings between the mouth and maxillary sinus. It notes various causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests like x-rays, and findings. Treatment options are presented, including determining the size of the defect to decide between spontaneous healing or surgical closure using various flap techniques. Immediate surgical repair with antibiotics, decongestants and analgesics is often recommended. Long term management may also involve supportive medical treatment and later definitive surgical repair once acute issues subside.
This document discusses methods for measuring implant stability, including resonance frequency analysis (RFA). It provides details on RFA and how it works. RFA involves connecting an adapter to the implant to perform non-invasive analysis of peri-implant bone. RFA measurements are displayed as implant stability quotients (ISQs) from 1-100, with higher numbers indicating greater stability. The document also reviews other measurement techniques such as insertion torque, percussion tests, radiography, and histomorphometry and their limitations.
This document discusses various methods of mixed dentition analysis used to predict the size and space needed for unerupted permanent teeth based on measurements of erupted primary and permanent teeth. It describes Nance analysis, Huckaba's method, Moyer's analysis, Tanaka Johnston analysis, Hixon-Oldfather prediction method, and Staley and Kerber method. The document emphasizes that mixed dentition analysis helps evaluate space availability and plan treatment during the transition from primary to permanent dentition.
a brief description of the various diagnostic methods used to classify deep bite and open bite and various treatment modalities used at various stages of it.
The document discusses various theories of craniofacial growth:
1. Remodelling theory states growth occurs through bone remodeling.
2. Genetic theory views growth as genetically programmed but influenced by environmental factors.
3. Sutural theory sees sutures as primary growth centers controlled by heredity and environment.
4. Cartilaginous theory views cartilage, not sutures, as primary growth centers, with cartilage transplants demonstrating growth potential.
5. Functional matrix theory proposes bone growth is primarily influenced by soft tissue function through adaptation.
That's a high-level three sentence summary of the key points made in the document about different theories of craniofac
Relationship between orofacial muscles function and malocclusionRuhi Kashmiri
This document discusses the relationship between muscle function and malocclusion. It states that malocclusion results from an imbalance or disequilibrium between genetic, developmental, functional and environmental factors. Certain muscle functions like tongue thrust swallowing, mouth breathing, thumb sucking, lip biting and neurological conditions can directly cause malocclusions or the muscles change in a compensatory way. Different malocclusions like class II div 1 and 2, and class III have characteristic muscle pathologies. Treatment involves addressing the underlying muscle imbalances through myofunctional therapy or orthodontics to restore the dental equilibrium.
Chin cup for treatment of growing class III patientbilal falahi
Chin cups are a traditional orthopedic appliance used to treat Class III malocclusions. While some studies have found chin cups can temporarily retard mandibular growth and correct the malocclusion through backward rotation, the effects are not consistently maintained long-term. Meta-analyses found chin cups significantly reduced SNB angle and increased ANB and Wits appraisal in the short-term, but heterogeneity between studies was high. Chin cups also increased SN-ML angle and decreased gonial angle, indicating a tendency for increased vertical growth and posterior mandibular rotation. However, long-term stability and the effects of vertical chin cups require more research due to limited data.
This case report describes using corticotomy-assisted orthodontics to rapidly derotate a maxillary canine tooth. The patient had a Class I malocclusion with bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion and a distobuccally rotated upper right canine. Conventional orthodontics failed to derotate the canine over 8 months. Corticotomy, bone grafting, and accelerated orthodontic forces successfully derotated the canine within 4 weeks while reducing overall treatment time. Corticotomy-assisted orthodontics is an effective technique to treat complex malocclusions faster with less root resorption and increased alveolar bone volume compared to conventional orthodontics.
Curve of spee /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses space maintainers, which are appliances used to maintain space after premature loss of primary teeth. It defines space maintainers and describes their important functions. The main causes of premature primary tooth loss are caries, trauma, ectopic eruption, and systemic disorders. Premature loss can lead to undesirable tooth movement and malocclusion. The document discusses factors that influence space closure rate and direction, as well as treatment considerations for timely space maintenance. It also outlines types of space maintainers, including fixed and removable, and their advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides information on band and loop space maintainers. It begins by introducing space maintainers and their objectives in maintaining arch integrity and guiding eruption of permanent teeth. It then discusses different types of space maintainers, including removable, fixed, functional and non-functional varieties. Specific appliances like band and loop, lingual arch, and distal shoe are explained. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of band and loop space maintainers. It provides details on the materials and instrumentation used in fabricating band and loop space maintainers. Overall, the document serves as an overview of band and loop space maintainers, their classification, objectives, considerations and fabrication.
This document discusses the management of impacted canines. It begins with definitions and the most commonly impacted teeth. It then covers the incidence, classification, etiology, theories, localization, and prognosis of canine impactions. Regarding management, it discusses interceptive treatment, surgical exposure techniques for labial and palatal impactions, methods of applying orthodontic traction, and retention considerations. Radiographic diagnosis methods including periapical films, occlusal views, parallax technique, and CT are also summarized.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a commonly used term as a result of adopting an overly generalized representation.
The main problem is definitions of “intelligence,” which often misinterpret practical notions that the term indicates.
The word “artificial,” from medical and biological points of view, quite naturally designates a non-natural property.
Artificial intelligence uses in productive systems and impacts on the world...Fernando Alcoforado
This essay aims to present the scientific and technological advances of artificial intelligence, their uses in productive systems and their impacts in the world of work.
Maintenance therapy after active periodontal treatment involves regular recall visits and re-evaluations by the dental team to prevent recurrence of periodontal disease. The goals are to maintain healthy teeth and gums for life through controlling factors like plaque, treating new issues early, and reinforcing proper home care. Regular recall visits every 3 months initially, extending longer as periodontal health improves, allow monitoring and early treatment if disease recurs due to causes like incomplete plaque removal or failure to follow the recall schedule.
