The ARM architecture is a popular RISC architecture used in low-power embedded systems like mobile phones and consumer electronics due to its low cost and power efficiency. It utilizes features like conditional execution, load/store architecture, and 16 32-bit registers to achieve good performance despite its simpler design compared to processors like x86. The ARM instruction set was later augmented with the more dense Thumb instruction set to improve code size. ARM processors are widely used in consumer devices and supported by many embedded operating systems.
This is mainly intended for young faculty who are involved in ARM processor architecture teaching. This may also be useful to those who are keen in understanding the secrets of ARM architecture.Very good luck
This PPT is about the ARM processors, family of processors,significance,applications and architectural features and Instruction Set Architecture useful for beginners
ARM PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE with reference to ARM state and Thumb state. CPSR register and shift from one state to another ,applications of Thumb and limitations of Thumb.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MW2M6hvAuis
This is mainly intended for young faculty who are involved in ARM processor architecture teaching. This may also be useful to those who are keen in understanding the secrets of ARM architecture.Very good luck
This PPT is about the ARM processors, family of processors,significance,applications and architectural features and Instruction Set Architecture useful for beginners
ARM PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE with reference to ARM state and Thumb state. CPSR register and shift from one state to another ,applications of Thumb and limitations of Thumb.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MW2M6hvAuis
Embedded Systems (18EC62) - ARM Cortex-M3 Instruction Set and Programming (Mo...Shrishail Bhat
Lecture Slides for Embedded Systems (18EC62) - ARM Cortex-M3 Instruction set and Programming (Module 2) for VTU Students
Contents
Assembly basics, Instruction list and description, Thumb and ARM instructions, Special instructions, Useful instructions, CMSIS, Assembly and C language Programming
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
ARM (Advance RISC Machine) is one of the most licensed and thus widespread processor cores in the world.Used especially in portable devices due to low power consumption and reasonable performance.Several interesting extension available like THUMB instruction set and Jazelle Java Machine.
Embedded Systems (18EC62) - ARM Cortex-M3 Instruction Set and Programming (Mo...Shrishail Bhat
Lecture Slides for Embedded Systems (18EC62) - ARM Cortex-M3 Instruction set and Programming (Module 2) for VTU Students
Contents
Assembly basics, Instruction list and description, Thumb and ARM instructions, Special instructions, Useful instructions, CMSIS, Assembly and C language Programming
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
ARM (Advance RISC Machine) is one of the most licensed and thus widespread processor cores in the world.Used especially in portable devices due to low power consumption and reasonable performance.Several interesting extension available like THUMB instruction set and Jazelle Java Machine.
Explain briefly about the major enhancements in ARM processor archite.pdfarjunenterprises1978
Explain briefly about the major enhancements in ARM processor architecture compared to
conventional RSIC computational model.
Solution
ARM:
• ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machine based on the RISC.
• It has high code density, low power consumption & low silicon area.
• It is a load-store architecture, data processing through registers and does not involve changes
directly within memory and it gives good speed vs power consumption ratio.
RISC features
Instructions:
Lower number of instructions compared to CISC. The compiler or programmer synthesizes
complicated operations by combining several simple instructions. Each instruction is a fixed
length to allow the pipeline to fetch future instructions before decoding the current instruction.
Pipeline:
The processing of instructions is broken down into smaller units that can be executed in parallel
by pipelines. Ideally the pipeline advances by one step on each cycle for maximum throughput.
Instructions can be decoded in one pipeline stage. There is no need for an instruction to be
executed by a mini-program called microcode as on CISC processors.
Fixed number of instruction cycles: Most instructions single cycle.
Registers:
RISC have a large number of general purpose registers while CISC have special purpose
registers. In RISC any register can contain either data or an address. Registers act as the fast
local memory store for all data processing operations.
Load-store architecture -The processor operates on data held in registers. Separate load and store
instructions transfer data between the register bank and external memory. Memory accesses are
costly, so separating memory accesses from data processing pro-vides an advantage because you
can use data items held in the register bank multiple times without needing multiple memory
accesses. In contrast, with a CISC design the data processing operations can act on memory
directly.
ARM feature improvements over RISC
Variable cycle execution for certain instructions-Not every ARM instruction executes in a single
cycle. For example, load-store-multiple instructions vary in the number of execution cycles
depending upon the number of registers being transferred. The transfer can occur on sequential
memory addresses, which increases performance since sequential memory accesses are often
faster than random accesses.
