Arguments Against Libertarianism

Arguments Against Libertarianism
Libertarianism is the social–political philosophy that emphasizes autonomy, freedom of choice, and
individual rights above all else. Its name comes from Liberty – as in a liberty to act as a morally
autonomous agent without public or private interference. Although Libertarianism holds a generally
skeptical view of political government, it does not entirely argue for anarchism. Libertarianism does
argue for a limited government, not necessarily limited in its actual physical size or scope, but rather
limited in its ability, and power, to interfere into the aforementioned autonomy of a moral citizen.
There are many schools of thoughts within Libertarianism. The purpose of this paper is not to give a
defense of a specific Libertarian philosophy, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As was argued before, it is wrong for a state to impose moral values (even if those values are right).
Even more so, to do so creates inequality. Take the contemporary policy debate of whether an
income bracket should be taxed lower or higher. Conservatives may argue for a lower tax on certain,
and liberals may argue for higher tax on the rich. Both are wrong and unfair, and will only create
inequality. It is wrong, and immoral, to target a single group based on materialistic attributes such as
income. One cannot be selected for more harsher or lenient treatment based on how much money
one makes. It should be equal for everyone as it is the only fair position of not having a law benefit
one group because of X or Y trait or characteristic. I disagree with Rawl's progressive taxation
arguments. If a person, born equally into a society with equal opportunity, happens to make more
money than the rest, he or she should not be taxed any differently. For doing so would allow the
state to impose a restriction on an autonomous citizen that had not fault in virtue of making more or
less money. Equal representation under the law, and tax code, should be what is fair. Inequalities are
bound to arise, and Rawl's concern of them is a fair one, but to impose a penalty on a demographic
because of X characteristic is unfair. The law should be equal to all. Libertarianism advocates for
equality, as
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Socialism Thesis
PART I: Topic overview & annotated guiding research
I choose to research Socialism, because of a man by the name of Bernie Sanders who seeks to
become the next President of the United States. I wanted to know how socialism helps the common
working man and why it has negative connotations, but the positivity it really has. My questions are:
What is Democratic Socialism? How has Democratic Socialism worked in a government? Why does
Democratic Socialism bring negative connotations? How has Democratic Socialism affected
America?
PART II: Thesis & setting up the conversation
In the discussion of Democratic Socialism. One controversial issue has been that socialism is the
greatest threat to America and even the world, but is that true? On one ... Show more content on
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Puschak goes into great detail the advantages of what a democratic socialist country entail, those
being housing, food, healthcare, and education. Puschak gave a great example of Finland's socialist
education, by stating that everyone is given the same opportunity to succeed or fail regardless if
their socioeconomic status. Puschak's view on socialism was really surprising, and in fact gave me
some good points to use. He also did a really good job at what democratic socialism brings, as well
as what Marxism–Leninism socialism brings. Lastly, Puschak ending analogy was perfect, it
presented the basic misinterpretation that everyone has, and exposed

Communism In The 20th Century
Winston Churchill once said, "Socialism is a philosophy of failure, the creed of ignorance, and the
gospel of envy, it's inherent virtue is the equal sharing of misery." Throughout the 20th century,
communism became very fashionable among the middle, and the lower class college professors,
journalists, politicians, and the pseudo– intellectuals from all over the globe, they usually tend to
sneer at the free–enterprise system. They keep on perpetuating this lie about capitalism – they keep
on telling us that capitalism is base, callous, exploitative, dehumanising, alienating, and ultimately
enslaving – and ironically enough, by feeding themselves this lie, it gives them a glimmer of false
hope of "true" social equality, of one day, living in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondly, you state that people become more conservative through age. That again is a simple
statement in itself is false. Being leftist is not simply a 'phase' – it is a moral commitment (On the
basis of advancing moral progressive change). You can become conservative through age without
being politically conservative. There is a distinction between two definitions of conservatism. I
doubt that most intelligent moral people would stop supporting the advances of science and its
importance in improving society and humanity l. That is left–wing thinking – science and

Dear Friend ( Keyri ) Essay
Dear friend (Keyri): It's been days since I received your last letter and you asked me how's school
and what have I been learning in my justice studies class well let me start by giving you a
background of what I have been learning the past weeks. So in my Justice 301 class we have been
learning about the theorist Marx, Rawls, Nozick, Hobbes, Locke, Kant, Bentham, Walzer,
Harrington, Bernstein and Young and many more other theorists. These people mentioned were the
main ones we focus in class more as to how our system has change from classical liberalism,
Modern Liberalism, democratic socialism and Marxism. The theorist I mentioned had views on
injustice which the four philosophical traditions viewed were justice, freedom, state economic and
lastly as to the individual. I would be explaining to you my understanding of every system to how
each of the theorists had a role in it covering there four philosophical traditions. First of all one of
the first systems we learned in class was about Classical Liberalism which Kant, Nozick, Locke, and
Hobbes were in favor of this system. My interpretation of what classical Liberalism means was the
social contract similar of what the constitution provides that every individual has freedom of speech,
and religion therefore, it consisted of protecting individuals rights with the rule of law, similarly
what our founding fathers of the constitution had planned. Classical liberalism also wanted freedom
of the state which consisted on

Fascism Vs Anarchism
In my results, my political compass was –2.63 for economic and –4.56 for social. This means that I
am a slightly left libertarian. After reading about the views of each side, I think this test placed me
into the correct area. I agree with the results of this test, because I believe that I am not an extreme
liberal or leftist, but still agree with more of their ideas than a conservative or rightist.
In the scale shown, I lean more towards anarchism rather than fascism. Anarchism is can also be
known as liberal socialism, while fascism is where the government or supreme leader controls all
business and labor. While I do not want to have no government in our society, I would rather have
more freedom than be under strict control of our country's

Economic Systems, Capitalism And Socialism
Economic Systems
People can use economic systems to build empires and destroy civilizations. The society 's featured
in the books 1984 by George Orwell and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury did just that. Both took
advantage of some form of an economic system to achieve their respective goals. Whether it be the
command economy of Oceania, or the overly consumerist economy of the dystopian United States,
they both employed economics to their benefit. Economics is the science of scarcity. Scarcity is
when you have a population with unlimited wants coupled with limited resources. Economics deals
with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. An economic system is
how a society deals with these factors. The three main questions that an economic system is
supposed to answer are what will we produce? how will we produce it? who gets it? Answer these
questions and you have an economic system (Hettige). This report will cover the two main
economic systems, capitalism and socialism.
Capitalism
Capitalism promotes private ownership of the means of production, or resources, to produce goods
and services for profit. In other terms, private entities purchase resources; be it labor, natural
resources, or factories to create goods to sell for profit. Capitalism promotes that people build up
their own wealth and that all, or most, available resources be privately owned. Production in
capitalism is controlled by supply and demand and individuals purchase products on