This document provides an overview of immediate implant placement. It defines key terminology, discusses the advantages of immediate placement which include preserving bone and soft tissue and reducing treatment time. Guidelines for extractions that allow for immediate placement are described, such as atraumatic extractions and osteotomy preparation techniques. Factors such as implant selection, the use of grafts, and loading protocols are summarized. Potential disadvantages including lack of control of implant position and difficulty obtaining primary stability are also mentioned. The document concludes with a review of literature on case reports evaluating immediate placement.
This document discusses several key considerations for orthodontic treatment in adults. It notes that biological factors like decreased vascularity and bone density make tooth movement more difficult in adults compared to children. Proper diagnosis is important, considering issues like missing teeth and periodontal disease that can impact anchorage. Treatment objectives focus on establishing optimal occlusion and contacts while balancing aesthetics, function, and stability. Lower force levels are recommended due to reduced biological response in adults. Multidisciplinary treatment may be needed and retention requires a long-term approach.
Vestibuloplasty- ridge extension proceduresZeeshan Arif
This document discusses various ridge extension procedures used in dentistry. It begins by introducing the purpose of ridge extension procedures and classifying different types of ridge deficiencies. It then describes three main techniques - mucosal advancement vestibuloplasty, secondary epithelization vestibuloplasty, and grafting vestibuloplasty. Several specific procedures are outlined, including closed submucosal vestibuloplasty, maxillary and mandibular vestibuloplasty, and modifications like the Kazanjian technique and Clark's technique. The document provides detailed information on how each procedure is performed.
This document discusses the interrelationships between orthodontics and periodontics. It notes that orthodontic tooth movement can potentially harm or benefit the periodontal tissues. Topics covered include the periodontal responses to different types of orthodontic tooth movement, as well as how orthodontics can be used to treat osseous defects and improve a patient's periodontal health and access to oral hygiene. However, orthodontic forces may also cause problems like gingival inflammation, root resorption, and pulpal reactions. The document emphasizes the importance of the orthodontist working closely with the periodontist.
This document discusses prosthetic options for implant dentistry. It outlines 5 prosthetic options (FP-1 to FP-3 and RP-4 to RP-5) and describes the amount of support and number of implants required for each. The key steps are to first plan the desired prosthesis, then determine the ideal abutment positions and amount of support needed before placing implants and designing the final restoration. Removable prostheses offer advantages like fewer implants and reduced costs but have higher risks of bone resorption over time.
This document discusses impacted wisdom teeth and their management. It begins by defining impacted teeth and describing the various classifications of impaction. Mesioangular impaction of the mandibular third molar is the most common type. Complications of impacted teeth include pericoronitis, cyst formation, root resorption of adjacent teeth, and pathological fractures. Extraction is usually recommended when a tooth is partially erupted or fully covered by bone or soft tissue. While prophylactic extraction remains controversial, evidence suggests extracting impacted teeth with signs of pathology or repeat episodes of pericoronitis. Careful examination is needed to evaluate risks and benefits of extraction versus retention.
This slide gives you ideas about functional matrix theory revisited by Melvin moss in a series of four articles which he tells the limitations of his first study and how he corrected it . this slide includes Functional matrix theory
Constrains of FMH,Functional matrix theory revisited
Articles,Reference
This document discusses oroantral communications, which are abnormal openings between the mouth and maxillary sinus. It notes various causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests like x-rays, and findings. Treatment options are presented, including determining the size of the defect to decide between spontaneous healing or surgical closure using various flap techniques. Immediate surgical repair with antibiotics, decongestants and analgesics is often recommended. Long term management may also involve supportive medical treatment and later definitive surgical repair once acute issues subside.
This document discusses methods for measuring implant stability, including resonance frequency analysis (RFA). It provides details on RFA and how it works. RFA involves connecting an adapter to the implant to perform non-invasive analysis of peri-implant bone. RFA measurements are displayed as implant stability quotients (ISQs) from 1-100, with higher numbers indicating greater stability. The document also reviews other measurement techniques such as insertion torque, percussion tests, radiography, and histomorphometry and their limitations.
This document discusses various methods of mixed dentition analysis used to predict the size and space needed for unerupted permanent teeth based on measurements of erupted primary and permanent teeth. It describes Nance analysis, Huckaba's method, Moyer's analysis, Tanaka Johnston analysis, Hixon-Oldfather prediction method, and Staley and Kerber method. The document emphasizes that mixed dentition analysis helps evaluate space availability and plan treatment during the transition from primary to permanent dentition.
a brief description of the various diagnostic methods used to classify deep bite and open bite and various treatment modalities used at various stages of it.
The document discusses various theories of craniofacial growth:
1. Remodelling theory states growth occurs through bone remodeling.
2. Genetic theory views growth as genetically programmed but influenced by environmental factors.
3. Sutural theory sees sutures as primary growth centers controlled by heredity and environment.
4. Cartilaginous theory views cartilage, not sutures, as primary growth centers, with cartilage transplants demonstrating growth potential.
5. Functional matrix theory proposes bone growth is primarily influenced by soft tissue function through adaptation.
That's a high-level three sentence summary of the key points made in the document about different theories of craniofac
Relationship between orofacial muscles function and malocclusionRuhi Kashmiri
This document discusses the relationship between muscle function and malocclusion. It states that malocclusion results from an imbalance or disequilibrium between genetic, developmental, functional and environmental factors. Certain muscle functions like tongue thrust swallowing, mouth breathing, thumb sucking, lip biting and neurological conditions can directly cause malocclusions or the muscles change in a compensatory way. Different malocclusions like class II div 1 and 2, and class III have characteristic muscle pathologies. Treatment involves addressing the underlying muscle imbalances through myofunctional therapy or orthodontics to restore the dental equilibrium.
