The evaporator is the part of a refrigeration system that absorbs heat from the space being cooled and transfers it to the refrigerant. There are several types of evaporators including bare tube, plate, finned, shell and tube, and shell and coil evaporators. Bare tube evaporators use copper or steel tubing for heat transfer. Plate evaporators have copper or aluminum coils embedded in rigid plates. Finned evaporators have fins added to bare tubes for increased effectiveness. Shell and tube evaporators have many tubes in a drum or shell and can be dry expansion or flooded types. Natural convection evaporators rely on air density differences while forced convection evaporators use high velocity air over closely finned coils for faster
This document provides an overview of a training session on energy equipment refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It discusses types of refrigeration including vapor compression and vapor absorption. It also covers assessing the performance of refrigeration and air conditioning systems, such as measuring tons of refrigeration and coefficient of performance. Finally, it lists several energy efficiency opportunities for refrigeration and AC systems, such as optimizing heat exchange, multi-staging systems, and capacity control of compressors.
Steam and its properties and steam tableSACHINNikam39
Steam is water in its gaseous phase that is formed when water boils. There are three main types of steam: wet steam containing water droplets, dry saturated steam containing no water, and superheated steam which is heated above the saturation temperature. The properties of steam such as temperature, pressure, specific volume, enthalpy, and entropy vary depending on whether it is saturated, wet, or superheated steam. Steam tables contain values of these key thermodynamic properties at different pressures and are used for analyzing steam systems and cycles.
The evaporator is responsible for absorbing heat from the refrigerated space and removing both latent and sensible heat. There are several types of evaporators including bare tube, finned tube, plate, shell and tube, and shell and coil evaporators. Key factors that affect an evaporator's heat transfer capacity include its material, temperature difference, refrigerant velocity, thickness, and contact surface area. Evaporators also differ based on their construction, how refrigerant is fed, heat transfer mode, and operating conditions.
vapor absorption system,three fluid vapor absorption system,water and ammonia vapor absorption system water and lithium bromide vapor absorption system
The document discusses the basic processes of a vapor compression refrigeration cycle including: evaporation of refrigerant absorbing heat from the refrigerated space; compression of the vapor requiring work input; condensation of the vapor releasing heat to the surroundings; and expansion of the liquid refrigerant. It also discusses engineering models and assumptions made in analyzing the cycle components, refrigeration capacity, coefficient of performance, use of pressure-enthalpy diagrams, multistage compression systems, flash gas removal, cascade systems, and psychrometric processes.
The evaporator is the part of a refrigeration system that absorbs heat from the space being cooled and transfers it to the refrigerant. There are several types of evaporators including bare tube, plate, finned, shell and tube, and shell and coil evaporators. Bare tube evaporators use copper or steel tubing for heat transfer. Plate evaporators have copper or aluminum coils embedded in rigid plates. Finned evaporators have fins added to bare tubes for increased effectiveness. Shell and tube evaporators have many tubes in a drum or shell and can be dry expansion or flooded types. Natural convection evaporators rely on air density differences while forced convection evaporators use high velocity air over closely finned coils for faster
This document provides an overview of a training session on energy equipment refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It discusses types of refrigeration including vapor compression and vapor absorption. It also covers assessing the performance of refrigeration and air conditioning systems, such as measuring tons of refrigeration and coefficient of performance. Finally, it lists several energy efficiency opportunities for refrigeration and AC systems, such as optimizing heat exchange, multi-staging systems, and capacity control of compressors.
Steam and its properties and steam tableSACHINNikam39
Steam is water in its gaseous phase that is formed when water boils. There are three main types of steam: wet steam containing water droplets, dry saturated steam containing no water, and superheated steam which is heated above the saturation temperature. The properties of steam such as temperature, pressure, specific volume, enthalpy, and entropy vary depending on whether it is saturated, wet, or superheated steam. Steam tables contain values of these key thermodynamic properties at different pressures and are used for analyzing steam systems and cycles.
The evaporator is responsible for absorbing heat from the refrigerated space and removing both latent and sensible heat. There are several types of evaporators including bare tube, finned tube, plate, shell and tube, and shell and coil evaporators. Key factors that affect an evaporator's heat transfer capacity include its material, temperature difference, refrigerant velocity, thickness, and contact surface area. Evaporators also differ based on their construction, how refrigerant is fed, heat transfer mode, and operating conditions.
vapor absorption system,three fluid vapor absorption system,water and ammonia vapor absorption system water and lithium bromide vapor absorption system
The document discusses the basic processes of a vapor compression refrigeration cycle including: evaporation of refrigerant absorbing heat from the refrigerated space; compression of the vapor requiring work input; condensation of the vapor releasing heat to the surroundings; and expansion of the liquid refrigerant. It also discusses engineering models and assumptions made in analyzing the cycle components, refrigeration capacity, coefficient of performance, use of pressure-enthalpy diagrams, multistage compression systems, flash gas removal, cascade systems, and psychrometric processes.