Marxism Isn't Dead Essay
ABSTRACT: I defend the continued viability of Marx's critique of capitalism against Ronald
Aronson's recent claim that because Marxists are 'unable to point to a social class or movement'
away from capitalism, Marxism is 'over' 'as a project of historical transformation.' First, Marx's
account of the forced extraction of surplus labor remains true. It constitutes an indictment of the
process of capital accumulation because defenses of capitalism's right to profit based on productive
contribution are weak. If generalized, the current cooperative movement, well advanced in many
nations, can displace capitalism and thus counts as the movement Aronson challenges Marxists to
point to. It will do this, I argue, by stopping capitalist ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since Marxists are "unable to point to a social class or a movement" embodying change away from
capitalism, Ronald Aronson, still a Marxist, concludes Marxism is "over" at least "as a project of
historical transformation." (5) He opposes capitalism but seeks change in movements like feminism
and anti–racism, especially as informed by postmodernism.
Both of these proclamations of Marxism's demise focus on Marx's political strategy for moving
toward socialism. Yet Marx's enduring pertinence lies instead in his indictment of capitalism.
Capitalism is fully alive. Over the past twenty years the United States particularly merits Marx's
indictment for its aggravations of class divisions. As the rich get richer and the poor poorer, we are
all pitted against each other, millions in the third world are killed each year by humanly reproduced
poverty, environmental despoilation proceeds out of control, and handy advantages of race, gender
or nationality are used to exclude our neighbors. Thus, since capitalism isn't dead, neither is the
heart of Marxism.
I find two errors in Aronson's views: first, there are large anti–capitalist movements afoot meriting
Marxists' support. Secondly, socialists work not for Marxism, which is a theory, but for socialism,
which is a future non–capitalist state of affairs. (6) What is

What Is The Libertarian View Of Justice
Most people strive to have a comfortable way of living, whether that be from working hard or
signing up for assistance. While some libertarians are under the impression that everything should
be each individual's own responsibility, they sometimes do not realize how much free assistance
they have gotten throughout their lives. On the other hand, people who get assistance from the
government or donors sometimes take advantage of other people instead of working hard. This
position paper will focus on two philosophers that state opposing views of justice: John Rawls and
Robert Nozick. While John Rawls stands behind "justice as fairness," the libertarian view of justice
is presented by Robert Nozick. John Rawls' "justice as fairness" is the most ... Show more content
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It would not be fair if a child from a poor family was refused education because they did not have
the means to pay for it. It is only just if each child has the same opportunity to develop or expand
their talents. One of Rawls' most popular ideas is the "veil of ignorance." In this "veil of ignorance,"
everyone is forced to ignore their own personal circumstances so they can be less bias when making
a decision on justice. One must imagine that they have no idea where they are placed in the society.
If a rich person imagines being in the worst possible class there is, their views on justice are likely
to change. If they were once resentful of extra taxes coming out of their paychecks to help the poor,
imagining themselves being poor would make them understand those extra taxes. Conversely, if a
poor person imagines being extremely rich, they would not like to have restrictions on how much
money they are allowed to make. Furthermore, this social contract is made voluntarily by members
of the society to make it the most just. Since all of the people could potentially be in the same
financial standing, they will give up what they feel is necessary to make the best bargain. It makes
the rich realize that they would still want the best education for their children even if they were
poor. It also makes them recognize the need for decent healthcare to all of the different classes.
Adequate housing would also be wanted for everyone if people did not know what class they would
be

Social Justice
Political Philosophy
21April2014
Social Justice What is social justice? Social Justice can mean something different depending on who
you are talking to. The most common definition of social justice is a policy–making theory that tries
to ensure that all members of society are treated fairly and that all have the same opportunities to
partake of and share in the benefits of society. This could mean the end of discrimination based on
sex, race, creed, ethnicity, or income. Another form of social justice could be equality through fair
taxation and the distribution of wealth, resources, and property. It could also mean equal access to
education and job placement for everybody. I believe that social justice is all of these things. In this
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
are denying people a human right as basic as the air we breathe." Such protests exemplify the
confrontations that come up when governments debate the unequal distribution of resources such as
water, food, oil, and wood".(Social Justice) These debates are exacerbated by the fact that most
natural resources are held by industrialized nations in the Northern Hemisphere, while developing
countries of the Third World are lacking.
Karl Marx thought along this line as well. In the opening chapter of the communist manifesto Marx
says, "The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles. Freeman and
slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild–master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and
oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden,
now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re–constitution of society at
large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes". Marx is talking about the struggle between
what he calls the bourgeoisie and the proletarians. Marx argues that the bourgeoisie are the haves in
the society, owning and controlling the means of production. The proletarians are the working class
who represent the have–nots, "...who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so
long as their labor increases capital".(Marx Communist Manifesto)
Marx argues that it is capitalists who create this disparity between the two classes of

The Theory And Practice Of Orwell 's Libertarian Socialism
The Theory and Practice of Orwell's Libertarian Socialism First published in 1949, Orwell certainly
believed that the novel would have some higher purpose in the political sphere, and it did. But
perhaps it wasn't the purpose that was truly intended? Nearly seventy years after its first appearance,
1984 can be found on many high school, college and political group reading lists. Coining terms
such as "Big Brother," or "thoughtcrime," the novel created an entirely new type of dystopian
society defined by many as "Orwellian." But with close reading one can see that George Orwell
wrote 1984 for a very specific purpose. In 1984 Orwell writes about the dangers of deviating from a
true socialist society. In order to completely understand 1984, one must first understand the history
surrounding the novel. Written from 1947 to December 1948, 1984 first hit shelves in June of 1949.
The Second World War, which ravaged England, Europe, and much of the world, ended a mere four
years prior. Along with the rest of Europe, London was still rebuilding from the constant bombings,
and still mourning the incredible loss of life. But there was a growing threat that could not be
ignored. The Soviet Union, in an effort to prevent future attacks, occupied much of Eastern Europe
(known as the Eastern Bloc), including Eastern Germany, and the eastern portion of Berlin. As the
year 1948 came and went, the people of Europe saw the Berlin Blockade, and the monumental airlift
to keep West Berlin