Chin cup for treatment of growing class III patientbilal falahi
Chin cups are a traditional orthopedic appliance used to treat Class III malocclusions. While some studies have found chin cups can temporarily retard mandibular growth and correct the malocclusion through backward rotation, the effects are not consistently maintained long-term. Meta-analyses found chin cups significantly reduced SNB angle and increased ANB and Wits appraisal in the short-term, but heterogeneity between studies was high. Chin cups also increased SN-ML angle and decreased gonial angle, indicating a tendency for increased vertical growth and posterior mandibular rotation. However, long-term stability and the effects of vertical chin cups require more research due to limited data.
This case report describes using corticotomy-assisted orthodontics to rapidly derotate a maxillary canine tooth. The patient had a Class I malocclusion with bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion and a distobuccally rotated upper right canine. Conventional orthodontics failed to derotate the canine over 8 months. Corticotomy, bone grafting, and accelerated orthodontic forces successfully derotated the canine within 4 weeks while reducing overall treatment time. Corticotomy-assisted orthodontics is an effective technique to treat complex malocclusions faster with less root resorption and increased alveolar bone volume compared to conventional orthodontics.
Curve of spee /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses space maintainers, which are appliances used to maintain space after premature loss of primary teeth. It defines space maintainers and describes their important functions. The main causes of premature primary tooth loss are caries, trauma, ectopic eruption, and systemic disorders. Premature loss can lead to undesirable tooth movement and malocclusion. The document discusses factors that influence space closure rate and direction, as well as treatment considerations for timely space maintenance. It also outlines types of space maintainers, including fixed and removable, and their advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides information on band and loop space maintainers. It begins by introducing space maintainers and their objectives in maintaining arch integrity and guiding eruption of permanent teeth. It then discusses different types of space maintainers, including removable, fixed, functional and non-functional varieties. Specific appliances like band and loop, lingual arch, and distal shoe are explained. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of band and loop space maintainers. It provides details on the materials and instrumentation used in fabricating band and loop space maintainers. Overall, the document serves as an overview of band and loop space maintainers, their classification, objectives, considerations and fabrication.
This document discusses the management of impacted canines. It begins with definitions and the most commonly impacted teeth. It then covers the incidence, classification, etiology, theories, localization, and prognosis of canine impactions. Regarding management, it discusses interceptive treatment, surgical exposure techniques for labial and palatal impactions, methods of applying orthodontic traction, and retention considerations. Radiographic diagnosis methods including periapical films, occlusal views, parallax technique, and CT are also summarized.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a commonly used term as a result of adopting an overly generalized representation.
The main problem is definitions of “intelligence,” which often misinterpret practical notions that the term indicates.
The word “artificial,” from medical and biological points of view, quite naturally designates a non-natural property.
Artificial intelligence uses in productive systems and impacts on the world...Fernando Alcoforado
This essay aims to present the scientific and technological advances of artificial intelligence, their uses in productive systems and their impacts in the world of work.
Toward enhancement of deep learning techniques using fuzzy logic: a survey IJECEIAES
This document provides an overview of deep learning techniques and how fuzzy logic can be used to enhance them. It discusses how deep learning works and some of its applications, such as self-driving cars, sentiment analysis, virtual assistants, and healthcare. It also provides an introduction to fuzzy logic and how it can simulate human thinking better than binary logic by allowing for degrees of truth. The document surveys previous studies that have combined deep learning and fuzzy logic models to improve deep learning performance by making the models better able to handle imprecise or ambiguous real-world data.
How could machines learn as eciently as humans and animals? How could machines
learn to reason and plan? How could machines learn representations of percepts
and action plans at multiple levels of abstraction, enabling them to reason, predict,
and plan at multiple time horizons? This position paper proposes an architecture and
training paradigms with which to construct autonomous intelligent agents. It combines
concepts such as congurable predictive world model, behavior driven through intrinsic
motivation, and hierarchical joint embedding architectures trained with self-supervised
learning.
This document is not a technical nor scholarly paper in the traditional sense, but a position
paper expressing my vision for a path towards intelligent machines that learn more like
animals and humans, that can reason and plan, and whose behavior is driven by intrinsic
objectives, rather than by hard-wired programs, external supervision, or external rewards.
Many ideas described in this paper (almost all of them) have been formulated by many
authors in various contexts in various form. The present piece does not claim priority for
any of them but presents a proposal for how to assemble them into a consistent whole. In
particular, the piece pinpoints the challenges ahead. It also lists a number of avenues that
are likely or unlikely to succeed.
The text is written with as little jargon as possible, and using as little mathematical
prior knowledge as possible, so as to appeal to readers with a wide variety of backgrounds
including neuroscience, cognitive science, and philosophy, in addition to machine learning,
robotics, and other fields of engineering. I hope that this piece will help contextualize some
of the research in AI whose relevance is sometimes difficult to see.
Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: What we need to Know?semualkaira
Although dated back to 1950, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has not become a practical tool until two decades ago. In fact, AI is the ability of machines to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. AI applications have been started to provide convenience to peoples lives due to the rapid development of big data computational power, as well as AI algorithm.
The document provides an overview of artificial intelligence (AI), including its history, how it works, branches of AI such as ontology, heuristics, genetic programming and epistemology, goals of AI, and uses of AI. It discusses how AI was founded in 1956 and aims to make computers intelligent like humans by applying knowledge through scientific theorems and neural networks. The goals of AI include solving knowledge-intensive tasks, replicating human intelligence, and enhancing human and computer interactions. AI has applications in various fields such as finance, healthcare, transportation, gaming and more.