Heat & Mass Transfer Chap 1 (FE-509) Food Engineering UAFAown Rizvi
This chapter introduces key concepts of heat transfer and thermodynamics. It defines heat transfer as energy transferred due to a temperature difference and discusses the three mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves energy transfer through direct contact of particles. Convection combines conduction and bulk fluid motion. Radiation transfers energy via electromagnetic waves. The chapter establishes relationships like Fourier's law of conduction and Newton's law of cooling and introduces concepts such as thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficients.
The document discusses unit operations in food process engineering. It describes the objectives as studying principles and laws governing physical, chemical, or biochemical process stages and related equipment. It classifies unit operations into physical, chemical, and biochemical stages involving operations like grinding, sieving, filtration, and fermentation. It also discusses mass transfer, heat transfer, and simultaneous mass-heat transfer unit operations. The document then focuses on heat exchangers, describing types like plate, tubular, and shell-and-tube heat exchangers. It discusses parameters for heat exchanger design like overall heat transfer coefficient, log mean temperature difference, and fouling factor.
Refrigerators and heat pumps transfer heat from a low-temperature medium to a high-temperature medium. They differ only in their objectives - refrigerators remove heat (cooling), while heat pumps supply heat.
The vapor-compression cycle is the most common refrigeration cycle. It involves four main components: evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve. Heat is absorbed in the evaporator and rejected in the condenser. The compressor raises the refrigerant pressure and temperature between these components.
The performance of vapor-compression refrigeration systems depends on factors like evaporator/condenser temperatures and pressures. Actual cycles are less efficient than ideal cycles due to irreversibilities like heat transfer across a temperature
Application of refrigeration and air conditioning PWIPurushottam Ingle
The document discusses various applications of refrigeration and air conditioning including domestic refrigerators, domestic air conditioners, automotive air conditioners, water coolers, commercial refrigeration systems like ice plants and cold storage, dairy refrigeration, and commercial air conditioning systems. It provides details on the working and components of each application.
Design and claculation load of cold storageAkash gangwar
1) The document describes the design of a cold storage facility for meat products with dimensions of 2m x 2m x 2m and a total refrigeration load of 0.52 TR.
2) Key parameters considered for the design include a storage temperature of -18°C to -24°C, rapid freezing from 0°C to -15°C, and a relative humidity level. Calculations are shown for determining the refrigeration load based on product load, door openings, lighting, and occupancy.
3) Urethane is selected as the insulating material based on temperature needs and economics. The design calculations size the refrigeration system components, including a 1 HP compressor, 1.6 HP evapor
The document discusses refrigeration systems and concepts. It provides:
1) An overview of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle, which involves compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation of a refrigerant to transfer heat from a low temperature to a high temperature.
2) Descriptions of the main components in the cycle, including the evaporator, compressor, condenser, expansion device, and refrigerants used.
3) An introduction to absorption refrigeration systems which use heat energy rather than mechanical work to provide refrigeration.
4) Examples of refrigeration systems like domestic refrigerators and ice plants which use the vapor compression cycle.
The document discusses the history and principles of vapor absorption refrigeration systems. Some key points:
- Vapor absorption was first discovered in 1824 by Michael Faraday and the first machine was built in 1860. It uses a refrigerant (ammonia) that is absorbed into a solvent (water) for compression.
- Unlike vapor compression, it uses heat rather than mechanical energy to change the refrigerant's state. This allows it to be powered by waste heat or solar energy.
- The first domestic refrigerator using this technology was invented in 1925 and used ammonia, hydrogen, and water in a "three-fluid" system to eliminate the need for a pump.
1 ton of refrigeration (1 TR) refers to the ability of a refrigeration machine to freeze 1 ton of water from 0 degrees Celsius to ice within a 24 hour period. Specifically, 1 TR is equal to the ability to remove 12,000 British Thermal Units of heat per hour from an enclosed space, which is equivalent to 3.517 kilowatts or 3,024 kilocalories per hour of cooling capacity. The TR unit is commonly used to indicate the rated cooling capacity of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.