Machiavelli, Locke, And Marx
Human reason has been one of the guiding principles in our society since the beginning of time and
because action is preceded by thought, these two go hand in hand. Every choice we make is based
on our thinking process, differentiating between what is good or bad, and contemplating cause and
effect. Machiavelli, Locke, and Marx all have distinct conceptions of human nature, which has led
to a variety of conclusions regarding the political structures of society that still have resonance
today, which goes to show how much of an impact their theories have. Machiavelli's interpretation
of human nature was greatly shaped by his belief in God. In his writings, Machiavelli conceives that
humans were given free will by God, and the choices made with such freedom established the innate
flaws in humans. Based on that, he attributes the successes and failure of princes to their intrinsic
weaknesses, and directs his writing towards those faults. His works are rooted in how personal
attributes tend to affect the decisions one makes and focuses on the singular commanding force of
power. Fixating on how the prince needs to draw people's support, Machiavelli emphasizes the
importance of doing what is best for the greater good. He proposed that working toward a selfish
goal, instead of striving towards a better state, should warrant punishment. Machiavelli is a practical
person and always thought of pragmatic ways to approach situations, applying to his notions
regarding politics and

Choose Freedom: The Future Of Democratic Socialism
Democratic socialism is defined as having a socialist economy in which the means of production are
socially and collectively owned or controlled alongside a politically democratic system of
government.
Some tendencies of democratic socialism advocate for revolution in order to transition to socialism,
distinguishing it from some forms of social democracy. For example, Peter Hain classifies
democratic socialism, along with libertarian socialism, as a form of anti–authoritarian "socialism
from below" (using the term popularised by Hal Draper), in contrast to Stalinism and social
democracy, variants of authoritarian state socialism. For Hain, this democratic/authoritarian divide
is more important than the revolutionary/reformist divide. In this ... Show more content on
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Honneth has put forward the view that political and economic ideologies have a social basis, that is,
they originate from intersubjective communication between members of a society. Honneth
criticises the liberal state because it assumes that principles of individual liberty and private property
are ahistorical and abstract, when, in fact, they evolved from a specific social discourse on human
activity. Contra liberal individualism, Honneth has emphasised the inter–subjective dependence
between humans; that is, our well–being depends on recognising others and being recognised by
them. Democratic socialism, with its emphasis on social collectivism, could be seen as a way of
safeguarding this

Personal Reflection Essay
From the group discussion we had about each other political views there was many things that I
learned and reflected on. To start off, I identify with the Democratic party, but since the previous
presidential election I don't know if I still want to be associated with it. The current Democratic
party is a party right now that I feel alienated right now because I believe they are not reflecting the
current working man and are corrupted by Wall Street officials. Based on my previous answer, I
classify myself a subset of the Democratic party: a Social Democratic. On social issues, I believe
that the environment is the number one priority facing the nation because the environment affects
everyone and with no end in sight, there needs to be increased regulations in order to protect it for
future generations and the future of the country. Another social issues that is a concern for again
everyone is who has guns. I pointed to the events in Las Vegas and Newtown and the unnecessary
amount of killing resulting from the inadequate amount of mental health facilities, of gun ownership
education, and of regulations on certain guns. On economic terms, I see that a bigger government
will be better for the American public because it's natural that people especially the wealthy will
only benefit themselves; it's just human nature. Therefore, the idea of trickle down economics will
not work for the average worker, but the everyday CEO. The most important political topics that is
needed for

Anarchism and Elitism in the United States
The United States was founded with the vision for freedom. Oppression had been experienced by
our founding fathers and they knew it was absolutely necessary to provide structure to prevent
oppressive governments in the future. The solution was a limited government that bordered the edge
of anarchy, yet just enough structure to have order and civility. The design was to stay far from
elitism so no government could control the people and allow the people to control the government.
Today's current political climate allows us to take one of two sides: Democrat or Republican. The
Democrats believe the Republicans have it all wrong because they are avoiding the opportunities for
government to take care of the people. The Republicans think the Democrats have it all wrong
because they are destroying the economy and power of America by redistributing the wealth to
those who have not legitimately earned it.
While we have been busy feuding between the two parties we have not even noticed the transition
our country has taken. Today we are so far from the Constitution and we are now skirting the edge
of tyranny. Throughout the years, political scientist and philosophers have expanded on a wide array
ideologies, or types of governments that can be organized. These types of government are for the
most part, equally limited. Therefore, a state being governed under the principles of liberalism does
not usually practice socialism. These political ideologies have played an essential role in

Socialism Vs Free Market Capitalism
Socialism and Free Market Capitalism are two very different economic schools of thoughts. The
biggest disagreement between these two schools is economic equality and the role of the
government. Socialisms' originated as a social organization based on the holding of most property in
common, with actual ownership given to the workers and their main principle is equality. In
contrast, free market capitalism is a theory based around a free market and privatization in which
ownership is given to the individual people and their main principle is individual rights.
Socialism was developed by Karl Marx in 1848. Socialists believe economic equality is bad for the
society and the government is responsible for reducing it.Real socialism, by definition, is
democratic. There are many different types of socialism, like democratic socialism, revolutionary
socialism, utopian socialism, libertarian socialism, market socialism, eco–socialism, and Christian
socialism. The former Soviet Union and Nazi Germany are historical examples of a socialist
economy. And today's examples consist of Cuba, Venezuela, and China. Their main focus is on
profit being distributed among society/workforce to complement individual ... Show more content
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An economic system where the four factors of production(entrepreneurship, capital goods, natural
resources, and labor) are owned by private entities, not the government. The United States, Hong
Kong, Singapore, and Australia are big projectors of free market capitalism. They feel that society
would be better off with the free market determining economic winners and losers. Capitalists main
focus is having individual profit rather than society as a whole profit. Two famous capitalists are
Robert Rubin and Alan Greenspan. Capitalists need a free market to succeed. This is where parts of
supply are priced and then distributed according to the laws of supply and

Libertarianism Persuasive Speech
Four hours into my first Libertarian National Convention I wandered into a crowded hotel suite
filled with sweaty young men drinking Carlo Rossi and found myself face to face with John
McAfee, internet pioneer, Libertarian candidate for president and former international fugitive. One
thing led to another, and soon I was asking him a rather direct question: Had he killed a man?
It wasn't something I'd expected to address, not least because political journalists are often resigned
to the fact that their access to a candidate will be restricted by any number of communications aides,
but Libertarians have no such norms. As Starchild – a San Francisco–based activist and erotic
services provider, dressed one day in a Speedo and a see–through raincoat ... Show more content on
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He's chosen another former Republican governor as a running mate, one with fundraising bona
fides, and is seen by many as the great tan hope of the Libertarian Party, a man who, as Johnson
recently described himself to a crowd of the faithful, might be able to take "your weekly meeting
that's occurring in the tree house" and move it to an auditorium.
"I think 30 million people here are up for grabs that are probably Libertarian; it's that they just don't
know it," he said to me.
In other words, Gary Johnson is looking to make libertarianism normal. In the year of Trump,
Bernie Sanders and flipping the system the bird, he might just have a shot. Still, it all depends on
how weird Americans are willing to let things get.
Johnson, 63, hasn't even been a Libertarian all that long. He was a Republican when he served as
New Mexico's governor from 1994 to 2003, but he switched party affiliations in late 2011 and won
the 2012 Libertarian nomination for president. Along with his running mate Judge Jim Gray,
something of a movement hero for his efforts to legalize marijuana in California, Johnson got more
than 1 million votes, a party