The relationship between artificial intelligence and psychological theoriesEr. rahul abhishek
Psychology is one of the parent elements of artificial
intelligence or we can also say that it is the main source for
artificial intelligence. In this paper we are discussing about the
theories of psychology used in AI. Since psychology is the study
of human brain and its nature and AI is the branch which deals
with the intelligence in machine, so for understanding the
intelligence of a machine we have to compare with human
intelligence because AI means the intelligence shown by a
machine like a human being.
Nowadays, we remark that breakthroughs in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) suggesting its similarity
with human beings, tremendous diversity of subfields and terminologies implied in the AI discipline, huge
diversity of AI techniques, mistakes of AI and hype could lead to confusion about a clear understanding of
the field (due to multiplicity of elements, brilliant successes, and senseless failures at the same time). In
some cases, misunderstanding about AI led to hype, firing, and rude criticism even among many senior
experts of the AI domain. Therefore, we detected the need for a short and very comprehensive overview of
the whole and very vast AI field (as a good and useful reference) for providing fast insights leading to a
better contextual understanding. And all of this by putting all aspects of AI together in few pages, based on
practical and realistic (empirical) studies. Indeed, as only long training paths based on several outstanding
books can fully cover all aspects of the AI discipline in several years, a short AI approach with shallow
technical aspects would be suitable for everybody no matter their fields of activity, and so would contribute
to avoiding misunderstandings about AI.
Nowadays, we remark that breakthroughs in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) suggesting its similarity
with human beings, tremendous diversity of subfields and terminologies implied in the AI discipline, huge
diversity of AI techniques, mistakes of AI and hype could lead to confusion about a clear understanding of
the field (due to multiplicity of elements, brilliant successes, and senseless failures at the same time). In
some cases, misunderstanding about AI led to hype, firing, and rude criticism even among many senior
experts of the AI domain. Therefore, we detected the need for a short and very comprehensive overview of
the whole and very vast AI field (as a good and useful reference) for providing fast insights leading to a
better contextual understanding.
This document discusses intelligent computing relating to cloud computing. It introduces applying artificial intelligence to cloud computing to develop self-managing computer systems. For example, developing software that regulates computer power consumption to reduce energy use. The document also discusses using affective computing and advanced intelligence to improve cloud computing efficiency by allowing applications to anticipate situations and make real-time decisions over the internet. Finally, it proposes that true cloud computing should be based on natural language understanding to allow access via lightweight devices like phones, not just traditional computers.
Foundations of ANNs: Tolstoy’s Genius Explored Using Transformer Architecturegerogepatton
Artificial Narrow Intelligence is in the phase of moving towards the AGN, which will attempt
to decide as a human being. We are getting closer to it by each day, but AI actually is indefinite to
many, although it is no different than any other set of mathematically defined computer operations in its
core. Generating new data from a pre-trained model introduces new challenges to science & technology. In
this work, the design of such an architecture from scratch, solving problems, and introducing alternative
approaches are what has been conducted. Using a deep thinker, Tolstoy, as an object of study is a source
of motivation for the entire research.
Foundations of ANNs: Tolstoy’s Genius Explored using Transformer Architecturegerogepatton
Artificial Narrow Intelligence is in the phase of moving towards the AGN, which will attempt
to decide as a human being. We are getting closer to it by each day, but AI actually is indefinite to
many, although it is no different than any other set of mathematically defined computer operations in its
core. Generating new data from a pre-trained model introduces new challenges to science & technology. In
this work, the design of such an architecture from scratch, solving problems, and introducing alternative
approaches are what has been conducted. Using a deep thinker, Tolstoy, as an object of study is a source
of motivation for the entire research.
Foundations of ANNs: Tolstoy’s Genius Explored Using Transformer Architectureijaia
Artificial Narrow Intelligence is in the phase of moving towards the AGN, which will attempt
to decide as a human being. We are getting closer to it by each day, but AI actually is indefinite to
many, although it is no different than any other set of mathematically defined computer operations in its
core. Generating new data from a pre-trained model introduces new challenges to science & technology. In
this work, the design of such an architecture from scratch, solving problems, and introducing alternative
approaches are what has been conducted. Using a deep thinker, Tolstoy, as an object of study is a source
of motivation for the entire research.
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the cancer secretome has been described as including the extracellular matrix components and all the proteins that are released from a given type of cancer cells, such as growth factors, cytokines, adhesion molecules, shed receptors and proteases, and reflects the functionality of this cell type at a given time point (Kulasingam and Diamandis, 2008).
Therefore, the cancer secretome includes proteins released from cancer cells, either with classical or non-classical secretory pathways, and corresponds to an important class of proteins that can act both locally and systemically (Kulasingam and Diamandis, 2008).
Theoretically, the cancer secretome includes all the proteins that can be identified in the interstitial fluid of the tumor mass in vivo (Celis et al., 2005), however it is better conceptualized as the group of proteins identified with mass spectrometry in cancer cell line conditioned media (CM) in in vitro studies (Kulasingam and Diamandis, 2008).
the cancer secretome has been described as including the extracellular matrix components and all the proteins that are released from a given type of cancer cells, such as growth factors, cytokines, adhesion molecules, shed receptors and proteases, and reflects the functionality of this cell type at a given time point (Kulasingam and Diamandis, 2008).
Therefore, the cancer secretome includes proteins released from cancer cells, either with classical or non-classical secretory pathways, and corresponds to an important class of proteins that can act both locally and systemically (Kulasingam and Diamandis, 2008).
Theoretically, the cancer secretome includes all the proteins that can be identified in the interstitial fluid of the tumor mass in vivo (Celis et al., 2005), however it is better conceptualized as the group of proteins identified with mass spectrometry in cancer cell line conditioned media (CM) in in vitro studies (Kulasingam and Diamandis, 2008).