Inline barrel shifter leading to more complex instructions-The inline barrel shifter is a hardware
component that preprocesses one of the input registers before it is used by an instruction. This
expands the capability of many instructions to improve core performance and code density.
ARM has enhanced the processor core by adding a second 16 bit instruction set called Thumb.
This thumb instruction permits the ARM core to execute either 16 bit or 32 bit instructions. The
16 bit instructions improve code density by about 30 percent compare to 32 bit instructions of
fixed length.
Conditional execution-An instruction is only executed when a specific.
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Smartphones architecture is generally different from
common desktop architectures. It is limited by power, size and
cost of manufacturing with the goal to provide the best
experience for users in a minimum cost. Stemming from this
fact, modern micro-processors are designed with an
architecture that has three main components: an application
processor that executes the end user’s applications, a modem
responding to baseband radio activities, and peripheral devices
for interacting with the end user.
Parallelism
Multicores:
The Cortex A7 MPCore processor implements the ARMv7-A
architecture. The Cortex A7 MPCore processor has one to
four processors in a single multi-processor device. The
following figure shows an example configuration with four
processors [3].
In this paper, we are discussing the architecture of the
application processor of Apple iPhone. Specifically, Apple
iPhone uses ARM Cortex generation of processors as their
core. The following sections discusses this architecture in terms
of Instruction Set Architecture, Memory Hierarchy and
Parallelism.
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1. The relative simplicity 相对的简单 of ARM processors makes them suitable for low
power applications. As a result, they have become dominant 主导的 in the mobile and
embedded electronics market, as relatively low-cost, small microprocessors and
microcontrollers. In 2005, about 98% of the more than one billion mobile phones sold
each year used at least one ARM processor. As of 2009, ARM processors account for
approximately 大约 90% of all embedded 32-bit RISC processors and are used
extensively 广泛的 in consumer electronics, including personal digital assistants
(PDAs), mobile phones, digital media and music players, hand-held game consoles,
calculators and computer peripherals such as hard drives and routers.
ARM cores are used in a number of products, particularly various smartphones. Some
computing examples are the Acorn Archimedes, Apple iPad and ASUS Eee Pad
Transformer. Some other uses are the Apple iPod portable media player, Canon
PowerShot A470 digital camera, Nintendo DS handheld games console and TomTom
automotive navigation system.
Since 2005, ARM was also involved in Manchester University's computer, SpiNNaker,
which used ARM cores to simulate the human brain
Instruction set ARM 指令集
To keep the design clean, simple and fast, the original ARM implementation was
hardwired 电路的 without microcode 伪指令, like the much simpler 8-bit 6502
processor used in prior Acorn microcomputers.
The ARM architecture includes the following RISC features:
* Load/store architecture.
* No support for misaligned memory accesses (although now supported in
2. ARMv6 cores, with some exceptions related to load/store multiple word instructions).
* Uniform 16 × 32-bit register file.
* Fixed instruction width of 32 bits to ease decoding and pipelining, at the cost
of decreased code density. Later, the Thumb instruction set increased code density.
* Mostly single-cycle execution.
To compensate for 弥补 the simpler design, compared with contemporary processors
like the Intel 80286 and Motorola 68020, some additional design features were used:
* Conditional execution of most instructions, reducing branch overhead and
compensating for the lack of a branch predictor.
* Arithmetic instructions alter condition codes only when desired.
* 32-bit barrel shifter which can be used without performance penalty with most
arithmetic instructions and address calculations.
* Powerful indexed addressing modes.
* A link register for fast leaf function calls.
* Simple, but fast, 2-priority-level interrupt subsystem with switched register
banks.
Conditional execution 条件执行
The conditional execution feature (called predication) is implemented with a 4-bit
condition code selector (the predicate) on every instruction; one of the four-bit codes
is reserved as an "escape code 转译码" to specify certain unconditional instructions,
but nearly all common instructions are conditional. Most CPU architectures only have
condition codes on branch instructions 转移指令.
This cuts down significantly on the encoding bits available for displacements in
memory access instructions, but on the other hand it avoids branch instructions when
generating code for small if statements. The standard example of this is the
subtraction-based Euclidean algorithm: ARM address mode
In the C programming language, the loop is:
while(i != j) {
if (i > j)
i -= j;
else
j -= i;
}
In ARM assembly, the loop is:
3. loop CMP Ri, Rj ; set condition "NE" if (i != j),
; "GT" if (i > j),
; or "LT" if (i < j)
SUBGT Ri, Ri, Rj ; if "GT" (greater than), i = i-j;
SUBLT Rj, Rj, Ri ; if "LT" (less than), j = j-i;
BNE loop ; if "NE" (not equal), then loop
which avoids the branches around the then and else clauses. Note that if Ri and Rj are
equal then neither of the SUB instructions will be executed, optimising out the need
for a conditional branch to implement the while check at the top of the loop, for
example had SUBLE (less than or equal) been used.