Americ Land Of The Free, And Home
America: land of the free, and home of the brave. People have often traveled long and far to live in a
safe, and esteemed environment, when in reality the core values of America change as time goes by.
Even though Americans often value individualism, patriotism, nationalism, and individual liberty,
history has proven otherwise. Wars, social norms, rights restrictions, expectations and peer pressure
have gotten in the way of the values that many believed highlighted America. The saying, 'history
repeats itself' has haunted the future of America greatly. As the years go by, individual freedom is
minimized, and citizens are slowly conned into the conformist society that many live in today. The
definition of success in itself has changed for the worse; changing from knowledge and efficiency to
materialism and wealth. Even though many have become prominent victims of conformity and have
been deprived of their individual rights in the past, the American value of patriotism, individual
liberty and individualism should stand strong in the hearts of Americans now and in the near future.
Americans in the past have developed a strong attachment to promoting their love for their country.
In this decade, national pride has increased dramatically. From billboards to bumper stickers
outlining America 's greatness, to national anthems being sung at each and every game. Citizens
value their love and devotion to the extent of it being perceived as wrong. Patriotism, as defined in
the

Analysis Of John Perry 's ' Hayek ' Argument
Dylan Ellis October 1, 2015
ECON–209.003
Perry Burnett
Hayek Philosophical Argument In Hayek's argument, he explains how socialism's centralized
planning is an exponentially inferior economic policy compared to the competitive nature of
democracy due to the restrictions government planning imposes on a population's ability to choose.
He also expresses concern over similarities between the attitude of United States' population and
socialist Germany regarding our growing desire to organize and plan everything, noting that we are
headed in the same general direction as pre–fascist Germany. His argument has the intention of
convincing people to stray from this path of organizing the economy and instead to simply let the
country ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whenever they realize that having leaders with total power is convenient, it's a slippery slope to
totalitarianism. Totalitarianism with a group of leaders under the chief of command who, by the
nature of society, are unavoidably the worst pick of the lot. This is due to needing a hive mind,
which is most easily found among the lower intellectuals, as well as people who have no strong
ideals and who are easily persuaded. This similar mindset, for this system to work, has to be
accepted by the public as well. The individuals of the public are also apt to be treated without
common decency, the leaders justifying their actions by claiming it is for the good of society.
Without Rule of Law, there's nothing keeping this government in check either. Those who are
desperate to avoid fascism, and want to do so by organizing an economy and socializing it, will see
that the fruits of their labor have produced the exact effect they wanted to evade. He goes on to
explain that the economy of a nation is extremely too complicated to be controlled and directed by a
government. There are too many minute details that make up the economy as a whole to be
effectively and consciously planned. This is how competition is the better alternative. Individuals of
a society, left to their own designs, can each be a small director of the economy. Never having
enough power to take over another citizen's life, but each playing a small part in making such a
sophisticated system work. He

Who is Fidel Castro?
Fidel Castro is arguably one of the most famous political leaders to ever live. He is internationally
recognized for being a revolutionary, a supporter of communism, and an opposition of imperialism.
Eugenia Charles is just as influential and recognizable around the World. She was the first female
lawyer and Prime Minister of Dominica, and only the second female Prime Minister in Caribbean
History. The contributions these two individuals have had on their respective nations have led to
massive improvements in education, health care, and literacy. Yet similar in some aspect, Fidel
Castro and Eugenia Charles are very different in their rise to political power, political ideologies,
public image, and accomplishments.
Born August 13, 1926, Fidel Castro was described as an academically average student growing up.
He showed more love for sports than school but in 1945, Castro enrolled himself at the law school
in the University of Havana. He was not involved in politics, even considering himself politically
illiterate at the time of his admission. He soon found interest in the politics of Cuba and Cuban
nationalism. He developed an anti–imperialism ideology and began to try to understand socialism.
He joined, and became president of the University Committee, which was a student organization
that opposed the intervention of the United States in the Caribbean and fought for the Independence
of Puerto Rico. Fidel Castro had a platform of honesty, decency, and justice. He opposed

Socialism And Laissez Faire Of The United States
Nations have debated on which economic direction their country will direct its footsteps since the
creation of societies. The United States, being one of the most stereotypical capitalistic nations,
began as a Laissez–faire nation, but throughout the centuries America's economic standpoint has
shifted more into Socialism rather than Laissez–faire. The second largest economy in the world,
China, is widely understood as being a socialist country, however, for the past years they have been
inclined towards a more capitalist nation, but are still officially socialist. Socialism and Laissez–
faire both have fatal flaws, but both concepts can be blended and pragmatic to the new millennium
while having a positive future. Common ownership is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
No political, social, economic pyramids is the goal of Libertarian Socialism. Every individual would
have equal access to every resource. Nonentity would be owned by any person; every wealth would
be distributed among citizens. Eco–Socialism merges with Marxism, Socialism, Green politics,
ecology, and anti–globalization. Supporting the non–violent destruction of the capital, and having a
collective ownership of resources. Having both Christian values and Socialistic values are the
concepts of Christian Socialism. Jesus' teachings and the core concepts of Socialism are being
interconnected. All these views of Socialism parallel each other in that all resources: wealth,
production, and information be distributed equally to all persons. China has a socialist market which
is dominated by state–owned sector and open market economy. Being considered a socialist state
because of the government controlling and managing the economy China is inclined towards
becoming a capitalist economy. The Chinese government owns all the land and protection of
property is decreasing. The corruption of the Chinese government continues as they reject core
reforms such as disclosure of assets by officials, oversight of bodies, and lifting political restraints
on citizens. To continue the problem China has a weak financial regulation, use of debt to
overproduce, the culture of saving and not spending, and profound fear of innovative ideas.
However, China's use of