Refrigeration is the process of providing and maintaining a temperature below the surrounding atmosphere. Refrigerators cool objects while heat pumps heat spaces warmer than the surroundings. Common types of refrigerators include ice refrigerators which use ice as the cooling medium, air refrigerators which use air, and vapor refrigerators which use working fluids like ammonia or freon. Refrigeration has applications in industries like food preservation, manufacturing, and air conditioning.
This document discusses different heat transfer mechanisms including conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of energy between particles through interactions at the molecular level in solids, liquids, and gases. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the motion of fluids and can be natural or forced. Radiation involves the emission of electromagnetic waves and does not require a medium to transfer heat. The document also discusses thermal conductivity, diffusivity, boundary and initial conditions, and the heat conduction equation in different coordinate systems.
This document discusses psychrometry, which is the study of thermodynamic properties of moist air. It outlines several important psychrometric properties used to analyze air conditioning processes, including dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, humidity ratio, relative humidity, specific volume, and enthalpy. It then explains common psychrometric processes like sensible heating, sensible cooling, humidification, dehumidification, and their representations on a psychrometric chart. Basic concepts in air conditioning like adiabatic mixing, bypass factor, sensible heat factor, and room sensible heat factor are also introduced.
Heat exchangers transfer heat between two or more fluids. There are three main types: direct transfer, storage, and direct contact. Direct transfer type heat exchangers simultaneously flow hot and cold fluids through a separating wall. Storage type heat exchangers alternately flow hot and cold fluids through a porous matrix. Direct contact type heat exchangers do not separate the fluids. Common examples are plate heat exchangers and shell-and-tube heat exchangers. Design considerations include materials, operating parameters, fouling factors, and determining the required heat transfer area.
This document discusses refrigerants and their properties. It begins with a brief history of refrigeration and then discusses key concepts like the refrigeration principle, what constitutes a refrigerant, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and their impact on ozone depletion. It also summarizes the Montreal Protocol which phased out ozone depleting substances. Finally, it describes the basic vapor compression refrigeration system and important criteria for selecting refrigerants, including thermodynamic and environmental impact considerations.
This document discusses different types of heat exchangers used in food processing. It begins by defining heat exchangers and their purpose in food processing applications such as heating, cooling, and heat exchange between food streams. The main types discussed include plate heat exchangers, scraped surface heat exchangers, double pipe heat exchangers, multiple pass heat exchangers, and tubular heat exchangers. Key differences between types include direct contact vs non-contact heat transfer and flow configurations like co-current vs counter-current. Advantages and uses of each type are also summarized.
The document discusses plate heat exchangers. It describes how plate heat exchangers use metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids flowing in alternating passages. They are classified as plate and frame, brazed, or welded depending on how the plates are joined. Benefits include compact size and high efficiency. Limitations include limited operating pressures and temperatures as well as susceptibility to fouling. In conclusion, plate heat exchangers offer advantages over shell and tube exchangers and their performance can be further enhanced through design.
This document discusses superheated steam drying (SSD), an emerging drying technology that uses superheated steam instead of hot air. It provides an introduction and outline about SSD, including its basic principles and potential advantages over hot air drying. SSD can yield higher product porosity and quality compared to hot air drying. While SSD systems are more complex than hot air dryers, SSD allows for simultaneous sterilization and drying and recovery of latent heat from exhaust steam. The document provides examples of SSD applications from literature and discusses different types of SSD dryer systems.
This document describes the design of an ice manufacturing plant with a production capacity of 2000 pounds per day. It discusses the main components of the refrigeration system, including the condenser, compressor, evaporator and expansion device. The design calculations determine the required cooling capacity, compressor size, evaporator tube length, and condenser tube length. These include determining the heat rejected from water, refrigerant flow rate, piston displacement, heat transfer coefficients, and surface areas. The goal is to reduce the water temperature from 27°C to -7.2°C. The design considers factors like refrigerant type, operating temperatures, compressor speed, and heat exchange calculations.
Removing undesirable heat from one item, substance, or area and transferring it to another is known as refrigeration, sometimes known as chilling. The temperature can be reduced by removing heat, which can be accomplished by the use of ice, snow, cooled water, or mechanical refrigeration.
Iirdem performance enhancement of vapour compression refrigeration system by ...Iaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes an experiment to enhance the performance of a vapor compression refrigeration system using a thermoelectric module. The system uses LPG as the refrigerant. A thermoelectric module is used to provide subcooling of the refrigerant after condensation. Performance metrics like COP, refrigeration effect, and heat rejected by the condenser are calculated and compared at different system loads with and without subcooling. The results show that subcooling of 3°C using the thermoelectric module improves all the performance metrics and reduces compressor power consumption. This demonstrates that thermoelectric modules can enhance vapor compression refrigeration system performance.