. HIV-1-infected monocyte–macrophages traverse the BBB and enter the CNS throughout the course of HIV-1 disease. Once in the brain, both free virus and virus-infected cells are able to infect neighboring resident microglia and astrocytes and possibly other cell types.
HIV-1-infected cells in both the periphery and the CNS give rise to elevated levels of viral proteins, including gp120, Tat, and Nef, and of host inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines.
It has been shown that the viral proteins may act alone or in concert with host cytokines and chemokines, affecting the integrity of the BBB. The pathological end point of these interactions may facilitate a positive feedback loop resulting in increased penetration of HIV into the CNS
. HIV-1-infected monocyte–macrophages traverse the BBB and enter the CNS throughout the course of HIV-1 disease. Once in the brain, both free virus and virus-infected cells are able to infect neighboring resident microglia and astrocytes and possibly other cell types.
HIV-1-infected cells in both the periphery and the CNS give rise to elevated levels of viral proteins, including gp120, Tat, and Nef, and of host inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines.
It has been shown that the viral proteins may act alone or in concert with host cytokines and chemokines, affecting the integrity of the BBB. The pathological end point of these interactions may facilitate a positive feedback loop resulting in increased penetration of HIV into the CNS
Inflammatory gingival hyperplasia is an inflammatory restraint to local irritant correlating with the gingiva; the irritant could be microbial like plaque and calculus.
Clinically present as deep red or bluish, considerably friable and fine with smooth glossy surface and commonly bleed easily [1].
These conditions are presented with the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), where the basal lamina show disruptions and epithelial cells migrate into connective tissue and change their phenotypes to fibroblast-like cells [12].
Many evidences that CSCs also play a central role in the pathogenesis and progression of carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC), including OSCC,have been found.
Early tissue culture studies showed that only a subpopulation of OSCC cells can form expanding tumor colonies, suggesting that human OSCC may contain some form of stem cells and it was subsequently shown that only a small subpopulation of the cells in OSCC corresponds to tumor-initiating cells.
These finding are in accordance with CSCs concept (17,34) that the tumor mass is a mixture of (a) CSCs dividing themselves to feed the tumor's growth, b) transient amplifying cells that divide themselves a few times before maturing into (c) differentiated tumor cells that do not contribute to tumor growth (4).
The isolation of CSCs from oral cancers has mainly been performed with the CD44 marker that was initially used to isolate breast cancer CSCs.
Many evidences that CSCs also play a central role in the pathogenesis and progression of carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC), including OSCC,have been found.
Early tissue culture studies showed that only a subpopulation of OSCC cells can form expanding tumor colonies, suggesting that human OSCC may contain some form of stem cells and it was subsequently shown that only a small subpopulation of the cells in OSCC corresponds to tumor-initiating cells.
These finding are in accordance with CSCs concept (17,34) that the tumor mass is a mixture of (a) CSCs dividing themselves to feed the tumor's growth, b) transient amplifying cells that divide themselves a few times before maturing into (c) differentiated tumor cells that do not contribute to tumor growth (4).
The isolation of CSCs from oral cancers has mainly been performed with the CD44 marker that was initially used to isolate breast cancer CSCs.
Clinical Description
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) spectrum disorder is a skeletal dysplasia representing a clinical continuum ranging from classic CCD (triad of delayed closure of the cranial sutures, hypoplastic or aplastic clavicles, and dental abnormalities), to mild CCD, to isolated dental anomalies without other skeletal features [Golan et al 2000]. Most individuals are diagnosed because they have classic features. CCD spectrum disorder affects most prominently those bones derived from intramembranous ossification, such as the cranium and the clavicles, although bones formed through endochondral ossification can also be affected. Cooper et al [2001] recorded the natural history of 90 probands and 56 first- and second-degree relatives; findings highlight the clinical variability of this condition within affected members of the same family who harbor the same pathogenic variant. Roberts et al [2013] reviewed their experience with more than 100 affected individuals in South Africa.
Classic CCD. The most prominent clinical findings in individuals with classic CCD are listed in Suggestive Findings and include: abnormally large, wide-open fontanelles at birth that may remain open throughout life; clavicular hypoplasia resulting in narrow, sloping shoulders that can be opposed at the midline; and abnormal dentition
Further medical problems identified in individuals with CCD spectrum disorder include short stature, skeletal/orthopedic findings, dental complications, ENT complications, endocrine findings, and mild developmental delay.
Molecular Pathogenesis
RUNX2 encodes runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), a transcription factor involved in osteoblast differentiation and skeletal morphogenesis. RUNX2 is essential for osteoblast differentiation during intramembranous ossification as well as chondrocyte maturation during endochondral ossification [Zheng et al 2005]. RUNX2 contains an N-terminal stretch of consecutive polyglutamine and polyalanine repeats known as the Q/A domain, a runt domain, and a C-terminal proline/serine/threonine-rich (PST) activation domain. The runt domain is a 128-amino-acid polypeptide motif originally described in the Drosophila runt gene that has the unique ability to independently mediate DNA binding and protein heterodimerization [Zhou et al 1999].
The majority of RUNX2 pathogenic variants in individuals with classic CCD affect the runt domain and most are predicted to abolish DNA binding [Lee et al 1997, Mundlos et al 1997, Otto et al 2002]. Pathogenic missense variants cluster at arginine 225 (p.Arg225) of RUNX2, a critical residue for RUNX2 function. In vitro studies have shown that pathogenic missense variants at p.Arg225 interfere with nuclear accumulation of RUNX2.
Hypomorphic RUNX2 alleles with partial loss of protein function, c.90dupC and c.598A>G, are associated with mild CCD, isolated dental anomalies, and significant intrafamilial variability.