Living in a Utopia Essay
Living in a Utopia This house believes that realised anarchy, as a political idea is the way to create a
perfect society.
Imagine a future 'utopia' of our species: A global community of humanity, which will have
overcome the disunity of its primitive origin. A united human race, without boundaries dividing it
against itself, living harmoniously with itself and with all Nature. A new and truly intelligent
species, liberated from all malice –– therefore a species without military or police forces, without
war or terrorism, without violence or hate, without crime or injustice, without courts or prisons, ...
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An enlightened and benevolent anarchism, such as expressed by the terms, "anarcho–pacifism" /
"anarcho–socialism," is, in my view, the only anarchism that can ever work. To arrive at an
anarcho–pacifist / anarcho–socialist society, we as a global community must undergo great
psychological transformation. Only then can anarchism become a practical ideology for the world.
However, we as individuals need not wait for all humanity to find anarchy before we can have
anarchy for ourselves. We can manifest anarchy within our own circles of being, individually, here
and now; thus becoming individually liberated.
The anarchist truly has the best political deal. Whereas the fascist depends upon a fascist
government to have fascism, the state socialist upon a socialistic government to have socialism, the
democrat upon a democratic government to have democracy, and the libertarian capitalist upon a
libertarian government to have laissez faire capitalism, the anarchist can choose to have anarchy,
here and now, without any government.
Anarchy, the way I see it, is a personal choice, depending on nothing but one's own true will. If one
wants anarchy for oneself, one can have it, regardless of the political system society has. All the
anarchist needs to do

Red Scare Vs Communism
Communism the advocate of a class war, leading to a government in which all people work and gets
paid equivalent to one's capabilities and needs; also with all property is owned publicly. Most people
would agree that socialism would be more fitting for the American society, but Vladimir Lenin prior
leader of communist Russia once said, "The goal of socialism is communism." Communism being
the ideal "antibiotic" for capitalism it would benefit the American society with good understanding
of the basic ideals, adaptations of the government, a brief history of Communism, modern day
communist parties, and the base population opinion.
As mentioned before communism is the abolishment of the class system and the abolishment of
privately owned property. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This war is a child's play; meaning it was fought with who's got the biggest and the best, and "If you
fire your missiles at me I'll fire mine at you." In 1960, Russia and the United States became deathly
enemies. Since America became the most dangerous country with the Manhattan Project (atomic
bombs: Fat Man, and Little Boy), Russia began to "build" their own and so began threats of getting
rid of these weapons or they will be launched. Cuba being a country to become Communist sided
with Nikita Kruchev, leader of Russia at the time. This began the Cuban missile crisis in which
Russia placed missiles in silos in Cuba pointing it towards the United States, and the US put
missiles in Turkey pointing it at Moscow. A standoff of 13 days happened before the missiles were
put away and a truce was

Book Review: The Star Fraction by Ken MacLeod Essays
The first part of this review does not contain spoilers.
Ken MacLeod's The Star Fraction is a fantasic science fiction novel about love, loss, socialism,
anarcho–capitalism, "American–style 'black helicopter' libertarianism", and the looming threat of a
fascistic world order. The Star Fraction's setting is post World War III UK, where the republican
government has been overthrown by the monarchy, and a new kingdom has been established. After
many failed violent revolutions to over throw the monarch, the USA has taken over the UN to form
a new world order, all in the name of peace, referred to as the US/UN. In "The Peace Process", the
US/UN created mini states throughout Europe to allow political dissidents to have their own private
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What if capitalism is unstable, and socialism is impossible?"
This fear is the impetus of the whole story, and yet the views of socialism and a belief of the
Calculation Problem are still completely contradictory. I will not spoil the solution to this problem,
you will just have to read the book. But I will say that libertarians will not be disappointed.
The story centers around Moh Kohn, a socialist who works for a anarcho–capitalist style DRO
organized into a co–op. The DRO is based in Norlonto, an anarcho–capitalist mini–state in the
northern area of London where competing defense agencies give law services to its citizens. Moh,
on a job outside of Norlonto, runs into Janis Taine. Janis, a researcher at a local university, buys
Moh's protection when her research lands on the wrong side of the US/UN's regulations on scientific
studies, which are enforced by the globally present secret police. Moh and Janis' escape into
Norlonto from the US/UN territories, and set off a drastic chain of events that involves subversive
revolutionaries against the crown, Neo–Nazis, Christian totalitarian mini states, and the US/UN's
desperate attempt to hold off trans–humanism, and further, the singularity. Yes, this not merely a
book about ideologies, it could not reasonably be called science fiction if that were the case. The
underlying struggle is still the author's claim that the ruling class will do its best to hold back the

Pros And Cons Of Libertarianism
For this essay I shall explain libertarianism in a general sense, observing its aims and ideals for
society, what a government's role is in this society and what common views libertarians may share. I
will conclude with identifying a plausible form of this political philosophy based on the idealist
merits it puts forward to form a society based on personal freedom.
Libertarianism in a general sense is the view that every individual has the right to live their life in
any which way they may choose, so long as they hold respect for the equal rights of others. A
Libertarian government defends every individual's right to life, liberty, and property, observing that
all people hold this as a natural born right. Libertarians hold the view that, all individuals'
relationships should be voluntary; and the main actions that should be restricted and punishable by
law are those that involve use of coercion against another or remove or impose on the rights of
another in any such way. A Libertarian is one who advocates maximizing individual rights and
minimizing the role of the state (What is Libertarian? 2013).
As a political philosophy Libertarianism aims towards the upholding of everyone's personal liberties
as its main principle. Classical Libertinism is built on the idea ... Show more content on
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Such a theory was produced with thoughts towards the individual being motivated by their own
interests and being able to live their lives as the individuals that they are, to better themselves and be
able to make sensible decisions and take responsibility for the consequences of their actions while
living life according to their own values. Libertarianism promotes all this while inhibiting the only
negative possibility of autonomous action, the ability to affect others negatively (What is
Libertarian?

