The Arctic region has a very flat topography that is currently covered by glaciers, with some mountains formed by geological folding. It has an extremely cold climate with long winters and very short, cool summers, resembling a desert. Very little vegetation can survive, with only lichen and no trees able to grow due to the small amount of summer thawing. Economic activity is limited, with some current oil and gas development as well as potential future mining, but these activities also cause environmental concerns like habitat alteration, pollution, and land drilling.