Mechanism of disease causation. Loss of function
RUNX2-sp
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) spectrum disorder is a skeletal dysplasia representing a clinical continuum ranging from classic CCD (triad of delayed closure of the cranial sutures, hypoplastic or aplastic clavicles, and dental abnormalities), to mild CCD, to isolated dental anomalies without other skeletal features [Golan et al 2000]. Most individuals are diagnosed because they have classic features. CCD spectrum disorder affects most prominently those bones derived from intramembranous ossification, such as the cranium and the clavicles, although bones formed through endochondral ossification can also be affected. Cooper et al [2001] recorded the natural history of 90 probands and 56 first- and second-degree relatives; findings highlight the clinical variability of this condition within affected members of the same family who harbor the same pathogenic variant. Roberts et al [2013] reviewed their experience with more than 100 affected individuals in South Africa.
Wound healing is a highly dynamic process and involves complex interactions of extracellular matrix molecules, soluble mediators, various resident cells, and infiltrating leukocyte subtypes.
The immediate goal in repair is to achieve tissue integrity and homeostasis
PV is caused by autoantibodies that target cadherins, specifically desmogleins, though there may be some role for desmocollin; thus, this is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction.[24][25] Acantholysis, or the loss of keratinocyte–keratinocyte adhesion, is interrupted by circulating IgG autoantibodies to intercellular adhesion molecules.[26][27] Acantholysis is seen as a result of the autoantibodies destroying the intracellular connections, leading to bullae that can easily rupture (known clinically as the Nikolsky sign).
A “super-compensation hypothesis” recently submitted by Sinha et al. proposes that additional factors may also play a role in PV.[28] Multiple mechanisms for antibody-induced acantholysis have been suggested, including the induction of signal transduction and the inhibition of adhesive molecule function through steric hindrance, which can trigger cell separation.[29] The pathogenesis of PV has been described in more detail by Hammers et al.[30]
In patients with PV, autoantibodies against desmoglein 1 (Dsg 1) and desmoglein 3 (Dsg 3) is the purported cause.[31] Desmogleins are transmembrane glycoproteins that are an integral part of desmosomes which, in part, are required for cell–cell adhesion via interaction with intermediate filaments. The most common targets of desmoglein for IgG antibodies are the extracellular cadherin domains, which can result in the loss of desmosome-adhesive properties. These signaling pathways trigger endocytosis, depletion, and direct inhibition of Dsg 3 interactions.[32] It is generally believed that the amino portion of the cadherin proteins is most implicated in the pathogenesis of acantholysis leading to PV.[33]
Many animal models have shown that enzymatic inactivation of Dsg 1 and gene deletion of Dsg 3 results in pathology similar to PV.[34][35] This phenomenon was observed to be dose-dependent and suggests that reducing the circulating levels of IgG against Dsg 1 and Dsg 3 can improve patient outcomes.[36] In patients with primarily cutaneous disease, Dsg 1 likely plays a role more superficially, whereas Dsg 3 is more likely to be found in deeper cutaneous structures and mucous membranes.[37][38] The implication is that Dsg 3 can compensate for the absence of Dsg 1 in mucosal structures (thus demonstrating PV in cutaneous lesions only). In contrast, Dsg 1 without Dsg 3 is insufficient to manage mucous membranes or cutaneous lesions alone, implying that Dsg 1 is in lower proportion in mucous membranes.
The binding of antibodies to desmogleins has been confirmed by epitope mapping and is presumed to disrupt desmoglein binding by affecting steric hindrance.[39] Another theory for the pathophysiology of PV is the desmoglein nonassembly depletion hypothesis. This theory suggests that autoantibodies not only bind desmoglein but that they also bind each other, leading to crosslinking and the inability of desmosomes to maintain cell–cell adhesion.[40][41]
PV is caused by autoantibodies that target cadherins, specifically desmogleins, though there may be some role for desmocollin; thus, this is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction.[24][25] Acantholysis, or the loss of keratinocyte–keratinocyte adhesion, is interrupted by circulating IgG autoantibodies to intercellular adhesion molecules.[26][27] Acantholysis is seen as a result of the autoantibodies destroying the intracellular connections, leading to bullae that can easily rupture (known clinically as the Nikolsky sign).
A “super-compensation hypothesis” recently submitted by Sinha et al. proposes that additional factors may also play a role in PV.[28] Multiple mechanisms for antibody-induced acantholysis have been suggested, including the induction of signal transduction and the inhibition of adhesive molecule function through steric hindrance, which can trigger cell separation.[29] The pathogenesis of PV has been described in more detail by Hammers et al.[30]
In patients with PV, autoantibodies against desmoglein 1 (Dsg 1) and desmoglein 3 (Dsg 3) is the purported cause.[31] Desmogleins are transmembrane glycoproteins that are an integral part of desmosomes which, in part, are required for cell–cell adhesion via interaction with intermediate filaments. The most common targets of desmoglein for IgG antibodies are the extracellular cadherin domains, which can result in the loss of desmosome-adhesive properties. These signaling pathways trigger endocytosis, depletion, and direct inhibition of Dsg 3 interactions.[32] It is generally believed that the amino portion of the cadherin proteins is most implicated in the pathogenesis of acantholysis leading to PV.[33]
Many animal models have shown that enzymatic inactivation of Dsg 1 and gene deletion of Dsg 3 results in pathology similar to PV.[34][35] This phenomenon was observed to be dose-dependent and suggests that reducing the circulating levels of IgG against Dsg 1 and Dsg 3 can improve patient outcomes.[36] In patients with primarily cutaneous disease, Dsg 1 likely plays a role more superficially, whereas Dsg 3 is more likely to be found in deeper cutaneous structures and mucous membranes.[37][38] The implication is that Dsg 3 can compensate for the absence of Dsg 1 in mucosal structures (thus demonstrating PV in cutaneous lesions only). In contrast, Dsg 1 without Dsg 3 is insufficient to manage mucous membranes or cutaneous lesions alone, implying that Dsg 1 is in lower proportion in mucous membranes.