Heat & Mass Transfer Chap 1 (FE-509) Food Engineering UAFAown Rizvi
This chapter introduces key concepts of heat transfer and thermodynamics. It defines heat transfer as energy transferred due to a temperature difference and discusses the three mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves energy transfer through direct contact of particles. Convection combines conduction and bulk fluid motion. Radiation transfers energy via electromagnetic waves. The chapter establishes relationships like Fourier's law of conduction and Newton's law of cooling and introduces concepts such as thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficients.
The document discusses unit operations in food process engineering. It describes the objectives as studying principles and laws governing physical, chemical, or biochemical process stages and related equipment. It classifies unit operations into physical, chemical, and biochemical stages involving operations like grinding, sieving, filtration, and fermentation. It also discusses mass transfer, heat transfer, and simultaneous mass-heat transfer unit operations. The document then focuses on heat exchangers, describing types like plate, tubular, and shell-and-tube heat exchangers. It discusses parameters for heat exchanger design like overall heat transfer coefficient, log mean temperature difference, and fouling factor.
Refrigerators and heat pumps transfer heat from a low-temperature medium to a high-temperature medium. They differ only in their objectives - refrigerators remove heat (cooling), while heat pumps supply heat.
The vapor-compression cycle is the most common refrigeration cycle. It involves four main components: evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve. Heat is absorbed in the evaporator and rejected in the condenser. The compressor raises the refrigerant pressure and temperature between these components.
The performance of vapor-compression refrigeration systems depends on factors like evaporator/condenser temperatures and pressures. Actual cycles are less efficient than ideal cycles due to irreversibilities like heat transfer across a temperature
Application of refrigeration and air conditioning PWIPurushottam Ingle
The document discusses various applications of refrigeration and air conditioning including domestic refrigerators, domestic air conditioners, automotive air conditioners, water coolers, commercial refrigeration systems like ice plants and cold storage, dairy refrigeration, and commercial air conditioning systems. It provides details on the working and components of each application.
Design and claculation load of cold storageAkash gangwar
1) The document describes the design of a cold storage facility for meat products with dimensions of 2m x 2m x 2m and a total refrigeration load of 0.52 TR.
2) Key parameters considered for the design include a storage temperature of -18°C to -24°C, rapid freezing from 0°C to -15°C, and a relative humidity level. Calculations are shown for determining the refrigeration load based on product load, door openings, lighting, and occupancy.
3) Urethane is selected as the insulating material based on temperature needs and economics. The design calculations size the refrigeration system components, including a 1 HP compressor, 1.6 HP evapor
The document discusses refrigeration systems and concepts. It provides:
1) An overview of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle, which involves compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation of a refrigerant to transfer heat from a low temperature to a high temperature.
2) Descriptions of the main components in the cycle, including the evaporator, compressor, condenser, expansion device, and refrigerants used.
3) An introduction to absorption refrigeration systems which use heat energy rather than mechanical work to provide refrigeration.
4) Examples of refrigeration systems like domestic refrigerators and ice plants which use the vapor compression cycle.
The document discusses the history and principles of vapor absorption refrigeration systems. Some key points:
- Vapor absorption was first discovered in 1824 by Michael Faraday and the first machine was built in 1860. It uses a refrigerant (ammonia) that is absorbed into a solvent (water) for compression.
- Unlike vapor compression, it uses heat rather than mechanical energy to change the refrigerant's state. This allows it to be powered by waste heat or solar energy.
- The first domestic refrigerator using this technology was invented in 1925 and used ammonia, hydrogen, and water in a "three-fluid" system to eliminate the need for a pump.
1 ton of refrigeration (1 TR) refers to the ability of a refrigeration machine to freeze 1 ton of water from 0 degrees Celsius to ice within a 24 hour period. Specifically, 1 TR is equal to the ability to remove 12,000 British Thermal Units of heat per hour from an enclosed space, which is equivalent to 3.517 kilowatts or 3,024 kilocalories per hour of cooling capacity. The TR unit is commonly used to indicate the rated cooling capacity of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.
Refrigeration is the process of providing and maintaining a temperature below the surrounding atmosphere. Refrigerators cool objects while heat pumps heat spaces warmer than the surroundings. Common types of refrigerators include ice refrigerators which use ice as the cooling medium, air refrigerators which use air, and vapor refrigerators which use working fluids like ammonia or freon. Refrigeration has applications in industries like food preservation, manufacturing, and air conditioning.
