Article de Bryan Pirolli Bryan, chercheur à l'Université Paris 3 Sorbonne Nouvelle
Proposition pour les SMC Research Awards - Social Media Club - Décembre 2013
Misinformation, Disinformation, Malinformation, fake news and librariesDr Trivedi
The document discusses misinformation, fake news, and the role of libraries in combating them. It covers topics like the types of misinformation and fake news, how they spread, challenges they present, and strategies for identifying and addressing them, including media and information literacy. The document advocates for libraries to promote these literacy strategies to help people distinguish misinformation from credible information online.
While the journalists of today operate in an ever faster-paced industry, and netiizens have access to a cornucopia of sources of news and information, the journalist of the future now need a new media skillset and a new media mindset to become digitally savvy with the ability to THINK digitally in order to be relevant
"Fake news" and disinformation management is something that is connected to individuals but also to organizations. How do we have to deal with fake news? Are fake news an opportunity for librarians in order to be a main node in society?
This document discusses how European Union (EU) member countries market their culture through National Tourism Organization (NTO) websites. It finds that Denmark makes the most effective use of culture in its NTO website design and marketing based on a study that used the Balanced Scorecard approach and statistical analysis methods. The Internet provides opportunities for countries to showcase and promote their cultural attractions, products, and heritage to potential tourists. National Tourism Organizations play a key role in marketing culture for their respective countries.
This document introduces a handbook for journalism education on the topics of journalism, 'fake news', and disinformation. It defines key terms like disinformation, misinformation, and propaganda. It explains that disinformation refers to deliberately misleading information spread to confuse or manipulate people, while misinformation refers to unintentionally misleading information. The document discusses how digital technologies and social media enable the spread of disinformation and undermine trust in journalism. It argues that journalists need to strengthen fact-checking, avoid inadvertently spreading false information, and proactively uncover new forms of disinformation to maintain credibility. The handbook aims to help educate journalists on responsibly addressing this crucial issue.
The Boston Police Department effectively used Twitter and Google Person Finder to disseminate information during the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings when cell service was disrupted. BPD tweeted 148 times over 5 days, growing its Twitter followers from 54,000 to over 330,000. Google Person Finder allowed over 5,400 people to be registered so families could locate loved ones. While some online forums like Reddit dangerously spread misinformation by misidentifying suspects, the BPD and digital tools overall helped provide security and calm the public during the crisis.
Lecture to Northwestern London seminar series. It looks at the change in the role of news media in democracy, how the news industry has changed to a more networked system with new publishers and platforms becoming more influential. It examines the rise of fake news and the crisis of trust in news media and how politicians have responded.
Crowdsourcing involves outsourcing tasks traditionally performed by employees to a large, undefined network of people through an open call. It allows companies and organizations to harness the knowledge of the crowd to gather information and solve problems. There are three main types of crowdsourcing: the professional, who shares their expertise; the packager, who compiles content from multiple sources; and the tinkerer, who helps solve problems through creative solutions. Traditional media are now using crowdsourcing techniques by engaging audiences to generate and share content.
Misinformation, Disinformation, Malinformation, fake news and librariesDr Trivedi
The document discusses misinformation, fake news, and the role of libraries in combating them. It covers topics like the types of misinformation and fake news, how they spread, challenges they present, and strategies for identifying and addressing them, including media and information literacy. The document advocates for libraries to promote these literacy strategies to help people distinguish misinformation from credible information online.
While the journalists of today operate in an ever faster-paced industry, and netiizens have access to a cornucopia of sources of news and information, the journalist of the future now need a new media skillset and a new media mindset to become digitally savvy with the ability to THINK digitally in order to be relevant
"Fake news" and disinformation management is something that is connected to individuals but also to organizations. How do we have to deal with fake news? Are fake news an opportunity for librarians in order to be a main node in society?
This document discusses how European Union (EU) member countries market their culture through National Tourism Organization (NTO) websites. It finds that Denmark makes the most effective use of culture in its NTO website design and marketing based on a study that used the Balanced Scorecard approach and statistical analysis methods. The Internet provides opportunities for countries to showcase and promote their cultural attractions, products, and heritage to potential tourists. National Tourism Organizations play a key role in marketing culture for their respective countries.
This document introduces a handbook for journalism education on the topics of journalism, 'fake news', and disinformation. It defines key terms like disinformation, misinformation, and propaganda. It explains that disinformation refers to deliberately misleading information spread to confuse or manipulate people, while misinformation refers to unintentionally misleading information. The document discusses how digital technologies and social media enable the spread of disinformation and undermine trust in journalism. It argues that journalists need to strengthen fact-checking, avoid inadvertently spreading false information, and proactively uncover new forms of disinformation to maintain credibility. The handbook aims to help educate journalists on responsibly addressing this crucial issue.
The Boston Police Department effectively used Twitter and Google Person Finder to disseminate information during the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings when cell service was disrupted. BPD tweeted 148 times over 5 days, growing its Twitter followers from 54,000 to over 330,000. Google Person Finder allowed over 5,400 people to be registered so families could locate loved ones. While some online forums like Reddit dangerously spread misinformation by misidentifying suspects, the BPD and digital tools overall helped provide security and calm the public during the crisis.
Lecture to Northwestern London seminar series. It looks at the change in the role of news media in democracy, how the news industry has changed to a more networked system with new publishers and platforms becoming more influential. It examines the rise of fake news and the crisis of trust in news media and how politicians have responded.
Crowdsourcing involves outsourcing tasks traditionally performed by employees to a large, undefined network of people through an open call. It allows companies and organizations to harness the knowledge of the crowd to gather information and solve problems. There are three main types of crowdsourcing: the professional, who shares their expertise; the packager, who compiles content from multiple sources; and the tinkerer, who helps solve problems through creative solutions. Traditional media are now using crowdsourcing techniques by engaging audiences to generate and share content.
This document provides background information on a PhD workshop presentation about conceptualizing the experience of social media using tourists. It discusses two frames: the "selfie gaze" and "social media pilgrimage". The selfie gaze is a mental frame governing a traveler's use of social media on their journey and the behaviors it engenders. A social media pilgrimage describes how social media use influences travel behaviors. Key concepts discussed include the tourist gaze, connectivity, surveillance, micro-celebrity, and how travelers engage in online identity performance and manage audiences. The document suggests these frames could provide insights into how social media usage affects the emotional and experiential aspects of travel.
The Jackson School of International Studies has created a website called KNOW (Knowledge Network of World Events and News) that aggregates international news sources and provides contextual analysis. KNOW allows users to select areas of interest, then presents linked news stories on that topic from varied perspectives. Students in the Jackson School annotate submitted news articles as part of their coursework, addressing biases and providing historical context. Their annotations are reviewed and published to the KNOW site to create an informed, trustworthy information source for educators and other users.
This chapter discusses advertising, including its definition, classification, history, and key components. Advertising is defined as nonpersonal promotion of ideas, goods, or services paid for by an identified sponsor. It can be classified by audience, geography, and purpose. The chapter outlines the development of advertising from early print to modern mass media like television and the internet. It distinguishes the three main parts of the advertising industry as advertisers, agencies, and media companies. The impact of new digital technologies on advertising models and strategies is also addressed.
This chapter discusses news gathering and reporting in the digital age. It covers the main theories of the press, qualities that characterize news, types of news stories, and how digital technologies have impacted news media. The chapter also describes the news business, reporting process, news flow, role of the Associated Press wire service, and similarities/differences between print, broadcast and online journalism.