The binding of antibodies to desmogleins has been confirmed by epitope mapping and is presumed to disrupt desmoglein binding by affecting steric hindrance.[39] Another theory for the pathophysiology of PV is the desmoglein nonassembly depletion hypothesis. This theory suggests that autoantibodies not only bind desmoglein but that they also bind each other, leading to crosslinking and the inability of desmosomes to maintain cell–cell adhesion.[40][41]
The primary function of platelets is their role in hemostasis. Briefly, under normal physiological conditions, platelets will adhere to and begin to spread over the surface of subendothelial cells exposed by damage to the vascular endothelium.(1) Adhesion is dependent on the platelet membrane glycoprotein lb complex. The von Willebrand factor (vWF) is required for both adhesion and spreading.
The primary function of platelets is their role in hemostasis. Briefly, under normal physiological conditions, platelets will adhere to and begin to spread over the surface of subendothelial cells exposed by damage to the vascular endothelium.(1) Adhesion is dependent on the platelet membrane glycoprotein lb complex. The von Willebrand factor (vWF) is required for both adhesion and spreading.
Phagocytosis begins with adhesion of the phagocyte surface receptors to the pathogen, which then is internalized into vesicles called phagosomes.
Inside the phagocyte, the phagosome fuses to lysosomes, whose contents are released with consequent digestion and pathogen elimination.
Changes in the oxidase’s gene system components present in phagolysosome membrane lead to disability in respiratory burst and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Phagocytosis begins with adhesion of the phagocyte surface receptors to the pathogen, which then is internalized into vesicles called phagosomes.
Inside the phagocyte, the phagosome fuses to lysosomes, whose contents are released with consequent digestion and pathogen elimination.
Changes in the oxidase’s gene system components present in phagolysosome membrane lead to disability in respiratory burst and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Platelets have many functions, including phagocytosis of viruses, latex, immune complexes and iron; maintenance of vascular integrity
by filling gaps that form in the endothelium and by directly supporting endothelial cells; synthesis and release of vWF in humans and some animal species, and fibronectin;
participating in surface adhesion andactivation processess (Caen and Rosa, 1995; Clemetson, 1995; Nurden, 1995);
production and release of potent smooth muscle and endothelial cell proliferating factor( s); and retraction of clots, a process that stabilizes the initial hemostatic plug and activates clot lysis.
Platelets have many functions, including phagocytosis of viruses, latex, immune complexes and iron; maintenance of vascular integrity
by filling gaps that form in the endothelium and by directly supporting endothelial cells; synthesis and release of vWF in humans and some animal species, and fibronectin;
participating in surface adhesion andactivation processess (Caen and Rosa, 1995; Clemetson, 1995; Nurden, 1995);
production and release of potent smooth muscle and endothelial cell proliferating factor( s); and retraction of clots, a process that stabilizes the initial hemostatic plug and activates clot lysis.
Tooth development proceeds with reciprocal inductive interactions between stomadeum ectoderm and underlying ectomesenchymal cells in a strictly controlled temporal and spatial order.
Well studied at the molecular biologic level, over 300 genes and 100 growth and differentiation factors are implicated in the control of cellular differentiation and crosstalk in dental development that result in structures containing combination of mineralized tissues (enamel, dentine, cementum), soft connective tissues (dental pulp, periodontal ligament), blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.
Tooth development proceeds with reciprocal inductive interactions between stomadeum ectoderm and underlying ectomesenchymal cells in a strictly controlled temporal and spatial order.
Well studied at the molecular biologic level, over 300 genes and 100 growth and differentiation factors are implicated in the control of cellular differentiation and crosstalk in dental development that result in structures containing combination of mineralized tissues (enamel, dentine, cementum), soft connective tissues (dental pulp, periodontal ligament), blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
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Artificial-intelligence and its applications in medicine and dentistry.pdf
1.
2. Assistant lecture of Oral Medicine,
Periodontology, Diagnosis and Dental
Radiology (Al-Azhar Univerisity)
3. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a commonly used term as a
result of adopting an overly generalized representation.
The main problem is definitions of “intelligence,” which
often misinterpret practical notions that the term indicates.
The word “artificial,” from medical and biological points of
view, quite naturally designates a non-natural property.
4.
5.
6. “AI.” The coexistence of the concepts of strong and
weak AI can be seen as a result of the recognition of the
limits of mathematical and engineering concepts that
dominated definitions of AI in the first place.
7. When the term “AI” was introduced, it meant a system
that was operated in the same way as human intelligence
through non-natural, artificial hardware, and software
construction, meaning strong AI.
The concept of strong AI first requires an adjustment of
the definition of intelligence.
8.
9. Strong AI therefore designates intelligence with a
universal ability to deal with unpredictable situations,
to be able to function in the same manner as a human
being's intellect, and also to include its power of
comprehension and even its consciousness.
10. Instead of trying to emulate a human mindfully, weak AI
focuses on creating knowledge that is concerned with a
specific task.
It is fundamentally different from a human's intelligence
since it is essentially learned from those who lead the AI
development
11.
12. Weak AI means a system in which human beings take
advantage of some medical and logical mechanisms in
which intelligence works to efficiently execute intellectual
activities that a human can perform.[3]
13. The definition of a weak AI is carried out while
acknowledging that the implementation of computing
is fundamentally different from the intelligence of a
person.
14. It is a fundamental precept of those who lead
the development of weak AI that it is not
necessary to implement comprehensive human
intelligence to obtain a desired functional system.
15. Weak AI attempts to implement a system that develops
the problem-solving ability by itself through learning
using some of the sense and thinking mechanisms of
people.