This document discusses different heat transfer mechanisms including conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of energy between particles through interactions at the molecular level in solids, liquids, and gases. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the motion of fluids and can be natural or forced. Radiation involves the emission of electromagnetic waves and does not require a medium to transfer heat. The document also discusses thermal conductivity, diffusivity, boundary and initial conditions, and the heat conduction equation in different coordinate systems.
This document discusses psychrometry, which is the study of thermodynamic properties of moist air. It outlines several important psychrometric properties used to analyze air conditioning processes, including dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, humidity ratio, relative humidity, specific volume, and enthalpy. It then explains common psychrometric processes like sensible heating, sensible cooling, humidification, dehumidification, and their representations on a psychrometric chart. Basic concepts in air conditioning like adiabatic mixing, bypass factor, sensible heat factor, and room sensible heat factor are also introduced.
Heat exchangers transfer heat between two or more fluids. There are three main types: direct transfer, storage, and direct contact. Direct transfer type heat exchangers simultaneously flow hot and cold fluids through a separating wall. Storage type heat exchangers alternately flow hot and cold fluids through a porous matrix. Direct contact type heat exchangers do not separate the fluids. Common examples are plate heat exchangers and shell-and-tube heat exchangers. Design considerations include materials, operating parameters, fouling factors, and determining the required heat transfer area.
This document discusses refrigerants and their properties. It begins with a brief history of refrigeration and then discusses key concepts like the refrigeration principle, what constitutes a refrigerant, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and their impact on ozone depletion. It also summarizes the Montreal Protocol which phased out ozone depleting substances. Finally, it describes the basic vapor compression refrigeration system and important criteria for selecting refrigerants, including thermodynamic and environmental impact considerations.
This document discusses different types of heat exchangers used in food processing. It begins by defining heat exchangers and their purpose in food processing applications such as heating, cooling, and heat exchange between food streams. The main types discussed include plate heat exchangers, scraped surface heat exchangers, double pipe heat exchangers, multiple pass heat exchangers, and tubular heat exchangers. Key differences between types include direct contact vs non-contact heat transfer and flow configurations like co-current vs counter-current. Advantages and uses of each type are also summarized.
The document discusses plate heat exchangers. It describes how plate heat exchangers use metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids flowing in alternating passages. They are classified as plate and frame, brazed, or welded depending on how the plates are joined. Benefits include compact size and high efficiency. Limitations include limited operating pressures and temperatures as well as susceptibility to fouling. In conclusion, plate heat exchangers offer advantages over shell and tube exchangers and their performance can be further enhanced through design.
This document discusses superheated steam drying (SSD), an emerging drying technology that uses superheated steam instead of hot air. It provides an introduction and outline about SSD, including its basic principles and potential advantages over hot air drying. SSD can yield higher product porosity and quality compared to hot air drying. While SSD systems are more complex than hot air dryers, SSD allows for simultaneous sterilization and drying and recovery of latent heat from exhaust steam. The document provides examples of SSD applications from literature and discusses different types of SSD dryer systems.
This document describes the design of an ice manufacturing plant with a production capacity of 2000 pounds per day. It discusses the main components of the refrigeration system, including the condenser, compressor, evaporator and expansion device. The design calculations determine the required cooling capacity, compressor size, evaporator tube length, and condenser tube length. These include determining the heat rejected from water, refrigerant flow rate, piston displacement, heat transfer coefficients, and surface areas. The goal is to reduce the water temperature from 27°C to -7.2°C. The design considers factors like refrigerant type, operating temperatures, compressor speed, and heat exchange calculations.
Removing undesirable heat from one item, substance, or area and transferring it to another is known as refrigeration, sometimes known as chilling. The temperature can be reduced by removing heat, which can be accomplished by the use of ice, snow, cooled water, or mechanical refrigeration.
Iirdem performance enhancement of vapour compression refrigeration system by ...Iaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes an experiment to enhance the performance of a vapor compression refrigeration system using a thermoelectric module. The system uses LPG as the refrigerant. A thermoelectric module is used to provide subcooling of the refrigerant after condensation. Performance metrics like COP, refrigeration effect, and heat rejected by the condenser are calculated and compared at different system loads with and without subcooling. The results show that subcooling of 3°C using the thermoelectric module improves all the performance metrics and reduces compressor power consumption. This demonstrates that thermoelectric modules can enhance vapor compression refrigeration system performance.