Slides for a workshop for an audience of international journalists visiting DePaul University in Chicago, June 2016. Workshop learning objectives: 1) Increase understanding of a U.S. context for social media shifts in news production and consumption; 2) Learn practical ways to overcome “content shock;” 3) Apply social listening techniques to analyze ways in which U.S. and Georgian news outlets are covering current news (e.g. using Orlando Pulse nightclub terrorist attack as case study); and 4) Understanding of how to apply “design thinking” techniques to developing audience-centered social media strategy.
Popular culture, mobile advertising and the knowledge economy in africaBabatope Falade
The document discusses popular culture in Africa and how the rise of mobile technology and internet access is impacting popular culture and driving the knowledge economy. It notes that mobile devices have helped Africa leapfrog advancements made by developed countries by providing widespread internet access. Young Africans now engage more with mobile phones for activities like retail, communication and information, and are targeted by mobile advertisers. For Africa to succeed in the knowledge economy, it must understand the requirements and how knowledge creation around digital technologies and popular culture can create or export jobs if the right technological knowledge is developed locally.
Social Media in Journalism Chapter 3 PresentationChristine Valdez
Social media is impacting journalism in several ways. It is changing how news is managed and distributed, as content management systems make it easier to share stories across platforms like Facebook and Twitter. Journalists are encouraged to engage audiences on social media by sharing links as well as rich media like photos and videos. Nearly half of Facebook users get news through the site. Citizen journalism through user-generated content submitted on social media is also impacting the industry. While social media helps distribute news, search engine optimization remains important. As journalism evolves, the majority of Americans still get news from print or online sources, though mobile-only readers are increasing.
Social media has significantly impacted journalism in several ways. It has allowed for immediate global reach of information as well as constant interaction between journalists and audiences. This has democratized the field and given audiences a bigger voice, but has also raised issues around verifying information and differentiating between citizen and professional journalism. Going forward, journalists will likely take on more of a curating role, researching, interviewing, and promoting high quality content while leveraging social media tools and crowdsourcing to provide real-time coverage and tell stories.
Citizen journalism became prominent after crisis events like the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami where hundreds of regular people used personal devices to document and share visual coverage, providing a firsthand perspective. This set a precedent where citizen journalism grew significantly during disasters and conflicts when professional journalists had limited access. Examples include the 2010 Pakistan floods where citizen reporting platforms like Citizen's Eye provided grassroots coverage and became a source for mainstream media. While citizen journalism provides immediacy and independence, issues exist with verification and potential for propaganda without fact-checking.
This chapter discusses the history and current state of the magazine industry. It begins with an overview of the origins of magazines in colonial America and their evolution throughout history. Key developments included the penny press era expanding audiences, improved printing enabling mass circulation, and specialization of content in the 20th century. Currently, the industry faces challenges from declining advertising revenue and competition from digital media. Publishers are adapting by strengthening their online presence and experimenting with digital formats and apps. The chapter also outlines the organizational structure of the magazine industry and how magazines are produced.
Slides from my lecture today to the City University International Journalism MA students... it's meant to be the introduction of thoughts, rather than to provide any certain and specific plans.
Youth Travel Accommodation Usage – Based on Findings from New Horizonswysetc
This extract from the WYSE Travel Confederation New Horizons III survey contains data on Youth Travel Accommodation demand in 2012/13. The main sectors covered in this report are Apartments, Independent Hostels, Hostelling International Hostels, Hotels and Student Residences.
The document discusses the concept of crowdsourcing in journalism. It defines crowdsourcing as outsourcing tasks traditionally performed by employees to a large, undefined network of people. It describes three types of crowdsourcing: professionals who share their work, packagers who gather content from multiple sources, and tinkerers who solve problems. Real examples of crowdsourcing in journalism are provided, such as newspapers inviting readers to report voter issues. The benefits of crowdsourcing include gathering information quickly from many sources and engaging readers.
This document discusses citizen journalism, which refers to ordinary people contributing news and information online through blogs, social media, photos, and videos. The rise of citizen journalism corresponds with new communication technologies enabling public reporting of events. Examples highlighted include Twitter updates from the 2009 Iranian protests and from witnesses of a plane landing in the Hudson River. While citizen journalism increases the speed, range of sources, and personal perspectives on events, it also poses risks of reducing quality and reliability if media relies too heavily on non-professional content. The document argues citizen journalism will continue to both influence and collaborate with traditional media.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of participatory journalism. It discusses how journalism has evolved from a daily record controlled solely by journalists to a collaborative process where people both inside and outside of newsrooms contribute content. It focuses on how journalists at online newspapers are dealing with this transition and the challenges of managing vast amounts of user-generated content. The document chooses to examine online newspapers specifically because newspapers have a long history of adapting to technological changes and generally retain an authoritative role, while also being early innovators of participatory features on their websites.
Emerging platforms are using an evocative form of storytelling, called long form or immersive storytelling experiences, to effectively communicate information with readers. Built specifically for digital consumption, these immersive experiences have gained prominence as a result of The New York Times’ enormously successful piece Snow Fall that covered the 2012 Tunnel Creek avalanche. The piece won a Webby award and the author John Branch won the 2013 Pulitzer for feature writing. Snow Fall was praised as “the future of journalism.” But it’s not all positive; Snow Fall garnered heavy criticism too. Read on to find out what the pattern of modern media consumption reveals about the future of journalism.
Citizen journalism has significantly impacted the media in several ways. It has provided additional fact-checkers for professional journalists and given citizens a way to both consume and create news content using new online mediums. This participatory culture has led media companies to adjust their online content and styles. Studies show that most Americans now get their news from multiple sources, both online and offline, and often share news links on social media. While citizen journalism has grown, professional journalism is not necessarily endangered if it can incorporate crowdsourcing techniques without replacing reporters.
The global outsourcing industry is constantly evolving through new contracting award characteristics and an expanding universe of successful service providers. ISG's TPI Index helps industry participants, enterprises and organizations keep pace and capitalize from the latest data on outsourcing trends. It is the authoritative source for marketplace intelligence related to outsourcing: transaction structures and terms, industry adoption, geographic prevalence and service provider metrics.
The document provides instructions for enjoying an audio file on a computer:
- Do not use the mouse wheel, and only use the left mouse button.
- Adjust the volume level to the middle.
- The instructions are provided in both Arabic and English.
This document provides background information on a PhD workshop presentation about conceptualizing the experience of social media using tourists. It discusses two frames: the "selfie gaze" and "social media pilgrimage". The selfie gaze is a mental frame governing a traveler's use of social media on their journey and the behaviors it engenders. A social media pilgrimage describes how social media use influences travel behaviors. Key concepts discussed include the tourist gaze, connectivity, surveillance, micro-celebrity, and how travelers engage in online identity performance and manage audiences. The document suggests these frames could provide insights into how social media usage affects the emotional and experiential aspects of travel.
The Jackson School of International Studies has created a website called KNOW (Knowledge Network of World Events and News) that aggregates international news sources and provides contextual analysis. KNOW allows users to select areas of interest, then presents linked news stories on that topic from varied perspectives. Students in the Jackson School annotate submitted news articles as part of their coursework, addressing biases and providing historical context. Their annotations are reviewed and published to the KNOW site to create an informed, trustworthy information source for educators and other users.
This chapter discusses advertising, including its definition, classification, history, and key components. Advertising is defined as nonpersonal promotion of ideas, goods, or services paid for by an identified sponsor. It can be classified by audience, geography, and purpose. The chapter outlines the development of advertising from early print to modern mass media like television and the internet. It distinguishes the three main parts of the advertising industry as advertisers, agencies, and media companies. The impact of new digital technologies on advertising models and strategies is also addressed.