One of the ways that Thumb code provides a more dense encoding is to remove that
four bit selector from non-branch instructions.
Other features
Another feature of the instruction set is the ability to fold shifts and rotates into the
"data processing" (arithmetic, logical, and register-register move) instructions, so that,
for example, the C statement
a += (j << 2);
could be rendered as a single-word, single-cycle instruction on the ARM.
ADD Ra, Ra, Rj, LSL #2
This results in the typical ARM program being denser than expected with fewer
memory accesses; thus the pipeline is used more efficiently. Even though the ARM
runs at what many would consider to be low speeds, it nevertheless competes quite
well with much more complex CPU designs.
The ARM processor also has some features rarely seen in other RISC architectures,
such as PC-relative addressing (indeed, on the 32-bit ARM the PC is one of its 16
registers) and pre- and post-increment addressing modes.
Another item of note is that the ARM has been around for a while, with the instruction
set increasing somewhat over time. Some early ARM processors (before
ARM7TDMI), for example, have no instruction to store a two-byte quantity, thus,
strictly speaking, for them it's not possible to generate efficient code that would
behave the way one would expect for C objects of type "int16_t".
4. Debugging
All modern ARM processors include hardware debugging facilities; without them,
software debuggers could not perform basic operations like halting, stepping, and
breakpointing of code starting from reset. These facilities are built using JTAG
support, though some newer cores optionally support ARM's own two-wire "SWD"
protocol. In ARM7TDMI cores, the "D" represented JTAG debug support, and the "I"
represented presence of an "EmbeddedICE" debug module. For ARM7 and ARM9
core generations, EmbeddedICE over JTAG was a de-facto debug standard, although
it was not architecturally guaranteed.
DSP enhancement instructions
To improve the ARM architecture for digital signal processing and multimedia
applications, a few new instructions were added to the set.[21] These are signified by
an "E" in the name of the ARMv5TE and ARMv5TEJ architectures. E-variants also
imply T,D,M and I.
The new instructions are common in digital signal processor architectures. They are
variations on signed multiply–accumulate, saturated add and subtract, and count
leading zeros.
Thumb
To improve compiled code-density, processors since the ARM7TDMI have featured
Thumb instruction set, which have their own state. (The "T" in "TDMI" indicates the
Thumb feature.) When in this state, the processor executes the Thumb instruction set,
a compact 16-bit encoding for a subset of the ARM instruction set.[22] Most of the
Thumb instructions are directly mapped to normal ARM instructions. The
space-saving comes from making some of the instruction operands implicit and
limiting the number of possibilities compared to the ARM instructions executed in the
ARM instruction set state.
In Thumb, the 16-bit opcodes have less functionality. For example, only branches can
be conditional, and many opcodes are restricted to accessing only half of all of the
CPU's general purpose registers. The shorter opcodes give improved code density
overall, even though some operations require extra instructions. In situations where
the memory port or bus width is constrained to less than 32 bits, the shorter Thumb
opcodes allow increased performance compared with 32-bit ARM code, as less
program code may need to be loaded into the processor over the constrained memory
bandwidth.
Embedded hardware, such as the Game Boy Advance, typically have a small amount
of RAM accessible with a full 32-bit datapath; the majority is accessed via a 16 bit or
5. narrower secondary datapath. In this situation, it usually makes sense to compile
Thumb code and hand-optimise a few of the most CPU-intensive sections using full
32-bit ARM instructions, placing these wider instructions into the 32-bit bus
accessible memory.
The first processor with a Thumb instruction decoder was the ARM7TDMI. All
ARM9 and later families, including XScale, have included a Thumb instruction
decoder.
Operating systems
The ARM architecture is supported by a large number of embedded and real-time
operating systems, including Windows CE, .NET Micro Framework, Symbian,
ChibiOS/RT, FreeRTOS, eCos, Integrity, Nucleus PLUS, MicroC/OS-II, QNX,
RTEMS, BRTOS, RTXC Quadros, ThreadX, Unison Operating System, uTasker,
VxWorks, MQX and OSE.
The ARM architecture is supported by Unix and Unix-like operating systems such
as:Android, Linux, iOS, Solaris, webOS.