An evaporative cooler, also known as a swamp cooler, works by evaporating water which cools dry air through the large enthalpy of vaporization. As warm, dry air passes through a water-soaked pad in the cooler, water evaporates into the air stream, lowering the air temperature while increasing humidity. The working principle relies on the conversion of sensible heat in the air to latent heat of vaporization through an adiabatic process. Evaporative cooling is effective in hot, dry climates as it can significantly lower air temperature using less energy than traditional air conditioning methods.
This document discusses refrigeration and its various applications and methods. It begins by defining refrigeration as the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below surroundings through the removal of heat. The main types of refrigeration are then listed as domestic, commercial, industrial, marine, air conditioning, and food preservation. Various natural and early mechanical refrigeration techniques are described, such as the use of icehouses and evaporative cooling. The ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle is explained through its four processes. Absorption refrigeration using ammonia-water and lithium bromide-water systems is also summarized. Compressor types including reciprocating, rotary, and centrifugal are defined. Key refrigeration system components and their functions are outlined.
A refrigerator uses a heat pump to transfer heat from inside the refrigerator to the external environment, cooling the inside below ambient temperature. Refrigeration allows for essential food storage by lowering bacteria reproduction rates and spoilage. Refrigerators maintain temperatures just above freezing to store perishable foods between 3-5°C. They replaced iceboxes in homes in the early 1900s and use vapor compression cycles to circulate refrigerants like HFC-134a or isobutane that absorb heat and cool the evaporator.
ENERGY AUDIT presentationin power system .pptxReshevSharma
An energy audit is a systematic process of evaluating and analyzing energy usage in a building, facility, or industrial process to identify opportunities for energy efficiency improvements, cost savings, and environmental sustainability. The goal of an energy audit is to assess energy consumption patterns, identify areas of inefficiency or waste, and recommend measures to optimize energy usage and reduce overall energy consumption.
Here's an overview of the typical steps involved in conducting an energy audit:
1. **Pre-Audit Planning:**
Define the scope and objectives of the energy audit, including the areas or systems to be evaluated, the level of detail required, and the desired outcomes. Identify key stakeholders, establish audit goals, and gather relevant documentation, such as utility bills, building plans, and equipment specifications.
2. **Data Collection and Analysis:**
Collect comprehensive data on energy consumption, including utility bills, meter readings, and operational data
1. Refrigeration is the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below the surroundings to cool a product or space. Air conditioning controls temperature, moisture, cleanliness, odor, and air circulation for occupants or processes.
2. It is impossible to extract heat from a hot reservoir and use all of it to do work - some heat must be exhausted to a cold reservoir, precluding a perfect heat engine. Also, heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold to a hot body without work, precluding a perfect refrigerator.
3. Refrigeration systems use vapor compression or vapor absorption processes to provide cooling effects by circulating refrigerants.
Mechanism of refrigerator asrafi tonmoy-diuAsrafi-Tonmoy
The document is a presentation slide about the mechanism of a refrigerator. It contains information on the main components of a refrigerator - compressor, condenser, evaporator, and throttling device. It explains how each component works and how they work together in the vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The cycle involves compressing a refrigerant into a high-pressure vapor, condensing it into a liquid in the condenser, thinning it through an expansion device to produce cold liquid, and evaporating it in the evaporator to absorb heat before repeating the cycle. The document also discusses accessories like fins and defrosting, and defines the coefficient of performance to evaluate refrigerator efficiency.
The document discusses different types of condensers. It begins by explaining that a condenser is a heat exchanger that converts a working fluid from a gas to a liquid state using a coolant like water. It then describes jet condensers which directly mix exhaust steam and cooling water, surface condensers which separate steam and water with a heat transfer wall, and evaporative condensers which use evaporating cooling water to provide cooling. The document also compares jet and surface condensers and classifies condensers based on their external cooling fluid, such as air, water, or evaporative cooling.
Evaporative cooling works by using the evaporation of water to lower air temperature. With direct evaporative cooling, outside air is blown through a water-saturated medium, lowering the air temperature while increasing humidity. Indirect evaporative cooling uses a secondary air stream to cool a primary air stream via a heat exchanger, lowering both temperature and humidity. Evaporative cooling is most effective in hot, dry climates with low humidity where water can readily evaporate to absorb heat. Common applications include evaporative coolers, roof pond systems, and indirect evaporative cooling units.
Experimental Investigation & Performance of VCRS system by using Air cooled C...Akash Gaikwad
This document experimentally investigates the performance of a vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS) using an air-cooled condenser versus a water-cooled condenser. The study builds and tests a VCRS setup with both condenser types. Results show that using a water-cooled condenser improves the system's coefficient of performance (COP) by around 25% over an air-cooled condenser, due to better heat transfer. The water-cooled condenser provides more efficient cooling of the compressed refrigerant compared to air-cooling.