This chapter discusses news gathering and reporting in the digital age. It covers the main theories of the press, qualities that characterize news, types of news stories, and how digital technologies have impacted news media. The chapter also describes the news business, reporting process, news flow, role of the Associated Press wire service, and similarities/differences between print, broadcast and online journalism.
Slides for a workshop for an audience of international journalists visiting DePaul University in Chicago, June 2016. Workshop learning objectives: 1) Increase understanding of a U.S. context for social media shifts in news production and consumption; 2) Learn practical ways to overcome “content shock;” 3) Apply social listening techniques to analyze ways in which U.S. and Georgian news outlets are covering current news (e.g. using Orlando Pulse nightclub terrorist attack as case study); and 4) Understanding of how to apply “design thinking” techniques to developing audience-centered social media strategy.
Popular culture, mobile advertising and the knowledge economy in africaBabatope Falade
The document discusses popular culture in Africa and how the rise of mobile technology and internet access is impacting popular culture and driving the knowledge economy. It notes that mobile devices have helped Africa leapfrog advancements made by developed countries by providing widespread internet access. Young Africans now engage more with mobile phones for activities like retail, communication and information, and are targeted by mobile advertisers. For Africa to succeed in the knowledge economy, it must understand the requirements and how knowledge creation around digital technologies and popular culture can create or export jobs if the right technological knowledge is developed locally.
Social Media in Journalism Chapter 3 PresentationChristine Valdez
Social media is impacting journalism in several ways. It is changing how news is managed and distributed, as content management systems make it easier to share stories across platforms like Facebook and Twitter. Journalists are encouraged to engage audiences on social media by sharing links as well as rich media like photos and videos. Nearly half of Facebook users get news through the site. Citizen journalism through user-generated content submitted on social media is also impacting the industry. While social media helps distribute news, search engine optimization remains important. As journalism evolves, the majority of Americans still get news from print or online sources, though mobile-only readers are increasing.
Social media has significantly impacted journalism in several ways. It has allowed for immediate global reach of information as well as constant interaction between journalists and audiences. This has democratized the field and given audiences a bigger voice, but has also raised issues around verifying information and differentiating between citizen and professional journalism. Going forward, journalists will likely take on more of a curating role, researching, interviewing, and promoting high quality content while leveraging social media tools and crowdsourcing to provide real-time coverage and tell stories.
Citizen journalism became prominent after crisis events like the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami where hundreds of regular people used personal devices to document and share visual coverage, providing a firsthand perspective. This set a precedent where citizen journalism grew significantly during disasters and conflicts when professional journalists had limited access. Examples include the 2010 Pakistan floods where citizen reporting platforms like Citizen's Eye provided grassroots coverage and became a source for mainstream media. While citizen journalism provides immediacy and independence, issues exist with verification and potential for propaganda without fact-checking.
This chapter discusses the history and current state of the magazine industry. It begins with an overview of the origins of magazines in colonial America and their evolution throughout history. Key developments included the penny press era expanding audiences, improved printing enabling mass circulation, and specialization of content in the 20th century. Currently, the industry faces challenges from declining advertising revenue and competition from digital media. Publishers are adapting by strengthening their online presence and experimenting with digital formats and apps. The chapter also outlines the organizational structure of the magazine industry and how magazines are produced.
Slides from my lecture today to the City University International Journalism MA students... it's meant to be the introduction of thoughts, rather than to provide any certain and specific plans.
Youth Travel Accommodation Usage – Based on Findings from New Horizonswysetc
This extract from the WYSE Travel Confederation New Horizons III survey contains data on Youth Travel Accommodation demand in 2012/13. The main sectors covered in this report are Apartments, Independent Hostels, Hostelling International Hostels, Hotels and Student Residences.
The document discusses the concept of crowdsourcing in journalism. It defines crowdsourcing as outsourcing tasks traditionally performed by employees to a large, undefined network of people. It describes three types of crowdsourcing: professionals who share their work, packagers who gather content from multiple sources, and tinkerers who solve problems. Real examples of crowdsourcing in journalism are provided, such as newspapers inviting readers to report voter issues. The benefits of crowdsourcing include gathering information quickly from many sources and engaging readers.
This document discusses citizen journalism, which refers to ordinary people contributing news and information online through blogs, social media, photos, and videos. The rise of citizen journalism corresponds with new communication technologies enabling public reporting of events. Examples highlighted include Twitter updates from the 2009 Iranian protests and from witnesses of a plane landing in the Hudson River. While citizen journalism increases the speed, range of sources, and personal perspectives on events, it also poses risks of reducing quality and reliability if media relies too heavily on non-professional content. The document argues citizen journalism will continue to both influence and collaborate with traditional media.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of participatory journalism. It discusses how journalism has evolved from a daily record controlled solely by journalists to a collaborative process where people both inside and outside of newsrooms contribute content. It focuses on how journalists at online newspapers are dealing with this transition and the challenges of managing vast amounts of user-generated content. The document chooses to examine online newspapers specifically because newspapers have a long history of adapting to technological changes and generally retain an authoritative role, while also being early innovators of participatory features on their websites.
Emerging platforms are using an evocative form of storytelling, called long form or immersive storytelling experiences, to effectively communicate information with readers. Built specifically for digital consumption, these immersive experiences have gained prominence as a result of The New York Times’ enormously successful piece Snow Fall that covered the 2012 Tunnel Creek avalanche. The piece won a Webby award and the author John Branch won the 2013 Pulitzer for feature writing. Snow Fall was praised as “the future of journalism.” But it’s not all positive; Snow Fall garnered heavy criticism too. Read on to find out what the pattern of modern media consumption reveals about the future of journalism.
Citizen journalism has significantly impacted the media in several ways. It has provided additional fact-checkers for professional journalists and given citizens a way to both consume and create news content using new online mediums. This participatory culture has led media companies to adjust their online content and styles. Studies show that most Americans now get their news from multiple sources, both online and offline, and often share news links on social media. While citizen journalism has grown, professional journalism is not necessarily endangered if it can incorporate crowdsourcing techniques without replacing reporters.
The global outsourcing industry is constantly evolving through new contracting award characteristics and an expanding universe of successful service providers. ISG's TPI Index helps industry participants, enterprises and organizations keep pace and capitalize from the latest data on outsourcing trends. It is the authoritative source for marketplace intelligence related to outsourcing: transaction structures and terms, industry adoption, geographic prevalence and service provider metrics.
The document provides instructions for enjoying an audio file on a computer:
- Do not use the mouse wheel, and only use the left mouse button.
- Adjust the volume level to the middle.
- The instructions are provided in both Arabic and English.
This document defines deterministic finite automata (DFAs) and provides examples of how they work. It begins by defining the key components of a DFA: states, symbols/alphabet, transition function, start state, and accepting states. It then shows how a DFA is mathematically represented as a 5-tuple and how the transition function maps state-symbol pairs to states. The document provides an example DFA and explains how to represent it with a transition table. It then gives more examples of building DFAs to recognize specific languages and explains how the transition function can be extended to strings. The document also discusses minimizing DFAs, functional representations, products of automata, and complement/intersection operations.