Analysis Of Sex Pistols 'Anarchism, Freedom, And Power'
During the 1970s, anarchy engulfed the minds of British youth because they felt that authority was
denying their freedom with excessive rules and regulations. William O. Reichert the author of
"Anarchism, Freedom, and Power" argues "Anarchist insists that the idea of human liberty, while it
cannot be made an absolute, must be maintained as the highest of all human values. Freedom, that is
to say is the essential characteristic of a fully developed humanity...Nevertheless it must not be lost
sight of as the guiding star of all social science, for to be human is to be free." This quote illustrates
that experiencing life in total freedom is the philosophy that grounded anarchism and influenced the
outbreak of the punk subculture. However, during ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite the basic choices in design, the magazines effectively were able to communicate the
message of anarchy to British youth. However, a year later, in 1977, punk bands started to
incorporate more successful design elements. For example, "[fanzines] compiled photographs of
desolate and graffitied London landscapes that reflected punk's dystopian vision of 'No Future'...the
graphic design of punk 'zines soon advanced to incorporate collage, montage, illustration and a
wider colour palette that contrasted with the simply–typed or handwritten black–and–white aesthetic
of most earlier examples." This stark change in the punk aesthetic is seen London's Outrage, no. 2,
1977, title page and p. 3 (See image 3) . On the right side of the magazine spread, there is a black
and white photo of an apartment building, a young teenager, and the typeset headline that says
"London's Outrage." The typography of this layout is quite notable and exudes chaos. For example,
the "L" and the "O" are cut off by the edge of the paper. Additionally, the word "London" is set on a
diagonal path–which is crooked–that leads the viewers eye to a building. The word "Outrage" is
kinked too, but not nearly as pronounced as "London." On the left side of the magazine spread, there
is a photo of a landscape that looks trashed and desolate. However, on the bottom, hand written
letters say "Ay

Liberttarianism: An Analysis Of Demographics By The...
A definition of Libertarianism that is well supported by a large portion of its practitioners comes
from Noble Prize–winning economist Milton Friedman; that, "Libertarians want the smallest, least–
intrusive government consistent with maximum freedom for each individual to follow his own
ways, his own values, as long as he doesn't interfere with anyone else's doing the same." Put simply,
it affords for individuals to live as they wish, so long as they do not hinder the ability of another to
do so as well. Central to the doctrine is the Non–Aggression Principal (NAP), explained by Ron
Paul as, "The core of libertarianism...respect for the life, liberty and property rights of each
individual. This means that no one may initiate force against another, as that violates those natural
rights." However, this article is not about the viability of such a system. Rather, it concerns the place
of Libertarianism, and Libertarian voters, in the modern, two party system. ... Show more content on
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The Republican Party experiences its only lead in terms of Independents that lean towards or
identify as Republicans – instead of Democrats – amongst the Silent Generation with a four percent
advantage, while it lags significantly behind with support from younger voters, evidenced by the
Democratic Party enjoying a sixteen percent advantage amongst Millennials. Furthermore, the
Republican Party suffers amongst the well–educated, experiencing a twenty–two point deficit
amongst adults with post–graduate degrees. Perhaps not coincidentally, these are areas of strength
with regards to Libertarian

Libertarianism Research Paper
Libertarianism as a type of government gives the view that each individual has the right to live how
they please, as long as the individual respects and does not interfere with another individuals life
(Boaz 1997, 2). Rights are not given by government but are bestowed upon a person by virtue of
being human and libertarians defend an individual's rights to property, life and liberty (Boaz 1997,
2). The libertarianism framework which stands for economic development and liberty under law is
suited to the changing world, the dynamic world of today (Boaz 1997, 3).
The main concept of libertarianism is individualism, where libertarians see every individual as their
own person capable of making choices and being held responsible for their actions (Boaz 1997, 12).
Individual rights are held to a high account, with each person having the right to be secure in life,
property and liberty through virtue of being human (Boaz 1997, 12). Order in society is another core
concept, developing from the integration of people and coordination within trade (Boaz 1997, 13).
The rule of law argues that people are free to do what they want, as long as they do not interfere
with another person's life (Boaz 1997, 13). A limited ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Free State Project is attempting to set an example with the mass migration of more than 20,000
people to the state to work as activists, builders, thought leaders and entrepreneurs (Free State
Project 2018). The activists are on a world mission to enhance the core concepts of libertarianism by
campaigning for further liberty, less government involvement and prosperity for all (Free State
Project 2018). This example provides an insight into how the core concepts of libertarianism are
being enacted and campaigned within the real

Individualism Individualism
TShifting to a more contemporary lense, Libertarian's ultimate priority of individual rights has
evolved in present day America into a set of supplementary values called individualism. Although
this principle is never mentioned in Hospers paper, his positions stated on personal liberties and
self–preservation serve as the foundation for this idea, which extends these rights to be applicable as
a lifestyle where every decision is made strictly for someone's own personal benefit. (Boaz)
Unsurprisingly, individualism also entails a resistance to all type of restrictive measures by
authoritative powers, especially the obligation to provide assistance to another citizen financially or
otherwise. (Boaz) In the Libertarian view, nobody should be forced to even tell someone "the time
of day if requested" against their will. (Hospers, 331) In this sense, Individualism can be seen as the
active exercise one's individual liberties. Furthermore, according to David Boaz of the Libertarian
think tank The Cato Institute, individualism also gives a person the power to flourish on their own
terms, and can also provide a sense of "dignity", especially to underrepresented groups. (Boaz)
Whether or not by design, this Libertarian emphasis on individualism is a theme that has become
heavily ingrained into contemporary American life as the culture, economics, and politics of the
country all have elements of this value. In fact, according to a recent Pew research study, U.S.
citizens hold the

Lenin's New Economic Policy: A Study of Short and Long...
The New Economic Policy instituted by Vladimir Lenin in 1922 was seen as a necessary evil in
order to maintain power in the Soviet Union. While most historians agree with Lenin's assessment
and believe that without the change the entire Soviet economy would have collapsed there is a wide
range of thoughts on the true effectiveness of the NEP. This paper will look at the progression of the
NEP and the differing views Bolshevik leaders had on it as well as the perceived effectiveness of the
limited free market policies adopted by these socialist leaders. It will also try to determine if NEP
could have remained a viable option for the economy long term. The New Economic Policy was in
many ways a reactionary policy put forth because of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sailors rallying cry "Soviets without Bolsheviks" reflected a growing anger at the Bolsheviks
who since they had taken power had gone about taking over almost every aspect of the economy.
Although Leon Trotsky was able to take down the revolutionaries with a force of his own the
Bolsheviks knew that it was necessary to make changes. The Soviet Union, therefore, moved back
toward Capitalism in an attempt to motivate the common people. The first step was only to replace
the collectivization of food with a food tax allowing peasants to keep their surplus. But according to
Lenin "the private market proved to strong for us."(Davies, 1998). Over the course of the next few
months, the Soviet Union continued its slide away from Socialism in order to reinvigorate the
economy. The Bolsheviks made several concessions including selling or leasing many of the smaller
factories, heavy industry stayed mainly under state control, back to private individuals and allowing
them to once again make a profit. In conjunction with this, compulsory employment was also
eliminated allowing employers to fire workers that were either not needed or performed poorly on
the job. The last major change was bringing back the ruble. The Bolsheviks had eliminated the ruble
shortly after they took power mainly because it almost had no value, but with the start of NEP the
ruble was brought back to help facilitate the buying and selling of goods in an open market and the
paying of