The document discusses waste heat recovery from a domestic refrigerator. It describes how a waste heat recovery system was designed and retrofitted to the refrigerator in order to capture waste heat from the condenser. The waste heat is then used to keep food warm in an insulated oven attachment and to heat water. This saves significant amounts of energy by reusing heat that would otherwise be lost to the environment. The document also provides background on refrigeration systems, outlining the basic vapor compression cycle used in refrigerators and how each component functions to produce cooling.
Chapter 1 introduction to refrigeration engineeringCharltonInao1
Refrigeration engineering refers to the design, installation, repair, and maintenance of refrigeration equipment used to store perishable goods at low, constant temperatures. There are several main types of refrigeration systems, including mechanical compression systems, which use electrically powered compressors to move refrigerant between high and low pressures; absorption systems, which rely on heat rather than compressors; and evaporative cooling systems, which use water evaporation to lower air temperatures. Refrigeration systems work by absorbing heat during phase changes of refrigerants to cool enclosed spaces and rejecting that heat elsewhere, helping to preserve foods longer.
Shakil Hossain presented on cooling tower and cooling water circuits. The presentation covered different types of cooling systems including open, closed, and mixed systems. It described the components and types of cooling towers such as natural draught, forced draught, and induced draught towers. The presentation also discussed liquid cooling systems including liquid-to-liquid, closed-loop dry, open-loop evaporative, closed-loop evaporative, and chilled water systems. The key advantages and disadvantages of natural draught, forced draught, and induced draught cooling towers were highlighted.
This document discusses the history and principles of refrigeration and air conditioning. It begins with definitions of refrigeration and air conditioning. It then discusses various applications including in industries, households/offices, and public places. It also discusses cold storage. The document then discusses the history of refrigeration from natural methods like ice harvesting to modern vapor compression systems. It explains the basic components and functioning of refrigeration systems including the evaporator, compressor, condenser, expansion valve and refrigerant. It also discusses laminar and turbulent pipe flow and pressure drops in pipes.
1) The document presents an experimental study on reducing frost accumulation in a refrigerator evaporator coil by applying a 662 S-silicone grease coating.
2) Experiments were conducted with varying water loads kept in the refrigerator over time periods of 25, 50, and 75 hours, with and without the silicone grease coating on the evaporator. Less frost accumulated on the coated evaporator across all experiments.
3) The silicone grease coating is proposed to reduce frost accumulation due to its smooth, low-temperature resistant, and non-wetting properties which allow water droplets to easily roll off the surface. Reducing frost accumulation could improve refrigerator performance and efficiency.
This document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It defines refrigeration as the process of removing heat from a substance under controlled conditions. There are two main types of refrigeration systems - vapor compression and vapor absorption. Vapor compression uses mechanical energy to compress and circulate a refrigerant like Freon through an evaporator, compressor, condenser and expansion device. Vapor absorption uses a thermal energy source like gas or steam to drive the refrigeration cycle, circulating an ammonia and water solution through an absorber, generator, condenser and evaporator. The document also covers refrigerants, refrigeration units, refrigerator performance, and applications of refrigeration systems.
Vortex tube refrigeration uses compressed air and has no moving parts. Air is passed through a nozzle into a chamber where it spins creating hot and cold streams. The cold air exits through a diaphragm hole while the hot air exits through a valve. Steam jet refrigeration uses steam expanded through nozzles to lower pressure and boil water below 100C for refrigeration. High pressure steam enters nozzles and flash chamber, lowering pressure and evaporating water to decrease temperature before chilled water is circulated for use. Both systems have advantages of simplicity and flexibility but limited capacity and efficiency.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document discusses fundamentals of mechanical engineering and mechatronics, specifically refrigeration and air conditioning. It begins with introducing refrigeration systems and defining key concepts like refrigeration, unit of refrigeration, and coefficient of performance. It then explains the working principles of refrigeration and differences between heat engines, heat pumps, and refrigerators. The document discusses various refrigeration methods like vapor compression, absorption, and thermoelectric refrigeration. It also describes the components and working of domestic refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
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Artifical method of Refrigeration
1. College of Food Processing
Technology and Bio-energy
PRESENTATION ON
ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
REFRIGERATION
By, Kratika Khede(07-0221-2015)
Purvangi Patel(07-0230-2015)
4th sem 2 year.