Prototyping Model adalah metode pembuatan sistem secara terstruktur melalui beberapa tahap evaluasi dan perbaikan. Metode ini memungkinkan pengembang untuk membangun prototipe awal sistem, mendapatkan masukan, dan memperbaiki sistem berdasarkan umpan balik sebelum penyelesaian akhir. Prototyping Model terdiri dari 5 tahapan utama yaitu pengumpulan kebutuhan, pembangunan prototipe, evaluasi, pengkodean
Ackland Art Museum - Japanese Painting Conservation Iacklandartmuseum
This document summarizes the conservation treatment and remounting of the 1860 Japanese painting "One Hundred Birds Admiring the Peacock" at the Nishio Conservation Studio in Washington, D.C. The painting had been damaged by a crude cardboard backing and the silk was brittle and dark. Conservators removed the backing layer by layer, cleaned the silk, lined the silk with Japanese paper, filled losses in the silk with replacement silk, and remounted it on a new support. The treatment addressed damage and prepared the painting to be enjoyed for generations to come.
This document provides a summary of areas that have improved and need improvement for an English course, along with favorite and least favorite topics and activities. It notes that participation, grammar, vocabulary, and writing style have improved. Working with others, confidence, and leadership are areas that could be improved. Favorite topics included the novel Holes and a Mesopotamia diary project. An energy transformation unit was the least favorite due to initial difficulty understanding the concepts.
A presentation conducted by Matthew Holmes, Civil Engineering & Geosciences Newcastle University. Presented on Tuesday the 1st of October 2013.
As infrastructure becomes increasing integral to daily lives, society becomes more vulnerable to potential failures.
We mitigate against this by investing some of the increased prosperity afforded by infrastructure to treat the most salient risks and increase the resilience of the system. Therefore we enter a cycle whereour ability to identify and prioritise vulnerabilities is crucial to the future development of infrastructure. It is easy to compose a list of risks occupying the whole spectrum from probable through to fanciful, but, how do infrastructure owners define defensible boundaries between the credible risks they should assess and those that can be set aside? This paper tests the hypothesis that incorporating information on the uncertainty of risk assessments provides risk managers with a more robust process to justify their choice of credible risks.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
The history of infrastructure design, development and operation in most countries has been that it has occurred in silos. Yet the citizen’s experience of infrastructure is integrated. Realisation that the governance of this integrated experience is badly out of alignment with the needs of developed and developing countries and cities has now caused consideration of how to move to a better set of arrangements.
A SMART Seminar presented by Prof Brian Collins on 13 May 2013. For more information, visit http://goo.gl/MfJ8t
This document provides the course syllabus for a 1-credit Mathematics Study Strategies course offered in the summer of 2014. The course aims to help students develop effective study skills for success in mathematics courses. It will meet on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 1-2:50pm. Grading will be based on participation, readings, study skills assignments, tutoring hours, and a final project. The syllabus outlines course objectives, content, policies, and expectations.
Este documento presenta el reglamento de la biblioteca del Colegio San José de Cucuta. Describe la misión y visión de la biblioteca, los derechos y obligaciones de los usuarios, y las sanciones aplicables. Su objetivo es establecer las condiciones para el uso de los servicios de la biblioteca y promover el cumplimiento de su misión educativa.
The World’s second biggest travel trade show, World Travel Market just ended in London, bringing over 48,000 tourism industry key players from across the globe. Every year, as part of their educational tracks and seminars, WTM publishes its annual Industry Report surveying more than a thousand senior holidaymakers on various topics ranging from upcoming trends to airlines, emerging markets or travel resources utilization.
This document discusses the rise of online news and its impact on traditional media like newspapers. It notes that younger generations now get their news primarily from digital sources online rather than print newspapers. This has contributed to a decline in newspaper readership and revenue. The document also discusses how new digital technologies like social media and microblogs have allowed news to spread faster, including during breaking news events. Overall, the document argues that online news will eventually replace traditional newspapers as the primary source of news for most people.
The internet has profoundly affected how we collect and consume information; there is no debate about that. How can media companies adapt, survive and thrive in the digital age by returning to the fundamentals of the narrative?
The document discusses how Web 2.0 technologies like user-generated content, social networking, blogging and podcasting are opening up new opportunities for the tourism and travel industry. It provides examples of how companies are using these tools to engage customers, gain industry expertise, and learn consumer opinions. The key benefit to businesses is that these technologies allow brands to better serve customers and take advantage of new commercial possibilities in the evolving online landscape.
The document discusses the differences between journalism and scholarship when reporting on or analyzing events. Journalism aims to inform the general public and can influence perspectives through how information is presented, while scholarship strives for factual and critical analysis. This is illustrated through comparing how the tragic Waco incident between the Branch Davidians and government officials was discussed. News media often depicted the group negatively and to instill fear, whereas scholarship explores topics like whether the fire was started by the government or the group itself.
Newspaper headlines follow different grammatical rules than other writing by often omitting articles, verbs, and tenses. Headlines also use elliptical and complex sentences to summarize news in a concise yet engaging way within the space constraints of print. Certain grammatical structures like the present continuous tense and infinitives are commonly used in headlines to convey actions that are ongoing, changing, or planned for the future.
The document discusses how transport authorities can maximize the potential of social media as a two-way communication channel with the public. It notes that while authorities currently use platforms like Facebook and Twitter mainly to disseminate information, these platforms generate a wealth of user-posted data on transport experiences and opinions. This user-generated content could provide valuable insights if processed using text mining techniques. However, authorities need to encourage higher volumes of public posts to make such analysis useful. Responding actively to user messages and incorporating engaging activities on social media are suggested ways to stimulate more two-way discussion.
The document discusses the changing state of news media and journalism. It argues that three major shifts have occurred: 1) an explosion in the quantity of available information, 2) news can now be instantly updated and altered from many sources, and 3) the production and consumption of news has been decentralized from traditional advertising models. This decentralization has brought an end to the news media oligopoly and allowed anyone to produce and share news. However, the core functions of journalism - verification, sense-making, witnessing, and investigation - require expertise and cannot be replaced by algorithms. For journalism to maintain trust, it needs to focus on these essential functions.
Socialization Nature vs NurtureInstructions Read the chapter .docxrosemariebrayshaw
This document discusses a chapter on socialization that asks questions about the nature vs nurture debate as it relates to personality and intellectual development. It also asks about key sociological concepts like the looking glass self, stages of self-development, impression management, agents of socialization, and theories of aging. The questions cover topics like twin studies, the self, dramaturgical approach, role of schools in socialization, influence of technology, total institutions, and approaches to an aging population.
Socialization Nature vs NurtureInstructions Read the chapter .docxsamuel699872
Socialization Nature vs Nurture
Instructions: Read the chapter on Socialization. Answer the following questions (thoroughly and completely and in your own words), then submit. You may need to do some online research to find any answers not addressed in the chapter. Another good OER is OpenStax Introduction to Sociology Textbook.
1. Nature and Nurture: What do twin studies tell us about nature/nurture? Also, discuss the influence of heredity in explaining the process of one’s personality and intellectual development. Provide examples.
2. What is the self? According to Charles Horton Cooley, explain the “looking glass self” (discuss the three phases). George Herbert Mead also discusses the stages of the self: identify differences between I and Me. What is meant by significant others? How are significant others related to the self? Identify Mead’s three-stage process of self-development.
3. Explain the dramaturgical approach. What occurs on front-stage? What happens in backstage? How can Erving Goffman’s idea of impression management and face-work be used to understand social behavior?
4. Identify the agents of socialization. What is the role of schools in gender role socialization? How has technology (computer, cell phone, email, & TV) influenced the socialization process?
5. What are total institutions? Identify Goffman’s four traits of total institutions. Discuss how a degradation ceremony is used to mortify one’s sense of self.