The Political Structure Of The Libertarian Party
In a political atmosphere where it is easy to be grouped up in either conservative or liberal, it is
harder to see such an easy split more and more each day. Non–traditional candidates are now
emerging into the political arena that in prior elections would have been scoffed at. Whether we are
talking about the unusually high polling Libertarian candidate, Gary Johnson, the Democratic
Socialist Bernie Sanders or the Authoritarian Republican Nominee, Donald Trump, It is getting
harder and harder to ignore the rise they are having. The two major political parties will have to
adapt to these emerging ideologies or face the threat of the dreaded "third party". Very rarely do
third party candidates poll more than 10 percent but Libertarian candidate, Gary Johnson, is doing
just that (Russonello). The Libertarian party as a whole has seen a recent rise in recent elections
with Gary Johnson being the first third party candidate to be on the ballot in all 50 states in 20 years
(Tau). Despite the general public confusion on them their ideology is quite simple. The general idea
is that Libertarians are fiscally conservative and socially liberal. Britannica defines Libertarians as,
"classical liberals who strongly emphasize the individual right to liberty." (Encyclopedia
Britannica). It is ultimately about giving people the liberty to do what they want without hurting
other people. The voting record of Libertarians is generally easy to follow. If the policy limits the
freedom of

The Doctrine Of The State
In this presentation of his notion of the state he ends up putting forward things which inspires some
critics to accuse him of having totalitarian leanings. Things such as his assertion of the necessity of
the state for humanity, his strong belief in an overriding spirit to a society, his connecting of freedom
to reason and social order, are controversial notions. His allegiance to positive freedom brings attack
from supporters of negative freedom, his notions of differing states for suiting differing societies
appears anti–democratic and imperialistic, and his preference for a constitutional monarch seems
unusual. It is these matters and others which have brought merited and less merited critique and
objection to his work.
It is the case that Hegel does treat the state as essential. In part this is due to his notion of positive
freedom and his notion of the state as a means for actualizing a collective human will. It is also in
part related to his preference for both the duty of ancient Athens and the Kantian style of ethics
guided by individual reason; for which he tries to find a synthesis. In this it seems that he is aiming
for a unification of collective and individual spirit and freedom. Now some of the statements he
makes, such as "it is a false and dangerous assumption that only the people possess reason and
insight" and "a state is a matter of trained intelligence", and things like insisting the need for a single
symbolic ruler, do seem to rather statist sounding

John Stuart Mill Essay
Majorities tend to prevent any opportunity that a minority group might have to gain support for a
contradicting opinion. It is incredibly easy for members of society to abandon their beliefs in the
midst of an overpowering majority. This process leads to an unequal society in which the rights of
the people are restricted. In the essays, On Liberty and On Representative Government, written by
John Stuart Mill, there is a concern for the "tyranny of the majority." He expresses his concern in,
On Liberty, by supporting an increase in individual liberties. It is expressed again in, On
Representative Government, by promoting a "true democracy." Mill proposes remedies for
combating this "tyranny of the majority," and further discusses the ... Show more content on
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To counter this notion of monarchy by majority, Mill offers remedy through individual liberties in,
On Liberty.
By increasing the individual liberties of men in a society, you increase their personal freedom of
forming individual opinions. The less restricted a person's thoughts, the more unique their opinions
become. `In proportion to the development of his individuality, each person becomes more valuable
to himself and is, therefore, capable of being more valuable to others' (On Liberty 60). To constrain
someone's thoughts would result in that person becoming more likely to join the majority. Allowing
someone to think for themselves will help acknowledge the voices of all the classes of a society.
"Having said that Individuality is the same thing with development and that it is only the cultivation
of individuality which produces, or can produce, well–developed human beings..." (On Liberty 61).
Despite their fallibilities, an individual is more likely to know what would make him happy than
someone else would. Therefore, if people develop independence of judgment and take responsibility
for their own happiness, utility will be maximized. "I regard utility as the ultimate appeal on all
ethical questions; but it must be utility in the largest sense, grounded on the permanent interests of
man as a progressive being" (On Liberty 10). Human progress, best

Political Parties of Texas Essay
As individuals, we turn towards political parties to identify with a group that has the most in
common with our own values and principals. Each political party's agenda focuses on the primary
interests affiliated with that party and is motivated to enact its beliefs and interests through
legislation by electing officials into government. Texas is a large state with four political parties:
Republican, Democratic, Green Party, and Libertarian. Each political party has a basic fundamental
ideology and platform on current issues. The two major political parties in Texas and in the nation
are the Republican and Democratic parties.Texas is a conservative state where the Republican Party
has known success as the leading political party in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I personally feel that this proposed legislation is unconstitutional and infringes on personal rights. I
also feel that this proposal conflicts with Republican ideology for less government interference in
the daily lives of citizens. For a political party that is so focused on defending privacy and limited
government involvement, this proposed legislative directive is very contradictory and hypocritical
for what the Republican Party's ideals stand for. They are in favor of review and revision of the
Patriot Act, as well as "related executive and military orders and directives that erode constitutional
rights and essential liberties of citizens." (Republican Party of Texas) The Republicans are choosey
as to which constitutional rights and liberties they recognize and protect. The remaining legislative
priorities target education, immigration, and tax reform. One item addressed concerning taxes is a
request to "reject raising or indexing the gas tax." (Republican Party of Texas) I agree with this
proposition. If gas taxes continue to rise, drivers will undergo a hardship in transportation,
especially in Austin because public transportation has not yet successfully evolved to accommodate
a city of its size efficiently. Fiscally speaking, overall I agree with the Republican Party's
fundamentals of reducing spending and taxation. Overall, socially I was in opposition with the
party's principals. Specifically, I stand in opposition to the party's attitudes towards