16. The realization of machine learning through the
construction of a bio-inspired artificial neural
network is a widely used method that applies weak
AI.[7]
17.
18.
19. The scholars who established and developed the concept
of an artificial neural network and machine learning gained
lessons from the case of aviation technology development
in the early 20th century.
20. In 1943, McCulloch and Pitts (9) suggested neural
networks as a way to replicate the human brain.
Artificial neural networks (ANN) as an alternative to
traditional analytics constitute an essential element of
AI in the processes of artificial reasoning.
21. As such, ANN is based on the biological nervous systems
of the neurons present in the human brain (10).
The concept itself is similar to neural signals and the
human brain’s operation, in which, the neurons are
created artificially on a computer..
22.
23. ANN starts with the input information in the network
that transfers through each neuron by connections
which are supposed to be the dendrites in the artificial
neuron.
24. There is a specific weight for each connection, which
corresponds to the strength of each signal.
When these input signals pass through the connections,
they are regulated according to the connection’s weight by
multiplying the input with its weight and then summarizing
them by a simple arithmetic method to activate a node
25. In the node, there is a threshold logic unit, this function
can be considered as the nucleus.
If the measured value is greater than the threshold
value, the value could be considered as the neuron
output passing through the axon to another neuron.
Connecting many artificial neurons in layers creates an
ANN (11).
26. This concept was successfully developed in 1958 by
Rosenblatt (12), who was determined to create an
artificial neuron to classify the image and denominate
his invention as the perceptron.
27.
28. However, there is still a large difference between humans
and ANN.
ANN still relies on algorithms based on step-by-step
thinking (13), commonly called brute force, described as
a programming style which does not include any
shortcuts to improve performance, but relies instead on
pure computer power to consider all the possibilities until
a solution to the problem is found (14
29. Therefore, difficult tasks require extremely large computer
resources.
Moreover, researchers have created the methods and
algorithms to handle uncertain and incomplete information
with the idea of the probability theory to cope with those
situations.
30. Unlike machinery, humans are intuitive to solve several
problems and do not always employ their thinking skills
into consideration of all the probabilities, but are mostly
based on reasoning (15).
This sub-symbolic thinking is what AI seeks to get as
close as possible.
31. There are still many misunderstandings about the
terms machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL) or AI.
Most people think all these words are the same, but
AI simply means replicating a human brain, and the way
a human brain thinks, functions, and works.
32.
33. Meanwhile, ML is an essential part of AI (17) consisting of
the most advanced techniques and models that enable
computers to predict data.
On the other hand, DL is a better designed ML field that
uses multilayered neural networks to provide a high
accuracy for each particular task (16, 18).
34. ML is a branch of computer science interested in finding
patterns in the data and making predictions using those
patterns.
35. Through the most essential part of ML, the iterative
learning process, ML algorithms seek to optimize over a
certain dimension, i.e. they generally try to minimize
error or increase the probability of their predictions
becoming correct until they are unable to achieve any
less error (20)
36. ML's objective is to find the proper strategy to answer
accurate predictions and ML can be divided into three
categories, based on the input sample differences (21),
which are the following
37. . 1. Supervised learning: The sample has both input data
and corresponding output labeled. It is the most widely
used kind of learning to make a tagged suggestion when
uploading a photo.
For example, Facebook can tell a person’s face apart
from their friend’s face.
2.Unsupervised learning: The samples only have an input
feature vector; no corresponding output mark exists.
38. The objective is to identify all specimens by using
methods, such as, clustering or grouping. For example,
YouTube can find the pattern in the frame of videos and
compress those frames, so that the videos can quickly
stream to the viewer.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. 3.Reinforced learning (RL): In a dynamic and interactive
environment, the learner performs a specific action in
which the objective is to achieve the maximum
cumulative reward value through experimentation of trial
and error.
44. .For example, children learn to walk because no
one tells them how; they just practice, stumble and
get better balance until they can put one foot in front
of the other. RL has become the most commonly
used ML algorithm, after it was first introduced in
1956
45. RL is a form of active learning (exploration and
exploitation) compared with supervised learning and
unsupervised learning (22); particularly, it is a strategic
learning process that develops on the basis of the situation
46. RL emphasizes state-based behavior to achieve a
maximum predicted reward where RL communicates with
its environment through a process of trial and error and
learns the optimal strategy by optimizing cumulative
rewards.
47. Deep learning DL is basically a neural network with
multiple hidden layers (16), which can be called a
subtype of ML (16, 18).
The basic concept behind DL is to combine low layer
features to form abstract and easily distinguishable
high layer representations through multilayered
network structures.
48. Through DL, deeply embedded representations
of features can be obtained by eliminating the
limitation caused by manual feature selection
complexity and high dimensional data (24).
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55. The term “Machine Learning (ML)" refers to various
statistical techniques that allow computers to learn from
experience without being explicitly programmed. This
learning usually takes the form of changes to how an
algorithm works.
56. An ML system may recognize faces by studying a collection
of photographs depicting various people.
Unsupervised learning and supervised learning are the
two major branches of ML. Healthcare is one of the world’s
largest industries that can benefit from this technology [1–
3].
57. The average life expectancy has increased substantially
during the last century with technological developments.
While technology has improved significantly since the
past, emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence
(AI) and ML promise a renaissance in healthcare.
58. Using computing, of course, even the most minute and
most negligible parts of any operation can be simplified
to near perfection.
ML is already present in healthcare, but it offers much
potential for future implementation [4,5].
89. In a previous study, artificial neural network analysis was
applied to construct a toothache prediction model and to
explore the relationship between dental pain and daily
toothbrushing frequency, tooth brushing time (before
meals or after meals and so on),
experience of toothbrushing instruction, use of dental
floss, toothbrush replacement cycle, receiving scaling or
not, and other factors, including nutrition and exercise.[44]