6. How does society deal with an elderly population? Discuss differences between disengagement theory and activity theory? Finally, provide solutions to ageism.
sustainability
Article
Is Overtourism Overused? Understanding the Impact
of Tourism in a City Context
Ko Koens 1,2,* , Albert Postma 3 and Bernadett Papp 3
1 Hotel and Facility Management, Breda University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 3917, 4800 DX Breda,
The Netherlands
2 School of Tourism and Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
3 European Tourism Futures Institute, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 1298,
8900 CG Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (B.P.)
* Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +31-6-4544-0674
Received: 1 November 2018; Accepted: 20 November 2018; Published: 23 November 2018 �����������������
Abstract: In less than two years, the concept of overtourism has come to prominence as one of the
most discussed issues with regards to tourism in popular media and, increasingly, academia. In spite
of its popularity, the term is still not clearly delineated and remains open to multiple interpretations.
The current paper aims to provide more clarity with regard to what overtourism entails by placing
the concept in a historical context and presenting results from a qualitative investigation among
80 stakeholders in 13 European cities. Results highlight that overtourism describes an issue that
is multidimensional and complex. Not only are the issues c.
The Times implemented a paywall in July 2010 which led to a significant drop in visitors. In the first two weeks 150,000 people said they would pay but only 10-15% became subscribers. Visitor numbers fell by one third and have continued to drop. Cultural relevance, not a paywall, is key to attracting an audience and generating profits in the digital age. Allowing free access and finding new monetization methods can help publications maintain relevance.
FEATURE - ‘Overtourism’ Worries Europe. How Much Did Technol.docxmglenn3
FEATURE - ‘Overtourism’ Worries Europe. How
Much Did Technology Help Get Us There?
By Farhad Manjoo, The New York Times Aug. 29, 2018
Reference: Manjoo, F. (2019, Aug. 29). ‘Overtourism’ Worries Europe. How Much Did
Technology Help Get Us There? The New York Times. Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/29/technology/technology-overtourism-europe.html
By Farhad Manjoo
Over the summer, my wife and I traveled with our two young kids on a two-week
vacation through Europe.
It wasn’t as highfalutin as it sounds. In London, our Airbnb had ample skylights —
which rendered the place all but uninhabitable during Europe’s heat wave. In Paris, our
charming home-share had a cavernous hole in the ceiling of the entryway, revealing
load-bearing beams that appeared to have been rotting since Napoleon’s reign. And in
Amsterdam, our Airbnb advertised a kids’ bedroom stocked with toys — but failed to
mention the mosquitoes and mice.
I’m not complaining. If travel mishaps are the stuff of memory, my vacation was
unforgettable. And without home-sharing services like Airbnb, review sites like
TripAdvisor and conveniences like Uber, OpenTable and Expedia, the trip would have
been far more expensive, less accessible and, in a strange way, less authentic.
But my tech-abetted trip was illuminating, too, because it provided a firsthand look into
a vexing problem that has gripped much of Europe lately — the worry of “overtourism,”
and the rising chorus that blames technologies like Airbnb, Uber and other internet-
enabled travel conveniences for the menace.
Every summer, the most popular European destinations get stuffed to the gills with
tourists, who outnumber locals by many multiples, turning hot spots into sweaty, selfie-
stick-clogged, “Disneyfied”towns. They offer a taste of a growing global threat: Across
the world, thanks in part to rising affluence, travel is becoming a more widely shared
pastime. International trips were up 6 percent in the first half of the year, surpassing
experts’ forecasts, according to the United Nations’ World Tourism Organization.
This growth might once have been considered unambiguously good news. But the
world’s most popular destinations cannot expand to accommodate an infinite flood of
visitors. Advocates of curbing tourism say too many visitors are altering the character of
historic cities, and making travel terrible, too.
“It’s a level of tourism which is degrading the enjoyment that residents have, but it’s also
degrading the tourist experience, because the tourist who is endlessly queuing behind
backpacks of hundreds of other tourists is not discovering the real or the authentic
place,” said Justin Francis, the chief executive of Responsible Travel, a company that
arranges “sustainable” travel for customers.
What’s to blame? In addition to broad prosperity, there’s technology, defined very
broadly.
Over the last few decades, innovations in aviation — wider, more e.
FEATURE - ‘Overtourism’ Worries Europe. How Much Did Technol.docxlmelaine
FEATURE - ‘Overtourism’ Worries Europe. How
Much Did Technology Help Get Us There?
By Farhad Manjoo, The New York Times Aug. 29, 2018
Reference: Manjoo, F. (2019, Aug. 29). ‘Overtourism’ Worries Europe. How Much Did
Technology Help Get Us There? The New York Times. Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/29/technology/technology-overtourism-europe.html
By Farhad Manjoo
Over the summer, my wife and I traveled with our two young kids on a two-week
vacation through Europe.
It wasn’t as highfalutin as it sounds. In London, our Airbnb had ample skylights —
which rendered the place all but uninhabitable during Europe’s heat wave. In Paris, our
charming home-share had a cavernous hole in the ceiling of the entryway, revealing
load-bearing beams that appeared to have been rotting since Napoleon’s reign. And in
Amsterdam, our Airbnb advertised a kids’ bedroom stocked with toys — but failed to
mention the mosquitoes and mice.
I’m not complaining. If travel mishaps are the stuff of memory, my vacation was
unforgettable. And without home-sharing services like Airbnb, review sites like
TripAdvisor and conveniences like Uber, OpenTable and Expedia, the trip would have
been far more expensive, less accessible and, in a strange way, less authentic.
But my tech-abetted trip was illuminating, too, because it provided a firsthand look into
a vexing problem that has gripped much of Europe lately — the worry of “overtourism,”
and the rising chorus that blames technologies like Airbnb, Uber and other internet-
enabled travel conveniences for the menace.
Every summer, the most popular European destinations get stuffed to the gills with
tourists, who outnumber locals by many multiples, turning hot spots into sweaty, selfie-
stick-clogged, “Disneyfied”towns. They offer a taste of a growing global threat: Across
the world, thanks in part to rising affluence, travel is becoming a more widely shared
pastime. International trips were up 6 percent in the first half of the year, surpassing
experts’ forecasts, according to the United Nations’ World Tourism Organization.
This growth might once have been considered unambiguously good news. But the
world’s most popular destinations cannot expand to accommodate an infinite flood of
visitors. Advocates of curbing tourism say too many visitors are altering the character of
historic cities, and making travel terrible, too.
“It’s a level of tourism which is degrading the enjoyment that residents have, but it’s also
degrading the tourist experience, because the tourist who is endlessly queuing behind
backpacks of hundreds of other tourists is not discovering the real or the authentic
place,” said Justin Francis, the chief executive of Responsible Travel, a company that
arranges “sustainable” travel for customers.
What’s to blame? In addition to broad prosperity, there’s technology, defined very
broadly.
Over the last few decades, innovations in aviation — wider, more e ...
The document summarizes an Economist report on the future of news media. It discusses six key trends: (1) Newspapers are declining in the West but growing in places like India; (2) News organizations are experimenting with new revenue models beyond advertising; (3) Social media has transformed news production and consumption; (4) Some question whether transparency organizations practice journalism or activism; (5) Transparency is replacing objectivity as the new standard for quality reporting; (6) News media is returning to a more conversational model as in pre-industrial times with the rise of social media. Successful organizations will embrace this new reality by prioritizing readers over advertisers and collaboration over barriers between producers and consumers.