Libertarian Conceptions Of Justice
Libertarian conceptions of justice hold liberty to be the ultimate moral ideal. Libertarians believe the
"laissez–faire capitalism" to be the only just economic system because it is based on individual
rights. Libertarians believe that each person is in control of their own life and possessions and has
the right to make their own choices on how they live it. They feel that everyone has the right to live
his life in any way they choose just as long as they are respecting the equal rights of others.
Philosopher John Hospers also supports the Libertarian outlook and says that "laws requiring people
to help one another (example – welfare payments) rob Peter to pay Paul." Socialist conceptions of
justice take social equality to be the ultimate

crtical analysis on the island by athol fugard
Imperialism is the forceful extension of a nation 's authority by territorial conquest or by
establishing economic and political domination of other nations that are not its colonies. In various
forms, imperialism may be as old as humanity. In the prehistorical world (before written history
began), clan groups extended their territory and dominated others, competing against them for food
and resources. Negatively, many cultures have suffered due to imperial domination since the
dominant have often regarded themselves as superior and have neglected, or even deliberately
destroyed, indigenous cultures.
Yet, an interesting aspect of imperialism is that empires, both ancient and modern, have also tended
to regard themselves as spreading ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
WHEN DID IT BECOME ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT IN EUROPE?
WHAT WERE AMONG ITS CONSEQUENCES? IN WHICH AREAS
Socialism, as envisioned by Marx and Engels was, ideally, a where everyone would share the
benefits of industrialization. Workers would do better than in the English system at the time (The
Communist Manifesto was published in 1848) because there were more workers than bosses and the
majority would rule. As a purely economic system, socialism is a lousy way to run a large scale
economy. Socialism is not a political system, it 's a way of distributing goods and services. At their
ideal implementation, socialism and laissez faire capitalism will be identical as everyone will
produce exactly what 's needed for exactly who needs it. In practice, both work sometimes in
microeconomic conditions but fail miserably when applied to national and international economies.
And they fail for the same reason: Human pervserity. Too many people don 't like to play fair, and
both systems only work when everyone follow the same rules.
Socialism is liberal. More people (preferably everyone) have some say in how the economy works.
Democracy is liberal. More people (preferably everyone) have some say in how the government
works. "Democracy," said Marx, "is the road to socialism." He was wrong about how economics
and politics interact, but he did see their similar underpinnings.
Communism is conservative. Fewer and fewer

Political Party Reflection
In our discussion group, there were five students with various displays of beliefs. I was the only
liberal, two were moderates, one was a libertarian, and the last one was a conservative. The meeting
we had was a pleasant one where there were almost no interruptions and there was a free flowing of
ideas. From the group discussion, we talk about each other's political views and there were many
things that I learned and reflected on. To start off, I identify with the Democratic party, but since the
previous presidential election, I don't know if I still want to be associated with it. The current
Democratic party is a party right now that I feel alienated right now because I believe they are not
reflecting the current working man and are corrupted by Wall Street officials. Based on my previous
answer, I classify myself as a subset of the Democratic party: a Social Democrat. On social issues, I
believe that the environment is the number one priority facing the nation because the environment
affects everyone and with no end in sight, there needs to be increased regulations in order to protect
it for future generations and the future of the country. Another social issues that is a concern for
again everyone is who has guns. I pointed to the events in Las Vegas and Newtown and the
unnecessary amount of killing resulting from the inadequate amount of mental health facilities, of
gun ownership education, and of regulations on certain guns. On economic terms, I see that a bigger

My Economic Philosophy
In modern economics there are two major schools of thought in regards to how the economy should
be run; socialism and libertarianism. As with the issue of prohibition in the 1920's, how our
government should interact with our economy has been a polarizing issue in American politics for
decades. Both sides carry valid points and support different ideals. I will walk you through a brief
history and explanation of libertarianism, highlight a fundamental economist who really developed
the ideals behind libertarianism and give the pros and cons. I will then do the same for socialism. I
will attempt to share this knowledge with you in as unbiased a way as possible.
First we will discuss libertarianism. The main ideal of libertarianism is that the individual or
business should be regulated by the natural flow of the economic market. Some of the ideals of
libertarianism include deregulation of many of the economic, social and legal practices that our
government has established. Libertarianism advocates the practice of free enterprise where
governments have little to no input to how businesses function. They believe that individuals can
and should regulate themselves; that business should be regulated by the flow of the markets, not
the manipulation of the government. Libertarians believe that the economic market will, over time,
regulate itself and that government shouldn't interfere.
The most prominent founder of libertarianism is Friedrich August Hayek. Hayek was born in
Austria

Analysis Of Isaiah Berlin 's Two Concepts Of Liberty
In "Two Concepts of Liberty", Isaiah Berlin examines two different conceptions of freedom:
positive and negative liberty. He begins by discussing negative freedom, which he defines as "the
area within which the subject ... is or should be left to do or be what he is able to do or be, without
interference by other persons" (169). Under this definition, an individual is not free if he is coerced
by another individual from making a decision he or she would naturally make. When discussing
negative freedom, Berlin acknowledges that there is a fundamental level of freedom that is
necessary for personal development that should not be intruded on by others (174). He contrasts this
conception of negative freedom with positive freedom, which is concerned with "the source of
control or interference that can determine someone to do, or be, this rather than that" (169). When
discussing positive freedom, Berlin introduces the concept of the divided self, where an individual
has two selves, a higher, rational self and a lower, instinctual self (180). Positive freedom focuses on
the ability to develop the self–mastery over the lower self and appeals to the higher self. Berlin
argues that the positive conception of liberty is flawed because the concept of appealing to the
higher self can be abused when the idea of a higher and lower self is applied to a collective group or
society (181). An authoritarian government can use the rhetoric of appealing to an individual's or
group's higher self to

Causes anf Results of Communism in Eastern and Central Europe
Communism was one of the political theories founded by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx in the end
of the 19th century . Both of these philosophers had the same point of view concerning the
economic and political principles. Also, Communism brought up many changes to International
Relations , and the body of the essay will describe the causes and results of Communism in Eastern
and central Europe. In 1844 Engel and Marx started to discover interesting facts about Communism
and no longer in 1848 they decided to write and publish ' Communism Manifesco' , which was
thought to be one of the best and influential political books ever. Under 'Communism Manifesco' all
people were thought to be equal. The main idea for everyone was not to be ... Show more content on
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A lot of countries were influenced by the Communism. Among them are: Eastern German and
Poland, The Communism in Poland lasted for forty years that brought a new and specific changes in
the government at the end of the Second World War. Poland had a really complicated situation
because of Iosef Stalin and his Communist Party. He described his points of view in a very clear
way, 'Imposing Communism on Poland was as absurd as putting a saddle on a cow'. Moreover
,everything was under control of the Polish Government of Stalin, including a lot of spheres as
culture, social aspects of life and economy. As government had all the power in their hands, people
were absolutely deprived of power. That kind of period was strongly disliked by people and brought
a lot of strikes, protections and even attacks. As the result, the Communism system had a bad
influence on the development of Poland. Eastern German was also under the Communism regime.
The historic German capital of Berlin, although in the East was a special case. Berlin itself was split
into 4 sectors after the war. West Berlin was part of West Germany despite being completely
surrounded by East Germany. The Eastern part of German was absolutely poor in all its aspects. The
lack of food, transport and all the necessary goods lead to the panic. To prevent bad causes of that
situation, German government

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