2. vArtificial methods of
refrigeration:
Refrigeration methods made by human beings rather than
occurring naturally are called Artificial methods of
refrigeration.
vTypes of Artificial methods of
refrigeration:
Dry ice refrigeration
Evaporative refrigeration
Thermo-electric refrigeration
Steam jet refrigeration
Liquid gas refrigeration and
Vortex tube system of refrigeration
3. 1. Dry Ice
Refrigeration:
Dry ice is used to preserve foodstuff during
transportation.
Now a days it is universally used to preserve food
in air-transportation.
Dry ice slabs are usually packed in frozen food
cartons on either side or on the top of the food
packages, dry ice absorbs heat from the foodstuff and
preserve them in the frozen state.
4. Solid Carbon dioxide (CO2) is called dry ice and it has a
peculiar characteristics that it changes from solid state
to vapor state without getting converted into intermediate
liquid state (sublimation).
Due to the change of state, it absorbs heat equivalent to
enthalpy of vaporization.
The sublimation temperature of dry ice at atmospheric
pressure is -78°C.
5. 3. Evaporative
Refrigeration:
Evaporative refrigeration makes use of the principle that
when a liquid evaporates, it absorbs heat equivalent to its
latent heat of vaporization from the surroundings, thereby
cooling it.
Cooling of water in the earthen pitcher – the water
coming out of the pores of the pitcher evaporates when it
comes in contact with dry air, thereby cooling the water in
the pitcher.
When a drop of spirit is put on the palm of hand, it
evaporates producing cooling effect.
6.
7. Evaporation cooling may be defined as the adiabatic
transfer of heat from air to water.
Evaporation cooling may be defined as the
adiabatic transfer of heat from air to water.
It is utilized in cooling towers where condenser
water is cooled by spraying it from top and forcing
a current of air from below.
Another application is evaporative type of
condensers. Yet another application is in desert
coolers or room coolers.
Dry air is passed through wet pads. Due to
evaporation, air gets cooled.
The principle is also utilized in making artificial
snow.
8. 4.Thermo-electric
Refrigeration:
Thermo-electric refrigeration type employs
Peltier’s effect. when two dissimilar metals are
joined on either ends and a direct current is
circulated through it, one joint gets cooled while the
other gets heated.
Antimony (Sb) and Bismuth (Bi) are commonly used
metals as they are electro-chemically opposite in
their polarity.
If the cold end is placed in a closed space, it gets
cooled.
If the magnitude of current is increased and a series
of such strips are placed together a good cooling
effect can be produced.
9.
10. 5.Steam Jet
Refrigeration:
The principle: Boiling point of water can be reduced by
reducing the pressure. At standard atmospheric pressure, the
boiling point of water is 100°C.
If the atmospheric pressure is lowered, the boiling point is
considerably reduced. For example, at pressure of 6.5 cm of
water, the boiling point of water is considerably reduced to
5 cm of water, its boiling point reduces to 6°C.
The pressure reduction in the system is achieved by a steam
nozzle and ejector assembly.
Due to the extremely high velocity of steam in ejector
assembly all the gases and vapors present in the flash
chamber are removed thereby creating partial vacuum. This
results in the reduction of the boiling point of water.
11. Ø Due to the evaporation of water at low temperature, the
remaining water in the flash chamber gets cooled which is
circulated to the refrigerated space and the warm water
received from it is sprayed in the flash chamber.
Ø A make-up water connection is provided in the flash
chamber to make good any water lost in evaporation.
Ø The steam is supplied to the nozzle from a boiler.
Ø The condenser condenses the steam and water vapour received
from flash chamber.
Ø The condensate from the condenser is taken back to the boiler.
13. 6. Liquid Gas
Refrigeration:
Liquid gases which can be utilized for producing
refrigeration should be non-toxic. Due to this limitation only
nitrogen and liquid carbon dioxide can be utilized for the
purpose.
Due to the evaporation of cooling gas, cooling is
accomplished.
Liquid gas is filled in a well insulated cylinder and its
quantity regulated by means of a valve.
Liquid gas is sprayed in the refrigerated space. Due to its
evaporation, the temperature in the refrigerated space is
lowered. This method is used for cooling the vehicles
transporting food stuff. It may also be utilized for cold
storage’s.
15. 7. Vertex Tube System of
Refrigeration:
Vertex tube is a simple straight piece of tube into
which compressed air flows tangentially and is so throttled
that the central core of the air steam can be separated from
peripheral flow.
The central core of the air is separated either by uni-
flow or counter flow method. The central core of the air
steam in cold as compared to the hot gases at the periphery.