History of Internet
Give a convincing definition of online journalism
Explain the forms of online journalism
Explain why traditional media outlets are moving online
Exploring new media outlets e.g citizen journalism, backpack journalism
The document discusses the role of transportation in tourism and its development. It notes that globalization and technological advances have reduced distances and increased interconnectedness, driving growth in international travel and tourism. Transportation is crucial to the tourism industry as it connects origins and destinations and without it, most tourism would not exist. The document then examines different modes of transportation used in tourism, factors influencing tourist transportation options, and how transportation is critical to the development and competitiveness of tourist destinations.
Over last years, the current growth of tourism flourished in a wealth of courses, Ph.Ds., Masters and academic offerings that positioned tourism as a good perspective for students. Jafar Jafari signaled to the term “scientifization of tourism” to explain the ever-increasing attention given to this new field (Jafari & Aeser, 1988; Jafari, 1990, 2005). At a first stage, the great volume of bibliographic production offered an encouraging prospect in the pathways towards the maturation of this discipline. However, some epistemologists have recently alerted that not only tourism-research failed to develop a unified consensus of what tourism is, but also lack of a coherent epistemology that helps organizing the produced material. In this respect, tourism is subject now to an atmosphere of “indiscipline” where the produced knowledge leads to scattered (limited) conclusions.
The Digital Challenge in Destination Branding: Brief Approach to the Portugue...Private
Oliveira, Eduardo (2013), “The Digital Challenge in Destination Branding: Brief Approach to the Portuguese case”, Conference Proceedings of the International Tourism Week Conference Series V - New Trends in Tourism Management and Marketing, 15th and -16th of April, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey [ISBN 978-605-4483-14-3].
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Les slides de noël du Social Media Club FranceSMCFrance
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Une année d’échanges entre professionnels au Social Media Club vous est proposée dans ce recueil, dont nous sommes très fiers. Ce cahier vous propose de vous replonger dans les tendances qui ont animé les professionnels du numérique et des social médias de septembre 2015 à juin 2016. Nous avons observé les bonnes pratiques, laissé de côté les moins bonnes, décrypté la mise en place de standards chez les professionnels autour de ces nouveaux métiers et leurs évolutions rapides, trop rapides, insaisissables, toujours en cours. Pour en savoir plus sur le SMC, nous contacter : http://socialmediaclub.fr/
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Traveler to journalist: how audience participation could become the new travel journalism. Par Bryan Pirolli
1. “Traveler to journalist: how audience participation could become the new travel
journalism”
Bryan Pirolli - Université Paris 3 Sorbonne Nouvelle
Proposition pour les SMC Research Awards - Décembre 2013
Introduction
Tourism is continually shifting online, with physical travel agencies closing rapidly and
online operators increasingly organizing the major elements for consumers1. As such, the
process of deciding where to book is now largely informed by online sources, both
journalistic and otherwise. Traditional media are publishing content on the web, but
online content, like comments on booking sites and independent blogs, are also
supplying consumers with information used to plan trips. We can observe how travel
journalism and the discourse surrounding a location, once managed by institutional
media and tourism offices, are dictated more by audiences than by professionals.
While many journalism studies focus largely on general news, little attention is paid to
online journalism specific to niche media like travel (Bruns, 2011; Domingo, Singer, et al.,
2011; Rebillard, 2006). We argue that the travel industry deserves special focus when it
comes to agenda setting and information distribution. In 2012, the World Travel and
Tourism Council reported for the first time, one billion global travelers2. The spending
power of these travelers justifies close examination into how the information flows from
vendors to clients, and who influences our decisions.
1 http://www.itb-berlin.de/media/itbk/itbk_media/itbk_pdf/WTTR_Report_2013_web.pdf
2 http://www.wttc.org/news-media/news-archive/2012/international-tourism-hits-one-billion/
2. 2
Furthermore, travel journalism is complicated by an overlap between journaling and
journalism, between the author looking into a mirror and out a window (Greenman,
2012). Self-publication online is blurring the difference between the two. User-generated
content (UGC) like TripAdvisor and blogs could become agenda-setting players for the
tourism industry, while questions of ethics and transparency remain an issue for
professional journalists. Through a study of blogs in Paris and the public who reads them,
we can begin to observe how travelers are using various sources of information, both
journalistic and non-professional.
Theoretical Framework
To understand how UGC is challenging established journalistic norms, we look at the
traditional top-down approach of institutional media. Historically corporate media have
controlled much of the information that has trickled down to consumers, be it via
newsprint, radio, TV, or web. Over the last two centuries, editors and journalists – the
professionals – have presented content to the public, acting as the gatekeepers of
information, a termed coined in 1940 (Lewin,1940). They were the professionals who
decided which content fit into the limited pages of newspapers and precious TV
airtime. Over the past few decades, however, this role of the professional journalist has
been challenged by the popularity of the web, where both journalists and non-
journalists can publish alongside each other.
Participatory journalism has managed to reach into niches too nuanced for institutional
media to penetrate (Gillmor, 2006). With major newspapers reducing staff, the potential
value of participatory journalism is increasingly clear (Gant, 2007). However, many
institutional news sites have not yet embraced contributions made by the public, as
demonstrated by Singer et al who identified a lack of participation in the creation of
online content across several national newspapers (2011). The public, instead, is more
often implicated in what the researchers call the “interpretation phase,” leaving
comments and sharing content.
Fortunately for the public, other sites have opened up access to their contributions.
Websites like TripAdvisor have become leaders in the travel industry, in the tradition of
the Zagat guides begun in 1979, based on user reviews. Other sites like Blogger and
WordPress offer free platforms for self-publication, leading to the now-pervasive
practice of blogging (Gant, 2007). The gate-keeping role of journalists, according to
some, is changing while navigating a sea of publications produced with varying levels
of professionalization. Jane Singer calls the journalist an authenticator, helping readers
identify trustworthy information (Singer, 2008).
3. 3
Modifying the terminology, Axel Bruns suggests rethinking the gatekeeper role as a
“gatewatcher” role, curating and parsing through the flux of information that can no
longer be controlled. Before the widespread use of the internet, there were relatively
few outlets and much information that needed to be selected for distribution on the
limited pages of newsprint and timeslots on the evening news. Withe endless possibilities
for publishing content, users also have access to the same information that journalists
do, including press releases and public statements. Journalists, he says, “are engaged in
a form of internal gatewatching which tracks the outcomes of this crowdsourced
process of investigation to identify any particularly relevant, interesting, or outrageous
findings to be explored further through more conventional journalistic activities” (Bruns ,
2011, p 122). The process of gatewatching allows the public a greater say in what
headlines end up in institutional media, even if they aren’t producing content.
Various pureplayer sites – media websites exclusively online – and blogging platforms
are giving more of a voice to those who aren’t always connected to the big media
brands, but those brands are still major leaders. While audience-powered sites are
rewriting the rules, speaking alongside and often over the voices of professional
journalists, institutional media still remains some of the most viewed websites, according
to Alexa ratings, a trusted source for page rankings worldwide.3
Travel journalism, however, does not fit the same developmental patterns as hard news.
Dating back centuries to correspondence from travelers abroad and evolving over
time with ship logs, scientific journeys in exotic places, and private journals made public,
travel writing has its own peculiarities (Blanton, 1997; Marcil, 2007). Many of the earlier
formers of writing – think Flaubert’s exploits in Egypt – were not necessarily destined for
publication but were written as more intimate accounts. Over the years, the objectives
of such authors evolved, shifting focus more on information and less on reflection as
technology opened up tourism to larger audiences. As Catherine Bertho-Lavenir writers,
the 19th century bolstered the more objective travel guide with the advent of the
steamboat and railway, changes that would only further with commercial airlines in the
mid-1900s. She writes, “Travel narratives and then tourist guides teach their readers
systematically that which they should admire and how to conduct themselves" (1999, p
41). Guides like the Michelin Guides offered standard information from professional
source as the guide industry developed in the 1900s.
More recently, shifts in travel have changed as the modern tourist is looking for
something beyond the prepackaged tours popular in the first half of the 20th century.
Nearly 40 years after writing The Tourist, Dean MacCannell’s theories on the leisure class
3 While the BBC finds itself at number 52, CNN at 58, and The New York Times at number 107, pure players
and UGC sites are not far behind. General news sites like the Huffington Post rank at number 73 while top
travel related sites like TripAdvisor clock in at 198 with Yelp just ahead at 132.
4. 4
and their quest for “authentic experiences” still resonates with travelers. Based in part
on Goffman’s stage theory, MacCannell describes how travelers want to go behind the
scenes, examining for example the “work displays” of daily life instead of just
monuments and museums (1976, p 36). A visit to the chic but industrial chocolate shop
by famed French chef Alain Ducasse in Paris, for example, puts visitors into such a work
display, surrounded by machines and kitchen equipment formerly hidden from view.
Such experiences attempt to create an authentic experience, but MacCannell
downplays their reality, calling it instead “staged authenticity,” evoking the impossibility
of truly living like a local. He writes: “It is always possible that what is taken to be entry
into a back region is really entry into a front region that has been totally set up in
advance for touristic visitation” (1976, p 101).
Despite the perceived impossibility, much of this quest is embodied in the lexicological
distinction between tourist and traveler. The battle to be a traveler and not a tourist
exists, even in French, according to Bertho-Lavenir (p 405). For Jean-Didier Urbain,
travelers walk among the natives, while tourists merely walk in the travelers’ footsteps,
reiterating a rejection of all that is touristic or touristy (1991, p 103). Travelers, in the
popular vernacular sense of the word, inform themselves differently than cookie-cutter
tourists – though regardless of the exact interpretation, this general notion is a guiding
principle in our research. We hypothesized that tourists would favor online content, and
in particular blogs for their access to these more “authentic” experiences, however
they be defined.
Field of Study and Method
With such predominance of web use, we are examining how this audience informs
themselves while executing a trip. We are interested in knowing what sources of
information travelers in a digital era use when planning their trips and if certain outlets –
specifically blogs – offer increased access to “authentic experience.” Additionally,
among these sources, do non-professional authors resemble their professional
counterparts at all? What journalistic standards can be observed in non-professional
media?
Our questionnaire and interviews reveal that English-speaking travelers to Paris still
adhere to traditional sources, such as guides and magazines, but look to blogs for
insight into more “authentic” experiences, a debated notion discussed above
(MacCannell, 1976; Urbain, 1991). The very nature of such UGC hypothetically permits a
timelier, honest, and informed view into a destination, offering the “authentic” or
“local” aspect that a guide book, restricted by editorial constraints, may not. We
5. 5
therefore explore where the agenda-setting comes from and what influence UGC
sources have, specifically blogs, compared to traditional journalists.
We also simultaneously studied the content that our audience was reading – blogs
about Paris. We developed a content analysis by constructing a checklist of common
journalistic practices used to evaluate a blog sample. Through the analysis, we
observed how these non-professionals might be acting like professional journalists.
Blog and content analysis
With an understanding of the evolving nature of online journalism and the amplification
of user-generated content in travel communication, we looked at both online users’
practices and the content itself. Our preliminary study in 2012 explored the
interpretations of blog readers by employing an online questionnaire followed by
interviews with individuals to understand how the public is using various media while
planning a trip. At the same time, a sample of eleven blogs written by English-speaking
authors in Paris was analyzed to determine the extent to which the bloggers adhered to
certain journalistic practices. The blogs spanned different themes, but all dealt with
foreigners living or traveling in Paris.
The blogs were selected using web cartography methods available online from a
French organization, WebAtlas. An application called a navicrawler, downloaded from
WebAtlas’s homepage, was used to scan the links found on a popular Parisian blog,
TheParisBlog.com. By reviewing the linked sites collected and continuing this process,
we were able to click through thousands of pages to find material available to English-
speakers about Paris. Most sites, like links to social media and vendors, were eliminated
from the sample since they did not contain content to analyze, resulting in about 160
actively maintained blogs. Using this information, we could visualize the blogosphere
using a program called GEPHI which creates a graphic depiction of the sites. Ultimately
we were left with Figure 1, from which we were able to isolate the most highly linked
blogs to choose from our sample (in green) at the center of the blogosphere without
including our starting point (in red) TheParisBlog.com, which simply aggregates blog
posts instead of creating original content.
6. 6
Figure 1: English-speaking blogosphere in Paris.
Points denote a blog homepage.
We chose eleven such blogs for our content analysis, several of which also appeared
on the Tourism Office of the Ile de France website under a section called “Our Favorite
Blogs.” While not necessarily the most visited or most influential blogs, the cartography
provides a justification for the analysis of these blogs since they are among the most
referenced and the most active in referencing other blogs.
Then, a checklist of journalistic practices was compiled from several authors, allowing us
to investigate some general practices that have developed over the last few centuries,
helping journalists to identify with each other (Kovach and Rosenstiel, 2007; Neveu,
2009; Zinser, 2001). Such practices included writing lead or introduction sentences,
depending on official sources, writing in relationship to news events, and avoiding using
the first person in the blog posts. The checklist was a sample of practices considered
standard for journalists and by no means exhaustive. The posts examined were those
appearing in each of the eleven blogs during February 2012, resulting in 95 total posts
examined.
Once the survey and interviews were completed, to be discussed in the next
paragraph, we were able to compare the results of the interrogation to the results of
the blog analysis. Essentially we could isolate certain features common to the blogs and
then discern which are important to readers, leading us to several conclusions about
how non-professionals, as opposed to professional journalists, present their content.
7. 7
The survey and interviews
A main goal of this study was to explore how a specific audience informs itself before a
trip using various sources, focusing largely on blogs. There are several studies on the
consumption of travel information (Gretzel, 2007, Chhabra, 2010. Yagi and Pearce,
2007), but few are in the specific field of travel journalism or travel blogging. Our
questionnaire and more importantly, our interviews, look to enrich existing literature.
To interrogate an online public, we used the online questionnaire platform Survey
Monkey. We proposed four parts in the questionnaire with the possibility of free
responses or graded responses depending on the question. The questions focused on
general travel planning and a discussion of authenticity in travel. The questionnaire was
shared on Twitter and Facebook in early February 2012 with the help of Paris-based
bloggers that we would later study in the analysis.
Ten subjects were then chosen from the responses for face-to-face, in-depth interviews.
Our subjects were mostly North American, females, between 20 and 60 years old, all
living in Paris for varying periods of time. In general, the interview began with a
discussion of the respondent's online habits when preparing for a vacation. The
conversation focused largely the information they value, the blogs they follow, and
each person’s personal interpretation of an “authentic experience.”
The lack of many true temporary Parisian vacationers (as opposed to expats) did not
seemingly skew the results, as initial questionnaire responses were akin to those by the
dozens of questionnaire respondents who were not expatriates or long-term tourists.
Jean-Didier Urbain suggests, “An expat is just a traveler in an interrupted voyage : a
person living abroad, a traveler outside of his travels” (1991,p 273). For the moment, we
considered all non-French natives in our study, since travel information is not uniquely
printed and consumed abroad as before. The internet has opened local publications
up internationally, with The New York Times travel section as consultable in Paris as in the
US.
8. 8
Results and Discussion
Online users react
How do users’ comments help define travel experiences and do online contributors
hold more clout than journalists? According to our study, comments and other UGC are
vitally important to travelers who plan online, but they are not the only source. Nor do
they closely resemble journalistic content. In the free response sections of our survey,
when asked about sources of information that they trust, there was an unsurprisingly
large variety of websites, media outlets, and social networks (physical and virtual) cited.
With travel information available in diverse forms, respondents ranked newspapers
travel sections, magazines, guidebooks, travel TV shows, blogs, and online news sites as
more or less equally trustworthy when researching information. They make little
distinction in the dependability of professional and non-professional sources for basic
elements of a trip. Both travel blogs and travel guides were ranked exactly the same,
for example (see figure 2).
After introducing the question of authenticity, however, respondents ranked travel
blogs above other traditional forms of media for their ability to offer information
concerning more “authentic” experiences. We also asked the respondents to define
what they mean by authentic, which yielded results ranging from “local” and “non-
Figure 2 Trustworthy rankings (left) vs. Authenticity rankings (right) [blogs in green]
9. 9
touristy” to “off beaten path” and “unexpected.” This range of responses further
emphasizes the lack of a unique definition of an authentic experience. Still, respondents
in the questionnaire and in the interviews attest that online blogs, as opposed to
institutional media, are more useful for finding that authentic experience in Paris. When
asked where they look for such experiences, nearly 80% said they take word-of-mouth
advice or suggestions from locals, helping to clarify why bloggers, as “local reporters,”
might be more attractive than corporate media and travel guides.
Bloggers as journalists?
While these bloggers may be more attractive sources for the online public, how
can we qualify the information they are disseminating? When analyzing the content of
the blogs, specifically looking for journalistic practices, it becomes clear that bloggers
do not adhere to most, at least not consistently. While by no means requisite, it is
interesting to observe how these sources do not adhere to similar practices while
audiences are increasingly looking to them for information as they once looked to
journalists.
On one end, the content produced does not exemplify many standard
practices. For example, official sources are a mainstay of journalism, but only 19% of
blog posts analyzed referenced any human sources, while only 1% cited a report or
study (Neveu, 2009). Additionally, at least in many news sources, journalists avoid using
the first person, yet 73% of the posts were written in the first person narration. Given the
personal nature of blogs, this is unsurprising, though two in particular did write in a more
journalistic, distanced voice. In considering the journalistic principle of objectivity, an
ideal more than a reality, only 30% of the posts inserted facts, 34% had a concrete or
developed idea in their posts (as opposed to musings), and only 33% had any
relationship to news items or current events (Kovach and Rosenstiel, 2001).
As far as writing structure is concerned, only about half of the posts featured
anything resembling a lead introductory sentence and only about a quarter gave a
news context via a nutgraf, a short paragraph early in the story that situates the reader.
Nearly all blogs contained different sections for their content, including 88% with links to
online social networks and 95% with space for comments. And nearly all sites contained
links to outside websites, blogs, or pages within the blog itself. Like most media pages,
95% of the blogs also contained advertising.
While people are increasingly looking to these blogs for information, our study
suggests that bloggers are a genre apart from journalism. Few of the bloggers studied
are actually trained professional journalists. By not adhering to certain journalistic
principles, we do not suggest that bloggers offer impertinent information, but this critical
look at certain practices stresses the need for further study of user generated content. If
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bloggers are not acting like journalists through their reporting, are they adhering to
principles of transparency and honesty? Are they disclosing everything? Greenman
suggests that disclosure is essential especially for journalists who take subsidized travel
experiences or press trips. “Credibility with the readers is the most important reason,” he
says, to make disclosure a common practice (2012 p 143).
Journalistic sources persist
Are travelers looking for an online consensus while planning or instead for one
trustworthy voice? While the questionnaire demonstrated a plurality of sources, the
interviews shed light on how users rely on these sources. Some use guide books and
news sites as starting points, while others go to blogs. It depends on the traveler. For
example, a majority of TripAdvisor users report using it at the beginning of their planning
to get inspiration as well as in the middle to narrow choices (Gretzel, 2007). Few use the
site during or after trips. This detail helps demonstrate how the site influences buying
choices, playing a larger role before a purchase than after.
While tourists still use both types, sometimes reviews, both journalistic and non-
professional, may have an adverse effect on consumers. One interviewee stated that a
favorite Parisian restaurant became too popular once big-name blogs and the media
covered it, for example. The interviewees overall expressed a disdain towards travel
guides and brand name media for their effect on certain experiences that they once
deemed authentic.
Additionally, in terms of style and content, interviews revealed an aversion to
“professional” travel information, preferring the personal feel of bloggers. Many aspects
of the blog came up during the interviews, specifically the personal writing style, the
possibility of dialoguing in comments and on social networks, and the amateur-feel of
the blogs which aren’t as saturated with corporate advertising and design like The New
York Times. Again, this population of online travel planners reported depending largely
on word of mouth recommendations, and the intimacy of blogging helps attract
readers to such content. The results from the content analysis demonstrate, for
example, that most blogs employed the first person in posts, a practice that journalists
avoid in many forms of reporting, and interviewees report that they desire such a
personal writing style. Journalists, in attempting to be objective, do not always inject
their voice into stories, though travel writing seems dependent on more of the author in
the writing (Blanton, 1997).
Journalists, however, still have their place in informing travelers. As one respondent said,
“The Louvre is still the Louvre,” continuing to explain that certain experiences in Paris are
not going to change much, but need continual updating. She argues that guides are
still important for perennial information, to keep cornerstones of the tourism circuit fresh
11. 11
and pertinent. In a way, institutional media works well to curate and maintain
institutional tourism through guidebooks and updates on the iconic experiences and
monuments that one will inevitably visit in Paris. A look at our study reveals that bloggers
don’t often cover topics that are considered “touristy”—Versailles, Notre Dame, the
Louvre. While a more in-depth look at bloggers’ motives could help shed light on this
point, our sample of 95 posts shows little attention paid to such topics.
Conclusion
While institutional media still has a grasp on travel information, even attracting large
amounts of followers on social media networks, these brands are not the sole purveyors
of travel information. Nor do readers want them to be. Our research shows that
travelers seek consumer feedback in addition to professional recommendations, using
both in different ways. While observing user generated content like blog posts and
review comments, our research suggests that such information is more pertinent to the
off-the-beaten-track experiences that travelers are looking for, and not standard
routine travel.
Journalists are still able to provide honest information, adhering to principles of
transparency and disclosure that non-professionals might not. Furthermore, beyond
looking for authentic experiences at a destination, travelers need other standard
information related to transportation, local customs, and news-related stories that
journalists are prepared to supply.
Still, travelers are relying on these comments and blog posts to help them decide where
to book a room and where to eat, two necessary parts of a voyage, in addition to
searching for other experiences. As Gretzel and our own study demonstrated, travelers
are increasingly looking to the multitude of user comments before making spending
decisions, looking less to professional sources and more to the personal and relatable
writers who give their opinions online.
Further study can investigate the practices of content creators, including bloggers and
comment writers in order to understand their methods. Also, how have social networks,
like FourSquare, Twitter, and geosocial networking applications responded to traveler’s
needs? This sort of hyper-local connection is creating an ever widening gap between
the professional and the destination in question, furthering opening up the conversation
over who is a travel journalist.
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